Chapter M: Magnetism, phenomena of, 83

Mohammedan empire, 180.
change in their position, 182.
compared with the Roman, 297.
spread of Christian ideas in, 297.

Man, compared with spiritual beings, 24.
fancy his distinctive property, 25.
his triple nature, 26.
his fourfold consciousness, 27.
physiology of, 76.
his affinity to the earth, 81.
concurrence of his will in faith, 109.
his faith not sufficiently childlike, 112.
his longing after the eternal and sublime, 113.
his freedom, 128.
moral evil a result of his freedom, 130.
physical evil a means of purification, 131.
eternal punishment of, 132.
doctrine of his pre-existence, 137.
nature considered relatively to him, 139.
his gradual development, 141.
his general sense for truth, 144.
philosophy of life a science of, 187.
his nature symbolical, 263.
restoration of the divine image in, 337.
compared with brutes, 360.
with angels, 360, 368.
ascription of his faculties to God, 369.
his free will, 373.
manifested in doubt, 375.
the created word, 425.
doubt a necessary condition of his mind, 426.
partial development of his faculties, 433.
his knowledge, 481.
can it be perfect? 484.
limits to his speculation, 535.

Marriage, the foundation of human and political society, 36.
the world’s judgment of it, 42.
difference between genuine and spurious love, 42.
its three conditions, 43.
reciprocal influence, 44.

Materialism has its rise in imagination, 519.

Mathematics, formulæ of, inappropriate to
philosophy, 14.
that of nature, 81.
use of, in philosophy, 345.
principles of empirical, 508.

Medicine, a basis of the science of nature, 78.

Memory, a faculty of the soul, 51, 398.
essential to rationality, 52.
imperfections of, 434.

Mercy, divine, limited, 61.

Method, right use of, in philosophy. 13, 186.

Middle age--see _Age_.

Mind, the, intrinsic discord of, 96.
a consequence of the fall, 98.
restoration of unity, 99.
originally simple, 102.
its essence in pure spirits, 104.
unity of, only to be restored by faith, 114.
struggle between light and darkness in, 209.
the principle of supreme science, 215.
restoration of perfection to it, 335.
a prey to discord. 356.
the, fourfold discord of, 359.
its consummation in God, 366.
inherent discord of, 376.
its yearnings after unity, 377.
doubt a necessary condition of, 426.
feeling the center of unity in, 436.

Miracles, possibility of, 117.

Monarchy, hereditary, the true Christian polity, 286.
mixed, 289.

Moses fought falsehood with its own weapons, 156.
founder of the Jewish theocracy, 321.

Music the representation of ideas, 257.

Mysteries in nature, 126.

Mythology, the subjective the principle of, 219.
its pantheism, 220.
ancient, 517.
vestiges in it of divine truth, 518.

N

Nature, science of, based on medicine, 78.
possibility of attaining it, 79.
innate ideal of its true mathematics, 80.
man’s affinity to the earth, 81.
magnetism, 83.
the compass, 83.
legend of Atlantis, 83.
modern astronomy, 84.
seven the traditionary number of the planets, 85.
Pythagorean system of astronomy, 85.
results of modern chemical analysis, 87.
nature, a system of living forces, 88.
sleep an essential law of, 89.
intelligible to the spiritual only, 90.
physical consequences of the fall, 92.
final emancipation of from death, 93.
its divine order, 115.
a living reproductive power, 116.
God the author and preserver of its laws, 117.
miracles, the Deluge, 118.
no blind necessary force, 119.
a Theodicée, or justification of God’s ways in the
world--its perplexities, 120.
the soul of animals, 121.
creatures of spontaneous generation, 122.
influence of the evil spirits, 124.
doctrine of final cause, 125.
the preadamite world a paradise for angels, 125.
mysteries in, 126.
final cause of creation intelligible, 127.
divine nature not subject to necessity, 129.
created spirits without freedom, 134.
immortal spirits with animal forms, 135.
nature considered relatively to man, 139.
best described by symbols, 140.
influence of evil in, 338.
originally created immortal, 340.
perfection of, 340.

Nerves, æther of, 76.

Numbers, Pythagorean theory of, 462.

P

Painting, the true spiritual art, 259.

Pantheism, mythological and scientific, 220.
as fatal to truth as rationalism, 226.

Parental power, 273.
sanctity of, 273.

Passions, arise from the higher instincts, 32.
the pernicious, 33.
the nobler, 35.

Patriotism springs from enthusiasm and love, 40.

Peace, Christian, universal, 183.

Philology, its analogy to geology, 388.

