Chapter XXII (2)

There is still another sense of the words,--which they _may_ bear; though by some, perhaps, it may be regarded as fanciful:--"The eyes of the Lord _keep_ knowledge:"--they _retain_ it. What He sees, be it but for a moment, does not, as with _our_ vision, pass away. It remains. _We_ see, and having seen, what passes from the eye passes also from the memory. Not so is it with God's vision. The sight of His eye is no uncertain or forgetful glance. It is unerring and permanent. All that His eyes have ever seen is known as perfectly now as when it passed before them,--as when it existed or happened!--And in the exercise of this permanent and perfect knowledge, "He overthroweth the words of the transgressors." All their evil desert remains before Him. They can neither elude His knowledge, nor bribe His justice, nor resist His power. They shall be made to learn by fearful experience, "whose words shall stand, _His,_ or _theirs!_"--_Wardlaw._

When _knowledge_ seemed on the eve of perishing, a single copy of the Scriptures, found as it were accidentally, _preserved_ it from utter extinction (2 Chron. xxxiv. 14-18). For successive generations the Book was in the custody of faithful librarians, handed down in substantial integrity (Rom. iii. 2). When the church herself was on the side of the Arian heresy, the same watchful _eyes_ raised up a champion (_Athanasius_) to _preserve_ the testimony. Often has the infidel _transgressor_ laboured with all the might of man for its destruction. Often has Rome partially suppressed it, or committed it to the flames, or circulated perverted copies and false interpretations. Yet all these _words_ and deeds of _the transgressors have been overthrown._--_Bridges._

The eyes of the Lord are His knowledge, and it is in Him, in His knowledge that knowledge is preserved. That is the bottomless treasure of it; from thence issue out all the veins of knowledge, wherewith the world is enriched. It is He that preserveth knowledge for the seekers of it, it is He that preserveth knowledge in the teachers of it. . . . His eyes shall watch over it, and though blindness put out the eyes of many, yet in Goshen it shall shine and bring comfort to His people.--_Jermin._

_MAIN HOMILETICS OF VERSE_ 13.

AN ACTIVE IMAGINATION.

+I. Inactivity of will may cause a too great activity of the imagination.+ Man is made for action, and if he refuses to employ his powers in doing some useful and real work, it is probable that he will put forth some morbid effort in another direction. If his limbs are not at work, his mind will probably be active, and if he does not occupy it with objects which are worthy, it will be filled with thoughts that are sinful, and imaginations that are false. It will be especially apt to invent excuses for sloth, by magnifying the difficulties which stand in the way of effort. Every obstacle will be magnified into an insurmountable hindrance, and little risks will be looked at through a medium which will make them look like dangers to be avoided at any sacrifice of duty. The wish is often father to the thought, and the slothful man welcomes and nurses the deception which is born of his own indolence. And the sluggard is an easy prey also to the suggestions of the tempter, who will not be slow to do what he can to inflame the imagination and distort the judgment.

+II. The sluggard rightly apprehends danger, but mistakes the source whence it will come.+ There is a devouring enemy which will slay him if he do not take care, but it is not without him, but within him. He has a foe who endangers his life, but that foe is his own sloth; or, as we say on chap. xxi. 25, his own unsatisfied desire. While his eyes are turned on the highway, and he is seeking to avoid the lion which he fancies is there, he is nursing in his bosom the indolence which will be his ruin. He has more to fear from himself than from the most terrible manslayer that ever crossed the path of any human being. But it is with him as with slaves to other forms of sin--he is ready to lay the blame of his disobedience to God's commands anywhere, rather than upon his own unwillingness to comply with them.

_OUTLINES AND SUGGESTIVE COMMENTS._

_"Saith,"_ really a preterite. These proverbs have usually the future. The future is a present continuing forward. Here we have a future tracing itself backward. The impenitent have always been saying the same thing. Age has not changed. Men have stuck to it for near a century. . . . "There is a lion" at the mercy-seat. So that the minister quits answering the sluggard's cavils, and tells each man plainly--"These cries are symptomatic." There is no lion in the case. And a heart that will shape these phantoms would shape others, if these were laid. The difficulty is sloth. In truth, there is a "lion," but it is a bad heart, crouching against itself, and lurking to destroy the poor unwary sinner.--_Miller._

This is a very odd excuse for his laziness. Lions are seldom found in the fields in the day time, and it is a very extraordinary thing if they be found in the streets. Does the sluggard himself believe there is any truth in it? If he does, why does he sleep in his house, since it is possible that it may be set on fire by some accident in the night? Why does he ever take a meal, for some have been choked by the bread which they put into their mouths? When we are employed in the duties of our calling, we need not vex ourselves with the apprehension of lions. "I will give mine angels charge over thee," says God, "and they shall keep thee in all thy ways." Thou shalt tread upon the lion and adder, the young lion and the dragon shalt thou trample under thy feet. But let the sluggard remember that there is a lion in that bed where he dozes away his time, and in that chamber where he sits folding his arms together. The devil goes about like a roaring lion seeking whom he may devour, and he rejoices greatly when he lights upon a sluggard for he looks upon him to be a sure prey. We are safe from the lions in the way of duty, and never safe when we avoid it. Lions, when they met David feeding his sheep, were torn in pieces by him like kids. A lion unexpectedly came upon that young man of the sons of prophets, who declined his duty when he was commanded to smite his neighbour, and rent him in pieces.--_Lawson._

