Chapter XII: Part II (4)

PILLOW CASES (YESTEKLIK)

Pillow cases are known in the United States as Anatolian mats and are described as such in the chapter on Turkish Classification.

SAMPLE CORNERS

Sample corners are mats about two feet square and are woven for the purpose of showing the variation of border, color, and design to some wealthy ruler who wishes a carpet woven. They are afterwards used in the weaver's family and seldom reach the market. (See p. 328.)

SADDLE BAGS (HEHBELIK)

Saddle bags always come in pieces of varying widths, according to the kind of animal for which they are intended. Those intended for donkeys usually run from one to one and one-half by one and one-half to two feet, while those intended for horses or camels usually run from one and one-half to two and one-half by five to six feet or more. Those from Persia and Anatolia are usually small and nearly square, while those from Bokhara and Beluchistan are usually large and oblong. These saddle bags are quite appropriate for bachelor apartments, artists' studios, or smoking rooms and are sometimes used on a suitable standard as a newspaper or magazine receptacle. (See illustration at p. 326.)

SADDLE COVER (SEMERLIK)

Saddle covers are used by the wealthy class. They are nearly square, ranging from two and one-half to three by four to four and one-half feet, and have an opening at one end for the pommel of the saddle to pass through. The finest ones are from Senna.

FLOOR COVERINGS

Sedjadeh is the Persian name applied to those of the larger size, while Hali is the name applied to those of medium size. Oriental carpets are of modern make with very few exceptions, most of them being just as well made as were the antiques, although they show considerable deterioration in dyes. Those which are commonly found in the Western market are the Feraghans, Gorevans, Hamadans, Kermanshahs, Khorasans, Kirmans, Kurdistans, Sarabands, Sennas, Sultanabads, and Tabriz among the Persians; the Kazaks and Shemakhas among the Caucasians; the Gulistans, Oushaks, and Smyrnas among the Turkish; and the Khivas and Yomuds among the Turkoman. Large rugs cost more per square foot, as a rule, than the small ones, as their size makes heavier construction imperative and increases the difficulty of weaving as well as the amount of yarn required.

RUNNERS (KENNAR)

Runners properly belong to this class, as they are used in the Orient mostly to lay along the sides of a room. In this country they have been found extremely convenient as hall rugs.

HANGINGS (BERDELIK)

To this class belong all of the silk rugs as well as many of the delicately colored and extremely light fabrics, especially those that picture gardens and portraits or have on them quotations from the Koran. Ghileems may also be classed under this head.

FAMOUS RUGS

The interest in the very old weavings is not as manifest in the American cities as in many of the European cities, such for instance as Vienna, London, Paris, and Berlin. This is due to several reasons. In the first place, Europe began the importation of Oriental textiles many years before the United States did. In the second place, most of the choice pieces in the United States belong to private individuals instead of to museums, consequently they are seldom, if ever, seen by the public. In the third place, many of the European cities, especially London and Vienna, have given a number of public exhibitions of old rugs, while the recent exhibit at the Metropolitan Museum of Fine Arts in New York City was the first one ever held in the United States. At this exhibit there were forty-seven pieces of the 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, pieces that would compare favorably with those of any country, all owned by private collectors in the Eastern States.

Great credit is due Dr. Wm. R. Valentiner and his assistants for the promotion and successful management of this exhibition. Let us hope that it is but the beginning of a series of such exhibits which will stimulate a more formal interest and desire to know more about these wonderful products of the Eastern loom.

The age of old rugs can be at least as accurately determined as the age of old paintings and in many cases even more so. According to Dr. Valentiner the so-called Polanaise and Ispahan rugs belong to the 17th century and the Persian animal or hunting rugs belong to the 16th century, while the so-called dragon rugs belong to the 15th century. Many of the rugs from Armenia and the eastern part of Asia Minor date back as far as the 13th and 14th centuries.

Every old rug has its individual character manifest by its designs, colors, weave, and material, all of which are peculiar to the time when it was made or the locality in which it was made, so that it can be located and dated with greater accuracy than would be supposed.

Many early rugs were used for decorative purposes in the pictures of the early Italian and Flemish painters.

According to recognized authorities the so-called Polish carpets were not woven in Poland at all, but were products of Persia, and the so-called Ispahan rugs were not made at Ispahan or even in Persia, but came from the city of Herat in Western Afghanistan. Of the former several hundred are still in existence, the best of which are in the European courts and museums, about forty being in the United States, while nearly every collection contains one or more of the Herats.

THE ARDEBIL CARPET.--Without a doubt the most famous Oriental carpet now known is the mosque carpet of Ardebil owned by the South Kensington Museum in London.

It is a Persian masterpiece and was made in 1536 by one Maksoud for the Ardebil Mosque. In size it is thirty-four and one-half by seventeen and one-half feet and contains in the neighborhood of 32,000,000 knots, about 530 to the square inch, and was purchased by the South Kensington Museum for $12,500, although, if put up at auction to-day, it would doubtless bring many times that sum. The ground is of a rich blue and is covered with the most intricate of old Persian floral designs. It has a central medallion in pale yellow with corners to match. There are three border stripes, one wide one with a narrow one on either side of it. The ground of the outer stripe is of a tawny yellow with small floral designs; the ground of the inner stripe is cream colored and that of the main stripe is of a rich brown with round and elongated panels alternating and surrounded by a profusion of floral lines. Within these panels are to be found in Arabic the following inscription: "I have no refuge in the world other than thy threshold; My head has no protection other than this porch way; The work of the slave of the Holy place, Maksoud of Kashan." In the year 942 (which corresponds to A.D. 1536.)[B]

THE DRAGON AND PHŒNIX RUG of the Kaiser Frederich Museum, Berlin, is a Central Asia Minor weave of the 14th century and is probably the oldest existing rug that has been identified with the representation of a similar fabric in a painting. It was purchased for the Berlin museum by Dr. Bode, from a church in Central Italy on account of its resemblance to a rug in the fresco painting representing the "Marriage of the Foundlings," one of the series painted by Domenico di Bartolo in Spedale di Santa Maria della Scala in Senna about 1440.

In design it represents a dragon and a phœnix in deadly combat.

THE AUSTRIAN ROYAL HUNTING CARPET.--Next in prominence to the Ardebil Carpet comes the Royal Hunting Carpet of the Austrian Imperial and Royal Court, which is said to have been presented by Peter the Great. It is a Persian rug of great antiquity and shows Chinese influence in the design, which includes elaborately woven horsemen in pursuit of deer and other animals and winged gods in contest with lions and buffaloes.

