Chapter X: Appendix

The matter given in this appendix is much used in making geologic maps and other illustrations. The Greek alphabet and the groups of signs presented are given chiefly to show the correct formation of each letter and sign.

MISCELLANEOUS TABLES.

_Length of 1° of longitude measured along given parallels from the Equator to the poles._

[From U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Report for 1884, Appendix 6.]

Parallel of Statute | Parallel of Statute | Parallel of Statute
latitude. miles. | latitude. miles. | latitude. miles.
----------------------+-----------------------+----------------------
0 69.172 | 31 59.365 | 61 33.623
1 69.162 | 32 58.716 | 62 32.560
2 69.130 | 33 58.071 | 63 31.488
3 69.078 | 34 67.407 | 64 30.406
4 69.005 | 35 66.725 | 65 29.315
5 68.911 | 36 66.027 | 66 28.215
6 68.795 | 37 65.311 | 67 27.106
7 68.660 | 38 64.679 | 68 26.988
8 68.504 | 39 63.829 | 69 24.862
9 68.326 | 40 53.063 | 70 23.729
10 68.129 | 41 62.281 | 71 22.589
11 67.910 | 42 51.483 | 72 21.441
12 67.670 | 43 60.669 | 73 20.287
13 67.410 | 44 49.840 | 74 19.127
14 67.131 | 45 48.995 | 75 17.960
15 66.830 | 46 48.136 | 76 16.788
16 66.510 | 47 47.261 | 77 15.611
17 66.169 | 48 46.372 | 78 14.428
18 65.808 | 49 45.469 | 79 13.242
19 65.427 | 50 44.652 | 80 12.051
20 65.026 | 51 43.621 | 81 10.857
21 64.606 | 52 42.676 | 82 9.659
22 64.166 | 53 41.719 | 83 8.458
23 63.706 | 54 40.749 | 84 7.256
24 63.228 | 55 39.766 | 85 6.049
25 62.729 | 56 38.771 | 86 4.842
26 62.212 | 57 37.764 | 87 3.632
27 61.676 | 58 36.745 | 88 2.422
28 61.122 | 59 35.716 | 89 1.211
29 60.548 | 60 34.674 | 90 .000
30 59.956 | |

_Length of 1° of latitude measured along a meridian at given parallels._ [Parallel given is in center of the degree whose length is stated.]

Parallel of Statute
latitude. miles.
----------------------
0 68.704
10 68.725
20 68.786
30 68.879
40 68.993
50 69.115
60 69.230
70 69.324
80 69.386
90 69.407

Metric system and equivalents.

[The units of linear measure most commonly used are millimeters (mm.), centimeters (cm.), decimeters (dm.), meters (m.), and kilometers (km.), 1 m. = 10 dm.; 1 dm. = 10 cm.; 1 cm. = 10 mm.; 1 km. = 1,000 meters = 0.62137 mile; 1 m. = 39.37 inches = 3.280833 feet.]

Meters. | Inches. || Meters. | Feet. || Kilometers. | Miles.
----------+-------------++---------+-----------++-------------+---------
1 | 39.37 || 1 | 3.280633 || 1 | 0.62137
2 | 78.74 || 2 | 6.561667 || 2 | 1.24274
3 | 118.11 || 3 | 9.842500 || 3 | 1.86411
4 | 157.48 || 4 | 13.123333 || 4 | 2.48548
5 | 196.85 || 5 | 16.404166 || 5 | 3.10685
6 | 236.22 || 6 | 19.685000 || 6 | 3.72822
7 | 275.59 || 7 | 22.965833 || 7 | 4.34959
8 | 314.96 || 8 | 26.246666 || 8 | 4.97096
9 | 354.33 || 9 | 29.527500 || 9 | 5.59233

Inches. | Centimeters.|| Feet. | Meters. || Miles. | Kilometers.
----------+-------------++---------+-----------++-----------+------------
1 | 2.54 || 1 | 0.304801 || 1 | 1.60935
2 | 5.08 || 2 | 0.609601 || 2 | 3.21869
3 | 7.62 || 3 | 0.914402 || 3 | 4.82804
4 | 10.16 || 4 | 1.219202 || 4 | 6.43739
5 | 12.70 || 5 | 1.524003 || 5 | 8.04674
6 | 15.24 || 6 | 1.828804 || 6 | 9.65606
7 | 17.78 || 7 | 2.133604 || 7 | 11.26543
8 | 20.32 || 8 | 2.438405 || 8 | 12.87478
9 | 22.86 || 9 | 2.743205 || 9 | 14.48412

The "vara," used in Texas, is equivalent to 33-1/3 inches and is computed as representing 2.78 feet.

