Chapter XVII: Appendix

While the above pages were going through the Press, some important developments have taken place in China. Wu-Pei-Fu has defeated Chang-tso-lin and made himself master of Peking. Chang has retreated towards Manchuria with a broken army, and proclaimed the independence of Manchuria. This might suit the Japanese very well, but it is hardly to be supposed that the other Powers would acquiesce. It is, therefore, not unlikely that Chang may lose Manchuria also, and cease to be a factor in Chinese politics.

For the moment, Wu-Pei-Fu controls the greater part of China, and his intentions become important. The British in China have, for some years, befriended him, and this fact colours all Press telegrams appearing in our newspapers. According to _The Times_, he has pronounced in favour of the reassembling of the old all-China Parliament, with a view to the restoration of constitutional government. This is a measure in which the South could concur, and if he really adheres to this intention he has it in his power to put an end to Chinese anarchy. _The Times_ Peking correspondent, telegraphing on May 30, reports that "Wu-Pei-Fu declares that if the old Parliament will reassemble and work in national interests he will support it up to the limit, and fight any obstructionists."

On May 18, the same correspondent telegraphed that "Wu-Pei-Fu is lending his support to the unification movements, and has found common ground for action with Chen Chiung Ming," who is Sun's colleague at Canton and is engaged in civil war with Sun, who is imperialistic and wants to conquer all China for his government, said to be alone constitutional. The programme agreed upon between Wu and Chen Chiung Ming is given in the same telegram as follows:

Local self-government shall be established and magistrates shall
be elected by the people; District police shall be created under
District Boards subject to Central Provincial Boards; Civil
governors shall be responsible to the Central Government, not to
the Tuchuns; a national army shall be created, controlled and
paid by the Central Government; Provincial police and
_gendarmerie_, not the Tuchuns or the army, shall be responsible
for peace and order in the provinces; the whole nation shall
agree to recall the old Parliament and the restoration of the
Provisional Constitution of the first year of the Republic; Taxes
shall be collected by the Central Government, and only a
stipulated sum shall be granted to each province for expenses,
the balance to be forwarded to the Central Government as under
the Ching dynasty; Afforestation shall be undertaken, industries
established, highways built, and other measures taken to keep the
people on the land.

This is an admirable programme, but it is impossible to know how much of it will ever be carried out.

Meanwhile, Sun Yat Sen is still at war with Wu-Pei-Fu. It has been stated in the British Press that there was an alliance between Sun and Chang, but it seems there was little more than a common hostility to Wu. Sun's friends maintain that he is a genuine Constitutionalist, and that Wu is not to be trusted, but Chen Chiung Ming has a better reputation than Sun among reformers. The British in China all praise Wu and hate Sun; the Americans all praise Sun and decry Wu. Sun undoubtedly has a past record of genuine patriotism, and there can be no doubt that the Canton Government has been the best in China. What appears in our newspapers on the subject is certainly designed to give a falsely unfavourable impression of Canton. For example, in _The Times_ of May 15, a telegram appeared from Hong-Kong to the following effect:

I learn that the troops of Sun Yat Sen, President of South China,
which are stated to be marching north from Canton, are a rabble.
Many are without weapons and a large percentage of the uniforms
are merely rags. There is no discipline, and gambling and
opium-smoking are rife.

Nevertheless, on May 30, _The Times_ had to confess that this army had won a brilliant victory, capturing "the most important stronghold in Kiangsi," together with 40 field guns and large quantities of munitions.

The situation must remain obscure until more detailed news has arrived by mail. It is to be hoped that the Canton Government, through the victory of Chen Chiung Ming, will come to terms with Wu-Pei-Fu, and will be strong enough to compel him to adhere to the terms. It is to be hoped also that Chang's proclamation of the independence of Manchuria will not be seized upon by Japan as an excuse for a more complete absorption of that country. If Wu-Pei-Fu adheres to the declaration quoted above, there can be no patriotic reason why Canton should not co-operate with him; on the other hand, the military strength of Canton makes it more likely that Wu will find it prudent to adhere to his declaration. There is certainly a better chance than there was before the defeat of Chang for the unification of China and the ending of the Tuchuns' tyranny. But it is as yet no more than a chance, and the future is still problematical.

_June_ 21, 1922.

