Chapter IX: Part II (4)

Christopher began to print in 1523, issuing a Sarum _Manual_ and _Processional_; this was followed by four more Sarum service books in 1524 and five in 1525. Until after February 6, 1525, all were printed for Peter Kaetz, the later ones for Francis Birckman. In 1526 he entered on a task which was destined to bring him into considerable trouble, the printing of the _New Testament_ in English. In the beginning of the year he printed a Sarum _Breviary_, but for the next year we have nothing else from his press, for a reason to be noted shortly. In 1527 he printed three _Missals_, one of Sarum use, and in 1528 three Sarum service books and a _New Testament_ in Dutch. For 1529 we have no books, and 1530 is represented by an English _Almanack_ and two editions of the Sarum _Horae_.

In 1525 Christopher and Hans had printed a _Bible_ in Dutch, Hans printing the greater part of the Old Testament and Christopher the remainder and the New Testament. On October 30, 1525, Hans was summoned before the town council of Antwerp for printing a book tainted with Lutheran heresies, was ordered to leave the town and district immediately, and go on pilgrimage to the Holy Blood at Wilsenaken in Prussia, and was further forbidden to return to the town or neighbourhood until he could produce a certificate that the pilgrimage had been carried out. This he apparently objected to do and crossed over to England.

Christopher, left in Antwerp, soon afterwards started on the very dangerous undertaking of printing English New Testaments, which were sent into England and sold there by Hans. In 1528 in the table of certain persons abjured within the diocese of London we find “John Raimund a Dutchman, for causing fifteen hundred of Tyndale’s New Testaments to be printed at Antwerp and for bringing five hundred into England.” John Raimund is clearly the English form of Jan Roemundt and is probably identical with the Dutchman who earlier in the year was in the Fleet for having sold to Robert Necton some 200 or 300 copies of the Testament. At the end of 1526 when these Antwerp printed Testaments had found their way into England, a strong effort was made by the English authorities to have them suppressed and the printer punished. On November 24 John Hackett wrote to Wolsey saying there were two printers in Antwerp who printed these books but that a proclamation would soon be issued against them. On the 12th January, 1527, Hackett again wrote that the Margrave had declared that according to the Emperor’s last mandment these English books must be condemned to be burnt, the printer Christopher Endhoven banished, and the third part of his goods confiscated. The prisoner’s counsel however protested against this judgement, saying that the Emperor’s subjects ought not to be judged by the laws of other countries, and his plea seems to have been successful, for Christopher does not appear to have been banished, and continued to print at Antwerp. About the end of 1530 he appears to have crossed over to England in connexion with the sale of English Testaments, and the last act of the drama is tersely stated by Foxe under the year 1531. An Antwerp bookseller named Christopher for selling certain New Testaments in English to John Row, bookbinder, was thrown into prison at Westminster and there died.

On the death of Christopher, Hans wished to return to Antwerp, but in order to do so a certificate of his pilgrimage had to be obtained. In the archives of the city there is an entry dated March 29, 1531, that letters of the pilgrimage having been presented he was free to reenter the city and district. He did not stay long abroad but returned to London, and as an assistant to his fellow-countryman John Nicholson, the printer of Southwark, has been the source of much puzzle to commentators on the English New Testament; for I believe him to be no other than John Hollybush, the so-called reviser of the edition of 1538. The name John Hollybush has generally been considered a pseudonym, and most modern authorities consider the person so designated to have been Miles Coverdale. But Hollybush was a real person, and in the troubled times of 1535, when inhabitants of the Low Countries dwelling in England were forced to become denizened, we find entered amongst others, “John Holibusche alias Holybusche of London, Stationer otherwise bookbinder, born in Ruremund, under the obedience of the Emperor.”

Now considering the prominent part that Hans van Ruremond, otherwise John Raimund, had taken in the production and dispersal of the New Testament, he is just the man to be identical with a stationer who revised for the press a new edition. The whole family was identified with the issue of English Testaments. Christopher printed them at Antwerp, and after he had died in England for selling them, his widow continued to print further editions. John had suffered penance for selling them and was now, in more peaceable times, helping to print them. Christopher’s son, also named John, became a printer in Antwerp and printed Dutch Bibles and Testaments. One of the very last Sarum service books printed, the _Processional_ of 1558, again links Christopher van Endhoven and Christopher van Ruremond together. Upon the title-page is the device with mark and initials, C. E. of Christopher van Endhoven, while the colophon runs “Finit Processionale ad usum Sarum Antverpie impressum per Melchiorem Endovianum, typis Christophori Ruremunden. Anno m.c.lviii. mensis xxiii. Junii.”

Another stationer connected with Christopher and Hans van Ruremond was a young man named Peter Kaetz, who acted for a while as their agent in London and had a shop in St Paul’s Churchyard. The seven Sarum service books, two _Manuals_, two _Processionals_, a _Horae_, a _Psalter_, and a _Hymni cum notis_, which Christopher van Ruremond printed before February 6, 1525, were all to be sold in London by Kaetz; after this date his place was taken by Birckman. In the spring of 1525 Kaetz returned to Antwerp and carried on business at the sign of the House of Delft in the Cammerstraete, a house formerly occupied by Henri Eckert van Homberg. Here he issued an edition of the _Bible_ in Dutch printed by Hans van Ruremond. After this date we hear no more of him. Perhaps like Hans van Ruremond he was involved in the religious troubles, and, banished from Antwerp, found refuge in England. He was in communication with Siberch, the first Cambridge printer, and amongst some fragments rescued from a binding of Siberch’s in Westminster Abbey library was a letter addressed to him by Peter Kaetz. In it Kaetz says he is waiting in London for his master, on whose arrival he intends to cross over. He also says, “I send you 25 prognostications and three New Testaments, small size. The prognostications cost one shilling sterling the 25, and the three New Testaments cost 2_s._ and 6_d._ sterling.” The puzzling part about the letter is the date to which it should be assigned. Many things point to its being before 1523 and yet the references to the New Testament are not easily explained. The price is that at which the English New Testament printed at Antwerp in 1526 by Christopher van Ruremond was sold, and Hans van Ruremond had come into England about this time to sell it. We know also that Christopher van Ruremond printed prognostications in English. I should have been inclined to put the letter down to some time in or after 1526, and to suppose that the master for whom Kaetz waited was Hans van Ruremond. A person named “Gibkerken” is mentioned in the letter, who may perhaps be a Dutch stationer, John Gybken, who was first an assistant to John Cockes and who afterwards rose to considerable eminence and was admitted as a member of the Stationers’ Company. His son was also admitted a member of the Company, although he was deaf and dumb.

The history of the printing and dispersal of the early editions of the English Testament and the various prohibited controversial books offers a very fascinating subject of study, and it is extraordinary, considering the amount that has been written on the question, how little is really known. I suppose the reason is that it has usually been taken up from the theological rather than the bibliographical side, and that writers on the subject though well versed in the history of the Reformation knew nothing of scientific bibliography.

