Chapter XXXVI: Epilogue

Whatever the future centuries may bring in new and useful inventions, certain it is that the Nineteenth Century stands pre-eminent in this field of human achievement, so far excelling all other like periods as to establish on the pages of history an epoch as remarkable as it is unique. Never before has human conception so expressed itself in materialized embodiment, never has thought been so fruitfully wedded to the pregnant possibilities of matter, never has the divine function of creation been so closely approximated, never has such an accretion of helpful instrumentalities and material resources been added to the world’s wealth--not merely the miserly and inert wealth of gold and gems, but the wealth of an enlarged human existence. This life itself is but a limited span; beginning in infancy, expanding to highest achievement in middle age, and declining at the end, it quickly passes away, and another generation follows. Growth and decay with all living things mark the immutable law of nature, and the inevitable fate of mortality. The rose blossoms into beauty, fades, and decays. The bird in the air, and the beast in the field, each plays his part and passes to the great unknown, leaving no record; man himself is mortal, but his work is immortal. The inspired conception of his best thought, the materialized embodiment of his work in useful agencies, and the subjugation of the laws of nature to his service, all endure and live forever in his inventions. These partake of the breath of life, and in their immortality are of kin to the soul. Cities may grow up and vanish, civilizations may decay, and man himself may degenerate, but the principle of the lever and the screw, once discovered, is for all time perfect, invariable and immortal. Every invention made is another permanent gift to posterity. All of enduring wealth that the present gets from the past are its ideas reduced to a working basis. All else is but dross, or evanescent dreams which vanish into oblivion in the light of a larger knowledge. But ideas wrought into practical, substantive things, tried and proven true, these are inventions--immortal creations--and of these the Nineteenth Century has borne fruit in paramount abundance, and this legacy it now bequeaths to the coming century.

To follow conventional methods, the final chapter of a book should be an “In conclusion” with a “finis” and a dismantled torch, but the history of invention will ever be a continued story. There is no end in this field. The trusteeship of the Twentieth Century man is great, and great his responsibilities; but his restless and dominant spirit knows no decadence, and his mental endowment and material equipment, without parallel in history, are a guarantee of future achievements. Will not the chemist learn how to produce electricity direct from the combustion of coal, or solve the problem of the synthesis of food? Will not the American continent be parted by an inter-oceanic canal, or the rough waters of the English Channel be avoided with a submarine tunnel? May not a ship canal through France to the Mediterranean give to that country the connected enjoyment of riparian rights, without passing the frowning battlements of Gibraltar, or might not a tunnel under the Straits of Gibraltar put Europe and Africa in direct railway communication? The relation of electricity to life is a field of pregnant possibilities, and may we not also learn to swap the surplus heat of summer for the winter’s cold, and by an equalization of their two extremes bring eternal spring and joy to the animated world? Shall we not yet stand on the North Pole, or looking away into space may we not extend a neighborly welcome to our brothers in Mars, if any there be? It is permitted to dream in this field, for it is this reaching out into the unknown that plats the boundaries of an extended world, and adds to the possessions of man.

The old man in his dreams of the past rejoices in his achievements, for he has stolen the fires of Prometheus and forged anew the thunderbolts of Jove for the arts of peace. Delving into the secret recesses of the earth, he has tapped the hidden supplies of nature’s fuel, has invaded her treasure house of gold and silver, robbed Mother Earth of her hoarded stores, and possessed himself of her family record, finding on the pages of geology sixty millions of years’ existence. Peering into the invisible little world, the infinite secrets of microcosm have yielded their fruitful and potent knowledge of bacteria and cell growth. Pain has been robbed of its terrors by anæsthesia; the heat of the sun has been brought down in the electric furnace, and the cold of inter-stellar space in the ice machine and liquid air. With telescope and spectroscope he has climbed into limitless space above, and defined the size, distance, and constitution of a star millions of miles away. The north star has been made his sentinel on the sea. The lightning is made his swift messenger, and thought flashes in submarine depths around the world. Dead matter is made to speak in the phonograph, the invisible has been revealed in the X-Rays, coal has been made his black slave, steam the breath of the world’s life, and all of nature’s forces have been made his constant servants in attendance.