_Geologic eras, periods, systems, epochs, and series._

Era. Period or system. Epoch or series.

{ { Recent.
{ Quaternary. { Pleistocene (replaces "Glacial").
Cenozoic. {
{ { Pliocene.
{ Tertiary. { Miocene.
{ { Oligocene.
{ { Eocene.

{ { Upper (Gulf may be used
{ { provincially).
{ Cretaceous. { Lower (Comanche and Shasta may be
{ { used provincially).
{
{ { Upper.
Mesozoic. { Jurassic. { Middle.
{ { Lower.
{
{ { Upper.
{ Triassic. { Middle.
{ { Lower.

{ { Permian.
{ { Pennsylvanian (replaces "Upper
{ Carboniferous. { Carboniferous").
{ { Mississippian (replaces "Lower
{ { Carboniferous").
{
{ { Upper.
{ Devonian. { Middle.
{ { Lower.
{
Paleozoic. { Silurian.
{
{ { Upper (Cincinnatian may be used
{ { provincially).
{ Ordovician. { Middle (Mohawkian may be used
{ { provincially).
{ { Lower.
{
{ { Saratogan (or Upper Cambrian).
{ Cambrian. { Acadian (or Middle Cambrian).
{ { Waucoban (or Lower Cambrian).

{ Algonkian. }pre-Cambrian.
Proterozoic. { Archean. }

_Chemical elements and symbols._

Element. Symbol. Element. Symbol. Element. Symbol.

Aluminum Al Holmium Ho Rhodium Rh
Antimony Sb Hydrogen H Rubidium Rb
Argon Al Indium In Ruthenium Ru
Arsenic As Iodine I Samarium Sa
Barium Ba Iridium Ir Scandium Sc
Bismuth Bi Iron Fe Selenium Se
Boron B Krypton Kr Silicon Si
Bromine Br Lanthanum La Silver Ag
Cadmium Cd Lead Pb Sodium Na
Cesium Cs Lithium Li Strontium Sr
Calcium Ca Lutecium Lu Sulphur S
Carbon C Magnesium Mg Tantalum Ta
Cerium Ce Manganese Mn Tellurium Te
Chlorine Cl Mercury Hg Terbium Tb
Chromium Cr Molybdenum Mo Thallium Tl
Cobalt Co Neodymium Nd Thorium Th
Columbium C Neon Ne Thulium Tm
Copper Cu Nickel Ni Tin Sn
Dysprosium Dy Niton Nt Titanium Ti
Erbium Er Nitrogen N Tungsten W
Europium Eu Osmium Os Uranium U
Fluorine F Oxygen O Vanadium V
Gadolinium Gd Palladium Pd Xenon Xe
Gallium Ga Phosphorus P Ytterbium
Germanium Ge Platinum Pt (Neoytterbium) Yb
Glucinum Gl Potassium K Yttrium Y
Gold Au Praseodymium Pr Zinc Zn
Helium He Radium Ra Zirconium Zr

_Greek alphabet._

Caps. Lower-case. Greek name. English sound.
[Greek: A] [Greek: a] Alpha. A.
[Greek: B] [Greek: b] Beta. B.
[Greek: G] [Greek: g] Gamma. G.
[Greek: D] [Greek: d] Delta. D.
[Greek: E] [Greek: e] Epsilon. E short.
[Greek: Z] [Greek: z] Zeta. Z.
[Greek: H] [Greek: h] Eta. E long.
[Greek: Th] [Greek: th] Theta. Th.
[Greek: I] [Greek: i] Iota. I.
[Greek: K] [Greek: k] Kappa. K.
[Greek: L] [Greek: l] Lambda. L.
[Greek: M] [Greek: m] Mu. M.
[Greek: N] [Greek: n] Nu. N.
[Greek: X] [Greek: x] Xi. X.
[Greek: O] [Greek: o] Omicron. O short.
[Greek: P] [Greek: p] Pi. P.
[Greek: R] [Greek: r] Rho. R.
[Greek: S] [Greek: s] Sigma. S.
[Greek: T] [Greek: t] Tau. T.
[Greek: U] [Greek: u] Upsilon. U.
[Greek: F] [Greek: f] Phi. F.
[Greek: Ch] [Greek: ch] Chi. Ch.
[Greek: Ps] [Greek: ps] Psi. Ps.
[Greek: Om] [Greek: om] Omega. O long.