It is obvious that where the printer by his work placed himself in very considerable danger, he would not be anxious to advertise himself and would therefore let his books go out without any imprint or with a fictitious one. Then comes in the study of type. It affords a far more conclusive argument than any theories drawn from where the author was living or where he would probably like to have his book printed. Then again there is the common danger of taking for an early or original edition what is merely a reprint with the original colophon unaltered. An important English library purchased not very long ago at a high price, a so-called first edition of Tindale’s _Parable of the Wicked Mammon_, printed at Marlborowe in the land of Hesse by Hans Luft, 1528. But in spite of its having this information emblazoned in gold upon its morocco cover, it is a reprint made about twenty years later by Berthelet, a fact that should have been patent to anyone at all conversant with English printing, seeing that the title-page is within one of Berthelet’s best-known border frames.

Then, again, many of the books with foreign imprints were certainly printed in this country. Upright Hoff of Leipsic and Ian Troost of Aurich are both names assumed by John Oswen, the printer of Ipswich.

Cambridge has made an important start towards a real bibliography of this subject by the publication of the third volume of Mr Sayle’s most admirable _Catalogue of the Early English Books in the University Library_. Only those who have worked on the subject can understand how much patience, how much untiring labour, and how many often disappointing searches must have been expended on every small fact chronicled in the volume.

To return to these Early English Testaments printed in Antwerp. It is quite clear that as soon as the edition printed by Schoeffer in 1525 had been issued and found a ready sale, the Antwerp printers set to work to print rival editions. Fortunately we have a very clear and contemporary account which there seems no reason for doubting. It occurs in Joye’s _Apology_, written about 1534, and I will abbreviate it as far as possible. “Thou shalt know that Tyndale translated and printed the New Testament in a mean great volume but yet without Kalendar, Concordances in the margin, and Table in the end. And anon, after, the Dutchmen got a copy and printed it again in a small volume adding the Kalendar in the beginning, Concordances in the margin, and the Table in the end.” After speaking of the many faults in it he continues: “After this they printed it again also without a corrector in a greater letter and volume with the figures in the Apocalypse which was therefore much falser than their first. When these two prints (there were of them both about five thousand printed) were all sold more than a twelvemonth ago [that is about the middle of 1533] Tyndale was pricked forth to take the Testament in hand. But Tyndale prolonged and deferred in so much that in the mean season the Dutchmen printed it again the third time in a small volume like their first print, but much more false than ever it was before.” Before this edition was put in hand Joye had been asked to correct it, but refused, saying that Tindale was about to bring out a revised edition: however two thousand copies were printed and sold almost at once. A fourth edition was then put in hand and Joye was again asked to correct it. He continues: “I answered as before that if Tyndale amend it, with so great diligence as he promiseth yours will be never sold. Yes, quod they, for if he print two thousand and we as many, what is so little a number for all England? and we will sell ours better cheap and therefore we doubt not of the sale.” Joye seeing clearly that they were determined to print whether he corrected or not, and seeing he was more qualified than a native, undertook the task, and for the modest remuneration of fourpence halfpenny for every sheet of sixteen leaves corrected the edition published by the widow of Christopher van Endhoven in August, 1534. According to this statement, which is a very lucid one, between the issue of Tindale’s octavo version in 1525 and Joye’s revision in 1534, three other Antwerp editions had been issued. The first in a very small volume with a Kalendar, marginal notes, and a table. This must be the edition printed by Christopher van Endhoven in 1526 for which he was prosecuted. The second was of a larger size and had woodcuts to the Apocalypse. The third was similar to the first, but much more incorrectly printed. Here then are three editions as yet entirely unidentified, and there are most probably more. The late Dr Angus possessed the title-page of an edition of 1532 which from the tracing reproduced in Demaus’ book on Tindale must have been a quarto.

Antwerp continued to print Testaments in increasing numbers. In 1534 and 1535 four editions were issued, and in 1536 when they were more freely circulated, no less than seven. These are beyond our period, but I cannot resist chronicling a fact lately come to light, which gives the solution of a long-standing puzzle. In all the three quarto editions of 1536, none of which has a printer’s name, is a woodcut of St Paul with his foot resting on a stone. These cuts though almost exactly similar are not identical. In one cut nothing is engraved on the stone, and the edition containing it is known as the “blank stone” edition. In another cut a mole is engraved on the stone, and the edition is known as the “mole” edition. In the third there is what is called an engraver’s mark, with the initials A. K. B., and that issue is called the “engraver’s mark” edition. Now about this engraver’s mark nothing was known. Not long ago, however, in turning over a large volume of miscellaneous woodcuts in the Bodleian I came across an example of this cut on what was manifestly the last leaf of a book. Below the cut was this colophon, “Antwerp. Mattheus Cromme voor Adriaen Kempe van Bouckhout, 1537.” Between 1537 and 1539 Crom printed for Kempe several editions of Branteghem’s _Vita Jesu Christi_. In 1536 the cut occurs in the _Storys and prophesis out of the holy scriptur_ printed by Simon Cock. It would thus seem that Kempe first employed Cock as his printer, but left him for Crom when the latter began printing about 1537.

The specimens of bookbinding of this period, the best so far as stamped bindings are concerned, offer a very difficult problem to the student. What are English bindings and what are not, and how are they to be distinguished? The more the subject is studied, the more difficult these questions appear. There are bindings which are obviously English just as there are others obviously foreign, but the great majority are doubtful. It must be remembered that a very large number of binders in England were foreigners, who would very likely bring their dies and stamps with them from abroad, and finish their work in a foreign manner. As their bindings were produced in England, they must be called English bindings though in a foreign style, for we would not call the Berthelet bindings, produced for Henry VIII in London by foreign workmen with foreign dies, anything but English.

As an example of this confusion I would mention the binding on a copy of the _Horae ad usum Sarum_ of 1506, printed for Pelgrim and Jacobi, and now in the Bodleian. In the centre of the cover are two purely Netherlandish panels, while round these runs a frame composed of two dies which had belonged to Caxton. We know that the partners owned several of Caxton’s dies, because they are found in conjunction with Jacobi’s signed panels. As the _Horae_ was printed for them and has their dies on the binding, it is clear they are the binders, but had the Caxton dies been absent, no one could have put down the binding as anything but Netherlandish.

The favourite English binding of this time consisted of two panel stamps, one having the Royal Arms, the other the Tudor Rose with mottoes, which I described before. In the base of these panels the binder’s initials and mark generally occur. In some cases these initials can with certainty be ascribed, because they occur with the mark and full name in some printed book. Thus there is no mistake about the bindings of Pynson, Notary, Jacobi, or Reynes. But in a large number of cases there are merely initials, or initials with a mark which has not been identified. Here the imagination steps in with usually fatal results.

One set of these panels is signed R. O., and as O is an uncommon initial for a surname the natural inclination is to attribute the binding to Reginald Oliver. Another set has the initials R. L.: who more likely than Richard Lant? All such suggestions are worthless without proof, and until proved are not worth setting down. Other binders using these panels were H. N. and G. G.

A binder whose initials were G. R. had two very handsome pairs of panels. One panel contains the Royal Arms surrounded by the verse beginning, “Confitemini dominum quoniam bonus,” while the corresponding panel contains figures of four saints. The first of the second pair is also the Royal Arms with the verse beginning “Laudate Dominum de terra,” and the other has the figures of the four saints, George, Barbara, Michael, and Katherine.

The Annunciation was a very favourite subject with bookbinders. One of the handsomest panels of this kind was used by a binder, A. H., who used also a panel with the Tudor Rose. Though this shows that the bindings were produced for the English market, the leather employed, apparently sheepskin, suggests that they were executed abroad, perhaps at Rouen.