Philosophy, its dreamy character, 7.
unfeasibility of Plato’s ideal, 8.
cosmogonies of the Ionian school, 8.
objects and limits, 9.
form and method of true philosophy, 10.
that of the schools unintelligible, 11.
distinction between that of life and that of the schools, 11.
intelligibility of the former, 12.
right use of method, 13.
mathematical formulæ inappropriate, 14.
unity of its thoughts, 15.
modern French systems, 17.
modern German, 19.
French physical science, 22.
natural German philosophy superior to the French, 22.
the false starting-point contrasted with the true center, 22.
dialogue its natural form, 68.
improperly confined to a school, 69.
that of life can not be a mere science of reason, 185.
free to use any form or method, 186.
that of life a science of man, 187.
differs from theology, 188.
the relation of truth and science to it, 232.
of the Greeks, rise and decline of, 234.
Ionian schools not materialistic, 240.
religious tendency of Pythagorean and Plato, 240.
the Sophists--Aristotle, 243.
the Stoics and Epicureans, 244.
of the Christians--see _Christianity_.
of life, its symbolical nature and constitution, 256.
true method of, 343.
use of scholastic or mathematical forms, 345.
use and abuse of system, 346.
the crown of education, 348.
conversant with life, 350.
deals chiefly with facts, 428.
from natural science, 467.
method of multiform, 470.
its true method conversational, 472.
two sources of error in, 522.

Physiology of man, 76.

Planets, seven the traditionary number, 85.

Plato, his ideal unfeasible, 8.

trinity of, 202.
religious tendency of, 240.

Poetry embraces music, poetry, and architecture, 261.
a feeling of the infinite, 414.
spurious, 461.
philosophical, 516.

Power, absolute, considered, 175.

Preadamite world, a paradise for angels, 125.

Pre-existence, doctrine of, 137.

Prerogative, all of supreme power judicial, 278.

Pride, its character, 33.

Priests, the vicegerents of God, 171.
their power, 273.
sanctity of, 274.
Christian, not hereditary, 307.

Principle, doctrine of a good and evil, 528.

Prophets, the, kept alive the Jewish theocracy, 326.

Public opinion, 165.

Punishments, eternal, 133.

Pythagoreans, their system of astronomy, 85.
their religious tendency, 240.
their noble political views, 242.
their theory of numbers, 462.

R

Rationalism, idolatry of, 221.
as fatal to truth as pantheism, 226.
more to be feared at present, 227.
danger of, 454.

Reason, a division of the soul apart from fancy, 29.
its essence, 50.
relationship of the faculties of the soul to it, 50.
its power and value, 53.
derivation of the German name, 54.
distinction between, and understanding, 55.
not properly attributable to God, 63.
faith not a negative limitation of, 214.
reason and fancy the ultimate sources of error, 221.
seldom harmonizes with fancy, 361.
not attributable to God, 370.
discursive, not creative, 507.
use and abuse of, 509.

Reformation, the English, 299.

Religion, its symbolism, 264.
in its essence symbolical, 266.

Religious error, two forms of, 176.

Representative governments, 280.

Republics, their liability to adverse changes, 284.
disadvantages of their polity, 285.

Revelation, power to understand it the gift of God, 61.
its fourfold character, 65.
of Scripture, 65.
an ante-Mosaic revelation, 66.
the soul its receptive organ, 68.
its first step preparatory, 143.
gradual, 144.
that of Christianity, 147.
unwritten to the antediluvian world, 235.
both old and new in its doctrine, 323.
sources of, manifold, 503.

Roman Empire, law of, 293.
compared with the Mohammedan, 297.

S

Skepticism, the author of it, 528.

Scepter, the, a judicial symbol, 279.

Schelling, his philosophy, 20.

Schools, philosophy of, unintelligible, 11.
their compared with that of life, 11.
philosophy improperly confined to them, 69.
disputations of the schoolmen, 248.

Science, physical, no system of, in the Bible, 71.
its imperfect character, 73.
of nature, medicine a basis of, 78.
modern, its atheistical tendency, 155.
dissension between science and faith, 193.
discernment the link between, and faith, 195.
reconcilable with faith, 198.
supreme, the mind the principle of, 215.
idolatry of, 216.
its identity with faith, 217.
its pantheism, 220.
its relation to life, 232.
that of Christianity--see _Christianity_.
a great power for good, 315.
free development of, 317.
a real power for good, 319.
theocracy of, 329.
illustrations of, 330.
to be brought about only by God, 333.
the idea of, 488.

Scripture not the original revelation, 66.
contains no system of physical science, 71.
considered as the sword of the Spirit, 230.

Sculpture, its symbolical character, 257.
its alliance to architecture, 260.

Self, sacrifice of, brings us near to God, 109.
how far necessary, 110.

Senses, their triple character, 31, 431.
influence of fancy on, 31.
the external, 430.
higher sensuality, its character, 33.
developments of, 432.

Sleep an essential law of nature, 89.

Soul, the thinking, the center of thought, 23.
the center of moral life, 28.
its unconscious conceptions, 29.
divided between the abstracting and classifying
reason and the inventive fancy, 29.
its four principal branches, 30.
the loving, the center of moral life, 41.
its share in knowledge, 48.
furnishes the cognitive mind with language, 48.
its faculties in relationship to the reason, 50.
the receptive organ of revelation, 68.
considered in relation to nature, 70.
considered in relation to God, 95.
of animals, 121.
its migration among the stars, 138.
the principle of faith, 213.
faith its firmament, 217.
the mutual dependence of it with thought, 365.
its identity with spirit, 367.
its union with the spirit, 442.
the idea of God must maintain it, 443.
see _Mind_.