INDEX

Academy, Imperial, 44 Adams, Will, 94 Afghanistan, 175 Ainu, 117 America, 17, 54, 63, 69, 134, 136, 145 ff., 159 ff and naval policy, 161-2 and trade with Russia, 162-3 and Chinese finance, 163-5, 244 and Japan, 167 ff. Americanism, 221 Ancestor-worship, 39 An Fu Party, 145, 205, 243 Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 120, 123, 133, 137, 149, 175 Annam, 52 Arnold, Julean, 231 Art, 11, 12, 28, 189 Australia, 181

Backhouse, 49 Balfour, 152, 153 Benthamites, 80 Birth-rate-- in China, 73 in Japan, 116 Bismarck, 112, 130 Bland, 49, 77 n, 107 Bolsheviks, 17, 18, 128, 136, 143, 146 ff., 175 ff., 245 Bolshevism, 82 in China, 175, 194, 204 Books, burning of, 24 ff. Boxer rising, 53, 54, 227 indemnity, 54, 217 Brailsford, 166 Buddhism, 27, 31, 48, 190 in Japan, 86 ff., 91, 105, 169 Burma, 52 Bushido, 172

Canada, 181 Canton, 50, 68, 71, 75, 207 Capitalism, 179 Cassel agreement, 69 Chamberlain, Prof. B.H., 103, 105 Changchun, 124 Chang-tso-lin, 68, 71, 77,242, 253 Chao Ki, 40 Chen Chiung Ming, 68, 253-5 Chen, Eugene, 133 n. Cheng, S.G., 55 n., 65, 134 n., 139 n., 232 Chien Lung, Emperor, 49 ff. Chi Li, Mr., 37 China-- early history, 21 S ff. derivation of name, 24 population, 31-4 Year Book, 32 produce, 72 influence on Japan, 86 ff.,104 and the war, 134 ff. Post Offices, 150 Chinese-- character of, 199-213 love of laughter, 188-9, 200 dignity, 202 pacifism, 195, 213 callousness, 209 cowardice, 210 avarice, 211 patience, 206 excitability, 212 Chingkiang, 60 Chinlingchen mine, 234 Chita, 146, 154 Choshu, 99, 101, 102, 106 Chou dynasty, 22 Christianity in Japan, 92 ff. Chuang Tze, 8, 82, 188, 192 Chu Fu Tze, 43 Chu Hsi, 46 Civilization-- alphabetical, 37 Chinese, 187 ff. European, 186 Coal in China, 132 n., 231 ff. Coleman, 77 n., 110, 132 n., 133 n. Colour prejudice, 168, 173 and labour, 181 ff. Confucius, 21, 22, 24, 38, 187, 208 Confucianism, 34, 38 ff., 190 in Japan, 118 Consortium, 14, 163 ff., 179, 244 Cordier, Henri, 24 n., 25, 27 n., 28, 30 n., 31 n., 187 n. Cotton, 76, 235 industry in Osaka, 114 Customs-- Chinese, 55 ff., on exports, 56 internal, 56-7

Dairen, 123 Conference at, 154 ff. Denison, 129 Dewey, Professor, 69, 224 Mrs., 224 Diet, Japanese, 109 ff. Dutch in Japan, 94 ff., 100

Education, 44 ff., 76 ff., 193, 214-225, 247 ff.
statistics of, 215
classical, 215-7
European and American, 217-21
modern Chinese, 221 ff.
of women, 223-4
Efficiency, creed of, 17
"Eight Legs," 45, 46
Emperor of China 22 ff, 39, 83, 88, 205
"First," 24 ff.
Empress Dowager, 52 n.
Examination, competitive, 34, 44 ff, 76

"Face," 204 Famines in China, 72, 210 Far Eastern Republic, 140, 154 Federalism in China, 70, 244 Feudalism-- in China, 24, 26 in Japan, 89 ff. Filial Piety, 39 ff., 61 and patriotism, 41 in Japan, 118, 169 Foreign Trade statistics, 236-7 Forestry, 80 Fourteen Points, 53 France, 52, 53, 123 and Shantung, 137-8 and Japan, 157 Fukien, 132

Galileo, 186 Genoa Conference, 146 Genro, the, 91, 106 ff., 128 George III, 49 Germany, 30, 53, 109, 138, 172 property in China during war, 141 ff. Giles, Lionel, 82 n. Giles, Professor, 23, 39, 43 n., 49 n., 187 n. Gladstone, 157, 160 Gleason, 132 n., 134 n. Gobi desert, 31 Gompers, 163 Great Britain-- and China, 52 ff. and Shantung, 137 Great Wall, 24 Greeks, 186 Guam, 150