Two other panels were in common use containing figures of St Sebastian and St Roche. These were extremely popular, for at that time the country was periodically visited with outbreaks of the plague, against which these two saints were considered the guardians. Very often the saint chosen for the binder’s panel had reference to his own Christian name. John Reynes has a panel with St John Baptist. St George as the patron saint of England was naturally popular. One beautiful binding has on one side St George and the Dragon, and on the other St Michael with the binder’s devices, a maiden’s head on a shield. This might be the work of Richard Faques, who lived at the sign of the Maiden’s Head.

The roll binding, as apart from the panel binding, was ornamented by means of a rolling tool, and at first these were large and ornamental, but they gradually narrowed, and so became meagre or weak in detail.

Those in use at Cambridge are perhaps the finest of all, but this is not the time to speak of them. Among London binders John Reynes produced the best known roll, containing figures of a hound, a falcon, and a bee with flowers and foliage. Another with an unknown binder’s mark, contains a hound, a falcon, and a double-headed eagle on a shield. The roll of another unknown binder bears a Tudor Rose, a pomegranate, a shield with the arms of France and England, a turreted gateway, a portcullis, a fleur-de-lys, and the binder’s mark.

Another handsome roll has the initials of I. G. and W. G. with figures of a dragon, a gryphon, and foliage, and is not at all uncommon. In Archbishop Marsh’s library at Dublin there is an example of such a binding, tooled entirely in gold, the only example I have ever seen of such work.

In the main design of all these English rolls there is very little variation, the various royal emblems amidst foliage and flowers.

It is unfortunate that while we have so many initialled bindings which cannot be definitely ascribed to particular binders, so also we have the names of plenty of binders to whom we cannot allot bindings; Alard and Noel Havy, De Worde’s binders, Giles Lauret, who lived close to Havy in Shoe Lane, and John Rouse, who lived next door. John Richardson, and John Row who was punished for buying Testaments. John Pollard and Thomas Stoke who received pardon for some unknown offence in 1533. Martin Dotier, the third offender, we do find afterwards, for he commissioned one edition of a Sarum _Manual_ in 1543, and ended his days as a brother of the Stationers’ Company.

Few binders or stationers of the time have left any definite record. I have notes of at least four hundred persons connected with the English book-trade between the years 1500 and 1535, but of very few is anything known beyond the name. A mention in a will, an entry in a record or tax-roll, or a mention in church or municipal accounts, is all that remains to tell us of their existence.

I have referred before to the various difficulties with which the foreign stationer had to contend, and year by year these difficulties grew worse. The educated man was still entirely dependent on the Continent for such books as he required, for before 1535 the literature of the Renaissance was untouched by the native printers. Wynkyn de Worde from start to finish, roughly speaking, never printed a classic, but was content to turn out rhymes and romances to catch the popular taste. Pynson, the more scholarly worker, was engaged on official or semi-official publications. There was no press that could print in any but ordinary type; even the most learned printer had not sufficient Greek letters to print quotations; and this when foreigners came to England to learn Greek.

No doubt the large importation of books was galling to the native printers, but they do not seem to have lacked work, or if they did it was only through their own want of energy. The bookbinders were in a much worse case, because so many binders in this country were foreigners, and no doubt large consignments of books came over ready bound. The probability is that the foreigners had been better trained, and could turn out cheaper and better work, and though that might appeal to the purchaser, it would certainly injure their native rivals. While for forty years the Italians had been issuing beautiful little volumes in gilt bindings, the use of gilding on bindings was almost unknown in England. It was not as though English printing was improving as time went on. Indeed it became more and more careless and slovenly. A printer here and there who had a subsidy and was sure of work, such as Pynson and Berthelet, cast fine type and produced handsome books. But the majority lagged far behind, and worn-out type and broken cuts were the stock-in-trade of the ordinary printer. Then was passed the Act of 1534, which declared the English printers to be at least the equals of any foreign competitors, and restricted the importation of foreign books. With the removal of the foreign competition native work sank to its lowest level, and it was only when the religious persecutions abroad drove numbers of refugee foreign printers to England that English printing began to revive--for the time.

On Christmas Day, 1534, probably but a few days before the death of Wynkyn de Worde, the famous Act of 25 Henry VIII concerning printers and binders of books came into operation. The preamble is extremely clear and interesting: “Whereas by the provision of a statute made in the first year of the reign of king Richard III [1484] it was provided in the same Act, that all strangers repairing into this realm, might lawfully bring into the said realm printed and written books to sell at their liberty and pleasure. By force of which provision there hath come into this realm sithen the making of the same a marvellous number of printed books, and daily doth; and the cause of making of the same provision seemeth to be, for that there were but few books, and few printers, within this realm at that time, which could well exercise and occupy the said science and craft of printing; nevertheless, sithen the making of the said provision, many of this realm, being the king’s natural subjects, have given themselves so diligently to learn and exercise the said craft of printing, that at this day there be within this realm a great number of cunning and expert in the said science or craft of printing, as able to exercise the said craft in all points, as any stranger in any other realm or country. And furthermore, where there be a great number of the king’s subjects within this realm, which live by the craft and mystery of binding of books, and that there be a great multitude well expert in the same, yet all this notwithstanding there are divers persons, that bring from beyond the sea great plenty of printed books, not only in the Latin tongue, but also in our maternal English tongue, some bound in boards, some in leather, and some in parchment, and them sell by retail, whereby many of the king’s subjects, being binders of books, and having no other faculty, wherewith to get their living, be destitute of work, and like to be undone, except some reformation be herein had. Be it therefore enacted by the king our sovereign lord, the lords spiritual and temporal, and the commons in this present parliament assembled, and by authority of the same, that the said proviso, made the first year of the said king Richard III, from the feast of the nativity of our Lord God next coming, shall be void and of none effect.”

This part of the Act, which seems to me essentially fair, simply removed special privileges and put the foreign printers and stationers on an equal footing with all other aliens. Then come two special new enactments.

“And further, be it enacted by the authority aforesaid, that no persons resiant or inhabitant within this realm, after the said feast of Christmas next coming, shall buy to sell again, any printed books, brought from any parts out of the king’s obeysance, ready bound in boards, leather or parchment, upon pain to lose and forfeit for every book bound out of the said king’s obeysance, and brought into this realm and bought by any person or persons within the same to sell again contrary to this Act, 6_s._ 8_d._”

This enactment was a great protection to native binders as prohibiting all dealing in foreign bound books. The next paragraph was for the benefit of the printers. “And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, that no person or persons inhabitant or resiant within this realm after the said feast of Christmas shall buy within this realm of any stranger born out of the king’s obedience, other than of denizens, any manner of printed books brought from any the parts beyond the sea, except only by engross and not by retail upon pain of forfeiture of 6_s._ 8_d._ for every book so bought by retail contrary to the form and effect of this estature.”

The remainder of the Act treats only of penalties and restrictions as to the price of books and bindings.

The clause about printing amounts to this, that no person not a native or denizen could retail foreign printed books, and it seems pretty clear that it was not so much intended for the advantage of printers, as for giving fuller power to suppress the importation and surreptitious sale of controversial books.