Here is no talk of Satan, "that roaring lion" that lies couchant in the sluggard's bed with him, and prompts him to these senseless excuses. Nor yet of the "Lion of the tribe of Judah," who will one day send out summonses for sleepers, and tearing the very caul of their hearts asunder send them packing to their place in hell. But to hell never came any as yet that had not some pretence for their coming hither. The flesh never wants excuses, and needs not to be taught to tell her own tale. Sin and shifting came into the world together; and as there is no wool so coarse but will take some colour, so no sin so gross that admits of a defence. Sin and Satan are alike in this, they cannot abide to appear in their own likeness.--_Trapp._

The tongue is seldom slothful, even in the slothful man himself. That will bestir itself to find excuses, and to plead pretences for the defence of sloth. That will be diligent to allege reasons that the sluggard may be negligent. . . . If the lion had been within, if the courage and nobleness of the lion had been in the sluggard's heart, he would never have talked of a lion without. No, it was the cold snail that was within; and unless the slothful man's house may be removed with him, he will not stir to go out of it. Thus he that feareth to be slain, without cause, delighteth to be slain by his own laziness.--_Jermin._

_MAIN HOMILETICS OF VERSE_ 14.

A DEEP PIT.

This verse treats of two classes of character, both of which have been depicted before. (See on chaps. ii. 16-19, page 24, vi. 24, page 89, vii. 5-27, page 95.)

+I. The tempter.+ The _strange_ woman--the woman who has been so deaf to the voice of all that is womanly as no longer to be worthy of the name, who instead of being man's helpmeet and endeavouring to win him to tread the path to heaven, is his curse and makes it her aim to drag him down to hell. Notice the main instrument of her destructive power--the _mouth._ It is by her words of flattery and deception and persuasion that she ensnares her victim and compasses his ruin. History and experience confirm Solomon's words, for, although external beauty is often a powerful ingredient in the temptation, it is not always so, and counts for very little if it is unaccompanied by that fascination of manner and of speech which have been used by so many bad women with such fatal effect. If we look at the portraits of some of those women who have exerted so mighty a power for evil in the world, we can seldom see sufficient beauty to account for the spell which they seemed to cast around their victims, and we must conclude therefore that it was rather to be found where Solomon puts it,--who may be hear speaking from bitter personal experience--viz., in the tongue. This proverb adds one more testimony to the many that have gone before of the immense power for evil or for good that is exerted by that "little member" of our bodily organism.

+II. The tempted.+ He is here depicted as an unwary traveller along life's highway easily deceived by the appearance of things, and, too careless or too unsuspecting to look beneath the surface, following the bent of his inclination and yielding to the voice of the charmer until he finds the ground giving way beneath his feet, and darkness and hopelessness all around him. Notice the fearful _name_ here given to such an one--to one who is led away by such a tempter. He is _abhorred of the Lord._ Here is full evidence that God does not look upon human creatures with indifference as to their moral character--that merciful Father though He is, He does not extend to men that indiscriminating and therefore worthless tenderness which some would have us believe is His main attribute--that if _men_ look upon sin as mere obedience to the dictates of nature, and therefore blameless, He does not so regard it. And if men will not attach any weight to the words of Scripture--not believing them to be infallible--they can read the same truth in their every-day experience. The terrible retribution which comes upon those who listen to the words of the "strange woman" is a sufficient testimony to the abhorrence in which the Creator of men holds the sin to which she allures the unwary and the licentious man.

_OUTLINES AND SUGGESTIVE COMMENTS._

To what do the fearful words amount? To this: that in His righteous displeasure, there is not a heavier curse which an offended God can allow to fall upon the object of His wrath, than leaving him to be a prey to the seductive blandishments of an unprincipled woman:--that if God held any one in abhorrence, _this_ would be the severest vengeance He could take on him.--_Wardlaw._

The mouth of a strange woman is but the mouth of a far deeper pit, the pit of hell into which it openeth. The one is digged by the wickedness of men, the other by the justice of God.--_Jermin._

_MAIN HOMILETICS OF VERSE_ 15.

A FACT STATED AND A DUTY INFERRED.

+I. Human nature in its most attractive form contains latent depravity.+ The flower of the thistle is beautiful to look upon, and its downy seed is an apparently harmless object, and one worthy of admiration, as it rears its head among the corn. But how much power of mischief is wrapped up in that ball of soft down, if it is allowed to scatter its seed unchecked. A young lion is as pretty and harmless a creature as a kitten, but what ferocious instincts lie dormant there. A child is the most attractive and innocent of human creatures. As we look upon its guileless face we can hardly connect the idea of sin with its nature, and hardly believe it possible that the most depraved man or woman in the world was once as pure and stainless. But the Book of God tells us that even that young soul is tainted with the disease that infects all our race, and what the Book says is confirmed by the experience of all who have had anything to do with training children. The foolishness of self-will very soon shows itself, and the little one early gives proof that he or she is a true child of Adam by rebelling against the restraints with which it is lovingly surrounded, and desiring at all risks to eat forbidden fruit. In the fairest child-form now living upon the globe there may be hidden seeds which, when fully developed, will fill the world with terror and misery.