THE INDIAN HUNTING RUG of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts is perhaps the most noted of the forty-seven pieces which were in the recent Metropolitan exhibit. It was made in India about 1640, is eight feet three inches long by five feet three inches wide and contains about three hundred and sixty knots to the square inch. Its predominating color is red. In the upper left-hand corner are a couple of buildings in which are seated in Oriental style several individuals. Below these buildings are several deer, a chained leopard in a cart drawn by a bullock, hunters, a winged elephant, tigers, and goats, all of which are interspersed with floral and tree forms. There are three border stripes, the centre one of which is the wider and carries leaf-shaped panels containing faces. Each one of these panels is separated by a bird and small floral forms upon a cream-colored ground. The two narrow stripes carry designs in light and dark blue, pink and red. This rug was purchased at $35,000 by the late Governor Ames of Massachusetts and presented to the Boston Museum of Fine Arts.

THE ALTMAN PRAYER RUG, owned by Mr. Benjamin Altman of New York City, was made in North Persia about 1580. It is similar to one which was in the Yerkes sale and to another one which was shown at the recent Munich exhibition of Mohammedan art. It has beautiful floral designs with arabesques and Chinese motifs in deep shades of red, blue, and yellow, many of the designs being worked with light yellow or silver thread in the ghileem style. The Mihrab is the Persian style, from which hangs a mosque lamp which is covered with red, yellow, and pink flowers on a green ground. The lower part of the field is covered with various floral and tree forms in yellow with pink blossoms. There are two border stripes. The inner one has a yellow ground, the lower part of which is covered with arabesques and the upper part with Arabic inscriptions in blue which read "May the Blessing of God rest upon them all. There is no God but Allah (the true God); Mohammed is the prophet of God. Ali is the saint of God. God the exalted one says: Verily God and His angel shower their blessings upon the prophet. Oh ye faithful send your blessings with Him, as well as offer your salutations unto Him." The outer border has a blue ground upon which are rounded octagons and oblong panels in gray, the latter containing inscriptions from the Koran in black. Size five feet five inches by three feet three inches.

THE METROPOLITAN ANIMAL RUG (see illustration at p. 26), from the Ardebil Mosque, was made in Northern Persia about 1530. It was purchased by the Metropolitan Museum of Art from the Yerkes collection. On a claret colored ground are the repeated figures of a lion, a jackal, and a spotted deer in deadly combat. There are also running boars amid a profusion of flowers. There are three border stripes, a wide one with a narrow one on either side. The former is filled with arabesques and cloud bands in blue and pink on a ground of dark blue. The inner stripe carries a green design on a yellow ground and the outer stripes carry a floral design on a red ground. In size it is ten feet eleven inches long by five feet ten inches wide and has in the neighborhood of four hundred knots to the square inch.

THE BAKER HUNTING RUG (see illustration at page 338), owned by Mr. George F. Baker of New York City, is also one of the four famous mosque rugs of Ardebil. It was woven about the middle of the 16th century; it is about fourteen by six feet and contains upwards of five hundred knots to the square inch. It is a harmonious blending of red, blue, green, pink, brown, old rose, cream, white, and silver, the predominating color of the field being a dark red. It has three central medallions, one large one and a smaller one just above and below it, with a quarter segment of a cusped circle in each corner of the field to match. Intermediate spaces are filled with flowering branches, fish and animals, the latter being worked with silver thread in the ghileem stitch. There is one wide border stripe with a narrow one on either side. The former has a back of cream and carries alternately round and oblong medallions which contain verses from the Koran in silver.

GLOSSARY[C]

ABRASHES. The name applied to an irregularity in weaving in which
the color of the groundwork in a rug is suddenly changed, giving it
the appearance of having changed weavers' hands at that part. This
is a Kurdish characteristic.

AFGHAN (Ăf-găn), see Khiva.

AFGHANISTAN (Ăf-găn' ĭs-tăn). Bounded on the north by Turkestan,
on the south by Beluchistan, on the west by Persia, and on the
east by India. It covers about 215,444 square miles and has a
population of nearly five millions. It is generally mountainous
and the climate is severe, being hot and dry in the summer and
cold and stormy in the winter. The government is an hereditary
absolute monarchy of an Oriental despotic type.

AINE. A Persian word meaning an oasis or fountain. It is sometimes
used by retailers, but is not a specific trade name.

AK HISSAR (Ä-khis-sär'), Akhissar, Aksar, Axar. A city of Western
Anatolia, near Smyrna, with a population of 12,000. The meaning of
the name is "White Fortress." For description of the so-called
Akhissar rug, see Turkish classification.

AKSAR, see Ak Hissar.

ANATOLIA (Ăn-ä-tō' liä). Another name for Asia Minor.

ANGORA (Ăn-gō' rä). Name of a province and a city, the latter
being the capital of the former with a population of 28,000. The
province is noted for the so-called Angora goats.

ARDEBIL (Är-dĕ-bēl'). Name of a Persian town on the west shore of
the Caspian Sea in the Azerbijan province. It is from here that
the celebrated Ardebil carpet, which is now in the South
Kensington Museum, came.

ARDELAN (Är-de-län'). A province in Western Persia in the Kurdish
district. It furnishes the highest grade of rugs.

ARMENIA (Är-mē'nĭ-ä) is situated partly in Transcaucasia, partly
in Persia, and partly in Turkey in Asia. On the west it is
bounded by the Black Sea, Asia Minor, and the Taurus Mountains;
on the south by Mesopotamia, and on the east by Persia, while on
the north it extends almost to the Caucasian Mountains. It is a
mountainous country and gives rise to nearly all of the great
rivers of Western Asia. It is a country of special interest to
the world inasmuch as it is supposed to have been "the cradle of
the human race," the Garden of Eden, in all probability, having
been located among its mountains near the head of the river
Euphrates, and it also contains the celebrated Mount Masis,
better known as Ararat, upon which the Ark of Noah rested when
the waters of the great flood subsided. It has an area of more
than 70,000 square miles, but the population is less than two and
one-half millions.

ASIA MINOR. That part of Turkey in Asia bounded on the east by
Kurdistan and Persia, on the west by the Mediterranean Sea, on the
north by the Black Sea, and on the south by Arabia, the
Mediterranean and Red Seas. It is sometimes known as Anatolia.

ASKABAD (Äs-kä-bäd'). A town in Persia peopled by wandering
Turkoman tribes who make numerous rugs of the usual Persian
variety. A name sometimes used by retailers, but it has no
commercial meaning. The Tekke rugs are usually marketed at
Askabad.

AXAR, see Ak Hissar.