Speech the outward projection of thought, 379.
varied by moral diversities, 392.

Spinosa, system of, 481.
its influence, 484.

Spirits besides those of men, 24.
the higher, incorporeal, 25.
contain the essence of mind, 103.

Spirits, influence of evil, on nature, 124.
created, without freedom, 134.
immortal ones with animal forms, 135.
Scriptures the sword of the Spirit, 230.
see _Soul_.

Stars, migration of the soul among, 138.

State, the, its collision with the Church, 299, 304.
separation of, 306.

Stoics, the, 244.

Subjective, the, the principle of mythology, 218.

Superstition, its identity with infidelity, 211.

Symbols, nature best described by, 140.
characterize all art, 257.
characterize education, 262.
characterizes man’s nature, 263.
those of religion, 264.
their equation of life, 269.
those of the judicial, 279.

System, use and abuse of, 346.
consistency of idea, the essence of, 347.

T

Talmud, trinity of, 204.

Teutons, their affinity to the Indians, 307.

Theocracy, the true idea of, 320.
the Jewish, 321.
Moses, as founder of, 321.
revelation both old and new in its doctrine, 323.
the Judges, as ministers of, 324.
kept alive by the Prophets, 326.
false notions of, 327.
exists in overruling Providence, 327.
that of science, 329.
illustrations of, from Greek, Roman, Medieval, and Hindoo literature, 331.
illustrations of, from Old and New Testament and Christian literature, 332.
only to be brought about by God, 333.

Theodicée, its perplexities, 120.

Theology, difference of philosophy of life from, 188.
natural, 192.
in method must be rational, 510.

Thought, the mutual dependence of it with feeling, 365.
speech its outward projection, 379.
an inward speech or dialogue, 380.
dialogue the true form assumed by, 381.
innate ideas and forms of, 399.
pure, its character, 461.

Throne, the, a judicial symbol, 279.

Time, 401.
its twofold character, 403.
not excluded from the idea of God, 404.
not irreconcilable with eternity, 405.

Trinity, the, of God, 197.
of the Hindoos, 202.
of the Platonists, 202.
of the Talmud, 204.

Truth, man’s general sense for, 144.
final manifestation of, 152.
intermediate conflict of, with error, 153.
falsehood to be fought with its own weapons, 156.
a struggle for truth the conflict of the age, 158.
untruth the spirit of the age, 159.
call for union among the friends of, 160.
final triumph of, 161.
patience essential to the pursuit of, 199.
the twofold spirit of truth and error, 206.
struggle between, and error, 207.
pantheism and rationalism alike fatal to it, 226.
not established by refutation of error, 229.
right method of propagating it, 229.
its relation to life, 232.
consistency the criterion of, 252.
progress of, 467.
knowledge of possible, 490.
development of, slow and gradual, 534.

U

Understanding, the, considered apart from reason, 55.
the only proper organ for acquiring a knowledge of God, 57.
a co-operating cause in the formation and diffusion of error, 223.
may be predicated of God, 371.

Unity, means of restoration to, 193.
yearnings of the mind after, 377.

W

Westphalia, peace of, a master-stroke of policy, 183

Will, its concurrence in faith a co-operating cause in
the formation and diffusion of error, 223.
freedom of, 373.
in man and angels, 374.
manifested in doubt, 375.

Wisdom, created, 495.

Wit, origin and forms of, 447.

Women, the soul pre-eminent in their mental constitution, 46.

World, the preadamite, a paradise for angels, 125.
antediluvian, mental state of, 233.
unwritten revelations to it, 235.
conceptions of the antediluvian inadequate, 236.

THE END.

* * * * *

VALUABLE SCHOOL CLASSICS

RECENTLY PUBLISHED BY

HARPER AND BROTHERS, NEW YORK.

ECLECTIC MORAL PHILOSOPHY.
By Rev. J. R. BOYD, A.M. 12mo, $1 00.

ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC AND LITERARY CRITICISM.
On the Basis of the recent Works of Reid and Connell: with
other Additions By J. R. BOYD, A.M. 18mo, half bound, 50 cents.

LETTERS ON ASTRONOMY.
By DENISON OLMSTED, LL.D. 12mo, 75 cents.

THE USEFUL ARTS,
Considered in connection with the Application of Science.
By J. BIGELOW, M.D. 2 vols. 12mo, $1 50.

LOOMIS’S TREATISE ON ALGEBRA.
8vo, Sheep, $1 25.

CLARK’S ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA.
8vo, Sheep extra, $1 00.

HACKLEY’S TREATISE ON ALGEBRA.
Containing the latest improvements. 8vo, Sheep extra, $1 50.

PROF. SALKELD’S FIRST BOOK IN SPANISH. (In press.)

PROF. SALKELD’S CLASSICAL ANTIQUITIES.
1 vol. 12mo, 37½ cents.

M’CLINTOCK AND CROOKS’S FIRST BOOK IN LATIN.
12mo, Sheep extra, 75 cents.

TREATISE ON ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.
By JOHN WILLIAM DRAPER, M.D. Engravings. 4to, Muslin gilt, $2 50.