_Roman numerals._

I 1 | IX 9 | LXX 70 | D 500
II 2 | X 10 | LXXX 80 | DC 600
III 3 | XIX 19 | XC 90 | DCC 700
IV 4 | XX 20 | C 100 | DCCC 800
V 5 | XXX 30 | CL 150 | CM 900
VI 6 | XL 40 | CC 200 | M 1000
VII 7 | L 50 | CCC 300 | MD 1500
VIII 8 | LX 60 | CD 400 | MCM 1900

Mathematical signs.

+ plus. ~ difference
- minus. integration.
× multiplied by. equivalence.
÷ divided by. : ratio.
= equality. geometrical proportion.
± plus or minus. -: difference, excess.
square. therefore.
rectangle. because.
triangle. infinity.
circle. varies as.
angle. radical.
right angle. ° degree.
or > greater than. ' minute.
or < less than. " second.
perpendicular.

NAMES OF ROCKS.

The following list was prepared in the geologic branch for the use of geologic draftsmen to enable them to select appropriate symbols for rocks that may be referred to in preliminary drawings by name only. For sedimentary rocks dots and circles, parallel lines, and broken or dotted lines are used; for metamorphic rocks short dashes arranged without definite patterns; and for igneous rocks patterns composed of short dashes, triangles, rhombs, crosses, and cross lines. All these patterns are shown in Plate III.

_Sedimentary material._

[Including residual, detrital, eolian, glacial, organic, and chemically precipitated material.]

Agglomerate. Ironstone (also igneous).
Alabaster. Itacolumite.
Alluvium. Kame.
Alum shale. Kaolin.
Anhydrite. Laterite.
Apron (alluvial). Lignite.
Argillite. Limestone.
Arkose. Limonite.
Asphalt. Loess.
Bench gravel. Marble (also metamorphic).
Bentonite. Marl.
Boulder clay. Metaxite.
Brea. Morainal deposit.
Breccia. Mudstone.
Brownstone. Novaculite.
Burrstone. Peat.
Calcarenite. Pelite.
Calc sinter. Phosphate rock.
Caliche. Phosphorite.
Catlinite. Phthanite.
Chalk. Psammites.
Chert. Psephites.
Clay. Puddingstone.
Coal. Pyroclastic material.
Conglomerate. Quartzite (also metamorphic).
Coprolite. Reddle.
Coquina. Rock salt.
Detritus. Rock stream.
Diatomaceous earth. Rubble.
Diluvium. Salt.
Dolomite. Sand.
Drift. Sandstone.
Fan (alluvial). Selenite.
Fanglomerate. Shale.
Flagstone. Silt.
Flint. Slate (also metamorphic).
Freestone. Soil.
Fuller's earth. Stalactite.
Geyserite. Stalagmite.
Gravel. Talc.
Graywacke. Talus.
Greensand. Till.
Grit. Travertine.
Gumbo. Tripoli.
Gypsum. Tufa (=chemically deposited lime).
Hardpan. Tuff (=igneous fragments).
Hematite. Wacke.
Infusorial earth. Wash.

_Metamorphic material._

Adinole. Hornstone.
Amphibolite. Itabirite.
Andalusite schist (?). Kinzigite.
Apo (rhyolite), etc. Knotenschiefer.
Argillite. Knotty schists.
Augen gneiss (also igneous). Luxulianite (igneous?).
Biotite schist. Marble.
Calc schist. Meta (diabase), etc.
Cataclastic. Mica schist.
Chlorite schist Mylonite.
Clay slate. Ophicalcite.
Damourite schist. Ottrelite schist.
Desmosite. Phyllite.
Dynamometamorphic rock. Porcelanite.
Eclogite. Protogene.
Epidosite. Pyroschists.
Erlan. Quartz.
Erlanfels. Quartzite.
Eulysite. Quartz schist.
Fibrolite schist Schist.
Garnet rock. Sericite schist, etc.
Garnet schist. Serpentine.
Gneiss. Slate.
Granite gneiss. Soapstone.
Graywacke (?). Sodalite.
Green schists. Spilosite.
Greenstone (also igneous). Steatite.
Greisen. Talc schist.
Halleflinta. Topazfels.
Hornblende schist Topaz rock.
Hornfels. Zobtenite.