AZERBIJAN (Äz-er-bĭ-jän'), Azerbiajan, Aserbaijan. An agricultural
province in Northwestern Persia, bordering on Lake Urumiah, of
which Tabriz is the principal city. It covers 40,000 square miles
and has a population of 1,000,000. Many fine rugs come from this
province.

BAGDAD (Băg'dăd). The name implies "Abode of Peace." The name of a
province and a city of Mesopotamia on the Tigris. The province
covers 54,503 square miles and has a population of 850,000. The
city has a population of 145,000 and is a market for the products
of Western Persia.

BAKHSHIS, Bakshaish. A small village east of Tabriz in the Herez
district. A great rug centre for the so-called Herez rugs. See
Persian classification.

BAKSHAISH, see Bakhshis.

BAKU (Bä-kö'). The name signifies "Place of the Winds." A province
and a city. The former covers an area of 15,095 square miles and
has a population of 790,000. The latter is a port on the Caspian
Sea in the heart of the Russian petroleum district with a
population of 112,000. Many Caucasian rugs are marketed here. For
description of the so-called Baku rugs, see Caucasian
classification.

BELUCHISTAN (Be-lōō' chĭs-tăn), Baluchistan, Beloochistan,
Belloch. A mountainous and desert country bounded by Persia on the
west, Afghanistan on the north, India on the east, and the Arabian
Sea on the south. It has an area of about 130,000 square miles and
has a population of about 800,000. For description of the
Beluchistan rug, see page 296.

BERGAMA (Bēr'gä-mä), Bergamo, Berghama, Pergamo. A city in
Anatolia, forty miles north of Smyrna. Pergamo was the ancient
name. For description of the so-called Bergama rug, see Turkish
classification.

BIJAR (Be-zhär'). A town in Western Persia in the province of
Kurdistan. The Bijar rug is sometimes known as the Sarakhs or
Lule.

BIRJAND. The so-called Birjand rugs are woven in the village of
Daraksh, about fifty miles northeast of Birjand.

BOKHARA (Bō-khä' rä). Meaning "Treasury of Science." A city of
Russian Turkestan. It is the capital of the khanate by the same
name. This province has an area of 142,000 square miles with a
population of less than half. For description of Bokhara rugs, see
Turkoman classification.

BROUSA (Brö' sä), Brusa. A city in the northern part of Anatolia
near the sea of Marmora. It is the capital of the province by the
same name and has a population of 76,000.

CABISTAN, see Kabistan.

CÆSAREA, see Kaisariyeh.

CARABAGH, see Karabagh.

CARIAN, see Meles.

CASHMERE, see Shemakha.

CATECHU (Kăt' ē-chū). A dry, brown, astringent extract, obtained
by decoction and evaporation from the acacia catechu. From it a
brown dye is frequently obtained.

CAUCASUS (Kä-kā' sŭs). An isthmus joining Europe and Asia. It is
bounded on the west by the Black Sea, and on the east by the
Caspian Sea. The Caucasian Mountains extend through it from its
northwestern to its southeastern extremity, dividing it into two
parts, Caucasia proper to the north and Transcaucasia to the
south. It has an area of over 180,000 square miles and the
population is over nine million.

CHICHI, see Tchetchen.

CIRCASSIAN (Ser-kash-an), see Tcherkess.

CYRUS. Founder of the ancient Persian monarchy.

DAGHESTAN (Dä' gĕs-tăn). A district in Russian Caucasia on the
Caspian Sea, north of Baku. It covers 11,352 square miles and has
a population of 587,000. For description of the so-called
Daghestan rug, see Caucasian classification.

DEMIRDJI (Dā-mēr' jĭ). Means "ironsmith" or "blacksmith." A city
of Anatolia.

DERBEND (Dĕr-bĕnt'), Derbent, meaning "a fortified gate." A city
in the province of Daghestan on the Caspian Sea. The inhabitants
are mostly Tartar. For description of Derbend rugs, see Caucasian
classification.

DJIDJUM, see Ghileem.

DJIJUM, see Ghileem.

DJOSHAGHAN, see Joshaghan.

ELIZABETHPOL. Name of a province and a fortified city, the latter
of which was formerly known as Ganga.

ENILE, Inely. One of the better type of rugs woven at Oushak.

FARS (Färs), see Farsistan.

FARSISTAN or FARS (Fär-sĭs-tăn'). A province in Northwestern
Persia with a population of 1,700,000, composed mostly of the
wandering Arabs and Kashkais, who make high-class rugs of the
softest and best dyed wool. Shiraz is the leading town.

FERAIDAN. A Persian district ruled by Ispahan. The rugs made there
are woven in imitation of the Feraghan quality.

FERAGHAN (Fēr' ä-hän). A district in Persia near Sultanabad. For
description of the so-called Feraghan rugs, see Persian
classification.

GANGA. A Caucasian city ninety miles southeast of Tiflis. Now
known as Elizabethpol.

GAROUS. A district in Persia producing a good quality of rugs.

GENGHIS (Jĕn' gĭs), Guenja, Ganga, Guenje, Guendjie. The name of a
tribe of Nomads living in the vicinity of Elizabethpol.

GHILEEM, Khilim, Killim, Kilim (Kēē'-lŭm). Names given to a
napless rug which is woven in nearly all of the Oriental
rug-weaving countries. A full description may be found in the
chapter on Ghileems, page 311.

GUENJA, see Genghis.

GULESTAN. Meaning "The Rose Garden," name applied to one of the
better type of rugs woven at Oushak.

HAMADAN (Hä-mä-dän'), Hamadie, Hamidieh. A city in Northwestern
Persia, southwest of Sultanabad, with a population of 35,000. It
is the ancient Ekbatana where Esther and Mordecai were buried. For
description of Hamadan rugs, see Persian classification.

HAMIDEH, see Hamadan.

HARDJLI, or Princess Bokhara. The name given to a rug made by the
Tekke Turkomans. It usually consists of a design of a cross
inclosed in a square.

HERAT (Hĕr-ät') is the capital of Afghanistan, on the Persian
border, and its principal trade is with Meshed. For description of
Herat rugs, see Persian classification.

HEREZ (Hė' rēēs), Heriz, Heres. A mountainous district in
Northwestern Persia. For description of Herez rugs, see Persian
classification.

INELY, see Enile.

IRAK AJEMI (E-räk' äj' ě-mē). The largest province in Persia. It
is situated in the central part of the country, its largest city
being Teheran, the Persian capital.

IRAN (E' răn). The Persian name for Persia. A name commonly and
wrongfully given to rugs, excepting in referring to Persian rugs
in general.