The alien printer, stationer, or binder, when denizened, was in this position. He paid double subsidies and taxes, he could have none but English-born apprentices and only two foreign workmen. He was under the rule of the Warden of the Craft. He could not deal in foreign bound books, nor buy books from foreigners except by engross. The alien not denizened had the further restrictions that unless he had been a householder before February 1528, he could not keep any house or shop in which to exercise any handicraft, nor could he sell any foreign printed books by retail.

Weighed down by these various disabilities the small foreign stationers rapidly disappeared. A certain number who had lived here for some time took out letters of denization and stayed on, but it was only to struggle on.

If you wish to have a practical idea of what foreign work meant to England, just glance at the list of Contents in Mr Sayle’s admirable _Catalogue of the Early_ _English books in the University Library_. Taking all the persons given in the list, from the earliest printing to 1510 connected with English books, we have the astonishing result of three Englishmen, Caxton, a printer, Hunte, the Oxford stationer, and W. Bretton, merely a patron of printing. The foreigners on the other hand number forty-two. After 1510 the relative numbers rapidly alter, and by 1535 the great majority were English. The hatred of the natives, and the various Acts levelled against him, compelled the foreign workman to disappear, and I am afraid that with his disappearance the necessary competition which produced good printing disappeared also.

The fifty years of freedom from 1484 to 1534 not only brought us the finest specimens of printing we possess, but compelled the native workman, in self-protection, to learn, and when competition was done away with his ambition rapidly died also. Once our English printing was protected, it sank to a level of badness which has lasted, with the exception of a few brilliant experiments, almost down to our own day.

INDEX.

Aberdeen University Library, 81

_Abridgement of the Statutes_, 44, 46, 114, 124

Actors, Peter, 77, 98, 169

Acts affecting printers and stationers, 74, 129, 187, 189-191, 208,
212, 236-239

Adryan of Barrowe. _See_ Berghen, A. van

_Advertisement_, Caxton’s, 9

Aeneas Sylvius. See _Eurialus_

Aesop, _Fables_, Caxton, 15;
Andrewes, 156

Alard, bookbinder, 107, 139, 140, 235

Albertus, _De modis significandi_, Notary, 37;
_Liber aggregationis_, Machlinia, 48;
_Secreta mulierum_, Machlinia, 48

Alcock, John, _Gallicantus_, Pynson, 1498, 66;
_Mons perfectionis_, Pynson, 1497, 66;
W. de Worde, 1501, 132

Aldus bindings, 124

Alexander VI., pope, 55

Alexander Grammaticus, _Doctrinale_, Pynson, 59, 60, 66, 109

Alien printers and stationers, 74-76, 120, 188-191, 235-240

_Almanack_, 1529, A. van Berghen, 216;
1530, C. van Ruremond, 223

Alost, 5

Althorp Library, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 114

Ames, Joseph, 8, 11, 50, 152, 171

Andreae, A., _Questiones_, Lettou, 1480, 42

Andrewe, Lawrence, 140, 155, 156, 221

_Anelida and Arcyte_, Caxton, 10

Angus, Dr, 230

_Antiphoner, Sarum_, W. Hopyl, 205, 218

Antoine, Jean, 206

Antwerp printing, 79, 85, 88, 91, 148, 149, 153, 155, 176, 200, 213

Antwerp stationers, 214-231

Anwykyll, J., _Grammar_, 79

Appleby Grammar School, 60

Arnold, Richard, 221;
_Chronicle_, 169, 214-216

_Ars Moriendi_, Caxton, 21, 22, 90

_Art and Craft to Know Well to Die_, Caxton, 64;
Pynson, 64

Arundel, Earl of, 14, 16

Ashburnham sale, 30, 53

Atkyns, R., _Original and growth of printing_, 1

B., A. K., engraver, 231

Badius, J., 96, 193, 195

Bagford, John, 8, 11, 148

Baldwin, John, 193

Baligault, Felix, 84, 86

Bankes, Richard, 125, 154, 155

Barbanson, John, 139

Barbier, Jean, 37, 38, 194, 196

Barclay, Alexander, 162, 206;
_Introductory to French_, 147

Barker, Christopher, 76

Barnes, Robert, 125

Barrevelt, Gerardus, 92, 93

Bars, John, 69

Bartholomæus, _De proprietatibus rerum_, 4, 29

Barton, Elizabeth, 151

Basle, 78

Bath, Marquis of, 54

_Battle of Agincourt_, J. Skot, 151

Beauchamp, Earl, 66

Bedford, Duke of, _Epitaph of_, 63

Bedfordshire General Library, 106

Bellaert, Jacop, 88, 89

Berclaeus, Thomas, 177

Bercula, Thomas, 177

Berghen, Adrian van, 91, 214-216

Bernard, St, _Meditations_, W. de Worde, 90

Berthelet, Anthony, 183

Berthelet, Edward, 183

Berthelet, Margaret, 182

Berthelet, Thomas, 156, 157, 158, 175, 176, 177-183, 192, 208,
228, 236;
bindings, 124, 232

_Bible_, Grafton and Whitchurch, 1539, 209;
Petyt and Redman, 1540, 176;
Dutch, C. & H. van Ruremond, 1525, 223, 226

_Bible, New Testament_, English, 208, 222-231;
Dutch, 1528, 223

Bibliothèque Nationale, 68, 73, 136, 137

Binder, royal, 181

Binders, 97, 101-126, 231-235

Bindings, 101-126, 231-235
Armorial, 123
Cambridge, 108, 117, 120, 122, 234
Characteristics, 122-3
Clasps and Ties, 123
Durham, 102, 104
Early English, 101-111
Foreign, importation prohibited, 76, 238
Fragments in, 107, 110, 124-5
Gilt, 182, 234, 236
Greek books, 123
Italian, 123
London, 102
Norwich, 108
Oxford, 103-4
Panel stamps, 111-121, 145, 197-8, 200-1, 232-4
Prices, 182
Roll ornaments, 120, 200, 202, 234
Rouen, 121, 233
Venetian style, 124, 182
Winchester, 102-4

Birckman, Arnold, 198, 200, 201, 219

Birckman, Francis, 195, 217-219, 222, 226

Birckman, Francis, jun., 218, 219

Birckman, John, 201, 219

_Birth of Merlin_, W. de Worde, 1510, 136

Blades, Wm, 3, 8, 19, 22, 23, 58, 106, 107

_Blanchardin and Eglantine_, Caxton, 19, 20

Blandford, Marquis of, 9, 61

Bocard, André, 97, 142, 193

Bodleian Library. _See_ Oxford

_Body of Policy_, J. Skot, 1521, 150

Boethius, A. M. T., _De consolatione philosophie_, Caxton, 106-7

Bonaventura, _Speculum vitae Christi_, Caxton, 16, 20, 58;
W. de Worde, 26;
Pynson, 58, 62