_Igneous material._

Absarokite. Dolerite.
Abyssal. Dunite.
Adamellite. Durbachite.
Adendiorite. Effusive rock.
Ailsyte. Ekerite.
Åkerite. Elvan.
Alaskite. Enstatite.
Albitlte. Eruptive rock.
Allivalite. Essexite.
Allochetite. Estrellite.
Alnölte. Eulysite.
Alsbachite. Extrusive rock.
Ambonite. Farrisite.
Amherstite. Felsite.
Analcitite. Felsophyre.
Andesite. Fergusite.
Anorthosite. Fortunite.
Aphanitite. Fourchite.
Aplite. Foyaite.
Arkite. Gabbro.
Atatschite. Gauteite.
Augen gneiss (also metamorphic). Garewaite.
Augitite. Glumarrite.
Avezacite. Gladkaite.
Banakite. Granite.
Banatite. Granitite.
Bandaite. Granitoid.
Basalt. Granodiorite.
Basanite. Granophyre.
Beerbachite. Greenstone (also metamorphic).
Bekinkinite. Greisen (?).
Bombs. Grorudite.
Borolanite. Harrisite.
Bostonite. Harzburgite.
Camptonite. Haüynophyre.
Carmeloite. Hawaiite.
Cascadite. Hedrumite.
Chibinite. Heumite.
Ciminite. Holyokeite.
Comendite. Hornblendite.
Complementary rocks. Hypabyssal rock.
Coppaelite. Hyperite.
Cortlandite. Hypersthenite.
Cromaltite. Ijolite.
Cumberlandite. Intrusive rock.
Cuselite. Irruptive (=Intrusive) rock.
Dacite. Isenite.
Dellenite. Jacupirangite.
Diabase. Jumillite.
Diallagite. Kaiwekite.
Dike rock. Kedabekite.
Diorite. Kentallenite.
Ditroite. Kenyite.

_Igneous material._--Continued.

Keratophyre. Perlite.
Kersantite. Phanerite.
Kimberlite. Phonolite.
Kobalaite. Pierite.
Krablite. Pitchstone.
Krageröite. Plagiaplite.
Kulaite. Plagioclastic.
Kyschytymite. Plumasite.
Lamprophyre. Plutonic rock.
Latite. Pollenite.
Laugenite. Porphyry.
Laurdalite. Pulaskite.
Laurvikite. Pumice.
Lava. Pyroxenite.
Lestiwarite. Rhombenporphyry.
Leucite basalt. Rhyolite.
Leucite tephrite. Rizzonite.
Leucitite. Rockalite.
Leucocratic. Santorinite.
Lherzolite. Sanukite.
Limbergite. Saxonite.
Lindoite. Scyelite.
Liparite. Shastaite.
Litchfieldite. Shonkinite.
Lithoidite. Shoshonite.
Luciitss. Soda granite.
Lujaurite. Sölvsbergite.
Madrupite. Sommaite.
Maenaite. Spessartite.
Magma basalt. Sussexite.
Malchite. Syenite.
Malignite. Taimyrite.
Mangerite. Tawite.
Mariupolite. Tephrite.
Melaphyre. Teschenite.
Melilite basalt. Theralite.
Mesanite. Tilaite.
Mica peridotite. Tinguaite.
Minette. Tjosite.
Missourite. Tonalite.
Monchiquite. Tonsbergite.
Mondholdeite. Tordrillite.
Monmouthite. Toscanite (?).
Monzonite. Trachy-andesite.
Mugearite. Trachyte.
Naujaite. Trap.
Nelsonite. Troctolite.
Nephelinite. Umptekite.
Nevadite. Unakite.
Nordmarkite. Ungaite.
Norite. Urtite.
Obsidian. Valbellite.
Odinite. Venanzite.
Orbite. Verite.
Orendite. Vitrophyre.
Ornöite. Vogesite.
Orthophyre. Volcanic rock.
Ortlerite. Volhynite.
Ouachitite. Vulsinite.
Paisanite. Websterite.
Pantellerite. Wehrlite.
Pegmatite. Windsorite.
Peridotite. Wyomingite.
Perknite. Yamaskite.