+II. That this depraved tendency is deeply rooted in the child's nature.+ It is "bound" in or "fettered" to it by a cable of many strands, or a chain of heavy links--it is not a slight preference for the wrong which can easily be overruled--not a garment put on which the wearer can easily be persuaded to put off again, but a part of the very nature--a bent of all the faculties of the soul.

+III. The disease is one which will yield to proper treatment.+ We do not suppose that Solomon's words teach that any corrective rod will be potent enough to drive out all tendency to do wrong, inasmuch as experience and observation contradict it, but the same experience and observation confirm the truth that wise correction in youth is mighty in its moral power, and may so bring the child round to the love of the true and the good, that its own efforts will second the efforts of the parent, and it will itself turn upon the enemies within, being fully convinced that the self-will that is bound up in its own heart is the greatest folly to which it is liable. There are many who, looking back upon the wise and loving chastisement of a tender parent, can bear testimony to the truth of this proverb. On this subject see also on chap. xiii. 24, page 334.

_OUTLINES AND SUGGESTIVE COMMENTS._

The rod of correction is proper to drive away no other foolishness than that which is of a moral nature. But how comes wickedness to be so firmly bound, and so strongly fixed, in the hearts of children, if it be not there naturally.--_Jonathan Edwards._

_Bound,_ or _fettered. . . . Firmly knit, closely settled; well tied in;_ that is, fixed in the childish spirit; this is the sense of nearly all the commentators. Of course, there are great difficulties at once. The fact theologically is just the opposite. "Folly" is not fixed in the childish heart; but stronger and stronger in periods afterwards. Why not, _pro vero,_ "bound?" In much the majority of texts it means simply "tied down," or "fettered." _"Folly is fettered in the heart of a child,"_ that is, _tied down,_ and, in many ways, _repressed._ This is literally the case. It is weak, and hemmed in, and easier to grapple with and drag out of the soul in youth than at any other period.--_Miller._

Observe--it is _foolishness,_ not childishness. _That_ might belong to an unfallen child. No moral guilt attaches to the recollection--"When I was a child, I spake as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child" (1 Cor. xiii. 11). "A child is to be punished"--as Mr. Scott wisely observed--"not for being _a child,_ bur for being _a wicked_ child." Comparative ignorance, the imperfect and gradual opening of the faculties, constitute the nature, not the sinfulness of the child. The holy "child increased in wisdom" (Luke ii. 52). But _foolishness_ is the mighty propensity to evil--imbibing wrong principles, forming bad habits, entering into an ungodly course. It means the very root and essence of sin in a fallen nature--the _folly_ of being revolted from a God of love.--_Bridges._

_MAIN HOMILETICS OF VERSE_ 16.

OPPRESSION AND SERVILITY.

+I. Opposite actions proceeding from the same motive.+ This proverb seems to be directed against a man whose mastering passion is the unworthy one of amassing material gain and ministering exclusively to his own enjoyment. This is the commonest source of oppression. "Covetousness," says Dreyden, "is itself so monstrous that nothing else is like it except it be death and the grave, the only things I know which are always carrying off the spoils of the world and never making restitution." This is a true picture of the avaricious man who regards none of the needs and rights of his fellow-creatures, but only asks himself with regard to them how they can best be made to serve his interests. This leads him to grind down those who are poorer than himself, and use them as so many stepping-stones, by means of which he can mount higher in the social scale, forgetting that though their poverty makes them weaker than himself, they have a Friend who is far stronger than he is. But the same man who thus oppresses his needy brother will make it his business to propitiate the rich, and for the same end, viz., to advance his own interests. "Tyranny and flunkeyism," says Dr. Thomas, in his comment on this verse, "generally go together. Both are the children of avarice. He that proudly domineers over the poor will servilely bow his knee to the rich."

+II. Opposite actions meeting with the same retribution.+ Although these actions are so different, they can both be traced to one fountain-head, and therefore one sentence is passed upon both. The man who lives for himself shall not get anything worth having; or if he do, things will be mixed with the cup of his prosperity, which will make it an unpalatable one after all. He may get wealth, and may come to want health; he may be rich and healthy, and yet suffer in his family relationships. He will certainly come to want peace of conscience, the goodwill of his fellows, and the favour of God, and no gain can balance such a loss.