With such a retrospect, the sage of the Nineteenth Century may lie down to quiet rest, with an assuring faith that what God hath wrought is good, and what is not may yet be.

INDEX.

Abbe’s Stereo-Binocular, 289
Absorption Process, Ice Making, 441
Acetylene Gas, 333
Adirondack, Steamer, 141
Agricultural Chemistry, 225
Aids to Digestion, 243
Air Blast, 374
Air Brakes, 129
Air, Carburetted, 336
Alloys, 389
Aluminum, 225-390
Ambrotype, 304
Anæsthesia, 246
Anæsthesia by Chloroform, 247
Ancient Iron Furnace, 372
Aniline, 222
Annealing and Tempering, Electricity in, 387
Antikamnia (Acetanilide), 248
Antipyrine, 248
Antiseptic Surgery, 256
Antiseptics, Coal Tar, 223
Archer’s Collodion Process Photos, 304
Arc Lamp Feed, 66
Arc Lamp, Simple, 64
Arc Lamp, Weston, 65
Arc Lamp, Large, 65-69
Arkwright’s Drawing Rolls, 421
Arlberg Tunnel, 346
Armored Cruiser, 150
Armor Plates, Manufacture of, 383
Artesian Wells, 350
Artificial Limbs, 251
Atlantic Cable, 32-37
Automatic Ball Governor, 104
Automatic Telegraph, 22
Automobile, 265-272
Automobile Statistics, 271

Babbitt Metal, 389
Bachelder Sewing Machine Feed, 186
Bacteriology, 252
Bain’s Telegraph, 22
Baldwin’s Locomotives, 126
Band Saws, 364
Barbed Wire Fences, 388
Barlow’s Electric Wheel, 48
Battery, Storage, 88
Battleships, 150
Beach, Alfred E., Tunneling Shield, 346
Beach’s Typewriter, 174
Bell & Tainter’s Improved Phonograph, 276
Bell’s Telephone, 77
Bentham, Sir S., Invents Woodworking Machinery, 360
Berliner’s Telephone, 82
Bessemer Steel, 376
Beverages, 244
Blake Telephone Transmitter, 83
Blanchard’s Lathe, 368
Blast Furnace, 374-375
Blasting, 351
Blasting, Electro, 99
Blenkinsop’s Locomotive, 119
Blickensderfer Typewriter, 180
Bloomeries, Air, 373
Body Appliances, Electric, 97
Book Typewriter, 181
Bourdon’s Steam Gauge, 107
Bicycle, 259-265
Bicycle Speed, 264
Bicycle Statistics, 265
Binding Devices for Reaper, 203
Biograph, 298
Bipolar Dynamo, 42
Brake, Bicycle, 264
Bramah’s Planer, 366
Branca’s Steam Turbine, 109
Branson’s Automatic Knitter, 431
Breech Mechanism, Interrupted Thread, 399
Bridge, Brooklyn, 342
Bridge, Cabin John, 344
Bridge, Forth, 340
Bridges, Masonry, 342
Bridge, Trezzo, 344
Bright’s Disease, 250
Brooklyn, Armored Cruiser, 151
Brooklyn Bridge, 342
Buildings, High, 353
Burt’s Typewriter, 172
Butchering and Dressing Meats, 237
Buttonhole Machine, 191