ISPAHAN (Ǐs' pä-hän), meaning "Place of Horses." A city of 80,000
inhabitants in the commercial heart of Persia. At one time it was
its capital. For description of Ispahan rugs, see Persian
classification.

JEJIUM, see Ghileem.

JELIUM, see Ghileem.

JHELUM, see Ghileem.

JOOSHAGHAN, see Joshaghan.

JOSHAGHAN, Jooshaghan. A district in Persia, south of Feraghan.
For description of Joshaghan rugs, see Persian classification.

KABA-KARAMAN, see Karaman.

KABISTAN (Kăb' ĭs-tăn), Cabistan. The name given to rugs woven
near Kuba on the shores of the Caspian Sea.

KAISARIYEH, Kaisarieh, Kaiseriyeh. The Cæsarea of the Bible. An
Anatolian city of 72,000 population, about one hundred and sixty
miles southeast of Angora. An important rug market.

KARAMAN (Kă-rä-män'). A town in Turkey, southeast of Konieh. The
name Kaba-Karaman is frequently applied to a class of rugs from
this town. The meaning of the prefix Kaba is "coarse." For
description of Karaman rugs, see Turkish classification.

KARABAGH (Kă-rä-bä'), Carabagh, Shemakinski, "Country of the Sun."
A province in the southern part of Transcaucasia, just north of
Tabriz. For description of Karabagh rugs, see Caucasian
classification.

KARA DAGH (Kă-rä-dä). Meaning "Black Mountains," mountains in
Persia, north of Tabriz.

KARAJAH DAGH (Kă-rä-jä' dä). One of the principal rug-making
districts of Turkey in Asia.

KASHAN (Kă'chăn). City of Persia with 30,000 inhabitants. Located
half way between Teheran and Ispahan. For description of Kashan
rugs, see Persian classification.

KASHMIR, see Shemakha.

KAZAK (Kä-zăk'), Kazack. A corruption of the word Cossack. Kazak
rugs are made by the Russian Cossack tribes in Transcaucasia near
Mt. Ararat. For description of these rugs, see Caucasian
classification.

KERMAN, see Kirman.

KARMANSHAH (Kěr-män-shä'), Kirmanshah. A city of mud houses in the
Ardelan district of Western Persia. It has a population of some
40,000 and is a centre of commerce, but no rugs are woven there.
The so-called Kermanshah rugs come from Tabriz. For description of
these rugs, see Persian classification.

KERMES. An insect found upon oak trees about the Mediterranean
from which a rich, fast carmine dye is obtained.

KER SHEHR, see Kir Shehr.

KHILIM, see Ghileem.

KHIVA (Kē'vä). A principality or khanate in Turkestan. It covers
23,166 square miles and has a population of 800,000. Khiva Bokhara
is the proper name for the so-called Afghan rugs, as these rugs
are woven mostly by the Nomadic tribe of Khiva. For a description
of these rugs, see Turkestan classification.

KHORASAN (Kō' rä-sän). A large province in the northern corner of
Persia, of which Meshed is the capital. For description of
Khorasan rugs, see Persian classification.

KILIM, see Ghileem.

KILLIM, see Ghileem.

KIRMAN (Kǐr' män). Name of a city and a province in Southeastern
Persia. The latter has an area of over 63,000 square miles, has
600,000 population, and is largely a desert. For a description of
the so-called Kirman rugs, see Persian classification.

KIRMANSHAH, see Kermanshah.

KIR SHEHR (Kǐr Shěhr'), Ker Shehr, Keer Shehr, Keer Sherir. A
Turkish town in the province of Angora, just over the Konieh
border. For description of the so-called Kir Shehr rugs, see
Turkish classification.

KIS, meaning "A girl." Kis Ghileem is the name applied to dowry
rugs woven by young girls.

KIZ, see Kis.

KONIAH, see Konieh.

KONIEH (Kō' ně-ä). The ancient Iconium. A city of Anatolia with a
population of 44,000. Capital of province by the same name which
covers 39,681 square miles and has a population of 1,088,000. For
description of the so-called Konieh rugs, see Turkish
classification.

KOULAH, see Kulah.

KOULTUK, see Zangen.

KUBA (Kōō' bä). Name of a village and a district in Transcaucasia
under the Baku government. Kabistan rugs are woven here.

KULAH (Kōō' lä), Koulah. A city in Turkey, west of Oushak. For
description of the so-called Kulah rugs, see Turkish
classification.

KURD (Kōōrd). An inhabitant of Kurdistan.

KURDISTAN (Kōōr' dǐs-tän). A region occupying the eastern part of
Turkey in Asia, and the western part of Persia. It has an area of
about 74,000 square miles and a population of 3,000,000.

KURK. A very soft wool obtained by combing the sheep in winter.

KUTAYAH, Kutaria, Kutaya, Kutchia (Ko-ti-ya). A city of Anatolia
in the Province of Brousa, about sixty miles north of Oushak, with
a population of 22,000.

LADIK (Lä-däk), Ladic, Laodicea, Latakia. Name of a rug made in
the ancient village of Laodicea in Anatolia, northeast of Konieh.
See Turkish classification.

LAODICEA (Lā-od-i-cē' ä), Latakia. An ancient village of Anatolia,
northeast of Konieh, with a population of 22,000. The so-called
Ladik rug comes from here.

LARISTAN (Lär-ǐs-tän'), see Niris. A mountainous province in
Western Persia.

LULE (Lū' lā). A corruption of the Persian word "roulez," meaning
"jewel." A term frequently applied to Bijar rugs.

LURISTAN, see Laristan.

MADDER. A dye made from the root of the "rubia tinctorum." From it
are made a multitude of reds.

MAHAL (Mä' häl). A name given to a class of rugs from Sultanabad.
See Persian classification.

MAKSOUD. The name of the weaver of the celebrated Ardebil carpet,
which is in the South Kensington Museum.

MECCA, or MEKKA (Měk' kä), "The Heart of Islam." The holy city of
the Mohammedans containing the Caaba, visited annually by
multitudes of pilgrims. It has a population of 60,000. The name is
frequently applied by retailers to Shiraz rugs.

MELACE, see Meles.

MELES (Mē' lăs). The name given to rugs produced in the Smyrna
district. A corruption of the word Milassa, a small town about one
hundred miles south of Smyrna. See Turkish classification.

MESHED (Mesh-hed'), Meshad. Capital of the province of Khorasan in
Northeastern Persia with a population of 70,000. For description
of the so-called Meshed rugs, see Persian classification.

