Chapter I: Front Matter

Transcriber's Notes:

Italics are surrounded with _ _ and Greek words have been transliterated and surrounded with # #. Isolated Greek letters have been replaced by the name of the letter (e.g. alpha). The oe ligature has been replaced by the letters oe. Subscripted characters have been preceded by _ and surrounded with {} Fractions have been represented as 1-1/2 (for one and one-half) and where a range of fractions has been specified, the numbers have been surrounded by {} to prevent confusion (i.e. {3-1/2}-{4-1/2} represents the range three and one-half to four and one-half.) Dittos and dashes used to represent text have been replaced with the indicated text.

Some presumed printer's errors have been corrected. In particular, the use of c.c. has been normalized when periods were missing, the degree symbol (°) has been added when it appears to have been missing, and words and numbers in the Index were changed to match the spelling and placement in the body of the text. Some additional presumed errors which have been corrected are listed below with the original text (top) and the replacement text (bottom):

Table of Contents Literature xiv
Literature xiii

p. 59 vesse
vessel

p. 62 Gay Lussac
Gay-Lussac

p. 65 16 Feb 1904
16 Feb 1894

p. 102 Konigsberg
Königsberg

p. 154 Royal Musums
Royal Museums

Footnote 1 "Lexikon d. gesamsen Technik,"
"Lexikon d. gesamten Technik,"

THE PRESERVATION
OF ANTIQUITIES

Time, which antiquates antiquities, and hath an art to make dust
of all things, hath yet spared these minor monuments.

(SIR THOMAS BROWNE, _Hydriotaphia_, cap. v.)

THE PRESERVATION
OF ANTIQUITIES

A HANDBOOK FOR CURATORS

TRANSLATED, BY PERMISSION OF THE AUTHORITIES OF THE ROYAL
MUSEUMS, FROM THE GERMAN OF

DR FRIEDRICH RATHGEN

Director of the Laboratory of the Royal Museums, Berlin

BY

GEORGE A. AUDEN, M.A., M.D. (Cantab.)

AND

HAROLD A. AUDEN, M.Sc. (Vict.), D.Sc. (Tübingen)

CAMBRIDGE:
at the University Press
1905

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE,
C. F. CLAY, MANAGER.

London: AVE MARIA LANE, E.C.

Glasgow: 50, WELLINGTON STREET.

Leipzig: F. A. BROCKHAUS.

New York: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.

Bombay and Calcutta: MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD.

[_All Rights reserved._]

AUTHOR'S PREFACE.

The increasing recognition of the importance of the preservation of antiquities justifies the publication of a handbook dealing with this subject. As far as I can ascertain, with the exception of a short article[1] for which I am myself responsible, only one work has appeared which covers the whole field--the "Merkbuch[2]" prepared by Dr Voss at the request of the Government. But as this book only gives a selection of the known methods of preservation, the need of a more comprehensive publication will scarcely be denied.

In spite of my ten years' experience in the special Laboratory of the Royal Museums and the frequent opportunities of learning the methods in use elsewhere, which the journeys and correspondence arising out of my duties have given me during this period, I do not feel competent to produce a review of these various methods which will be at once exhaustive and sufficiently critical. There are several reasons for this. In the first place the individual methods have been but rarely published, and even then through the most varied literary media; often they are only casually mentioned in articles dealing with anthropological or historical subjects. On the other hand, the value of an object to be dealt with may prohibit an attempt at treatment, the success of which is not assured. My own experience has been gained by trials with objects chiefly from the Egyptian section, but also to some extent from the Antiquarian and Numismatic departments of the Royal Museums.

This deficiency can only be remedied by a work such as that now offered to the public, and it is to be hoped that this handbook will stimulate the Curators of State, Municipal and Societies' Collections, as well as private collectors and others interested in the subject, to make public their further experiences in this field of archaeology. I take this opportunity, therefore, of expressing the hope that I may receive other communications bearing upon the subject and may thus perhaps at some future date be able to produce a more complete work.

In using the book it will be noticed that for the proper understanding of the first portion, which deals with the causes of destruction, a certain amount of chemical knowledge is assumed. In the second portion, however, the methods of preservation are treated from a more elementary standpoint, and the simple apparatus and manipulations required are so described that the treatment may be readily carried out by those who are unfamiliar with chemical methods.

In conclusion, I take this opportunity of expressing my thanks to all those who have given their help, and especially to Dr Otto Olshausen for his continued interest in the work of the Museum Laboratory and in the production of this handbook. Especially am I indebted to his extensive knowledge of anthropological literature for many references which would otherwise have escaped my notice.

TRANSLATORS' PREFACE.

Dr Rathgen has, in his preface, stated the aim of this handbook, and it is with a desire to further this aim that we have prepared an English translation.

Claiming but limited experience in this field of research we have only added such explanatory notes as seem in some way to bear upon the subject or likely to be useful in a handbook of this kind (viz. the method of taking squeezes, Appendix A, and a few footnotes which are signed and enclosed in square brackets). We take this opportunity of thanking Dr Rathgen for his interest in our undertaking, for his kindness in supplying much additional matter which did not appear in the German edition, and also for the loan of the blocks for Figs. 22 and 23. Figs. 7, 9-12, 30-33, and 37, are from photographs of objects treated by ourselves.

Our thanks are especially due to Dr W. A. Caspari, of the National Physical Laboratory, for his invaluable help in the revision of the translation, and for his advice and suggestions in reference to the more technical aspect of the work.

YORK,
_December 1904_.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Literature xiii

Part I.

The changes undergone by antiquities in earth and
in air 1

Limestone and clay 2

Iron 7

Bronze and copper 15

Silver 49

Lead 53

Tin 53

Gold 53

Glass 54

Organic substances 54