INDEX.

A.

Abbreviations, forms of. 55-67
Adhesive materials, choice. 37
Alaska, maps of, reuse of. 17
Albertype. _See_ Photogelatin processes.
Apparatus, photographs of, preferred to sketches. 29
Approval of finished drawings, features to be covered by. 38
of illustrations, regulations governing. 80
Areas, patterns used to distinguish. 23
patterns used to distinguish, plate showing. 62
Army, Corps of Engineers of the, maps published by. 15
Artotype. _See_ Photogelatin processes.
Atlases, published, use of. 15

B.

Base maps. _See_ Maps, base.
Bleaching photographic prints, method and solutions for. 69
Border for maps, width and use of. 57-58
Bristol board, kind Mid sizes used. 24,66
Brash and pencil drawings, materials and methods used
in making. 66-67, 69
Brushes, kinds and sizes used. 66-67,71

C.

Celluloid transferring, process of. 47
requisitions for. 47
Cerotype process, description and advantages of. 80-81
Changes in engravings, possible kinds of. 38-39, 90
Changes in original material, draftsman to consult author on. 65
Chemical elements, names and symbols of. 98
Chromolithography, description of. 87-80
Civil divisions, lettering of. 53, 54
Coal beds, indication of thickness of. 31
Coast and Geodetic Survey charts, use of. 15
Collotype. _See_ Photogelatin processes.
Coloring materials, use of. 26
Colors, standard, for geologic maps. 62-63
use of, for ground-water features. 21-23
on original geologic maps. 27-28
Commas, form of. 54
use of, in numbers. 54
Contours, drawing of. 48-50
Cooperation, mention of. 13
Copper, engraving on. 89, 90
etching in relief on, process and advantages of. 75
Copying methods of. 46-48
Corrections. _See_ Changes.
Cost of photo-engravings. 75, 78, 80, 81
County maps, use of. 15
Crayons, wax, use of. 26, 50, 51
Credit for data of maps, indication of. 13
Crystals, drawings of, making and lettering of. 70
Cultural features, lettering of. 53-54
list of. 52-53
Curves, date showing. 64
Cuts. _See_ Engravings.

D.

Details of a geologic map, plate showing. 58
Diagrams, drawing and lettering of. 64
features of, plate showing. 64
original, general requirements for. 28-20
Director of the Survey, order by. 9
Divisions of plates and figures, serial letters and numbers for. 12
Drafting table, shadowless, description of. 47-48
shadowless, use of. 29, 48, 50
Draftsmen, detail of, to aid author. 9
detail of, to prepare base maps. 13-14
experience and reading required by. 41-42
general treatment of material by. 42-43
Drainage features, depiction of. 51-52
Drawing instruments, list of. 42
Drawing materials, kinds used. 23-26, 66-67, 69, 71
Drawings, authors', draftsmen may aid in making. 9
authors', editorial revision of. 38
finished, general requirements for. 41-42
requests for photographs of. 34
Duplicates of engravings, charges for. 38

E.

Effectiveness of illustrations, elements that produce. 7, 30
Electrotypes of engravings, charges for. 38
Elements, chemical, names and symbols of. 93
Engraving on stone, process of. 89-90
_See also_ Lithography.
Engravings, changes in. 38-39
original, time of keeping. 37
Erasers, injury to paper by. 67
kinds used. 25, 67-68
Erasures, smoothing paper after. 68
Explanations on maps, arrangement and lettering of. 19, 58-50

F.

Figures, differences from plates. 10-11
divisions of, serial letters for. 12
methods of inserting, plate showing. 12
Formations, geologic, use of letter symbols for. 20-21
Fossils. _See_ Specimens.
Four-color process, advantage of. 80

G.