_OUTLINES AND SUGGESTIVE COMMENTS._

Sin pays its servants very bad wages, for it gives them the very reverse of what it promised. Whilst the sin of oppression or injustice promises mountains of gold, it brings them poverty and ruin. "Shalt thou reign because thou closest thyself in cedar?" said the prophet to Jehoiakim. It could not be, for he used his neighbour's services without wages, and gave him nought for his work. . . . We are not proprietors but stewards of the gifts of Providence, and must distribute that which He has entrusted to our care according to His will. And it is His pleasure that we should make to ourselves friends by the mammon of unrighteousness, not of the rich but the poor.--_Lawson._

The covetous wretch and the vain prodigal are of quite contrary dispositions, and take quite contrary courses, and yet they both meet at last, for both come to want. . . . He that being rich taketh a little from the poor (for how little must it needs be that is taken from them) shall surely find that he taketh a great deal from himself, even all that he hath. And he that giveth much to the rich (for it must be much, or else it is not regarded by them) will wish he had given it to the poor, when being made poor, he will give himself little thanks for it, and find as little help from them to whom he has given his riches.--_Jermin._

A reference to the Critical Notes at the beginning of this chapter will show that we have entered the third division of this book. One or two additional notes are subjoined.

+17.+ Miller reads the second clause, _"And thou shalt incline thine heart,"_ etc. +18. They shall withal be fitted in thy lips,+ rather _"let them abide together upon thy lips."_ +20. Excellent things.+ Some here render _"thrice repeated things,"_ the French translation is _"things relating to rulers or governors,"_ and Stuart reads "Have I not written to thee _heretofore,_" understanding Solomon to refer to the previous portions of the Book. Upon the first two Wardlaw remarks that they both contain the idea of superiority or excellence, for "why are things repeated but for their excellence? and _princely_ or _royal_ things"--which the French translation may yield when analysed--is but a figurative way of expressing transcendent superiority.

_MAIN HOMILETICS OF THE PARAGRAPH.--Verses_ 17-21.

TRUST FROM KNOWLEDGE, AND BLESSEDNESS FROM TRUST.

+I. Knowledge of God must go before faith in God.+ There must be a knowledge of the existence, character, and power of any person before there can be any trust in him. God is not so unreasonable as to expect men to put trust in Him unless they have some grounds for their trust. Hence the Bible especially aims to make men acquainted with the Being upon whom they are called to exercise faith, by declarations concerning His character, and by a history of His doings in the past, and reminders of what He is doing in the present. Sometimes God points to the _visible creation_ as a source whence man may obtain knowledge concerning Him, and come to exercise trust in Him. This is the drift of the sublime passage in Isaiah xl., in which Jehovah seeks to bring Israel, by a consideration of His creative power and wisdom, to confide in His Almighty strength. (Verses 27-31.) Sometimes He appeals to _His dealings in the past_ as a ground of faith in His character and purposes in the present. _What iniquity have your fathers found in me, that they are gone from me?_ (Jer. ii. 5.) The Son of God appeals to His Father's love as a basis of faith in Himself (John iii. 16). Paul speaks of the way of salvation as a _"knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ"_ (2 Cor. iv. 6), because without knowledge there can be no faith, and an enlightened knowledge will certainly lead to faith. The preacher here points to the necessity of gaining this true wisdom, the knowledge of Jehovah, as the means of begetting trust in Him.

+II. Real blessedness will follow faith in God.+ A child can have no lasting and real joy in its life, unless it has faith in his father's love and wisdom. He feels instinctively that he is dependent upon that father, that much of his future well-being depends upon what that father is and does, and if he cannot be sure that he has his real welfare at heart, it will throw a dark shadow over his young life, which will deepen as he becomes more and more capable of realising his position. It is a worm at the root of all our peace of mind to distrust where we must depend. All men must feel that they are dependent upon God, and yet most men live, and perhaps most die, without giving Him that trust which alone can give them peace, and which those who know Him will testify that He fully deserves. The testimony of those who knew is _"blessed is the man that trusteth in the Lord, and whose hope the Lord is"_ (Jer. xvii. 8). And it is because of its trust-begetting character that Solomon here declares that true knowledge--knowledge concerning Jehovah--is _"pleasant"_ to the soul.

+III. Faith in the heart will manifest itself in the lip.+ A perfume may be hidden in the casket, but whenever the lid is lifted it will make its presence known. The tongue will speak sometimes of that which fills the heart, and when it does not do this in a direct manner there will be a tone in the conversation which will tell men what the soul prizes most. Knowledge in the heart will bring wise words to the lips--the love of truth will result in the _answer_ of truth.

_OUTLINES AND SUGGESTIVE COMMENTS._

Verse 17. This sounds like the opening of the earlier Proverbs, chap. v. 1; viii. 1. The repetition is significant. The life of the soul is attention. If that be persevered in, all things follow. God only can give saving light. And yet by laws like the planetary system, He will give it on the bending of the ear. Alas for us! we will not even do this much without His influence. Nevertheless He urges the promise. (See Miller's rendering in the additional notes at the beginning of this paragraph.) It is a law, though it be a law of grace. God has framed it. Hear outwardly, and thou shalt feel within. Such is our nature (chap. ii. 1-5), and it is shrewd to use it. The _inclining_ is from Him; but the _advice_ also is from Him! Shrink not from the advice because His strength is needed to make it His chosen instrument.--_Miller._