Cabin John Bridge, 344
Cablegrams, First, 33
Cable Statistics, 36
Cable, Submarine, 32
Cable Tolls, 37
Cableway, Lidgerwood, 349
Caissons, 345
Calcium Carbide, 225
Calcium Carbide Factories, 336
Calcium Carbide Furnace, 46
Caligraph Typewriter, 177
Calotype, 303
Camera, 306
Camera Obscura, 306
Camera Shutter, 307
Canal, Chicago Drainage, 350
Canal, Suez, 347
Candle, Jablochkoff, 64
Canning Industry, 235
Cannon, Breech-Loading, 397
Cannon Invention, 395
Caoutchouc, 210
Capitol Building, 357
Caps, Percussion, 416
Carafes, Frozen, 441
Carbolic Acid, 247
Carbon Microphone, 82
Carbon-Printing, Photography, 305
Carborundum, 225
Carborundum Furnace, 45
Carburetted Air, 336
Car Coupling, 129
Carpet Sewing Machine, 192
Carré’s Ice Machine, 441
Cartwright Invents Power Loom, 426
Car Wheels, Turning, 387
Cash Carrier, 461
Casting Pig Iron, 379
Castalia, Steamer, 140
Cathode Ray, 321
Celestial Photography, 310
Cementation, 385-387
Centrifugal Filter, 243
Centrifugal Milk Skimmer, 235
Chain Bicycle, 263
Chair, Electrocution, 44
Champion Reaper, 202
Charlotte Dundas, Steamboat, 134
Chemical Telegraph, 22
Chemistry, 221-227
Chicago Drainage Canal, 350
Chill Molds, 388
Chipping Logs, Wood Pulp, 162
Chloral Hydrate, 247
Chronology of Inventions, 7-14
Circular Saw, Hammering to Tension, 362
Circulation of Blood, 246
Civil Engineering, 340-359
Clermont, Steamboat, 136
Cloth, Finishing, 432
Cloth Presser, 432
Coal Gas Works, 330
Coal Tar Dyes, Statistics, 226
Coal Tar Products, 222
Coating with Metal, 387
Code, Morse, 20
Collecting Rubber, 211
Collodion Process Photography, 304
Color Photography, 311
Color Printing Press, 159
Columbia Electric Automobile, 270
Columbian Press, 156
Compound Expansion Engine, 115
Compound Locomotive, 128-130
Compound Steam Turbine, 109
Concentrator, Magnetic, 392
Continuous Web Press, 157
Cooper, Peter, Rolls Iron Beams for Buildings, 354
Cord Binding Reaper, 203
Corliss Valve Gear, 106
Cort Makes Wrought Iron, 373
Cotton, Diamond, 434
Cotton Gin, 423
Cracker and Cake Machine, 234
Crompton Invents Mule Spinner, 422
Cryptoscope, Salvioni’s, 322
Cuisine, Ocean Steamer, 145
Culture, Bacteria, 255
Cut-Off, Sickel’s, 105
Cut-Off, Steam, 104
Cyanide Process, 391

Daguerreotype, 303
Daguerre’s Invention, 303
Dahlgren Gun, 397
Dal Negro Electric Motor, 49
Daniell Battery, 16
Darby Makes Iron with Coke, 373
De Laval’s Steam Turbine, 111
De Lesseps Builds Suez Canal, 347
Demologos, First War Vessel, 146
Densmore Typewriter, 180
Dentistry, 250
Desk Telephone, 86
Deutschland’s Engines, 115
Digesters, Wood Pulp, 163
Digestion, 252
Disease Germs, 253
Double Hull Steamer, 140
Dough Mixer, 232
Draisine Bicycle, 260
Drawing Rolls, Spinning, 421
Dredges, 349
Drill Jar, 350
Drills, Rock, 351
Drinks, 244
Drummond Light, 338
Dry Plate Photography, 306
Dudley’s Early Ironworking, 373
Duplex Telegraph, 23
Duplicating Phonograph Records, 279
Dust Collector, Flour Mills, 232
Dyes, Coal Tar, 223
Dynamite Gun, 405
Dynamo Armature, 43
Dynamo, Bipolar, 42
Dynamo, Description of, 42
Dynamos, Different Kinds, 42
Dynamo Electric Machine, 38-47
Dynamo, Gramme and D’Ivernois, 41
Dynamo, Hjorth, 40
Dynamo, Multipolar, 47
Dynamo, Siemens’, 41
Dynamo, Wilde, 41