Gas wells, symbols for. 21
Generalization, true, meaning of. 17
Geographic tables and formulas (Bull. 650), use of. 44, 45
Geologic periods of time, names of. 92
Gouache, use of. 67, 69
Great Lakes surveys, maps published by. 15
Greek letters, forms, names, and English sounds of. 93
Ground-water features, symbols representing. 21-23

H.

Hachuring, use of. 50
Half-tone engraving, preparation of copy for. 77-78
process and advantages of. 75-78
three-color process of. 78-80
Half tones, changes in. 39
prints of, showing effects produced by different screens. 56
requirements for printing. 11
Heliotype. _See_ Photogelatin processes.
Hill shading, use of. 60-51
Hydrographic features, lettering of. 54
representation of. 51-52
Hypsographic features, lettering of. 54

I.

Illustrations, kinds of. 10-11
Inks, kinds used. 25, 67
methods of using. 25
Inserting plates and figures, methods of, plate showing. 12
Instruments, draftsmen's, list of. 42

J.

Japanese transparent water colors, use of. 26

L.

Land Office maps, scales and detail of. 14-15
Latitude, length of 1° of, at intervals of 10°. 91
Lending of photographs and drawings, rules governing. 34
Letter symbols, use of, on geologic maps. 20-21
Lettering, directions for. 53-55
for lithographing. 90
for names of streams. 52, 54
on diagrams. 64
on drawings of crystals. 70
on original maps. 19
on plans and cross sections of mines. 65-66
reduction sheet used in, plate showing. 54
use of type for. 54-55
Light, direction and gradation of. 66
Lithographs, printing and insertion of. 11
Lithography, original process of. 83-85
_See also_ Engraving on stone.
Longitude, length of 1° of, at latitudes 0° to 90°. 91

M.

Map of the world, millionth-scale, use of, for base maps. 14
Maps, areal patterns for, drawing of. 61-62
bar scales for. 59-60
base, conventional symbols used on. 45-46
including new data, how obtained. 13-14
indication of sources on. 13
of the United States on small scales, use of. 15
published maps available for. 14-17
reuse of, to be approved. 13
black and whits, patterns used on, plate showing. 62
borders for. 57-68
cultural features on. 52-53
enlargement and reduction of. 18
explanations for. 19, 58-59
geologic, details of, plate showing. 58
printing of. 87-89
standard colors for. 62-63
hydrographic features on. 61-52
lettering on. 53-65
materials used for drawing. 23-28
orientation of. 18
original, margin required on. 19
original base, amount of detail on. 17
must be free from colors and symbols. 28
preparation of. 13-14, 17-18
original geologic, method of coloring. 27-28
projection for. 18-19, 43-45
reduction or enlargement of, marking for. 63-64
relief on. 48-51
standard scales for. 18
symbols used on. 20-23
drawing of. 61
plates showing. 20, 46
titles for. 58
topographic, scales of. 14-15
Mathematical signs, forms and names of. 94
Measures, linear, metric equivalents of. 92
Measuring scales for map projection, use of. 44
Meridians used on public-land maps, diagram showing. 16
Metric measures, English equivalents of. 92
Millionth-scale map, use of. 14
Mine plans, conventional lines for. 29
features of. 65-66
symbols used on, plate showing. 20
Minerals. _See_ Rocks.
Mississippi River Commission, maps published by 15

N.

Names of rocks. 94-97
National forest maps and proclamations, use of. 15

O.

Offset process, description of. 87
Oilwells, symbols for. 21
Opaquing, meaning of. 18, 47, 86
Orientation of maps, requirements for. 18
Original drawings, general treatment of, by draftsmen. 42-43
preparation of. 12-40
Outdoor sketches, redrawing of. 69-70

P.