We may mark that, whereas in the beginning of Proverbs the Wise Man had often called on his son to fasten attention on him, saying, "My son, my son;" now, after so much said, he supposeth that he needeth not to be called upon, and therefore speaketh unto him, without his usual compellation. And surely when much hath been said, to need still much calling on, sheweth much neglect of what hath been said, and much unworthiness to have been an hearer of it. And yet because in the best some rousing of attention is requisite, the Wise Man here lifteth up his voice, to cause a careful bowing down of the ear to his words. He would therefore have attention so to bow down the ear, as to make it as it were a bed, wherein the words of the wise might rest; because that is it which will bring true rest unto the heart. . . . But we may further note, that whereas he would have him to _hear the words of the wise,_ it is to _his knowledge_ that he would have him _apply his heart._ For we may hear the words of the wise men of this world, we may hear the words of human learning and understanding, and much good is to be gotten from them; but we must apply our hearts unto the knowledge of God's Word, and so far receive the other as they agree with that, or are not repugnant unto it. Or else _hear the words of the wise,_ whosoever they be, if they be the words of wisdom which they deliver. But if their actions teach otherwise than their words do, apply not thine heart to follow their example. Let rather _my knowledge_ instruct thee, that the heart may be as well applied to doing, as the ears to hearing.--_Jermin._

Verse 18. It will last when we get it. This is the wonder to others. Here one has been trying to be a better man, and begins to be one from a sudden epoch. Others wrestle with their faults, and fall back into them again. Nothing can be more fitful than all moral reformations. But here, in spiritual life, a flash shoots up, and we never return to darkness. Why is this? Because it is _pleasant,_ says the proverb. It becomes fixed because of its principle as of a sound nature. . . . When we _watch over right words,_ which (_Orientaliter_) stands for all right actions, God rewards us by making them _"pleasant,"_ and so, even as in heaven itself, they become fixed as the very habit of our lips.--_Miller._

Many there are whose lips do speak the words of wisdom, but they are not fitted upon their lips. . . . The reason whereof is, because the words of wisdom are not seated in the heart. For though the lips may give themselves motion and the head may furnish them with matter, it is the heart that fitteth the lips.--_Jermin._

It will give thee most high satisfaction if thou dost so heartily entertain them, and thoroughly digest them, and faithfully preserve them in mind, that thou art able withal to produce any of them as there is occasion, and aptly communicate for other men's instruction.--_Bp. Patrick._

Verse 19.--1. The _particularity of address--"to thee, even to thee."_ In the days of prophetic inspiration, it was no unusual thing for the servants of God to receive express commissions to individuals, in which they alone were concerned. But the whole Book of God--the entire "word of His testimony"--should be considered by _every one_ as addressed _to him;_ as much so as if there were no other human being besides himself, and as if it had been "given by inspiration" to himself alone. There is no room for any saying, as Jehu did of old--_"To which_ of all us?" The answer would, in every case, be--To _each of you all_--to thee--to thee--to thee. Not that there is no such thing as, "rightly dividing the Word of Truth;" not that there are no portions of it that have a special appropriateness of application to the characters and circumstances of individuals. Still, the great truths of the Word are alike to _each_ and to _all._ And speedily a man may be placed in one or other of the peculiar situations to which the different portions of it are adapted! I know of nothing more important than for every individual to bring Divine lessons _home to himself._ Too often, alas! we forget _personal_ amidst _general_ application of particular truths. We think of them as intended _for men,_ and forget that they are designed _for us._ Would you then profit by what you hear?--keep in mind that what is addressed to all is addressed to each--_"to thee, even to thee."_--2. Mark the emphasis on the time--_"this day."_ We set a mark, in our minds, on days that have been rendered memorable by events of special interest. Would Noah, think you, ever forget the day of the year on which he and his family entered the ark, and when "the Lord shut him in?" or the day on which he again stepped out of it upon the green earth, to be the second father of mankind? Would the shepherds ever forget on what night of the year the angelic messengers, amidst the light of the glory of the Lord, announced to them the Divine Saviour's birth, and when "the multitude of the heavenly host," bursting on their sight, "ascended jubilant," saying "Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, good will toward men?" Or would Cornelius ever forget the day and the hour when the angelic visitant directed him to that instruction whereby he and all his house should be saved? _You,_ it is true, have many times heard the words of truth. Let me, however, remind any of you who _have_ thus often heard, and who still neglect them, of the importance to you of _each day_ that you enjoy the privilege. Every time you thus hear them, your eternal all depends on the reception you give to the message of God. _This day_ may be important indeed, for it may be the last on which Divine truth shall sound in your ears. O that it may be a day to be sacredly and joyfully remembered by every sinner now present, as the day on which he first felt its inestimable preciousness to his soul! If you thus hear, and thus improve the opportunity, the day will not be obliterated from your memory by the lapse of eternity. There is one thing of which with emphasis it may be said to each individual sinner, It is _"to thee,_ even _to thee:"_--I mean the message of the Gospel--the message of free mercy through the Divine Mediator. There is no exception; there is no difference. The law speaks to each, "to thee, even to thee"--its sentence of condemnation. The Gospel speaks to each--"to thee, even to thee"--its offer of free, full, immediate, irrevocable pardon on the ground of the universal atonement. To every fellow creature we can say--An adequate atonement has been made for all; therefore _for thee_--"for thee, even for thee;" and on the ground of that atonement does Divine mercy come near to thee--"to thee, even to thee"--with the offer of forgiveness, acceptance, and life. _"This day"_ is the message of life again "made known" unto thee, O sinner; and there is no obstacle to thine acceptance and enjoyment of it, but what is _in thyself;_--none in God; none in Christ; none in the atonement; none in the Divine offer of its virtue to mankind. _"To thee_ is the word of this salvation sent;" and "now is the accepted time, now is the day of salvation."--_Wardlaw._