TEXT-BOOK ON CHEMISTRY.
By JOHN WILLIAM DRAPER, M.D. Nearly 300 Engravings.
12mo, Sheep, 75 cents.

KANE’S ELEMENTS OF CHEMISTRY.
Edited by JOHN WILLIAM DRAPER, M.D. 250 Plates. 8vo, Muslin, $2 00.

FIRST PRINCIPLES OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.
By JAMES RENWICK, LL.D. Engravings. 18mo, 75 cents.

FIRST PRINCIPLES OF CHEMISTRY.
By JAMES RENWICK, LL.D. Engravings. 18mo, 75 cents.

PRACTICAL MECHANICS.
By JAMES RENWICK, LL.D. Engravings. 18mo, half Sheep, 90 cents.

LOGIC, RATIOCINATIVE AND INDUCTIVE.
By J. STUART MILL. 8vo, Muslin gilt, $2 00.

AIDS TO ENGLISH COMPOSITION.
By RICHARD GREEN PARKER, A.M. 18mo, Muslin,
80 cents; Sheep extra, 90 cts.

NEW PICTORIAL SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY.
By SIDNEY E. MORSE, A.M. Embellished by nearly One Hundred and
Fifty Engravings, and about Fifty Cerographic Maps, in Colors.
Price 50 cents.

PLATO AGAINST THE ATHEISTS.
By TAYLER LEWIS, LL.D. 12mo, Muslin gilt, $1 50.

THE PRACTICAL ASTRONOMER.
By THOMAS DICK, LL.D. Illustrated with One Hundred Engravings. 12mo,
Muslin gilt, 50 cents.

ELEMENTS OF MORALITY.
Including Polity. By WILLIAM WHEWELL, D.D. 2 vols. 12mo, Muslin gilt,
$1 00.

THE CAPTIVES, A COMEDY OF PLAUTUS.
With English Notes, for the Use of Students. By JOHN PROUDFIT, D.D. 18mo,
37½ cents.

A CLASSICAL DICTIONARY.
By CHARLES ANTHON, LL.D. Royal 8vo, Sheep, $4 75.

A DICTIONARY OF GREEK AND ROMAN ANTIQUITIES.
Edited by W. SMITH, Ph.D. First American edition, corrected and
enlarged by CHARLES ANTHON, LL.D. 8vo, Sheep, $1 75.

_Classical Works published by Harper & Brothers._

DICTIONARY OF ANTIQUITIES, ABRIDGED.
With Corrections and Improvements, by CHARLES ANTHON, LL.D. 12mo, half
Sheep, $1 25.

NEW GREEK AND ENGLISH LEXICON.
By HENRY DRISLER, A.M., under the Supervision of Prof. Anthon.
8vo, $5 00.

A GRAMMAR OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE.
By C. G. ZUMPT, Ph.D. Corrected and enlarged by CHARLES ANTHON, LL.D.
12mo, Sheep extra, 90 cents.

THE ECLOGUES AND GEORGICS OF VIRGIL.
With English Notes, critical and explanatory. By CHARLES ANTHON, LL.D.
12mo, Sheep extra, $1 50.

THE ANABASIS OF XENOPHON.
With English Notes, critical and explanatory. By CHARLES ANTHON, LL.D.
12mo, Sheep extra. (In press.)

GREEK READER.
Principally from Jacobs. Edited by CHARLES ANTHON, LL.D. 12mo, Sheep
extra, $1 75.

CÆSAR’S COMMENTARIES ON THE GALLIC WAR.
Edited by CHARLES ANTHON, LL.D. Map, Portrait, &c. 12mo, Sheep extra,
$1 40.

SYSTEM OF LATIN VERSIFICATION.
By CHARLES ANTHON, LL.D. 12mo, Sheep extra, 90 cents.

THE ÆNEID OF VIRGIL.
Edited by CHARLES ANTHON, LL.D. Portrait and many Illustrations. 12mo,
Sheep extra, $2 00.

THE WORKS OF HORACE.
Edited by CHARLES ANTHON, LL.D. 12mo, Sheep extra, $1 75.

LATIN GRAMMAR, PART I.
By CHARLES ANTHON, LL.D. 12mo, Sheep extra, 90 cents.

LATIN GRAMMAR, PART II.
By CHARLES ANTHON, LL.D. 12mo, Sheep extra, 90 cents.

SYSTEM OF LATIN PROSODY AND METRE.
By CHARLES ANTHON, LL.D. 12mo, Sheep extra, 90 cents.

SELECT ORATIONS OF CICERO.
Edited by CHARLES ANTHON, LL.D. Portrait, 12mo, Sheep extra, $1 20.

SALLUST’S JUGURTHINE WAR AND CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE.
Edited by CHARLES ANTHON, LL.D. 12mo, Sheep extra, 87½ cents.

GREEK LESSONS, PART I.
By CHARLES ANTHON, LL.D. 12mo, Sheep extra, 90 cents.

GREEK LESSONS, PART II.
By CHARLES ANTHON, LL.D. 12mo, Sheep extra, 90 cents.