MESOPOTAMIA. Consists of that triangular portion of the
southeastern part of Turkey in Asia which lies between the Tigris
and the Euphrates. It has an area of 131,000 square miles and a
population of only six million.

MILASSA. A town in Anatolia on the coast, about one hundred miles
south of Smyrna.

MIR (Mǐr). A village in the district of Sarawan, where it is said
that the Mir or Mir Saraband design originated.

MISKABAD, see Mushkabad.

MOSUL, Mossoul, Mousoul. A city of Mesopotamia on the Tigris.
Kurdish tribes market their rugs here. For a description of the
so-called Mosul rug, see Turkish classification.

MUSHKABAD (Mus-ka-bad), Miskabad. A name given to a class of
Sultanabad products. See Persian classification.

NIRIS, Laristan, Luristan. Name applied to rugs made by the
hillmen in the uplands around the salt lake of Niris in Laristan.
See Persian classification.

OUCHAK, see Oushak.

OUSHAK (Oō'shäk), Oocuak, Ushak. A city of Anatolia, in the
province of Aidin, about one hundred miles east of Smyrna.

It has a population of 100,000 and is one of the greatest rug
centres in Anatolia. For description of the so-called Oushak rugs,
see Turkish classification.

PARA (Pā-rä'). Piece of Turkish money equivalent to about one mill
of American money.

PERGAMON (Pĕr' gä-mon), Pergamos. The name of the ancient Greek
Kingdom in the northeastern part of Asia Minor, which is now known
as Bergama.

PERSIA. A kingdom of Southwestern Asia occupying the western half
of the Iranian plateau, which rises to the height of from six to
eight thousand feet between the valleys of the Indus and the
Tigris. It has an area of more than a million square miles and a
population of over eight million inhabitants. The capital is
Teheran.

PIASTER (Pǐ-ăs' tẽr). A piece of Turkish money equal to less than
four cents of our money.

PRINCESS BOKHARA, see Hardjli.

ROULEZ. Persian word meaning "jewel." See Lule.

SAMARKAND (Săm' är-känd), Samarcand, "The Head of Islam." Name of
province and city in Russian Turkestan. The former with an area of
26,627 square miles, and a population of 858,000; the latter is a
very interesting city with a population of 55,000. For description
of the so-called Samarkand rugs, see Turkestan classification.

SARABAND (Săr' ä-bănd), Serebend, Selville. Names given to a class
of rugs woven at Sarawan, a district in Persia just south of
Feraghan. See Persian classification.

SARAK, see Sarakhs.

SARAKHS (Sä-räks'). A frontier town of 10,000 inhabitants in the
northeastern corner of Persia on the Tijend River. See Bijar.

SARAWAN (Să' rä-wän). A district of Persia just south of Feraghan.
See Saraband.

SAROUK, see Saruk.

SARUK (Sä-rōōk'), Sarouk. A village in the district of Feraghan,
not far from Sultanabad. See Persian classification.

SAVALAN (Să' vä-län). The name of a mountain in Azerbijan
province. A name often given in the American market to products of
Sultanabad. For description of the so-called Savalan rugs, see
Sultanabad, under the Persian classification.

SEDJEDES, means a small rug.

SEHNA, see Senna.

SELVILLE, see Saraband.

SENNA (Sěn' nä), Sehna, Sinneh, Sinn. A city in Western Persia
just north of Hamadan. Here rugs are made which are quite
different from those made anywhere else in the Orient. See Persian
classification.

SERAB, see Sirab.

SERAPI (Sě-răp' ě), Serab, Sirab. Name applied to some of the
Herez rugs. See Persian classification.

SERABAND, see Saraband.

SHAH ABBAS (Sha-Abbas). A popular Persian ruler of the 16th
century. His name has been given to a favorite design which
originated during his reign.

SHAROKH, see Bijar.

SHEMAKHA (Shē' mä-kä), Shemka, Shemaka, Cashmere, Kashmir, Soumak.
All names given to a class of pileless rugs which are woven by the
Nomadic tribes of Shirvan, near the town of Shemakha, a
manufacturing town of the Baku district, Transcaucasia, with a
population of 20,000. See Caucasian classification.

SHERAZ, see Shiraz.

SHIRAZ (Shē-răz'). A manufacturing and commercial town in the Fars
district with a population of 32,000. It was the former capital of
Persia. Shiraz rugs are sometimes erroneously called Mecca rugs.
See Persian classification.

SHIRVAN (Shǐr' văn). The name of a city and a khanate in Russian
Caucasia, just west of the Caspian Sea and along the southern
slope of the Caucasian Mountains. Shirvan rugs are woven here. See
Caucasian classification.

SINNA, see Senna.

SIBAB (Sǐ-räb'), Serab. A village in the Herez district in
Northern Persia. Serapi, a name applied to some of the Herez
products, is a corruption of the name Sirab.

SIVAS (Sē-väs'), The name of a city and a province in Northern
Asia Minor, south of the Black Sea; the former with a population
of 43,000 and the latter with a population of 1,087,000 and an
area of 24,240 square miles.

SMYRNA (Směr' nä). Province and city of Eastern Anatolia. The
former has an area of 20,844 square miles and a population of
1,397,000. The city has a population of 201,000 and is an
important rug market, but not a centre of weaving. For description
of so-called Smyrna rugs, see Turkish classification.

SOUMAK, see Shemakha.

SOUJ BULAK (Souge Bū' läk). The name of an old Kurdish capital on
the border south of Tabriz. For a description of the so-called
Souj Bulak rug, see Persian classification.

SULTANABAD (Sǔl-tān' ä-bäd). A city in Persia about one hundred
and sixty miles east of Kermanshah. It has a population of 25,000
and is the centre of rug weaving under European control. Rugs from
this district are known as Sultanabad, Savalan, Muskabad, and
Mahal. See Persian classification.

TABRIZ (Tă-brěěz'), Tabreez, "Pinnacle of Islam." A commercial
city of the province of Azerbijan in the northwest corner of
Persia. It is an important centre of rug weaving, and has a
population of 180,000. For a description of the so-called Tabriz
rug, see Persian classification.

TALIM. A drawn or painted copy used by weavers indicating the
pattern which they are to weave.

TCHECHEN, see Tchetchen.

TCHERKESS, or Circassia. A province in Northwestern Caucasia on
the Black Sea, once peopled by a tribe which has become almost
extinct.

TCHETCHEN, Tchechen, Tzitzi, Chichi. A tribe of wandering
shepherds who inhabit the mountains north of Daghestan. They make
a good quality of rugs. See Caucasian classification.