Only a Divine Word can beget a Divine faith, and herein the Scripture excels all human writings, none of which can bring our hearts to the obedience of faith. "I can speak it by experience," says Erasmus, "that there is little good to be got by the Scripture, if a man read it cursorily and carelessly; but if he exercise himself therein constantly and conscionably he shall feel such a force in it, as is not to be found in any other book whatsoever." "I know," saith Peter Martyr, "that there are many who will never believe what we say of the power of God's Word hidden in the heart; and not a few that will jeer us, and think we are mad for saying so. But oh that they would be pleased to make trial! Let it never go well with me--for I am bold to swear in so weighty a business--if they find not themselves strangely taken and transformed into the same image." The Ephesians "trusted in God" so soon as they heard the word of truth. They "believed" and were "sealed" (Ephes. i. 13). And the Thessalonians' faith was famous all the world over, when once the Gospel "came to them in power" (1 Thess. i. 5-8).--_Trapp._

Verses 20 and 21. How the preacher labours! Let us begin at his most expressive terminus. We are to be _sent for!_ some certain day. _"Those that send"_ is but the proverbial cast. _"Him that sends"_ is the more perfect meaning. As sure as the stars we shall be _sent for_ one day; and one thing will be exacted from us, and one only in the creation, and that is _light._ The man without light perishes. Solomon says, his whole aim has been to press light on the sinner. . . . "Have I not done," he says, "and that under Scriptural promises, the very best things to secure my object? and is not that object, now _that I might make thee to know the verity of the words of truth!"_ This Hebrew is very peculiar. _"Words of truth"_ are easily uttered. _"Counsels and knowledge"_ of the deepest sort may be in the minds of infidels. We may teach a child the very intricacies of faith. But there is a _"verity"_ at its deepest root that the natural man cannot perceive (1 Cor. ii. 14). To express this, Solomon uses a very infrequent word. It means (_in radice_) _to weigh out so as to be exact._ That I might make thee to know the _exactness_ of the words of truth. The meaning is that _verity_ which is seen by a Christian eye.--_Miller._

Surely if anything be worthy of sending for, worthy of going for, then are the words of knowledge and truth. If they may be had for going or sending, who should not go, who should not send, whither should we not go, whither should we not send? They are they which must bring us to heaven and to happiness. Or else to take the sense another way, and in a spiritual application of the words: Who are they that send unto us? What are the words of truth that we must answer unto them? They that send unto us are God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Ghost. God the Father sendeth His blessings, God the Son His merits, and God the Holy Ghost His graces. The words of truth that we must answer are the words of thankful obedience.--_Jermin._

_The certainty of the words of truth._ The evidence of the divinity of the Bible, instead of ever being shaken by all the efforts of infidelity, has been augmenting from the beginning hitherto. Its _external_ evidence has grown in the fulfilment of its predictions. Its _internal_ evidence, though in one sense ever the same, has, in another, been increasing also; inasmuch as it has stood its ground amidst all the advances of human knowledge, and men have never been able to improve upon it or to get before it:--and it is the _one only book_ of which this can be affirmed. And its _experimental_ evidence,--the manifestation of its truth in its saving influence,--in its power to dislodge and change the evil passions and habits of the worst of men,--has multiplied by thousands and tens of thousands of dead and living witnesses. In our own days, we have but to point, not only to cases of revival in our own land, in which the Gospel has proved itself "mighty through God" to the pulling down of the strongholds of worldliness and corruption, and turning hearts long alienated to God,--but to the lands of heathen idolatry and cruelty and vileness, wherever Gospel truth has found its way and has been embraced. _There,_ in the marvellous changes that have been effected,--in the contrast between previous stupidity and pollution, and heartless and murderous ferocity, to intelligence and purity and virtue, and peace, and harmony, and happiness, we have the triumphs of the Cross, and the manifestation of the _"certainty"_--the Divine certainty--"of the words of truth." They have thus shown themselves to be indeed "excellent things" by the excellence of their effects. We call upon all to examine for themselves. The Bible _courts examination._ It is the unwillingness and refusal to examine, that is most to be deplored. The genuineness of its writings, the authenticity of its histories, the reality of its recorded miracles, the fulfilment of its prophecies, the sublimity and consistent harmony of its doctrines, the purity of its precepts, the origin of its commemorative ordinances, and its tendency to personal and social virtue and happiness,--_all_ court examination. The testimony of the celebrated Earl of Rochester, when converted from infidelity and profligacy to Christianity and virtue, will be found the truth. Laying his hand on the Bible, he would say--"_This_ is true philosophy. _This_ is the wisdom that speaks to the heart. A bad life is the only grand objection to this Book."--_Wardlaw._

_MAIN HOMILETICS OF VERSES_ 22 _and_ 23.