SYSTEM OF GREEK PROSODY AND METRE.
By CHARLES ANTHON, LL.D. 12mo, Sheep extra, 90 cents.

HOMER’S ILIAD.
Edited by CHARLES ANTHON, LL.D. 12mo, Sheep extra, $1 50.

GRAMMAR OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE.
By CHARLES ANTHON, LL.D. 12mo, Sheep extra, 90 cents.

NEW GRAMMAR OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE.
From the German of Kühner, Matthiæ, Buttmann, Rost, and Thiersch. By CHAS
ANTHON, LL.D. 12mo. Sheep extra, 90 cents.

FAMILY CLASSICAL LIBRARY.
Comprising Translations of the best Classics. 36 vols.
18mo, Muslin gilt, 45 cents each.

ELEMENTS OF MENTAL PHILOSOPHY.
By Professor THOMAS C. UPHAM. 2 vols. 12mo, Sheep extra, $2 50.

The same Work abridged. 12mo, Sheep extra, $1 25.

A PHILOSOPHICAL AND PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE
WILL. By Professor THOMAS C. UPHAM. 12mo, Sheep extra, $1 25.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Shakspeare. Hamlet, Act I., Scene V.

“There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio,
Than are dreamt of in your philosophy.”

Schlegel seems to have read _our_, which is the reading of the folio of 1623.--_Trans._

[2] The νοὑς of Anaxagoras. A brief, but characteristic sketch of these earlier philosophemes is given in Thirlwall’s History of Greece, vol ii. See, also, Ritter’s History of Philosophy, vol. i--_Trans_.

[3] Schlegel is here alluding to Condillac and his theory of transformed sensations.--_Trans._

[4] Kant. For a full and systematic view or modern German philosophy, see Michelet’s Geschichte d. letzten Systeme d. Phil. in Deutschland, Berlin, 1837-8. Some able and ingenious essays on its errors and abuses are to be found in Fred. Ancillon’s Essais de Philosophie, de Politique, et de Littérature.--_Trans._

[5] Jacobi, in his Glauben’s-Philosophie.--_Trans._

[6] Fichte’s Wissenschaftslehre.--_Trans._

[7] Schelling’s Natur-Philosophie.--_Trans._

[8] Schlegel is alluding to those systems which suppose a primary and original essence, which, by its successive spontaneous developments, produce every thing else out of itself. This absolute original of all things was by Schelling, after Spinosa, called _natura naturans_, while, by a phraseology which happily indicates the identity of the self-developing subject and its objective developments, the totality of the objects derived from it are termed _natura naturata_.--_Trans._

[9] Hegel. For a view of his philosophy, see the Article Hegel, in the Penny Cyclopædia, and Morel’s Speculative Philosophy of Europe in the Nineteenth Century, vol. ii., p. 131.--_Trans._

[10] Schlegel is speaking of Byron, and his Cain, a Mystery.--_Trans._

[11]

“Dein Wissen theilest du mit vorgezogenen Geistern;
Die Kunst, o Mensch, hast du allein.”
SCHILLER’S _Kunstlehre.--Trans._

[12] That by geist, spirit, and not mind merely, is here meant, will be doubted by no one who considers the scriptural basis of these Lectures. Schlegel seems to have had in view 1 Thess., v., 23. In the German _geist_ stands both for mind and spirit, which, however, in English are equivalent neither in use nor meaning. Whenever, therefore, the translator is compelled by the English idiom to translate _geist_ and its derivatives by mind and its cognates, and it is essential to keep in view the identity of the matter by the sameness of expression, he will indicate it by adding the German original in a bracket.

[13] St. John, iii., 8.--_Trans._

[14] Leibnitz.--_Trans._

[15] It is clear from what follows, that Schlegel used the term Fancy in a wide and general sense, which embraces, first, its original use in ancient philosophy, as the faculty of conception (φαντασια), which reproduces the images of objects whether present or absent; secondly, imagination, which is essential to all authors; and thirdly, fancy, in a narrow sense--or the poetic fancy. It is in this wide sense that the translator employs it after Milton who uses it, as more extensive than imagination, when he says of fancy,

“Of all the external things
Which the five watchful senses represent,
She forms imaginations, aery shapes.”
_Par. Lost, Book V._

Indeed the whole of the speech of Raphael in this fifth book contains a striking affinity of thought and idea with Schlegel. We have there man’s triple constituents, body, soul, and spirit--reason and fancy in the soul, of which reason is the being or essence--while discursive reason is appropriated to man, but intuitive reason is made the prerogative of the “purest spirits”--“the pure intelligential substances.”--_Trans._

[16] In the original _zugetheilte_, said of a matter assigned for investigation to a particular judge, or of the judge appointed to examine and report upon it.--_Trans._

[17] Vernunft, from Vernehmen.

[18] The Rosetta stone, which led to the hieroglyphical discoveries of Young and of Champollion.--_Trans._

[19] “God is _a loving Spirit_,” page 57.--_Trans._

[20] Schlegel is here alluding to, and adapting to the purpose of his illustration, Acts, v., 15, 16.--_Trans_.