TEHERAN (Tē' hē-rän), "The Pure." The present capital of Persia,
with a population of 160,000 in summer and 250,000 in winter.

TEKKE BOKHARA (Tē' kä Bō-khä' rä). The name of a rug woven by the
Tekke Turkoman tribes who inhabit the country along the
Transcaspian Railroad from Askabad to Merv. See Turkestan
classification.

TIFLIS. The capital of Transcaucasia, next to Constantinople, is
the greatest rug market in the world, especially for the Caucasian
products. It has a population of 161,000, mostly Armenians,
Georgians, and Russians. It is said that more than seventy
languages are spoken here.

TJOSHAGHAN, see Joshaghan.

TOMAN (Tō' mān). A piece of Turkish money equivalent to about
$0.91 of our money.

TRANSCAUCASIA. That part of Russian Caucasia south of the
Caucasian Mountains.

TURKESTAN is an immense territory lying east of the Caspian. It is
bounded on the south by Persia, Afghanistan, and China, on the
east by China, and on the north by Asiatic Russia. It is divided
into Russian Turkestan on the north with an area of 257,134 square
miles and a population of nearly four millions; Eastern or Chinese
Turkestan with an area of 550,579 and a population of 1,200,000;
and Turkestan proper on the south, which also belongs to Russia.
The rug centres are Samarkand of the northern district, Kashgar,
Yarkand, and Khotan of the eastern district, and Bokhara and Khiva
of the southern district.

TURKEY IN ASIA. Comprises Anatolia, Syria, the coast of Arabia
bordering on the Red Sea, Armenia, and Mesopotamia. A medley of
races and religions.

TURKOMAN (Tǔrk' ō-măn). Rugs from Turkestan proper and generally
grouped under the name Turkoman.

TURKMAN, see Genghis.

TZITZI. A corruption of the word Tchetchen.

VALONIA. The husk of a certain kind of acorn which is used for
dyeing.

YAMUD, see Yomud.

YARKAND (Yär' kănd). A city of Eastern Turkestan. An important
trade centre with a population of 60,000. For description of the
so-called Yarkand rug, see Turkestan classification.

YEZD (Yäzd), "City of Light." Capital of the province by the same
name with a population of 55,000.

YOMUD (Yä'mǔd), Yamud, Yamund, Yamut, Yamund. Names
applied to a class of rugs which are woven just east of the
Caspian Sea by the Yomud Turkomans. See Turkestan classification.

YOURAGHAN, see Joshaghan.

YOURDEZ, see Ghiordes.

YURUK (Yū-rūk'), Youruck, Yourouk. The word means mountaineer.
Also the name given to a class of rugs woven by a certain mountain
shepherd tribe of Anatolia. See Turkish classification.

ZANJAN (Zăn-jān'). A town in the northwest corner
of the province of Irak Ajemi, Persia. Rugs from this vicinity are
called either Zangan or Koultuk.

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(_a_) Published by Ticknor and Co., Boston, Mass.

(_b_) Published by D. Appleton & Co., New York City.

(_c_) Published by the Royal Austrian Museum, 1892.

(_d_) Published by Clifford & Lawton, New York City.

(_e_) Published by Dodd, Mead & Co., New York City.

(_f_) Published by Chas. Scribner's Sons, New York City.

(_g_) Author not mentioned.

(_h_) Published by Cardinal and Hartford, London.

(_i_) Published by F. Tennyson Neely Co., New York City.

(_j_) Published by A. C. McClurg & Co., Chicago, Ill.

(_k_) Published by A. and C. Black, London.

(_l_) Published by T. Fisher Unwin, London.

(_m_) Published by R. R. Donnelly & Sons Co., Chicago, Ill.

(_n_) Published by Frederick A. Stokes & Co., New York City.

(_o_) Published by the Tiffany Studios, New York City.

(_p_) Number unknown.

(_q_) Published by J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.

(_r_) Published by Macmillan & Co., London.

(_s_) Published by H. B. Claflin & Co., New York City.

(_t_) Published by Fleming H. Revell Co., London and New York
City.

(_u_) Published by Karl W. Hiersemann, Berlin.