Eads, Caissons of, 345
Earthquake-Proof Palace, 355
Edison’s Electric Lamp, 67-73
Edison’s Carbon Microphone, 82
Edison’s Concentrating Works, 392
Edison’s Electric Pen, 96
Edison’s Kinetoscope, 297
Edison’s Three Wire System, 72-74
Edison’s X-Ray Apparatus, 323
Eiffel Tower, 355
Electric Automobile, 270
Electric Body Appliances, 97
Electric Cautery, 97
Electric Furnace, 44
Electric Furnace, Acheson, 45
Electric Furnace, Bradley, 46
Electric Lamp, Edison’s, 67-73
Electric Lamp, Sawyer-Man, 67-73
Electric Lamp, Starr-King, 66
Electric Launch, 93-94
Electric Light, 63-75
Electric Light Beacon, 65-69
Electric Light Circuit, 74
Electric Locomotive, 59
Electric Motor, 48-62
Electric Motor, Barlow’s Wheel, 48
Electric Motor, Dal Negro, 49
Electric Motor, Davenport, 51-52
Electric Motor, Dr. Page, 51
Electric Motor, Faraday, 48
Electric Motor, Henry, 50
Electric Motor, Jacobi, 51
Electric Motor, Neff, 52
Electric Motor, Prof. Henry’s, 50
Electric Motor, Railway, 58
Electric Motor, Westinghouse, 53
Electric Musical Instruments, 98
Electric Pen, Edison’s, 96
Electric Piano, 98
Electric Railway, First, 54
Electric Railway Statistics, 60
Electric Telephone, 76
Electric Welding, 91
Electrical Generation, Polyphase, 43
Electrical Navigation, 92
Electricity Direct from Fuel, 92
Electricity in Medicine, 96
Electricity, Miscellaneous, 88-99
Electro-Blasting, 99
Electro-Chemistry, 225
Electrocution, 44
Electro-Magnet, Henry’s, 17-18
Electro-Magnetism by Oersted, 18
Electro-Magnet, Sturgeon’s, 18-19
Electro-Plating, 93
Elements, New, 227
Elevators, Passenger, 459
Elliott & Hatch Typewriter, 182
Emulsions, Photography, 305
Engine, Gas, 337
Engine, Rotary, 109
Epilogue, 465-467
Ericsson’s Monitor, 148
Ericsson’s Screw Propeller, 137
Etherization, 246
Excavating Quicksand by Freezing, 345
Explosives, High, 419

Facsimile Telegraph, 24
False Teeth, 251
Faraday Converts Electricity Into Power, 48
Farmer Utilizes Electric Light, 67
Farms, Large, 207
Fastest Railway Speed, 131
Fastest Speed, Steam Vessel, 146
Faure Storage Battery, 90
Feathering Paddle Wheel, 138-141
Feed, Sewing Machine, 186-187
Fermenting and Brewing, 223
Field, Cyrus W., 32
Fields, Large, 207
Films, Photographic, 308
Filter, Centrifugal, 243
Fire Alarm Telegraph, 24
Firearms and Explosives, 394-419
Firearms, Early, 395
Fire Engine, Steam, 114
First Cable Message, 33
First Dynamo, 40
First Electric Light in Dwelling, 67
First Gas Company, 330
First Incandescent Lamp, 66-72
First Locomotive, 119
First Ocean Voyage, 137-145
First Phonograph, 274
First Photographic Portrait, 310
First Railway in U. S., 131
First Rubber Shoes, 212
First Telegraphic Message, 15
First Telegraphic Signal, 18
First War Vessel, 146
Flood Rock, Destruction of, 352
Flour Mills, 230
Fluorometer (X-Ray), 326
Fluoroscope, Edison’s, 323
Focus Tube, X-Ray, 326
Food and Drink, 228-244
Food Products, Statistics, 229
Foods, Patented, 244
Forging Press, 383
Forth Bridge, 340
Fourdrinier Machine, 161
Franklin’s Printing Press, 155
Fulton, Robert, 134
Fulton’s Demologos, 146

Galvani’s Experiment, 16
Galvanizing, 387
Gas, Acetylene, 333
Gas Checks, Ordnance, 398
Gas, Coal, 330
Gas Engine, 337
Gases, Liquefaction of, 447
Gas Lighting, 329-339
Gas Meter, 337
Gasoline Automobile, 268
Gas, Water, 332
Gatling Gun, 405
Gauge, Steam, 107
Gelatine Films, Photography, 308
Germs, Disease, 253
Gessner’s Cloth Press, 432
Giffard Injector, 105
Glucose, 223
Gold, Cyanide Process, 391
Goodyear Discovers Vulcanization, 214
Goodyear Introduces Rubber Into Europe, 214
Goodyear’s Experiments With Rubber, 212
Gramophone, 280
Grande Lunette Telescope, 287
Grape Sugar, 223
Graphophone, 277
Great Eastern, 138
Greathead Improves Tunneling Shield, 347
Grove, Prof., Electric Lamp, 66-72
Gun Cotton, Making, 224
Gun, Magazine, 411
Gun, Disappearing, 401
Gunpowder, 416
Gun, 16-inch, 401
Gunpowder, White, 417
Guns, Hammerless, 414
Gutenberg’s Movable Type, 154