Panoramas, construction of. 71
Paper, kinds used for drawings. 23-24, 60, 61, 66, 69
Pastes, use of. 37
Patterns, areal, method of drawing. 61-62
areal, plate showing. 62
Pen drawings, materials and methods used in making. 67-68, 68-69
Pencils, colored, use of. 26
drawing, quality and grades of. 25, 66
Pens, kinds of, used for drawing. 25, 48, 67
Photoengraving, cost of. 75, 78, 80, 81
general features of. 72-73
Photoengravings, printing and insertion of. 11
Photogelatin processes, description of. 82-83
Photographs, adaptation of. 83
bleaching of. 69
care needed in taking and handling. 32, 33, 39-40
copyrighted, consent for use of. 33-34
duplicate prints of, requests for. 34
mounting and numbering of. 33, 36-37
poor, mating of drawings over. 68-69
preparation of, for half-tone engraving. 77-78
record of source of. 34
selection of. 32-33
retouching of. 68, 70-71
suitability of. 9
unpublished, issue and use of. 34
Photolithographs, changes in. 39
Photolithography, description of. 86-87
Planographic process, description of. 87
Plans of mines, drawing and lettering of. 29, 65-66
symbols used on, plate showing. 20
Plates, differences from figures. 10-11
divisions of, serial letters and numbers for. 12
grouping small illustrations on. 36-37
methods of inserting, plate showing. 12
Political divisions, lettering of. 53, 54
Post-route maps, scales and detail of. 15
Projection for maps, preparation and checking of. 18-19, 43-45
Proofs, changes in. 76
correction of. 38-39
duplicate, supplying of. 30
submittal of. 38
Public-land maps, meridians, parallels, and township lines used on,
diagram showing. 16
Public works, lettering of. 53
Punctuation marks, forms of. 54
Purpose of illustrations in Survey reports. 8, 40

R.

Railroad surveys, data for maps obtainable from. 15
Railroads, names of, on maps. 57
Reduction of maps, marking drawings for. 63-64
means of. 18
Reduction sheet for lettering, plate showing. 54
use of. 55
Relief, methods of expressing. 48-51
Reproduction of illustrations, processes for. 72-90
relation of, to the drawing supplied. 7, 40
Reticulation, sketching by. 47
Retouching of photographs, materials and method used in. 68, 70-71
Reuse of illustrations, procedure for. 37-38
Rocks, igneous, names of. 95-97
metamorphic, names of. 95
sedimentary, names of. 94-95
symbols used to distinguish. 32
_See also_ Specimens.
Roman numerals, numbers expressed by. 93
Rubber, liquid, use of. 37

S.

Scales, bar, forms of. 50-60
measuring for projection of maps. 44
standard, of maps. 18
Scope of this manual. 7
Screens, half-tone prints showing effects produced by. 56
Selection of illustrations, considerations governing. 8-9
Sections, columnar, original drawings for. 31
columnar, symbols used in, plate showing. 32
structure, combination of, with views of topography. 30-31
drawing of. 64-65
original drawings for. 29-31
symbols used in, plate showing. 32
vertical exaggeration of. 30
Shading, kinds used. 67
Signs, mathematical, forms and names of. 04
Sises of illustrations. 11-12, 40
Specimens, borrowed and fragile, care of. 35
drawings of, methods of making. 60-68
paleontologic, transmittal of. 35
photographs of, how printed. 68
how used. 34-85
Springs, symbols for. 22, 23
State maps, use of. 15
Stipple, production of. 50, 51
Stone, engraving on. 89-90
Streams, drawing of. 51-52
lettering names of. 52
Submittal of illustrations. 10
Symbols, drawing of. 20, 61
for ground-water features, uniformity needed in. 21-23
for maps and mine plans, plates showing. 20, 46
uniform use of. 20, 45-46
for oil and gas wells, features of. 21
for structure and columnar sections, plate showing. 32
lithologic, use of. 32

T.

Three-color half-tones, process of making. 78-80
Titles of illustrations, arrangement and place of. 58
printing of. 19-20
wording and lettering of. 19
Tooling on half-tones, effects obtained by. 77, 78
Topographic atlas sheets, scales of. 14
Tracing, method of. 46-47
use of colors in. 46-47
Tracing linen, use of. 24-25
Transferring, celluloid, process of. 47
celluloid, requisitions for. 47
Type, lettering with. 54-55
styles and sizes of. 55

V.

Value of illustrations in Survey reports. 8
Vara, length of. 92
Vignetting, effect obtained by. 78

W.

Wall map of the United States, use of, for basemaps. 14
Water colors, use of. 26, 67, 71
Waterlining, use of. 52
Wax engraving, process and advantages of. 80-81
Wells, symbols for. 22, 23
Wood engraving, process of. 81-82

Z.

Zinc etchings, changes in. 38-39
drawings for. 74
insertion of. 11
making and advantages of. 73-75

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Transcriber's Note

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