Bonham, William, 149, 184

_Book of Cookery_, Pynson, 1500, 69, 71, 159;
Bankes and Lant, 1545, 155

_Book of Courtesy_, Caxton, 10, 25;
W. de Worde, 24, 25

_Book of Divers Ghostly Matters_, Caxton, 21

_Book of Dystyllacyon_, 155, 221

_Book of Herbs_, J. Skot, 151

_Book of Justices of Peas_, R. Redman, 176

_Book of Kerving_, W. de Worde, 134

_Book of maid Emlyn_, J. Skot, 150

_Book of St Alban’s_, W. de Worde, 1496, 29

_Book of Songs_, W. de Worde, 1530, 138

_Book to lerne to speak French_, Pynson, 65

Book trade in sixteenth century, 187-192

Bookbinders. _See_ Binders

Borbonius, Nicholas, 181

Borde, Andrew, 147

Borders, 21, 27, 38, 49, 56, 157, 169, 176, 180, 194

Boteler, John, 152

Boudins, John, 97, 193

Bourman, Nicolas, 140

Brachius, John, 206

Bradshaw, Henry, 8, 11, 12, 18, 19, 21, 43, 50, 80, 99, 108, 109,
125, 156

Brand sale, 9

Brant, S., _Ship of Fools_, Pynson, 162;
W. de Worde, 135

Branteghem, G. de, _Vita Jesu Christi_, 231

Braunschweig, H. _See_ Jerome of Brunswick

Bretton, William, 194, 195, 196, 204

_Breviary_:
_Aberdeen_, 1509-10, 7
_Hereford_, 1505, 82
_Sarum_, 92;
Cologne, ab. 1475, 73;
Venice, 1483, 73;
Paris, 1494, 84;
Venice, 1495, 93;
Rouen, 1496, 81;
Louvain, 1499, 80;
Pynson, 1507, 162;
1507, 206;
Antwerp, 1526, 223;
Paris, 1531, 205
_York_, 1493, 92

Bright, B. H., 61

British Museum, 8, 9, 14, 16, 20, 44, 49, 50, 53, 54, 58, 60, 61,
68, 69, 70, 81, 95, 105, 109, 114, 134, 138, 142, 159, 165, 170,
172, 184, 186, 196, 217

Brito, John, 52

Britwell Library, 40, 145

_Bull of Innocent VIII._, Machlinia, 55

Bulle, J., 41

Bumgart, Herrman, 115

Burgo, J. de, _Pupilla Oculi_, Paris, 1510, 194

Burgundy, Duchess of, 3

Butler, John, 139, 152

Byddell, John, 138, 139, 140, 203, 204

C., N., binder’s stamp, 116

Caesar, _Commentaries_, W. Rastell, 186

Caillard, J., 205

Cambridge bindings, 108, 117, 120, 122, 216, 234

Cambridge printing, 11, 99, 125

Cambridge libraries:
Caius College, 54, 86, 115
Christ’s College, 165
Clare College, 156
Corpus Christi College, 11, 103, 110, 161, 170, 212, 216
Emmanuel College, 161, 170
Jesus College, 43, 108
King’s College, 62
Magdalene College, 186
Pepysian Library, 14, 28, 34, 61, 63, 149, 163
St Catharine’s College, 81
St John’s College, 92, 110, 209
Trinity College, 68, 96
University Library, 4, 8, 10, 25, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 44, 48, 49,
51, 53, 61, 73, 80, 82, 84, 88, 92, 95, 96, 116, 132, 143, 147, 150,
153, 165, 172, 206

Campensis, Joannes, _Interpretatio Psalmorum Omnium_, 1534, 208

Campion, Amye, 166

Campion, Joane, 166

Campion, William, 166

Candos, Guillaume, 206

Canutus, _Treatise of the Pestilence_, Machlinia, 53

Caorsin, Gul., _Siege of Rhodes_, 45

Capgrave, J., _Nova Legenda Angliae_, W. de Worde, 137

Carmelianus, Petrus, 79, 164

Castellain, George, 69, 161

_Castle of Labour_, A. Verard, 206

_Castle of Pleasure_, H. Pepwell, 1518, 147

_Cato_, Caxton, 10, 12

Caxton, Elizabeth, 23

Caxton, Maud, 20

Caxton, W., 3-24, 46, 57, 58, 73, 78, 88, 90, 130, 146
Binding stamps, 108, 139, 140, 197, 232
Bindings, 105-107
Border used by, 21, 27
Death, 23
Device, 18, 38, 58
Family, 23
Foreign reprints of his books, 24
Number of books printed, 22
Situation of printing office, 6, 39
Translations by, 14, 23, 28
Types, 6, 12, 22, 26, 56
Vellum books, 20, 125
Wife, 20
Woodcuts, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 21, 22, 27, 33, 142

_Charles the Great_, Caxton, 16

Chasteleyn, George. _See_ Castellain, George

_Chastising of God’s Children_, W. de Worde, 24, 25

Chatsworth Library, 81, 88

Chaucer, G., _Works_, Pynson, 1526, 165;
Godfray, 1532, 156, 157;
_Canterbury Tales_, Caxton, 8, 15;
Pynson, 57, 58;
W. de Worde, 30;
_Hous of Fame_, Caxton, 15;
_Mars and Venus_, Notary, 39;
_Troilus and Cressida_, Caxton, 15

Chepman, Walter, 115

Chevallon, Claude, 205

Cholmondeley, Ralph, 176

_Chorle and the Bird_, 10, 16

_Christmas Carolles_, W. de Worde, 1521, 137

_Chronicles of England_, Caxton, 13;
Leeu, 88, 90;
Machlinia, 52, 60;
Notary, 142-144

Cicero, _Paradoxes_, Redman, 177;
_De officiis_, Mainz, 1466, 4;
_Pro Milone_, Oxford, 66

Claudin, A., 17

Cluen, Gerard, 217

Coblentz, Jean de, 198

Cock, Simon, 231

Cockes, John, 227

Colet, John, 148

Cologne printing, 4, 65, 73, 79, 142, 219

Combe, Dr Charles, 73

_Commemoratio lamentationis beate Marie_, Caxton, 21

_Commendations of Matrimony_, J. Skot, 1528, 150

_Complaint of the too soon maryed_, W. de Worde, 138

Confluentinus, Joannes, 198

Congregational Library, London, 61

_Consolation of timorouse and fearfull consciencys_, 172

Constable, John, _Epigrammata_, Pynson, 1520, 124

_Contemplacyon or meditacyon of the shedynge of the blood_,
W. de Worde, 35

_Conversion of Swearers_, W. de Worde, 135;
J. Butler, 152

Conway, Sir W. M., 88

Copenhagen printing, 30

Copland, Robert, 7, 139, 146-7, 154, 172

Copland, William, 147

Corsellis, Frederick, 2

Cotton, Henry, 19

Cousin, Jacques, 205, 206

Couvelance, Philippus de, 199

Coverdale, Miles, 208, 209, 225

Cowlance, Jean de, 198

Cox, Leonard, 153

Cranmer, Thomas, 159

Crawford, Earl of, 194

_Criblée_ engravings, 142

Crom, Matthew, 231

Cromwell, Thomas, 149, 154, 157, 185, 203, 209

Croppe, Gerard, 23

Cuthbert, St, 101

Darby, Robert, 139

Dating, method of: Berthelet, 179;
Notary, 135, 141;
Pynson, 68, 159, 160;
Redman, 175;
W. de Worde, 31, 135

Davidson, Thomas, 115

Day, John, 191

_De veteri et novo Deo_, J. Byddell, 1535, 203

_Debate and stryfe betwene Somer and Wynter_, L. Andrewe, 156

_Defence of Peace_, 1535, 203

_Demaundes Joyous_, W. de Worde, 1511, 136

_Determinations of the most famous Universities_, Berthelet, 179

Deventer printing, 79

Devonshire, Duke of, 16, 74.
_See also_ Chatsworth Library

Dewes, G., _Introductorie for to lerne French_, T. Berthelet, 157;
J. Reynes, 200

_Dialogue betwixte two englyshe men_, T. Berthelet, 180

Dibdin, T. F., 8, 27, 46, 53

_Dictes or sayengis of the Philosophres_, Caxton, 6, 7

_Dictionary of National Biography_, 22, 131

_Directorium sacerdotum_. See Maydeston, C.