Hackworth’s Locomotive, 121
Half Tone Engraving, 314
Hammer, Steam, 112
Hammond Typewriter, 178
Hargreaves Invents the Spinning-Jenny, 421
Harvester, 195
Harvest Scene, 208
Harvey Process, 387
Hayward Adds Sulphur to Rubber, 213
Heddle, 426
Hedley’s “Puffing Billy”, 120
Heliography, Niépce, 302
Henry’s Electric Motor, 50
Henry’s First Telegraph, 18
Hero’s Engine, 101
Hjorth Dynamo, 40
Hoe Printing Press, 157
Holden Ice Machine, 443
Holland Submarine Boat, 152
Homœopathy, 250
Horrocks Applies Steam to Looms, 428
Horseshoes, Manufacture of, 383
Hot Blast Furnace, 374
House Printing Telegraph, 24
House Sanitation, 256
Howe’s Sewing Machine, 184
Hussey’s Reaper, 196
Hydraulic Dredges, 349
Hydropathy, 250

Ice Machine, Holden, 443
Ice Machines, 436-446
Ice Plant, 442
Ice Skating Rinks, 445
Incandescent Lamp, 66
India Rubber Statistics, 217
Injector, Giffard, 105
Instantaneous Photos, 308
Iron and Steel Statistics, 390
Ironclad Monitors Cross Ocean, 148
Ironclads, 147

Jablochkoff Candle, 64
Jacobi’s Electric Boat, 92
Jacobi’s Electric Motor, 51
Jacquard Loom, 427
Janney Car Coupling, 129
Jenkins’ Phantascope, 299
Jetties, Mississippi, 352
John Bull, Locomotive, 124

Kaiser Wilhelm, Steamer, 142
Kaleidoscope, 294
Kelly’s Process Making Steel, 377
Kinetoscope, 297
Kirchhoff’s Spectroscope, 293
Kneading Machines, 233
Knitting Machines, 430
Kodak Camera, 307-309
König’s Rotary Press, 157
Krag-Jorgensen Magazine Rifle, 413
Krupp Gun, 398

Laryngoscope, 249
Latch Needle for Knitting Machine, 432
Lathe, Blanchard’s, 368
Laughing Gas, 246
Launches, Electric, 94
Leading Inventions, Nineteenth Century, 7-14
Lee Invents Knitting Machines, 431
Lee’s Magazine Rifle, 412
Lick Telescope, 286
Light, Electric, 63
Light, Rapidity of Travel, 299
Lime Light, 338
Link Motion, 128
Linotype Printing, 165
Liquid Air, 447-457
Lister’s Antiseptic Surgery, 256
Lithography, 170
Lithotrity, 250
Locke Wire Binder, 203
Locks, Pneumatic Lift, 300
Locomobile, Steam, 267
Locomotive, Electric, 59
Locomotive, Largest, 132
Locomotive, Steam, 118
Loom, Jacquard, 427
Loom, Positive Motion, 429
Loom, Power, 426
Lovers’ Telegraph, 76
Lowe’s Water Gas Apparatus, 332
Lyall Positive Motion Loom, 429

