Chapter VII: The Cost of the Canal 171

INDEX 179

ILLUSTRATIONS

MAKERS OF THE CANAL _Frontispiece_

TO FACE PAGE

STATUE OF COLUMBUS, CHRISTOBAL, COLON 18

CHRISTCHURCH, COLON 18

LOCK AND DAM SITE, GATUN 26
(The house is on the crest-line of the dam, which will extend to the
hills on the right)

EXCAVATING FOR THE DOUBLE FLIGHT OF THREE LOCKS AT GATUN 26
(In fine-grained argillaceous sandstone rock)

RE-LOCATION OF RAILWAY ABOVE GATUN DAM 30
(The trestle embankment will run as a causeway across a bay of the
lake)

MOTOR TROLLEY FOR INSPECTION OF WORKS 30
(In the background are screened houses of employees)

TROPICAL FOREST, WITH HEAVY GROWTH OF PARASITIC PLANTS 36

JUNGLE WITH PIPE THROUGH WHICH OIL IS CONVEYED BY GRAVITATION
ACROSS THE ISTHMUS 36

CHAGRES RIVER NEAR BARBACOES 42
(In the dry season--looking down stream)

CHAGRES RIVER NEAR OBISPO 42
(In the dry season)

FRENCH DREDGER LAID UP 48
(Several of these have recently been put in use again)

FRENCH TRUCKS PARTLY COVERED WITH FOREST GROWTH 48
(Many of these were used at first by the Americans, but are now
replaced by larger ones)

EXCAVATION NEAR TAVERNILLA 52

RIVER CHAGRES AND RAILWAY NEAR GORGONA 52

LIDGERWOOD UNLOADER, WINDING APPARATUS 56

_ANOPHELES_ BRIGADE OILING A DITCH 56

100-TON WRECKING CRANE, GORGONA 62

INTERIOR OF MACHINE SHOP, GORGONA 62

MACHINE SHOPS, GORGONA 66

CLUB HOUSE FOR EMPLOYEES, GORGONA 66
(Managed by the Y.M.C.A.)

EXCAVATION IN THE CUT 72

PIPE FOR DIVERSION OF A RIVER, NEAR EMPIRE 72

IN THE CUT, WIDTH 500 FEET 76

IN THE CUT, LOOKING SOUTH TOWARDS CULEBRA 76
(The gorge between Golden and Silver Hills just visible)

ROCK DRILL 82
(These machines bore a hole 30 feet deep in eight hours)

ROCK DRILLS AT WORK IN THE CUT 82

THE CUT, LOOKING NORTH FROM CULEBRA 86

THE CUT, LOOKING SOUTH FROM CULEBRA 86

FROM CULEBRA, LOOKING EAST TO DISTANT HILLS 92

FROM CULEBRA, LOOKING EAST ACROSS THE CUT 92
(Terraces formed by landslip are just visible behind the smoke of a
distant steam shovel)

FROM CULEBRA, LOOKING EAST TO GOLDEN HILL 96
(Showing excavation in steps and ledges. Each ledge has carried a
railway track)

THE CUT AT CULEBRA, LOOKING NORTH 96
(The scarped face of Golden Hill on the right. Taken April, 1908, in
the then bottom of the cut, 120 feet above Canal bottom)

GANG OF WEST INDIAN LABOURERS 102
(Unloading spoil-train at Gatun)

GANG OF SPANISH LABOURERS AT CULEBRA 102
(Working in the sun in April, which is one of the hottest months,
less than 10 degrees from the equator. The men are wearing European
kit)

STEAM SHOVEL EXCAVATING SOIL AT CULEBRA 106

STEAM SHOVEL UNLOADING INTO A DIRT CAR 106

STEAM SHOVEL NEAR END OF STROKE 112
(The marks of the teeth made in a former stroke are visible on the
right. Golden Hill, with the highest berm, or ledge, in the
distance)

STEAM SHOVEL, STROKE FINISHED, LOADED WITH SOIL 112

STEAM SHOVEL AT CULEBRA 116

SHOVEL-MEN AT CULEBRA 116

SCREENED BUNGALOW, CHRISTOBAL, COLON 122

SCREENED QUARTERS OF EMPLOYEES, CULEBRA 122

READING ROOM, EMPLOYEES' CLUB, CULEBRA 126

HALL OF EMPLOYEES' CLUB, CULEBRA 126

CUT SOUTH OF CULEBRA, LANDSLIP ON LEFT 132

LOOKING NORTH, THE SCARPED FACE OF GOLDEN HILL ON THE RIGHT 132

LOOKING NORTH FROM RAILWAY BRIDGE AT PARAISO 136

ABANDONED FRENCH MACHINERY 136

GANG OF EUROPEAN LABOURERS (IN 1907) 142

A FORMER HOT-BED OF MALARIA, NOW DRAINED 142

NEAR THE SITE OF MILAFLORES LOCKS 146

LOOKING NORTH TO CULEBRA DIVIDE FROM ANCON HILL 146

RIO GRANDE, NEAR LA BOCA 154

RIO GRANDE, FROM ANCON HILL 154
(Country north of that shown in the last photograph)

LA BOCA, FROM ANCON HILL 158

ANCON CEMETERY 158

COMMISSION'S HOTEL AT ANCON 162

ADMINISTRATION BUILDING, ANCON 162

VIEW FROM SPANISH FORT, PANAMA 166

CATHEDRAL SQUARE, PANAMA 166

PALACE OF PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF PANAMA 174

OLD FLAT ARCH AT PANAMA 174
(Adduced as evidence of comparative freedom of Panama from
destructive earthquakes)

MAP OF CANAL ZONE _At end of volume_
(Showing also profile of Canal, cross section of Culebra Cut, the
borings below Gatun dam, and the cross section of Gatun dam as
designed in April, 1908. The design of this dam, however, is still
undergoing modifications)