[21] 2 Peter, iii., 8.

[22] These words were uttered scarcely twenty years ago, and now beyond Uranus, another planet, whose “vibrations have been long felt upon paper,” is added to the heavenly choir. On the other hand, if Sir Wm. Hamilton’s hopes are realized, will not the discovery of the center around which the solar system revolves establish another point of resemblance between modern astronomy and the Pythagorean system with its central fire; and, also, as Schlegel subsequently implies, that the former has yet further advances to make?--_Trans._

[23] Or the central fire, according to Boeckh, around which the whole planetary heavens revolve, and which is also the source of light, which being collected by the visible sun, is transmitted to the earth. By the αντἱχθν or counter-earth, whose revolution is parallel and concentric with that of the earth, Boeckh understands that half of the terrestrial globe which, as turned away from the sun, is in darkness. Sea August. Boeckh “de Platonico systemate cœlestium globorum, et de vere indole astronomiæ Philolaicæ,” or his “Philolaus,” pp. 114-136, and Ideler “Ueber d. Verhaltniss d. Copernicus zum Alterthum,” in the Museum d. Alterthumswissenschaft, Bd. ii., St. ii., § 405, &c.--_Trans._

[24] Romans, viii., 20.

[25] Schlegel is alluding to such principles as the “_Cogito ergo sum_” of Des Cartes, and especially to the cognate axiom of Fichte: “Das ich setzt sich selbst.” “The Me posits or affirms itself.”--_Trans._

[26] Hegel.

[27] Daniel, ix., 23. In our authorized translation it stands “greatly beloved,” but in the Hebrew it is as given in the margin, “a man of desires;” in the Septuagint, ἁνἡρ ἑτιθυμἱων.--_Trans._

[28] 1 Cor., xiii., 13.

[29] Theodicée, or justification of the ways of God in the world. The word originated with Leibnitz, who, in his “Essai de Theodicée sur la bonté de Dieu, la liberté de l’homme et l’origine du mal,” published in 1710, maintained that the existence of moral evil has its origin in the free will of the creature, while metaphysical evil is nothing but the limitation which is involved in the essence of finite beings, and that out of this both physical and moral evil naturally flow. But these finite beings are designed to attain to the utmost felicity they are capable of enjoying, which each, as a part, contributes to the perfection of the whole, which, of the many worlds that were possible, is the very best. On this account it has been called the theory of Optimism.--_Trans._

[30] Does not this appearance of a common character among brutes of the same species arise rather from the imperfection of our observation? Is not every sheep an individual to the shepherd?--_Trans._

[31] Schlegel appears to have believed in the theory of equivocal generation. But microscopic research and experiments forbid us any longer to believe that fermentative or putrefactive matter spontaneously gives birth to living creatures. Such matters do but furnish the necessary circumstances for hatching the germs or ova which are present in such immense numbers in the atmosphere. The doctrine of equivocal or spontaneous generation seems conclusively refuted by the experiment of Schulze, detailed in volume 23 of Jameson’s Journal. “I filled a glass flask half full with distilled water, in which I had mixed various vegetable and animal substances. I then closed it with a good cork, through which I passed two glass tubes, bent at right angles, the whole being air-tight. It was next placed in a sand-bath and heated until the water boiled violently, and thus all parts had reached a temperature of 212° Fahrenheit. While the watery vapor was escaping by the glass tubes, I fastened at each end an apparatus which chemists employ for collecting carbonic acid; that to the left was filled with sulphuric acid, and the other with a solution of potash. By means of the boiling heat, every thing living and all the germs in the flask or in the tubes were destroyed, and all access was cut off by the sulphuric acid on the one side, and by the potash on the other. I placed this easily-moved apparatus before my window, where it was exposed to the action of light, and also, as I performed my experiments in the summer, to that of heat. At the same time I placed near it an open vessel with the same substances that had been introduced into the flask, and also after having subjected them to a boiling temperature. In order now to renew the air constantly within the flask, I sucked with my mouth, several times a-day, the open end of the apparatus filled with solution of potash; by which process, the air entered my mouth from the flask, through the caustic liquid, and the atmospheric air from without entered the flask through the sulphuric acid. The air was, of course, not altered in its composition by passing through the sulphuric acid into the flask; but if sufficient time was allowed for the passage, all the portions of living matter, or of matter capable of becoming animated, were taken up by the sulphuric acid and destroyed. From the 28th of May until the early part of August, I continued uninterruptedly the renewal of the air in the flask, without being able, by the aid of a microscope, to perceive any living animal or vegetable substance, although, during the whole of the time, I made my observations almost daily on the edge of the liquid; and when at last I separated the different parts of the apparatus, I could not find in the whole liquid the slightest trace of Infusoria, Confervæ, or of Mold. But all the three presented themselves in a few days after I left the flask open. And the open vessel too, which I placed near the apparatus, contained on the following day, Vibriones and Monades, to which were soon added larger Polygastric Infusoria, and afterward, Rotatoria.”--_Trans._

[32] Although, in the case of the entozoa, the induction is not very large, still, of some of them it is an established fact that they are generated from ova, and it is therefore a fair presumption that such is the general law, and that these parasitical beings are, in every case, hatched from ova, which are every where present, but remain undeveloped until they meet with the necessary nutriment and heat for their development.--_Trans._

[33] Isaiah, lxv., 17.