GOD THE SPOILER OF THE SPOILER.

+I. Robbery is of three kinds.+ 1. _There is the open and unlegalised thief._ There are men who do not pretend to respect the rights of others and who openly live in violation of Divine and human laws. They differ somewhat in their methods and in the description of their plunder--some seeking to gain an entrance in to the mansion and lay hands on the jewels of the wealthy, and others being content with what they can find in the cottage or on the wayside--but they are alike in pursuing their profession without any pretence that they fear God or regard men. But these are not the robbers against whom the sentence is passed which is contained in this proverb. 2. _There is the legalised thief._ There are governments under which iniquity is established by law--kingdoms in which wholesale robbery is carried on in the name of justice. There were many such in the days of Solomon and there is not a few in this nineteenth century. Perhaps, however, the Preacher was not referring so much to a government as a whole as to individuals who, sitting in the seats of justice, were regardless of the rights of those over whom their position gave them authority. The _"oppressor in the gate"_ is probably a judge who disregards the rights of the poor man if he conceives it will further his own interest so to do, while he all the time pretends to be an administrator of justice and does all in the name of the law of the land. Under this class may be placed those who hold in trust property which has been given for the use of the poor and who disregard the claims of the really needy and so defeat the good intention of the donor. There is an immense amount of this misappropriation of money even in England, and although those who are guilty of it distribute their favours with a pretence of impartiality, and in the name of law they are as truly robbers in the sight of God as the burglar or the pickpocket. 3. _There is the negative robber._ A man may be a thief without taking anything from his fellow-man or without holding any official position and abusing his power and privileges. If a man or woman who is brought in contact with others poorer than himself or herself withholds from these poorer brethren anything simply because they cannot retaliate or enforce their rights, such a man or woman is a robber of the poor. And this may and is often done unconsciously--a man who would be indignant at being branded as unjust withholds from those whom poverty has placed in his power rights which belong to every rank and station but which are not always looked upon as the equal heritage of the poor and the rich. For it is quite possible to rob the poor without taking or withholding money from them. Some, who would not do this, rob them of their rest and leisure and withhold from them consideration and sympathy.

+II. Defenceless though the poor may seem, Almighty power is on their side.+ Although the robbery may be legalised on earth, it is contrary to the law of heaven, and although the judge who oppresses can be brought before no human tribunal, he will one day stand before the bar of God. The Judge of all the earth was Himself once a poor man, and can sympathise with the oppressed poor as well as avenge their wrongs. He will spoil the oppressor of his soul's comfort, and cause him to faint, and be afflicted for want of spiritual sustenance. Many a poor man's soul is made sad by legalised injustice, and Christ as man's judge will bring legalised justice to bear upon him who offends in this matter (Matt. xxv. 41-46). See also Homiletics on Verse 16, and on Chap. xiv. 30, page 389.

_OUTLINES AND SUGGESTIVE COMMENTS._

After so promising a preface, and such wooing of attention, we looked for some fresh matter, and that of best note, too. But, behold, here is nothing but what we had before. "It is truth," saith the wise man, and yet I must tell you that "to write the same things to me indeed is not grievous, but for you it is safe" (Phil. iii. 1).--_Trapp._

_MAIN HOMILETICS OF VERSES_ 24 _and_ 25.

AN INFECTIOUS AND DANGEROUS DISEASE.

+I. Friendship influences habit and thus moulds character.+ The reason given here for avoiding the companionship of an angry man is, _"lest thou learn his ways."_ This subject has been treated at length in chap. xiii. 20, page 326. There is great need when pestilence is abroad to avoid needless contact with infected persons and things. In every man there is more or less liability to disease which sometimes only needs a slight exposure to unhealthy influences to develop into a fatal activity. We are always living and moving amidst unhealthy and infectious moral influences which are hurtful to us, because of the tendency there is within us to go wrong; and it is therefore the mark of a wise man to avoid as much as possible all intimate contact with those who are manifestly under the dominion of sin. This proverb does not of course forbid such intercourse as is sought for the purpose of benefitting the vicious man.

+II. A man's anger hurts himself more than those whom it leads him to injure.+ We should have expected that Solomon would advise us to avoid the angry man because of the injury he might do us when under the dominion of his passion, but instead of that he commands us to shun him because of the injury we shall do ourselves if we become like him. The wise man loses sight of the lesser danger in looking at the greater, and counts as nothing the harm an angry man can do to the body of a fellow-creature, in comparison with the grievous hurt he inflicts upon his own soul. And this is manifestly a correct view, whether we look at the present influence of passion or its remoter consequences. The man who receives an unmerited insult or injury may sustain no loss of dignity, nor suffer in any way in his spirit. But he who inflicts the injury becomes a meaner man in the very act, and creates a tempest of unrest within his own breast. And a blow which deals even death to an innocent man does not necessarily deprive him of any real good, but it creates a very hell of remorse for him whose anger prompted the deed. While Abel exchanged a blighted home here for an Eden in a brighter world, Cain wandered a fugitive and a vagabond upon the earth.