Han dynasty, 27 Hanyehping Co., 132 n., 232-3 Hart, Sir Robert, 57 Hayashi, 133 n. Hearn, Lafcadio, 99 Heaven (in Chinese religion), 23, 43 Temple of, 23, 24 Hideyoshi, 87, 93, 94 Hirth, 22 n., 23 n., 27 n. Hong Kong, 52, 69, 75, 207 Hsu Shi-chang, President, 44 Hughes, Premier, 181 n. Hughes, Secretary, 152, 153 Hung Wu, Emperor, 45 Huns, 24, 27, 31 Hu Suh, 250

Ichimura, Dr., 121 Ideograms, 34 ff. Immigration, Asiatic, 181 ff. Imperialism. 82 India, 27, 29, 48, 119, 120 Industrialism, 186 in China, 75, 76, 212, 226-39, 245 ff. in Japan, 114 Inouye, 88 Intelligentsia in China, 76 Iron in China, 131, 132 n., 231 ff. Japanese control of, 232 ff. Ishii, 135. _See_ also Lansing-Ishii Agreement. Ito, 88. 109 ff lyeyasu, 91, 94, 95

Japan, 14, 15, 27, 30, 52, 53, 62, 63, 86-175
early history, 86 ff.
constitution, 109 ff.
war with China, 113, 122, 130
war with Russia, 108, 123, 130
clan loyalty, 118
loyalty to Allies, 136
hegemony in Asia, 120
loans to China in 1918, 143
Socialism in, 114, 170
Jenghis Khan, 28 ff.
Jews, 186

Kang Hsi, Emperor, 49 n. Kara Korum, 30 Kato, 133 n. Kiangnan Dock, 232 Kiaochow, 53, 131, 151 Kieff, 29 Koo, Mr. Wellington, 58 n., 164 Korea, 53, 86, 120, 122, 124 Kublai Khan, 29, 30 Kyoto, 96 Kyushu, 92, 94

Lama Religion, 43 Lamont, 165 Lansing, 144 Lansing-Ishii Agreement, 134, 139, 151 Lao-Tze, 43, 82, 187, 194 Legge, 22 n., 39 n., 82 n. Lenin, 180, 250, Lennox, Dr., 73 n. Literati, 25, 26, 38 ff. Li Ung Bing, 26, 45 Li Yuan Hung, President, 140 ff. Li Yuen, 28 n. Lloyd George, 133, 140, 157 Louis XIV., 51 Louis, Saint, 29

Macao, 62 Macartney, 49 Malthus, 73 Manchu dynasty, 30, 31, 43, 64 Manchuria, 53, 68, 120, 123, 127, 130, 146, 154, 177, 178, 207 Manila, 93 Marco Polo, 29 Marcus Aurelius, 27 Marx, 250 Masuda, 93 McLaren, 98, 103 n. Mechanistic Outlook, 81 ff. Merv, 29 Mikado, 87, 99, 106 worship of, 98, 103, 168-9 Militarism, 16, 42, 43 n. Millard, 134 n., 143, 151 n. Minamoto Yoritomo, 90 Mines, 230 ff. Ming dynasty, 30 Missionaries, 196 Roman Catholic, 48, 49 n. in Japan, 92 ff. Mongol dynasty, 28 ff., 43 Mongolia, 29, 43, 120, 147, 154 Morgan, J.P., 157, 165 Morphia, 150 Moscow, 29 Mukden, 130 Murdoch, 28 n., 86 n., 101, 107 n.

Nationalism, 16 Nestorianism, 48 Nicolaievsk, 155 Nietzsche, 84, 194 Nishapur, 29 Nobunaga, 94 Northcliffe, Lord, 77 n.