_Directory of the conscience_, L. Andrewe, 156

_Diurnale_, Sarum, W. Hopyl, 1512, 195

_Dives and Pauper_, Pynson, 54, 61

_Division of the Spiritualty and the Temporalty_, 175, 180

Dockwray, Thomas, 148, 149

_Doctrinal of Sapience_, Caxton, 20

_Doctrynale of good servantes_, J. Butler, 152

Doesborch, Jan van, 91, 130, 155, 214, 220-222

_Donate and accidence_, Paris, 1515, 198

_Donatus_, P. Violette, 206

_Donatus Melior_, Caxton, 17, 125

Dorne, John, 98

Dorp, R. van den, 220

Dotier, Martin, 235

Douce, Francis, 10, 25, 221

Douglas, Gavin, 20

Draper, Richard, 202

_Drunkardes, The IX_, R. Bankes, 154

Dublin: Marsh Library, 143, 234;
Trinity College Library, 84, 86, 88, 89, 217

Duff, E. Gordon, 60, 115, 116

Du Pré, Jean, 206

Durham bindings, 102, 104

Durham Cathedral Library, 34, 102

_Dying Creature_, W. de Worde, 1514, 146

Eckert van Homberg, Henri, 226

Eckius, J., _Enchiridion_, 1531, 148

Edinburgh printing, 151

Edinburgh, Advocates’ Library, 37
Signet Library, 67
University Library, 81

Edwards, bookseller, 161

Egmond, Count of, 67

Egmont, Frederick, 66, 67, 91-94, 97, 207;
bindings, 114-5

_Elegantiarum viginti praecepta_, Pynson, 67

Elyot, Sir T., _Book named the Governour_, T. Berthelet, 180

Endhoven, C. van. _See_ Ruremond, C. van

_Eneydos_, Caxton, 20

_Epitaph of Jasper, Duke of Bedford_, Pynson, 63

Erasmus, D., _Christiani hominis institutum_, H. Pepwell, 148;
_Colloquiorum formulae, De copia verborum, Enchiridion militis
christiani_, W. de Worde, 138;
_Exposition of the commune crede_, Redman, 203;
_Good manners for children_, W. de Worde, 138;
_Treatise upon the pater noster_, Berthelet, 178

Esteney, John, 130

_Eurialus and Lucrece_, J. van Doesborch, 220

_Every Man_, J. Skot, 150

_Exposicions des epistres et evangiles_, Verard, 1511-2, 212

_Expositio hymnorum_, A. Bocard for J. Boudins, 97, 193;
H. Quentell, 65;
Pynson’s Supplement, 65

_Expositiones terminorum legum Anglorum_, 1527, 152

Faques, Richard, 170-172, 234

Faques, Wm, 158, 162, 169-171

Far, Richard, 172

Farmer, Richard, 10, 39, 132

Fawkes, Michael, 172

Fawkes. _See also_ Faques

Faxe, Amelyne, 172

Faxe, Richard, 172

Ferreboue, James, 212

_Festum nominis Jesu_, Pynson, 61, 65

_Festum transfigurationis_, Caxton, 61;
Machlinia, 54;
Pynson, 65

_Festum visitationis_, Machlinia, 54

Fewterer, J., _Myrrour of Christes Passion_, R. Redman, 175

Ficinus, M., _Epistolae_, 1495, 103

_Fifteen Joys of Marriage_, W. de Worde, 135

_Fifteen Oes_, Caxton, 21, 22, 27

_Fifteen Tokens_, J. van Doesborch, 220

Fisher, John, _Sermon_, W. de Worde, 1508, 134

Fitzherbert, Sir A., _Diversite de courtz_, R. Redman, 1523, 172;
_Great Abridgement_, J. Rastell, 184

Fitzjames, R., _Sermo die lune_, W. de Worde, 28

Fletewode sale, 35

Foreign book-trade with England, 72-100, 187-8, 205-213, 214-231,
235-240

_Foundation of Our Lady’s Chapel at Walsingham_, Pynson, 63, 64

_Four Sons of Aymon_, Caxton, 19, 20

Frankenberg, Henry, 77

Frankfurt fair, 192

_Frederyke of Jennen_, J. van Doesborch, 220, 221

Freeling, Sir F., 61

Froissart, J., _Chronicle_, Pynson, 164

Froschover, Christopher, 218

_Frute of Redemption_, R. Redman, 175

Fryth, John, _Disputation of Purgatory_, 184

G., E., engraver, 172

G., G., bookbinder, 233

G., I., bookbinder, 234

G., W., bookbinder, 49, 109, 234

Gachet, John, 212

Galfridus Anglicus, 79

_Game and Playe of the Chesse_, Caxton, 6, 12

Garlandia, J. de, 63, 79

Gaver, James, 107, 139-141

Gavere, Ioris de, 112

Ghent binding, 112

Ghent University Library, 21

Gibkerken, 227

_Gift of Constantine_, T. Godfray, 157, 203

Gloucester Cathedral Library, 82

Godfray, Thomas, 156, 157, 203

_Golden Legend._ See Voragine, J. de

_Golden Litany_, J. Skot, 151

Göttingen University Library, 9

Gouda printing, 30

Gough, John, 139, 184, 203, 204

Gough, Richard, 92, 199

Gourmont, Egidius, 196

_Governayle of Health_, Caxton, 90

Gower, J., _Confessio amantis_, Caxton, 15

_Gradual, Sarum_, 1527, 199, 205

_Gradus comparationum_, J. Toy, 1531, 150, 153

Graf, Urs, woodcuts by, 211

Grafton, Richard, 155, 181, 208, 209

Gray, William, 154, 155

Greek type, 235

Grenville Library, 61

Gringore, P., _Castle of Labour_, Verard, 206

Growte, John, 204

Groyat, John, 204

Gryphus, P., _Oratio_, Pynson, 163

Gueldres, Duke of, 67

Guilford, Sir Richard, 163

Guilibert, John, 112

Gulielmus de Saliceto, _Salus corporis salus anime_, R. Faques, 171

_Guy of Warwick_ (Pynson), 70

Gybken, John, 227

H., A., bookbinder, 121, 233

H., I., printer, 37, 38

Hackett, John, 224

Haghe, Ingelbert, 82

Hain, L., _Repertorium Bibliographicum_, 39

Halberstadt Library, 14

Hampole, Richard de, _Devout Meditacions_, 134;
_Speculum Spiritualium_, 194

Hardouyn, Gilles, 205

Haukins, John, 158, 166, 167, 168

Havy, Noël, 139, 140, 235

Hawes, S., _Pastime of Pleasure_, W. de Worde, 1509, 135

Hazlitt, W. C., 136

Heber sale, 35, 40

Heerstraten, E. vander, 77

_Helias, Knight of the Swan_, W. de Worde, 1512, 136

Henry VII., 55, 68, 212

Henry VIII., 68, 164, 165, 212

Herbal, _The Grete Herball_, 1529, 156

Herbert, William, 35, 39, 114,143, 152, 169, 174, 178, 204, 207

Hereford bookseller, 82, 83

Herford, John, 149

Herolt, John, _Sermones discipuli_, J. Notary, 1510, 143

Heron, John, 184

Hertzog de Landoia, Joh., 91-93

Heywood, J., _Gentleness and Nobility_, J. Rastell, 185;
_Johan the Husband_, _Pardoner and the Friar_, _Play of Love_,
_Play of the Weather_, W. Rastell, 186