_OUTLINES AND SUGGESTIVE COMMENTS._

Lest thou be infected by his example, or provoked by his passion to return the like to him. Either (1) a mischief which is often the effect of unbridled rage, or (2) an occasion of sin, either by drawing thee to an imitation or requital of his rage, or by tempting thee to unfaithfulness in performing the great office of a friend--to wit, admonition or reproof, which, by reason of his furious temper, thou either canst not or wilt not do.--_Matthew Poole._

It may seem strange that we should be supposed in danger of learning what we feel to be so very disagreeable. And yet we may. As already hinted, a passionate man may have interesting and attractive qualities otherwise. Now, in proportion as we either admire or love him for these, will be the hazard of our thinking the less evil of his one defect, and trying to palliate and to smile at it. And there is no little truth in the saying, that we either _are_ like our friends and intimates, or _will soon be._ But more than this. The sudden and often unreasonable heats of the passionate man are ever apt to fret and irritate our spirits, and thus to form a habit of resemblance by the very reaction upon ourselves of his hot and hasty temper.--_Wardlaw._

_MAIN HOMILETICS OF VERSES_ 26 _and_ 27.

SURETYSHIP AND ITS DANGERS.

+I. A command to avoid a perilous habit.+ We cannot, in the light of the spirit of Bible teaching--especially that of the New Testament--regard this proverb as forbidding all suretyship. It cannot mean that one honest man when he has ample means at his command is never to become security for another man of honesty. We know that there are cases in which it is the greatest kindness that one friend can do another, and that it is often the means of giving a poor or unfortunate brother a fair start in life. We are commanded to _"bear one another's burdens"_ (Gal. vi. 2), and _"to do good unto all men, especially unto those who are of the household of faith"_ (Gal. vi. 10), and this is sometimes the most effectual way of carrying out these precepts. But Solomon here warns men against the unwisdom of choosing for companions those men whose habit it is lightly to become a surety for another--who lend their name and credit without considering the responsibility they undertake or asking themselves whether they are doing any real good to the person they oblige. Although it may be a man's duty sometimes to become a surety for another it is perilous and wrong to make it a habit of life, and thereby encourage thriftlessness and perhaps dishonesty.

+II. A warning as to the probable consequences of such a habit.+ Solomon regards it as certain that a man who habitually becomes a "surety for debt" will come to ruin. This is obvious if we reflect that for one honest man who asks such a favour there are twenty who have little or no moral sense in such a matter; that although a good and true man is often found in circumstances of such need, the great majority who are so found are rogues.

For an illustration and comments on this subject see on Chap. vi. 1, page 76, and on page 216. Also Homiletics on Chap. xx. 16, page 589.

_OUTLINES AND SUGGESTIVE COMMENTS._

We are commanded to "love our neighbour _as_ ourselves;" but to do for him what might expose us to having our very bed sold from under us, is to love him _better_ than ourselves, which is a step beyond the Divine injunction.--_Wardlaw._

Seeing by taking suretyship upon him, he put himself under the creditor, and made himself to be, as it were, the bed on which the trust of others did rest, and seeing by not paying he hath taken away the creditor from the bed of his rest, it is but like for like if the creditor take away his bed from under him. And yet the wise man asking the question seemeth to me to imply in some sort that he should not do it. For though the other doth justly deserve it, yet in so much need let mercy spare.--_Jermin._

For Homiletics on verse 28 see on chap. xxiii. 10, page 666.

_MAIN HOMILETICS OF VERSE_ 29.

THE DESTINY OF THE DILIGENT.

+I. The diligent man meets with Divine approval.+ The repeated commendations of diligence and condemnations of slothfulness which we meet with in this book show the estimate which God sets upon rightly-directed industry. 1. _The diligent man is in harmony with God._ The Divine Father is ever working for the good of His creatures, and no being who ever trod this earth laboured so continuously and earnestly as the Divine Son. With Him during His public ministry the completion of one work was the beginning of another. He was ever about His Father's business, diligently carrying on and seeking to finish the work which His Father had given Him to do. The man who is diligent in business is in this respect a follower of his Lord and Master. 2. _He is in harmony with creatures both above Him and beneath Him._ Angels are doing the will of their King with promptitude and despatch--Gabriel _"flies swiftly"_ (Dan. ix. 21) when sent on a message to the earth. Heaven is a world of activity, the cherubim around the throne _"rest not day nor night"_ (Rev. iv. 8). Many of the creatures below man set him an example of industry. (See on chap. vi. 6-11, page 78.) Even inanimate nature seems to rebuke the idle man. (See a comment by Dr. Perry on page 425.) 3. _He is in harmony with the needs of humanity._ The world calls for diligent workers, and without them all civilisation would soon cease and men sink to the condition of the savage. We have around us many proofs of this. The home of the indolent husband or wife is destitute of all refining influences and is often a nursery of crime. The land where the people are all thriftless is a land of degradation and poverty. We can well understand, therefore, that God's approval rests upon those who make the best use of the time and opportunities which He gives them.