[34] In this and the following paragraph it is necessary to bear in mind that Schlegel, as a member of the Roman Catholic Church, held the doctrine of a purgatory, which the catechism of the Council of Trent describes as a fire, “in which the souls of the _pious_ are tortured for a certain time, and expiated, that they may be qualified to enter that eternal country into which nothing enters that is unclean.” “Purgatorius ignis, quo piorum animæ ad definitum tempus cruciatæ expiantur, ut eis in æternam patriam ingressus patere possit, in quam nihil coinquinatum ingreditur.”--_Cat. Conc. Trid._, pars i., art. v., c. 5.--_Trans._

[35] Eph., vi., 12; Col., ii., 15, &c.

[36] Dell’ Inferno, Canto III.

“............ quel cattivo coro
Degli angeli che non furon rebelli,
Nè fur fedeli a Dio, ma per ae foro.
Cacciarli i Ciel, per non esser men belli;
Nè lo profundo Inferno gli riceve,
Ch’ alcuna gloria i rel avrebber d’ elli.”

Thus rendered by Carey:--

“............. with that ill-band
Of angels mixed, who nor rebellious proved
Nor yet were true to God, but for themselves
Were only. From his bounds Heaven drove them,
Not to impair his luster; nor the depth
Of Hell receives them, lest th’ accursed tribe
Should glory thence with exultation vain.”--Trans.

[37] Gal., iii., 24.

[38] The Gnostics and the Manichees.--_Trans._

[39] The Arians, with all the other rationalizing sects of Noëtus, Paul of Samosata, Sabellius, and the like.--_Trans._

[40] The schism of the East and West--of the Greek and Roman churches--produced by the illegal interference of the bishops of Rome, in the diocese of the Patriarch of Constantinople.--_Trans._

[41] Luke xxii., 38.

[42] Rev., xiv., 6.

[43] 1 Kings, iii., 16.

[44] The Apocalypse or Revelations of St. John the Divine.--_Trans._

[45] Matt., xxiii., 13.

[46] Acts, vii., 22.

[47] Schlegel is apparently alluding to the triumph of Mohammedism in Asia and Africa, and the almost total extinction of Christianity in those quarters of the world.--_Trans._

[48] “Die Weltgeschichte ist das Weltgericht.”

SCHILLER’S _Ode to Resignation_.

[49] The following passage forcibly expresses Schlegel’s thoughts on this point:--“Les individus de l’espèce humaine s’échappent quelquefois aux suites de leurs actions, qui dans la règle doivent être regardées comme les justes châtimens des infractions faites à la loi de Dieu. Les nations ne sauraient s’y soustraire; car leur existence se prolonge et se projette dans un espace immense, où les lois eternelles trouvent leur sanction et leur entier accomplissement. C’est là que la terrible Némésis se déploie tout entière, et exerce sur le crime sa bienfaisante réaction; c’est sur la longue route que décrivent les nations que, dans sa marche lente, silencieuse, mais sûre, elle punit la licence par le despotisme, et le despotisme par l’insurrection, où par la dégénération des peuples; c’est là que l’égoisme et immoralité des peuples, la lâcheté et la faiblesse des souverains et la servilité amènent des résultats aussi terribles qu’inévitables. On peut dire d’eux: ‘_Habuerent vitia opatium exemplorum_.’”--ANCILLON. _Essais de Philosophe, de Politique, et de la Littérature_, tom. ii.--_Trans._

[50] Voltaire.

[51] In the book of Job we have a picture of this earlier and purer religion of nature, as professed by this Idumæan Gentile, while, in his vindication of himself, we read a testimony to the existence of the beginnings of idolatry in the worship of the host of heaven. xxxi., 5.--_Trans._

[52] This statement does not necessarily imply the Romish doctrine of transubstantiation. It is fully met in an unobjectionable sense by the Catholic tenet of the real presence.--_Trans._

[53] Schlegel is apparently referring to the Constituent Assembly of the French Revolution.--_Trans._

[54] 2 Sam., xxiv., 14.

[55] John, viii., 36.

[56] In this and the following sentence Schlegel is alluding to Holland and Poland.--_Trans._