Hieronymus de Sancto Marcho, _De universali mundi machina_,
Pynson, 161

Higden, R., _Polycronicon_, Caxton, 13;
Treveris for Reynes, 1527, 199

Higman, J., 18, 205

Higman and Hopyl, 87

Hillenius, Michael, 148, 176

Hilton, W., _Scala perfectionis_, J. Notary, 1508, 143

_History of Jacob_, J. Skot, 150

Hoe, Robert, 16, 136

Hoff, Upright, 228

Holder, Robert, 201

Holkham Library, 26

Hollybush, John, 225

Holt, J., _Lac Puerorum_, A. van Berghen, 91, 216;
J. van Doesborch, 220

Holwarde, Thomas, 201

_Homiliarius_ (? Cologne, ab. 1475), 73

Hopyl, Wolfgang, 84, 87, 95, 96, 194-196, 205, 218

_Horae_, Paris editions, 84-86;
undated editions, 85;
J. Poitevin, 86

_Horae_, Sarum:
number of editions, 85;
Caxton, 17, 21, 33;
Leeu, 80;
Machlinia, 48, 49, 109;
Notary, 38, 39;
C. van Ruremond, 226;
W. de Worde, 27;
Venice, 1494, 91;
Paris, 1498, 96; 1506, 232;
1507, 194;
Paris, 1510, 194;
Paris, 1532, 1533, 1534, 204;
Rouen, 1536, 204;
Antwerp, 1530, 223

_Horologium Devotionis_, Zel, 142

_Horse the Shepe and the Goose_, Caxton, 10;
W. de Worde, 22

_Howleglas_, 89; J. van Doesborch, 220

_Hundred mery tales_, J. Rastell, 184

Hunte, Thomas, 98

Hunterian Museum, Glasgow, 19, 64, 155

Huvin, Jean, 37, 38

Hylton, W., _Scala perfeccionis_, W. de Worde, 26

_Hymni cum notis_, C. van Ruremond, 226

_Hymns and sequences_, J. Notary, 143

_Imitatio Christi_, Pynson, 114, 160

Imposition, wrong, instance of, 50

Indulgences, 104, 106;
Caxton, 12, 19;
Lettou, 12, 43, 108

_Infancia Salvatoris_, Caxton, 9

_Informatio Puerorum_, Pynson, 69

_Information for Pilgrims_, W. de Worde, 28

Initial letters, 93, 142;
filled in by hand, 51

Inner Temple Library, 39

Innocent VIII., 55

_Institution of a Christian Man_, T. Berthelet, 1537, 180

_Interlude of the four elements_, J. Rastell, 185

_Interlude of women_, J. Rastell, 185

_Introductorium linguae latinae_, W. de Worde, 28

Ipswich, 228

Jacobi, Henry, 105, 108, 148, 194-199, 232;
bindings, 119, 197, 198

Jacobus, illuminator, 112

Jean le Bourgeois, 169

_Jeaste of Sir Gawayne_, J. Butler, 152

Jehannot, Jean, 96

Jerome of Brunswick, _Boke of Distillacyon_, Andrewe, 155, 221

Joannes de Lorraine, 82

John of Aix-la-Chapelle, 98

John Rylands Library, 26, 30, 53, 55, 68, 84, 161, 162.
_See also_ Althorp Library

Johnson, Maurice, 152

Joye, G., 229, 230

_Justice of Peace_, R. Copland, 1515, 147

Kaetz, Petor, 222, 226-7

_Kalendar of Shephardes_, Pynson, 1506, 161

Kamitus, _Treatise of the Pestilence_, Machlinia, 53

Katherine of Aragon, 159

Kay, J., trans. _Siege of Rhodes_, 45

Kele, Thomas, 184

Kempe, Adriaen, 231

Kempe, Margerie, 132

Kendale, John, 43

Kerver, Thielman, 171, 205

Kerver, Thielman, Widow of, 204

Keyser, Martin de, 153

_King Apolyn of Tyre_, W. de Worde, 1510, 7, 136, 146

King’s bookbinder, 181

King’s printers, 133, 158, 162, 169, 170, 171, 175, 177, 178, 181

King’s stationer, 169

Kinnaird Castle Library, 81

_Knight Paris and Fair Vienne_, Caxton, 16

Knoblouch, Johann, 211

L., R., bookbinder, 233

Lambertus de Insula, 111

Lambeth Palace Library, 4, 61, 92, 162

Landen, John, 142

Langton, William, 110

Langwyth, Agnes, 177

Lant, Richard, 155, 233

Lauret, Giles, 235

Laurentius of Savona, _Rhetorica Nova_, Caxton, 10

Lauxius, David, 96

Lecomte, Nicholas, 95-97;
bindings, 116

Leeu, Gerard, 36, 78, 80, 88-91, 215

Lefèvre, R., _History of Jason_, 88

_Legenda Francisci_, Barbier for Jacobi, 195

_Legenda_, Sarum, 18

Legrand, J., _Book of good manners_, W. de Worde, 36

Leicester, Earl of, 26

Leland, John, 156

Le Roux, Nicolaus, 204

Le Talleur, G., 55, 57, 59

Lettou, John, 11, 41-44, 130;
bindings, 108;
with Machlinia, 44-47, 51

Levet, Pierre, 84

Lewis, J., _Life of Caxton_, 39

_Liber Assisarum_, J. Rastell, 184

_Liber Equivocorum_, Baligault, 84;
Paffroed, 79;
Pynson, 63

_Liber Festivalis._ _See_ Mirk, J.