INDEX

A

Abrashes in design, 341

Acid for bleaching, 39

Advice to buyers, 43

Afghan rugs, see Khiva Bokhara, 278

Afghanistan, 341

Age of rugs, how told, 36, 332

Age of weaving art, 17

Aging of rugs artificially, 39

Ak Hissar (city), 341

Ak Hissar rugs (description), 232

Ak Hissar rugs (illustration), 232

Alcohol in design, 64

Alligator in design, see Kulah border design, 116

Almond in design, see Pear, 123

Altman collection of rugs, 38

Altman prayer rug (illustration), 336

Alum used in dyeing, 76

Amber beads for testing dyes, 79

Ames collection of rugs, 27, 38

Anatolia (country), 217

Anatolian Ghileems (description), 312

Anatolian rugs, 50, 52, 323, 325

Anatolian rugs (description), 234

Anatolian rugs (illustration), 60

Angora (province and city), 341

Angular hook in design, 101

Aniline dyes, 27, 40, 44, 77, 78, 170

Aniline dyes, effect on the wool, 78

Aniline dyes, how detected, 44, 45, 47, 79, 80

Aniline dyes in the Orient, 77, 78

Aniline dyed rugs, 218

Animals in design, 99

Anthemion design, 102

Antique rugs, 35, 36, 37, 38, 331, 332

Antique rugs, Cost of, 26, 39

Antique rugs, Craze for, 35

Antique rugs, Exhibition of, 331

Antique rugs, how told, 35, 47

Antique rug, What constitutes an, 35, 36, 47

Apple in design, see Silibik, 131

Arabic figures and letters in design, 100

Ardebil (town), 341

Ardebil mosque carpet, 26, 37, 333

Ardebil mosque carpet (description), 333

Ardebil mosque carpet (illustration), 330

Ardelan (province), 171

Armenia, 218, 342

Armenians, 56, 217, 218

Artificial aging, 39

Asia Minor, 342

Askabad, 342

Auctions, 31, 32

Austria, Antiques in, 37

Austrian royal hunting carpet, 335

Azerbijan (province), 171

B

Backs of rugs (characteristic), 153

Bagdad (province and city), 343

Baker hunting rug (description), 337

Baker hunting rug (illustration), 338

Bakhshis (village), 343

Bakhshis rugs (description), 173

Baku (province and city), 343

Baku rugs, 150

Baku rugs (characteristics), 150

Baku rugs (description), 261

Baku rugs (illustration), 262

Bale, Rugs bought by the, 31, 32

Ball and claw design, 102

Ballard collection of rugs, 38

Barber pole stripe design, 102

Basket in design, 102

Bat in design, 103

Bath rooms, Rugs suitable for, 51

Bath rugs, 325

Bavaria, Antiques in, 37

Beads in design, 103

Beating of rugs, 63

Bed rooms, Rugs suitable for, 51

Bee in design, 103

Beetle in design, 103

Beets used in making dyes, 82

Beluchistan (country), 295, 343

Beluchistan rugs, 50, 51, 52, 70, 106, 326

Beluchistan rugs (characteristics), 151, 295

Beluchistan rugs (description), 296

Beluchistan rugs (illustration), 296

Bergama rugs, 38, 52, 105, 323

Bergama rugs (characteristics), 150

Bergama rugs (description), 235

Bergama rugs (illustration), 46, 236

Berlin, Antiques in, 37

Berlin dragon and phœnix rug (illustration), 332

Beshir Bokhara rugs (description), 280

Beshir Bokhara rugs (illustration), 274, 280

Bibliography, 359

Bijar (town), 343

Bijar rugs, 51

Bijar rugs (characteristics), 148

Bijar rugs (description), 185

Bijar rugs (illustration), 186, 328

Black (color), 76, 77, 80, 83

Blue (color), 80, 82

Boar in design, 104

Bokhara (city), 343

Bokhara, Beshir (description), 280

Bokhara, Beshir (illustration), 274, 280

Bokhara, Camel Bag Half (illustration), 162

Bokhara, Emir of (illustration), 134

Bokhara, Khiva, 50, 51, 52, 327

Bokhara, Khiva (characteristics), 151

Bokhara, Khiva (description), 278

Bokhara, Khiva (illustration), 278

Bokhara, Tekke, 51

Bokhara, Tekke (characteristics), 151

Bokhara, Tekke (description), 281

Bokhara, Tekke (illustration), 282

Bokhara, Yomud, 50, 51, 105, 327

Bokhara, Yomud (characteristics), 151

Bokhara, Yomud (description), 285

Bokhara, Yomud (illustration), 286

Boquet in design, see Pear, 123

Boston hunting rug, 26, 335

Boston hunting rug (illustration), 334

Bow knot in design, 104

Brazil wood used in dyeing, 82

Brown (color), 76, 77, 83

Brushing rugs, 164

Buckthorn used in dyeing, 83

Budapest, Antiques in, 37

Butterfly in design, 104, 304

Buyers, Advice to, 43

Buying rugs by the bale, 31, 32

C

Camels' hair, 70, 77

Campeachy wood used in dyeing, 82

Canopy in design, 105

Care of rugs, 63

Carmine (color), 81

Cashmere goat, 70

Cashmere rug, see Shemaka, 263

Catechu used in dyeing, 83

Caucasia, 253, 344

Caucasian design, 98

Caucasian border design, 105

Caucasian classification, 165, 253

Caucasian rugs (characteristics), 253, 254

Change in design, 36

Characteristics of different rugs, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151