Machine Gun, 405
Magazine Pistol, 409
Magnetic Concentrator, 392
Magneto-Electric Machine, 38-39
Malarial Parasite, 254
Mann Harvester, 200
Mantles for Welsbach Burner, 338
Marconi’s Wireless Telegraphy, 27
Marsh Harvester, 201
Matches, Friction, 460
Matching Machines, 366
Materia Medica, 247
Mauser Rifle, 413
McCormick Reaper, 197-199
McKay Shoe Sewing Machine, 190
Meats, Dressing, 238
Medical Electricity, 96
Medicines, Coal Tar, 223
Medicine, Surgery, Sanitation, 245-258
Mege’s Oleomargarine, 239
Melville Introduces Gas in U. S., 330
Mercerized Cloth, 434
Mergenthaler Linotype Machine, 166
Metal Founding, 388
Metallurgy, Early History of, 372
Metal Production in the United States, 393
Metal Tube Making, 387
Metal Turning, 387
Metal Working, 371-393
Meter, Gas, 337
Michaux’s Bicycle, 261
Micro-photographs in Beleaguered Paris, 291
Microscope, 290
Middlings Purifier, 231
Milk Skimmer, 235
Milling, Flour, 230
Mills’ Typewriter, 171
Mines, Submarine, 417
Minor Inventions, 458-464
Molding Machines, 366
Monitor Monadnock, 149
Mont Cenis Tunnel, 345
Monument, Washington, 356
Morrow Bicycle Brake, 264
Morse Telegraph, 19
Mortising Machines, 369
Morton and Jackson Patent Anæsthesia, 247
Moving Pictures, 295
Mule Spinner, 422
Musical Instruments, Electric, 98
Muybridge’s Photos Trotting Horses, 297

Nails, Wire, 388
Nasmyth’s Steam Hammer, 112
Natural Gas, 329-339
Navies’ Tonnage, 146
Navigation, Electric, 92
Navigation, Steam, 133
Needle Gun, 411
Newcomen’s Engine, 102
Nicholson’s Rotary Press, 156
Niépce’s Heliography, 302
Nitro-Glycerine, 224
Nitrous Oxide Gas, 246
Northrop Loom, 429

Oceanic, Largest Steamer, 139-143
Octuple Printing Press, 158
Old Ironsides, Locomotive, 125
Oleomargarine, 239
Oliver Typewriter, 181
Open Hearth Steel, 380
Opthalmometer, 249
Opthalmoscope, 249
Optics, 284-300
Ordnance, Breech-Loading, 397
Oregon, Battleship, 150
Ore Separator, Magnetic, 392
Ostergren and Berger Liquid Air, 450
Otto Gas Engine, 338

Pacific Railway, 131
Paddle Wheel, Feathering, 138
Panorama Camera, 311
Paper Making, 159-165
Paper Making, Speed in, 165
Paper Making Statistics, 165
Paper Pulp Beater, 160
Parsons Steam Turbine, 109
Patented Foods, 244
Patents, 462
Perfumes, Coal Tar, 223
Perkins Invents Ice Machines, 438
Persistence of Vision, 295
Phantascope, 299
Phenacetin, 248
Phenakistoscope, 295
Phœnix, Steamboat, 136
Phonautograph, 276
Phonograph, 273-283
Phosphor Bronze, 389
Photo-engraving, 312
Photographic Experiments, First, 302
Photographic Positives, 303
Photographic Roll Film, 308
Photographs by Artificial Light, 308-316
Photography, 301-318
Photography, Celestial, 310
Photography, Half Tone Engraving, 314
Photography in Colors, 311
Photo-lithography, 312
Photo-micrographs, 253
Piano, Electric, 98
Pictet Ice Machine, 439
Pictet’s Researches, 455
Pieper Automobile, 271
Pig Iron, 375
Pigs, Casting, 379
Pins, The Manufacture of, 389
Pintsch Gas, 336
Pistols, 407
Pixii Electric Machine, 39
Planing Machines, 366
Planté Storage Battery, 88-89
Plate Printing, 169
Platinotypes, 305
Pneumatic Caissons, 345
Pneumatic Tires, 263
Poetsch Method of Tunneling, 345
Polarization of Light, 294
Polyphase Generation, 43
Ponton, Mungo, Photography, 305
Precious Metals, Statistics, 393
Premo Camera, 309
Preparing Rubber, 215
Preserving Food, 235
Printing, 154-170
Printing Telegraph, 23-24
Priscilla, Steamer, 142
Progin’s Typewriter, 172
Progress Photographic Art, 306
Puddling Furnace, 373
Pulp, Wood, 161
Pulse Recorder, 249
Purifier, Middlings, 231

Quadruplex Telegraph, 23
Quarter Sawing, 363
Queen Victoria, First Cablegram, 33
Quinine Discovered, 247