_Liber Synonymorum_, Martens, 1493, 79;
Hopyl, 1494, 84, 95;
Pynson, 1496, 63

Lidgate, J., _Assembly of the Gods_, 15;
_Chorle and the Birde_, 10, 16;
_Falle of Princes_, Pynson, 1494, 62;
_Horse, Shepe, & Ghoos_, Caxton, 10;
W. de Worde, 32, 37;
_Life of our Lady_, Caxton, 14;
_Sege and Destruccyon of Troye_, Pynson, 1513, 163

_Life of ... Charles the Great_, Caxton, 16

_Life of Christ_, R. Redman, 175

_Life of Hyldebrande_, W. de Worde, 138

_Life of Petronylla_, Pynson, 64

_Life of St Katherine_, W. de Worde, 24

_Life of St Margaret_, Pynson, 61

_Life of St Wenefrede_, Caxton, 15

_Life of Virgilius_, J. van Doesborch, 220, 221

Lily & Erasmus, _De octo orationis partium constructione_,
Cambridge, 125

Lily, W., _Grammar_, H. Pepwell, 1539, 149

Lily, W., _Introduction of the Eight parts of Speech_,
T. Berthelet, 181

Lincoln Cathedral Library, 49, 132

Linton, W. J., 13

Litill, Clement, 81

Littleton, Sir T., _Tenores Novelli_, Letton and Machlinia, 44, 46;
_Tenures_, Machlinia, 48;
Pynson, 57, 173;
Redman, 173

London: introduction of printing, 11, 41;
bindings, 102

Louvain: printing, 5, 77, 80, 219;
binding, 111

Lucianus, _Necromantia_, J. Rastell, 184

Luft, Hans, 228

Lugo, Peregrinus de, _Principia_, Pynson, 1506, 69, 161

Lumley, Lord, 14

Lyndewode, W., _Constitutiones Provinciales_, W. Hopyl, 1506, 194,
197, 205;
_Constitutions_, R. Redman, 1534, 176

M., I., border-piece, 176

Maas, Robert, 139

MacCarthy, Count Justin, 73, 74, 162

Macé, Robert, 206

Machlinia, W. de: with Lettou, 44-47;
alone, 47-56, 77, 109, 130;
bindings, 108

Machyn, Henry, 183

Madan, F., 2, 98

Madden, J. P. A., 95

Magdalen College School, 79

_Magna Charta_, R. Redman, 1525, 173

Malory, Sir T., _Morte d’Arthur_, Caxton, 16;
W. de Worde, 30

Manchester. _See_ John Rylands Library

Maudeville, Sir J., _Travels_, W. de Worde, 1499, 32;
Pynson, 64

_Manipulus Curatorum_, W. de Worde, 1502, 132

Mansion, Colard, 5, 6

_Manual, Sarum_, B. Rembolt, Paris, 86;
Rouen, 1500, 82;
Pynson, 1506, 161;
C. van Ruremond, 1523, 222, 226;
for M. Dotier, 1543, 235

_Manual, York_, W. de Worde, 1509, 136, 212

Marcant, Nicole, 84

Marchant, John, 204

Marsh Library, Dublin, 143, 234

Marshall, William, 203, 204

Martens, Thierry, 79

Martinus de Predio, 112

Martynson, Simon, 139

_Mary of Nemmegen_, J. van Doesborch, 220

“Master of St Erasmus,” engraver, 142

Maydeston, C., _Directorium sacerdotum_, Caxton, 9;
Leeu, 80;
Pynson, 70, 71, 159, 161

Maynyal, George, 17

Maynyal, William, 17, 18

Medwall, H., _Interlude of Nature_, W. Rastell, 186

_Merry gest ... Johan Splynter_, J. Notary, 144

_Merry jests_, J. Rastell, 184

_Mery geste of a Sergeaunt and Frere_, J. Notary, 145

Meslier, Hugo, 161

Metal engravings, 26, 65, 142

Middleton, William, 124, 125, 176

_Miraculous work ... at Court of Strete in Kent_, 151

Mirk, J., _Liber Festivalis_, Caxton, 14, 105;
Hopyl, 96;
Morin, 80, 82;
Notary, 38;
Pynson, 61, 62;
Ravynell, 83;
W. de Worde, 25, 62, 83

_Mirror of Christes Passion_, R. Redman, 175

_Mirror of Consolation_, W. de Worde, 28

_Mirror of Golde_, 1522, 137, 150

_Mirror of the Life of Christ_, Pynson, 1503, 161

_Mirror of the World_, Caxton, 12;
L. Andrewe, 140, 156

_Mirrour of Our Lady_, R. Faques, 1530, 172

_Missal, Sarum_ (? Basle, ab. 1486), 78;
Maynyal for Caxton, 1487, 17, 80, 81, 84;
M. Morin, 1492, 80, 81;
Hertzog for Egmont, 1494, 92, 93;
Notary and Barbier, 1498, 38;
Pynson, 1500, 68, 159;
Higman and Hopyl, 1500, 87;
Jean du Pré, 1500, 87, 206;
Birckman and Cluen, 1504, 217;
Pynson, 1504, 161;
Violette, 1509, 207;
W. de Worde and R. Faques, 1511, 171;
C. van Ruremond, 1527, 223;
for W. de Worde and M. de Paule, 207

_Missal, York_, 1530, 206

_Modus tenendi unum hundredum_, R. Redman, 174

Montaigne, M. de, 164

Montpellier, Library of Faculty of Medicine, 103

Moore, John, bp of Ely, 8

More, Sir Thomas, 158, 183;
_Works_, 1557, 186;
_Apology_, 175, 180;
_Debellacyon of Salem and Bizance_, 180

Morgan, J. P., 106

Morin, Martin, 80-82, 205-6

Morin, Michael, 206

Morton, Cardinal, 68, 159

Musée Plantin, 80

Music. See _Book of Songs_, 138

N., H., bookbinder, 233

N., I., border-piece, 176

_Natura Brevium_, R. Redman, 175

_Necessary Doctrine and Erudition_, 1543, 180

Necton, Robert, 224

Nele, Richard, 193

Newton, Lord, 17

Nicholson, James, 208

Nicholson, John, 225

_Nicodemus Gospel_, J. Notary, 142;
J. Skot, 150-1;
W. de Worde, 134

Norwich binding, 108

Notary, Julian, 31, 33, 129, 131, 173;
at Westminster, 37-40;
at London, 141-6;
bindings, 119, 145, 232;
device, 37-8;
method of dating, 135, 141

_Nova Festa_, Machlinia, 54;
Pynson, 61, 65

_Nova Rhetorica_, St Alban’s, 1480, 52

_Nova Statuta_, Machlinia, 48, 51

Novimagio, Reginaldus de, 74

Nowell, bookbinder, 107, 139, 140

_Nut-browne Maide_, 151, 215

O., R., bookbinder, 233

_Of the newe landes_, J. van Doesborch, 220

Offor collection, 39

Oliver, Reginald, 233

_Oliver of Castile_, W. de Worde, 1518, 137

Olivier, Petrus, 82, 205

_Orchard of Syon_, W. de Worde, 1519, 137

_Ordinale_, Sarum, Caxton, 9, 22

_Ordynaunce ... Kynge’s Eschequier_, Middleton, 124

Origen, _De beata Maria Magdalena_, W. Faques, 170

Ortus Vocabulorum, 194, 197

Os, Govaert van, 30, 33

Osborne, Thomas, 9

Osterley Park Library, 16

Oswen, John, 228

Ovidius, _Metamorphoses_, 14

Owen, David, 193

Oxford libraries:
Bodleian, 10, 21, 25, 28, 58, 59, 61, 68, 81, 82, 83, 90, 95, 106,
108, 112, 132, 153, 154, 180, 198, 199, 210, 212, 216, 231, 232
Brasenose College, 80
Corpus Christi College, 49, 92, 112, 115, 139
Merton College, 8
New College, 17, 125, 196
St John’s College, 160, 200

Oxford, printing, 1, 2, 41, 79, 187;
booksellers, 69, 77, 98, 161, 196;
bindings, 103, 104

Paffroed, R., 79

Palsgrave, J., _L’eclarcissement de la langue Française_, 166