Chart of distinguishing features, 156

Checker board in design, 105

Chemically treated rugs, 39

Chichi rugs (see Tchetchen), 260

Chichi border design, 105

Children as weavers, 55, 56, 57

Chinese Cloud band design, see Cloud, 105

Chinese colors, 306, 307

Chinese designs, 98, 303, 304, 305

Chinese fret, 105, 304

Chinese materials, 305

Chinese rugs, 106, 112, 301

Chinese rugs (characteristics), 154

Chinese rugs, Classification of, 302, 303

Chinese rugs (description), 303, 304

Chinese rugs, Growing scarcity of, 301

Chinese rugs (illustrations), 300, 306, 318

Chinese rugs, Increased value of, 301

Chinese rugs of the 16th and 17th centuries, 306

Chinese rugs, Weave of, 154

Chinese weavers, 18, 303

Chinese weaving, 154, 305

Circle of happiness in design, 106, 304

Circle in design, 106

Clark collection of rugs, 27, 38

Classification of rugs according to intended use, 321

Classification of rugs, Caucasian, 165, 253

Classification of rugs, Chinese 302

Classification of rugs, General 161

Classification of rugs, Geographical, 162

Classification of rugs, Persian, 163, 169

Classification of rugs, Turkish, 164, 217

Classification of rugs, Turkoman, 165, 277

Claw and Ball in design, see Ball and Claw, 102

Cleaning of rugs, 63, 64, 65

Cloud band in design,--see Cloud, Chinese, 106

Coat of arms, Chinese (illustration), 301

Coat of arms, Persian, 107

Coat of arms, Persian (illustration), 169

Coat of arms, Russian, 107

Coat of arms, Russian (illustration), 253

Coat of arms, Turkish, 107

Coat of arms, Turkish (illustration), 217

Cochineal used in dyeing, 81

Cock in design, see Rooster, 127

Coffee grounds used for aging rugs, 39

Collection of Rugs, American, 27, 37, 38

Colors, Fast, 40

Colors, Harmony of, 48

Colors of different nations, 79

Colors employed in Chinese rugs, 306, 307

Comb in design, 108

Commercial methods of rug making, 77

Compass in design, 108

Compressed air for cleaning rugs, 65

Conch shell in design, 108

Cone in design, see Pear, 123

Contagious diseases in the Orient, 56, 57

Constantinople, 217

Convenience of Oriental rugs, 28

Cornucopia in design, 108

Cost of Oriental rugs, 25, 26, 27, 174

Cotton employed in making rugs, 71

Crab in design, 108

Crane in design, 108

Crescent in design, 109

Crimson (color), 82

Crocodile in design, 109

Crooked rugs, 44, 46, 87

Cross, Greek, in design, 109

Crow in design, 110

Crown jewel in design, see Pear, 123

Curling of rugs, 66

Custom house statistics, 20

Cypress tree, see Tree, 136, 137

Cyrus (ancient ruler), 344

D

Daghestan (district), 344

Daghestan rugs, 50, 51, 112, 138

Daghestan rugs (characteristics), 150

Daghestan rugs (description), 254

Daghestan rugs (illustrations), 84, 254, 256, 292

Daghestan rugs, Weave of, 154

Dates in design, 100

David's shield in design, see Star, six pointed, 132

Davis collection of rugs, 38

Dealers and auctions, 31

Dealers, Foreign, 31, 43

Dealers' profits, 25, 32

Dealers, Reliable, 43

Decoration of rooms, 48

Deer in design, 110

Demirdji (city), 344

Den, Rugs suitable for a, 51

Department stores, 43

Derbend (city), 344

Derbend rugs (characteristics), 150

Derbend rugs (description), 257

Designs, Animals in, 99

Designs, Caucasian, 98

Designs, Change in, 36, 97

Designs, Chinese, 98, 303, 304, 305

Designs, Dates in, 100

Designs, European, 98

Designs, Floral, 98

Designs, Geometrical, 99

Designs, Humans in, 99

Designs, Indian, 98

Designs, Inscriptions in, 100

Designs, Names in, 100

Designs, Persian, 98, 169

Designs, Symbolism of, 99

Designs, Transmission of, 97

Designs, Tribal or family, 97

Designs, Turkish, 98

Designs, Turkoman, 98

Diamond in design, 110

Diaper design, see Lattice design, 117

Dining room, Rugs suitable for, 51

Disc, Winged, in design, see winged globe, 139

Disinfection of rugs, 57, 58

Distinguishing features of rugs (chart), 156

Doctored rugs, 39, 40

Doctoring rugs, Method of, 39, 40, 47

Domestic rugs, 43

Dog in design, 110

Dove in design, 111

Dowry rugs, 324

Dragon in design, 111, 305

Dragon and Phœnix rug (illustration), 332

Duck in design, 111

Durability of Oriental rugs, 87

Dust in rugs, 46, 59

Dutch rooms, Rugs suitable for, 49

Duty on rugs, 26

Dye pots (illustration), 80

Dye stuff, 75

Dyeing, Method of, 76

Dyeing of wool, 72

Dyeing, Secrets of, 75

Dyes and Dyers, 73

Dyes, Aniline, 40, 44, 170

Dyes, Fading of aniline, 76, 80

Dyes, Testing of, 40, 44, 46, 47

Dyes, vegetable 40, 44, 75, 76, 78

E

Eagle in design, 111

Eastern rug markets, 31

East India rug (illustration), 334

Egg in design, 111

Egyptian carpets, 18

Elephant in design, 111

England, Antiques in, 37

European designs, 98

Exhibitions of Oriental rugs, 331, 332

Exorbitant prices for rugs, 26, 27

F

Factories, Rug, 55, 57, 170, 217

Fading of rugs, 76

Famous rugs, 331

Farsistan (province), 171

Fast colors, 40

Favorite colors of different nations, 79

Feather in design, see Pear, 123

Felt rugs, 318

Feraghan (district), 345

Feraghan design, see Herati design, 114

Feraghan rugs, 49, 50, 51

Feraghan rugs (characteristics), 149

Feraghan rugs (description), 190

Feraghan rugs (illustration), 114, 190

Figures in design, 100

Fir cone in design, see Pear, 123

Fish in design, 111

Fish bone in design, 112

Flame in design, see Pear, 123

Floor coverings, 327

Floral designs, 98

Flower of Henna in design, see Guli Henna, 113

Flower and Knop design, see Knop and Flower, 215

Fly in design, 112

Folding of rugs, 65

Foreign rug dealers, 31

Four flower design, see Roses, Four, 128

Four roses in design, see Roses, Four, 128

France, Antiques in, 37

Fret, Chinese or Greek, see Chinese fret, 105, 304

Frick collection of rugs, 27, 38

G

Gall nuts used in dyeing, 83, 84

Galley in design, 112

Ganga (city), 345

Genghis (tribe), 345

Genghis rugs, 50, 166

Genghis rugs (characteristics), 150

Genghis rugs (description), 267

Genghis rugs (illustration), 268

Geometrical designs, 99

Georgian border design, 112

Germany, Antiques in, 37

Ghileems, 311

Ghileems (description), 311

Ghileems, Anatolian, 312

Ghileems, Kurdish (characteristics), 154

Ghileems, Kurdish (description), 314

Ghileems, Kurdish (illustration), 314, 316

Ghileems, Kurdish, Weave of, 154

Ghileems, Merve (characteristic), 154

Ghileems, Merve (description), 315

Ghileems Merve (illustration), 316

Ghileems, Merve, Weave of, 154

Ghileems, Senna, 52

Ghileems, Senna (description), 312

Ghileems, Senna (illustration), 312

Ghileems, Shirvan (description), 314

Ghiordes border stripe, 113

Ghiordes knot, 169

Ghiordes rugs, 38, 52, 113, 117, 323

Ghiordes rugs (characteristics), 149

Ghiordes rugs (description), 238

Ghiordes rugs (illustration), 66, 238

Glossary, 341

Glycerine used in rugs, 39

Goats' hair, 70

Gorevan rugs, 120, 327

Gorevan rugs (description), 175

Gorevan rugs (illustration), 176

Gourd in design, 113

Grape juice used in dyeing, 84

Grave rugs, 324

Gray (color), 84

Greek cross in design, see Cross, Greek, 109

Greek fret, see Chinese fret, 105, 304

Greek key, see Chinese fret, 105, 304

Greek meander in design, see Meander, Greek, 119

Green (color), 79, 80, 83, 218

Guli Henna design, 113

H

Hair used in rugs, 305

Hall, Rugs suitable for, 50

Hamadan (city), 345

Hamadan rugs, 50, 70, 120, 327

Hamadan rugs (characteristics), 149

Hamadan rugs (description), 192

Hamadan rugs (illustration), 110, 192

Hand in design, see coat of arms, Turkish, also Pear, 107, 123

Hanging rugs, 63, 64

Hangings, 328

Hardjli Rugs, 283

Harmony of colors, 48

Havemeyer collection of rugs, 27

Hearth rugs, 323

Heliotrope (color), 84

Henna flower in design, see Guli Henna design, 113

Herat (city), 346

Herat rugs, 114, 125

Herat rugs (characteristics), 149

Herat rugs (description), 206

Herati design, 114

Herez (district), 346

Herez rugs, 51

Herez rugs (characteristics), 148

Herez rugs (description), 173

Herez rugs (illustration), 172

Hexagon in design, 115

Hog in design, 115

Holy carpet, Yerkes, 27

Hom in design, see Anthemion, 102

Home looms, 56

Hook, Angular, see Angular hook, 101

Hook, Latch, see Angular hook, 101

Horse shoe in design, 115

Hound in design, 115

Hour glass in design, 115

Human beings in design, 99

Hygiene of Oriental rugs, 28

I

Identification of rugs, 147

Importation of Oriental rugs, 20, 217

Indian designs, 98

Indian fish bone design, see Fish bone, 112

Indian hunting rug, 26, 335

Indian rugs, 162

Indigo used in dyeing, 82, 84

Inscriptions in design, 100

Inspecting rugs at Ispahan (illustration), 170