Rabbeth Spinning Spindle, 425
Railway Motor, Electric, 58
Railway Statistics, 131
Railway, Steam, 118
Range Finder, 295
Rapid Fire Gun, 400
Rare Metals, Metallurgy, 390
Reaper, 195-209
Reaper Statistics, 205-206
Rebounding Lock, 415
Recorder, Siphon, 35
Reece Buttonhole Machine, 191
Regenerative Furnace, 381
Register, Morse, 21-22
Reis’ Telephone, 78
Remington Typewriter, 176
Return Circuit, Earth, 18
Review of Century, 3-6
Revolvers, 408
Revolving Turret, 147
Rifling of Firearms, 396
Ring Frame, Spinning, 425
Rock Drills, 351
Rocket, Locomotive, 122
Rodman’s Method of Casting Guns, 397
Roentgen Rays, 319-328
Rogues’ Gallery, 310
Roller Mill, Flour, 230
Roll Film, Photography, 308
Rotary Engine, 109
Rotary Hook Sewing Machine, 187
Rotary Press, 156
Rover Bicycle, 263
Rubber Cloth, 216
Rubber, India, 210-220
Rubber Shoes, 217-218

Safes, Fireproof, 461
Safety Bicycle, 264
Safety-Lamp, 359
Saint’s Sewing Machine, 184
Salol, 248
Salvioni’s X-Ray Tube, 322
Sanitation, 245
Sanitation, House, 256
Savannah, Steamer, 137-145
Saw, 360
Saw, Circular, 361
Sawmill Carriage, 362
Sawyer-Man Electric Lamp, 67-73
Saxton Electric Machine, 39
Schlick System, 116
Schools of Medicine, 250
Screw Propeller, 135-137
Screws, Bolts, etc., 383
Screws, Gimlet Pointed, 385
Screws, Rolling, 386
Screw Steamer, Stevens’, 134
Search Light, 70-71
Seidlitz Powders, 247
Self-Binding Reaper, 203
Self-Raking Reaper, 202
Sewerage, Sanitary, 256
Sewing Machine, 183-194
Sewing Machine Statistics, 188-193
Sheathing Railway Train, 132
Shield, Tunneling, 346-347
Shoe Sewing Machine, 190
Sholes’ Typewriter, 176
Shot Making, 389
Shuttle, Flying, 426
Sickel’s Cut-off, 105
Siemens’ Electric Railway, 54
Siemens-Martin Steel, 381
Siemens’ Regenerative Furnace, 381
Silk, Artificial, 433
Silver Printing, 305
Singer Sewing Machine, 187
Siphon Recorder, 35
Skating Rinks, Ice, 445
Skeleton Construction, 353
Skimmer, Milk, 235
Sleeping Car, 131
Small Arms, 407
Smith-Premier Typewriter, 178
Snap-Shot Camera, 309
Solarometer, 295
Spectroscope, 292
Spectrum, 292
Spectrum Analysis, 293
Speed Across Atlantic, 145
Speed, Railway, 131
Sphygmograph, 249
Sphygmometrograph, 249
Spindle, Spinning, 425
Spinning-Jenny, 420
Spinning Spindle, 425
Statistics, Steam Navigation, 152
Steam Automobile, 266
Steamboat, 133
Steamboat, Fulton’s, 136
Steam Cut-off, 104
Steam Engine, 100-117
Steam Engine, Hero’s, 101
Steam Engine, Newcomen, 102
Steam Engine, Watt’s, 103
Steamer, Swinging Cabin, 140
Steam Feed Saw Carriage, 363
Steam Fire Engine, 113
Steam Gauge, 107
Steam Hammer, 112
Steam Harvester and Thresher, 206
Steam Locomotive, 118
Steam Navigation, 133-153
Steam Navigation Statistics, 152
Steam Planting, 206
Steam Power Statistics, 116
Steam Railway, 118-132
Steam Turbine, 109
Steel Alloys, 389
Steel, Open Hearth, 380
Stephenson’s Link Motion, 128
Stephenson’s Locomotives, 121-123
Stereo-Binocular Field Glass, 289
Stereoscope, 294
Stereoscopic Camera, 310
Stereotyping, 159
Sterilizing Food Stuffs, 236
Stethoscope, 249
Stevens’ “Phœnix”, 136
Stevens’ Screw Steamer, 134-135
St. Gothard Tunnel, 346
Stockton & Darlington Railway, 121
Storage Battery, 88
Storage Battery, Faure, 90
Storage Battery, Planté, 88
Storage Battery, Ritter, 88
Stourbridge Lion, Locomotive, 123
Submarine Boat, 152
Suez Canal, 347
Sugar Making, 241
Sulfonal, 248
Surgery, 245
Surgical Instruments, 249
Symington’s Steamboat, 134
Synthesis Organic Compounds, 222
System, Third Rail, 57