[57] The Kaiser was in theory the temporal lord of the whole earth; according to the words of the Sachsen-Spiegel, “Zwei swert liess Got in ertriche zu beschirmene dy Christenheit, dem Pabste das geistliche, den Keiser das werltliche.” “Two swords has God left to the world to protect Christianity; (having given) to the Pope the spiritual, and the temporal to the Emperor.” The claim of the Empire to universal dominion was indicated by the sword pointing to the four points of the heavens, while as the “Holy Empire” it was its duty to exterminate not only the Heathens and the Moslems, but also the false Christians, as the members of the Greek Church were regarded by the West. In the medieval constitution of the Empire, a symbolical character prevails throughout. Seven were its shields: of these the first was borne by the Emperor; the second by the spiritual Electors; the third by the temporal Princes; the fourth and fifth by the Counts and Knights of the Empire; the sixth by their vassals; and the seventh by the free burghers and peasants. Seven, also, was the original number of the Hereditary Electors of the Empire. Three spiritual Princes, the Archbishops of Mayence, Cologne, and Treves, as chancellors, respectively of the Empire, of Burgundy, and of Italy. Four temporal Electors: the Prince Palatine of the Rhine, who, as grand-carver, carried the imperial apple at the coronation; the Duke of Saxony Wittemberg, who, as marshal, carried the sword; the Margrave of Brandenburg, who, as grand-chamberlain, bore the scepter; and the King of Bohemia, who, as cupbearer, presented the cup. The election of the Emperor was held at Frankfort-on-the-Maine; the coronation at Aix; and the new Emperor held his first diet at Nuremberg.--_Trans._

[58] 2 Tim., iv., 7.

[59] The words in the bracket are not in the original. As a loyal priest of a true branch of that Church which is built on the foundation of the Apostles, the translator could not help to give currency to such a misrepresentation of it. Henry VIII. can stand on his own merits, or, rather, demerits. It seems, however, to be what Schlegel would call an historical retribution, that the universal supremacy claimed by the bishops of Rome, as it was confirmed by a Phocas, should be first shaken by a Henry VIII.--_Trans._

[60] Pius VII.

[61] _Cshatriyas._ (See “Philosophy of History,” p. 146.)

[62] See Philosophy of Life, p. 25.

[63] See quotation from the “Die Kunstlehre” of Schiller, “Philosophy of Life,” p. 25.

[64] Alexander von Humboldt.

[65] The passages thus indicated were marked by Schlegel himself for revision.

[66] Shakspeare. Hamlet, Act i., Scene v.

[67] Philosophy of Life, p. 113.

[68] St. James, c. ii., v. 5.

[69] In the original the three terms are--Gewissen, Wissen, and Gewissheit.

[70] The three primary vowels, according to Bopp and Grimm, are _a_, _i_, _u_, _e_ and _o_ being dipthongal compounds of _ai_ and _ao_ respectively. The former appears from a comparison between the Greek σφαιρα, Latin _sphæra_, and our _sphere_; or, again, from Μουσαι, Musæ, pronounced by us Musā; or from the Ionic form ης, of dat. plur. αις. To prove that _au_ gives _o_, it will be sufficient from many instances to give one:--the Latin _pauci_, in the Spanish and Italian dialects of the Romance is _poco_.

The simple alphabet of ten elementary sounds may stand thus:--

Three vowels a, i, u.
Three consonants p, t, k, or b, d, g in the mediate form, given as by
Schlegel.
Three liquids l, n, r.
Sibilant s.--_Trans._

[71] On the Hebrew alphabet, see Latham’s “The English Language,” p. 184.--_Trans._

[72]

“Die Zeit hat Glauben nicht, noch Liebe;
Wo wäre dann die Hoffnung die ihr bleibe?”

[73] The philosophy of Schelling professed to be a system of identity, and had for its basis the principle of the sameness of subject and object.--See Philosophy of Life, note, p. 20.--_Trans._

[74] Schlegel is here again alluding to the philosophy of Schelling.--_Trans._

[75] Our language can not give the etymological connection of the thoughts in this sentence. The original is: Die zweyte wäre dann ein _Empfinden_, nämlich das volle gewisse _In_ sich _finden_ einer Wahrehit.

* * * * *

Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:

these rerespects=> these respects {pg 12}

genuiue longing=> genuine longing {pg 39}

however often and painsfully=> however often and painfully {pg 80}

the the whole human race=> the whole human race {pg 116}

there will over remain=> there will ever remain {pg 118}

the world out of _eunui_=> the world out of _ennui_ {pg 128}

pride and siffneckedness=> pride and stiffneckedness {pg 207}

that can can extricate=> that can extricate {pg 227}

numbered=> numberbered {pg 244}

betwen the imperial and the=> between the imperial and the {pg 279}

from beginnind to end; into a gespotism=> from beginning to end; into a despotism {pg 298}

extremly=> extremely {pg 298}

mamely=> namely {pg 323}

characteristies=> characteristics {pg 323}

some higher impluse=> some higher impulse {pg 328}

external realtions=> external relations {pg 345}

passed though the first=> passed through the first {pg 350}

confusion of lanage=> confusion of language {pg 355}

necessarrily=> necessarily {pg 367}

explaning=> explaining {pg 385}

Sancrit=> Sanscrit {pg 389}

adopted thoughout Asia=> adopted throughout Asia {pg 390}

considered perfecly deaf=> considered perfectly deaf {pg 435}

die ihr blebe=> die ihr bleibe {pg 457 note}

scienitfic imagination=> scientific imagination {pg 491}

deficiences=> deficiencies {pg 499}

if the term be perferred=> if the term be prerferred {pg 504}

materialzing system=> materializing system {pg 521}

patience esssential to the pursuit of, 199.=> patience essential to the pursuit of, 199. {pg 549}