Observatory, Peking, 30, 49 Okuma, 120, 122 Open Door, 55, 162, 179 Opium, 52

Panama Tolls, 162 Peking, 30, 34, 52, 72 Legation Quarter, 54 Union Medical College, 73, 219 Government University, 217 n., 222 Girls' High Normal School, 224 Penhsihu mine, 234 Perry, Commodore, 96, 100, 167 Persia, 27, 29, 175 Phonetic writing, 35 Plato, 186 Po Chui, 195 Po Lo, 83 Pooley, 120 n., 121, 124, 128, 133 n. Pope, The, 29, 169 Port Arthur, 54, 123, 130, 150, 175 Portsmouth, Treaty of, 108-9, 125 Portuguese, 92 ff. Progress, 13, 196, 202 Putnam Weale, 32, 33, 65, 143 n., 165, 228

Railways, 226 ff.
nationalization of, 228 ff.
statistics of, 230
Chinese Eastern, 123, 126, 143, 146, 227
Fa-ku-Men, 124
Hankow-Canton, 227
Peking-Kalgan, 227, 229
Peking-Hankow, 227
Shantung, 151 ff., 227
Siberian, 146, 227
South Manchurian, 124, 125, 126
Tientsin-Pukow, 227
Reid, Rev. Gilbert, 134 n., 139 n. 142
Reinsch, 134 n., 135, 136
Restoration in Japan, 87, 97 8.
Revolution of 1911, 30, 65 ff.
and Japan, 128 ff.
Rockefeller Hospital, 218
Rome, 27, 51
Roosevelt, 108
Rousseau, 42
Russia, 15, 18-20, 29, 53, 108, 119, 127, 146 ff., 175 ff.
war with Japan, 108,123, 130
secret treaty with Japan, 136
and Shantung, 138-9

Salt tax, 59, 60 _San Felipe_, 93 Sato, Admiral, 172 Satsuma, 94, 99, 101, 102, 106 Science, 51, 80, 81, 186, 193 Shank, Mr., 69 Shantung, 53, 127, 131 ff., 178 secret treaties concerning, 137 in Versailles Treaty, 144 and Washington Conference, 145, 151 ff. Shaw, Bernard, 160 Sherfesee, 80 Shih Huang Ti, _See_ Emperor, "First" Shi-King, 25 Shinto, 87 ff., 103, 105, 169 Shogun, The, 90, 99 ff. Shu-King, 21, 22 n., 25 Simpson, Lennox. _See_ Putnam Weale Socialism, 64, 181 ff. State, 180, 246 in Japan, 114, 170 in China, 222, 236 Soyeda, 144 n. Spaniards in Japan, 93 Student Movement, 223, 243 Students-- returned, 17, 193, 219 statistics of, 220 n. Summer Palace, 52 Sung dynasty, 30, 45 Sun Yat Sen, 65, 68, 128, 140, 253-6 Supreme Ruler. _See_ Heaven

Taiping Rebellion, 32, 56, 65 Tai-tsung, 28 n. Tang dynasty, 28, 44 Taochung iron mine, 234 Taoism, 43, 187 ff. Tartars, 27, 31 Tayeh mines, 231 n., 232-3 Teachers' strike, 206, 225 Tenny, Raymond P., 33 Tibet, 31, 43 Ting, Mr. V.K., 73 n. Tokugawa, 99 Tong, Hollington K., 143 n., 204 n. Trade Unionism, 180-1 in Japan, 114-5 Treaty Ports, 74 Tsing-hua College, 217 Tsing-tau, 131, 151 Tuan Chih-jui, 140 ff. Tuangkuan Shan mines, 233 Tuchuns, 61, 67, 71, 76, 203, 206 Twenty-one Demands, 131 ff., 233, 234 Tyau, M.T.Z., 144 n., 215, 220 n., 223, 226 n., 230, 235

United States. _See_ America.

Versailles Treaty, 53, 142, 144,151 Vladivostok, 146, 154 Volga, 18 Voltaire, 221

Waley, 84, 195 War, Great, idealistic aims of, 141 ff. Washington Conference, 16, 55 n., 61, 63, 127, 145, 149 ff., 178 Wei-hai-wei, 54, 149 White men, virtues of, 121 William II., 122 Wilson, President, 140, 142 Women, position of, in China, 223-4 Woosung College, 239 Wu-Pei-Fu, 42, 60, 68, 71, 242, 253-3

Yamagata, Prince, 115 n. Yangtze, 52, 132 Yao and Shun, 21, 22 Yellow River, 21, 187 Y.M.C.A., 82, 83, 222 Young China, 26, 61, 77 ff., 144, 145, 167, 193, 247, 250 Yü, 22 Yuan Shi-k'ai, 65 ff., 129, 135