Talbot’s Photographic Prints, 303
Talbotype, 303
Taupenot’s Dry Plates, 306
Telegraph, Edison’s Quadruplex, 23
Telegraph, Electric, 15-31
Telegraphic Conductor, 17
Telegraphing by Induction, 25
Telegraph Statistics, 30
Telegraph, Wireless, 26
Telephone, 76-87
Telephone, Bell, 77
Telephone, Blake Transmitter, 83
Telephone, Bourseul, 77
Telephone, Drawbaugh, 77
Telephone Exchange, 86-87
Telephone, Gray, 77
Telephone, Reis, 78
Telephone Statistics, 86
Telephone, Undulatory Current, 79
Telephone, Variable Resistance, 82
Telescope, 285
Telescopic Discoveries, 284
Textiles, 420-435
Thaumatrope, 295
Thimonnier’s Sewing Machine, 184
Third-Rail System, 57
Thompsonian System Medicine, 250
Thompson, Sir William, 35
Thorp Invents Ring Spinning, 425
Three Wire System, 72-74
Thurber’s Typewriter, 173
Ticker, Stock Broker’s, 23-24
Timby’s Revolving Turret, 147
Time Locks, 461
Tolls, Suez Canal, 347
Tonnage World’s Navies, 146
Tools, Machine, 386
Traction Engine, 206
Transformer, 43
Trevithick’s Locomotive, 118
Trevithick’s Steam Carriage, 266
Tripler, Liquid Air, 450
Trolley, Overhead, 55
Trolley, Underground, 56
Trouvé Electric Boat, 92
Tube Manufacture, 387
Tunneling Shield, 346
Tunnels, 345
Turbine, Steam, 109
Turbinia, Steamer, 111
Turret Monitor, 148
Typewriter, 171-182
Typewriter, Oldest, 171
Typewriter for Blind, 174
Typewriter Statistics, 182

Utilizing Heat from Blast Furnace, 375

Vaccination, 245
Vacuum Pan, Sugar, 242
Vacuum Tubes, 321
Valve Gear, Corliss, 106
Velocipede, 261
Vertical Fork Bicycle, 262
Viper, Torpedo Boat, 111
Vitascope, 297
Voltaic Arc, 63
Voltaic Pile, 16
Vulcanized Rubber, 210

Wall Telephone, 85
Washington Monument, 356
Washington Press, 156
Watch, Stem-Winding, 460
Water Closets, 256
Water Gas, 331
Watt’s Steam Engine, 103
Wax Cylinder, Phonograph, 277
Weaving, 425
Wegmann’s Roller Mill, 230
Welding, Electric, 91
Wells, Artesian, 350
Wells, Petroleum, 350
Wells, Dr., Produces Anæsthesia, 246
Welsbach Gas Burner, 338
Westinghouse Air Brake, 129
Westinghouse Electric Motor, 53
Wheat Produced, 209
Whitney Invents Cotton Gin, 423
Willis Invents Platinotypes, 305
Wilson’s Sewing Machine, 186
Windhausen Cold Storage Device, 445
Winsor Introduces Gas in London, 330
Winton Automobile, 269
Wire Bending, 388
Wire Fences, 388
Wireless Telegraphy, 26
Wood Pulp, 161
Woodruff Sleeping Car, 131
Wood Turning, 368
Woodworker, Universal, 367
Woodworking, 360-370
Woodworth Wood Planer, 367
World’s Blast Furnaces, 375

X-Rays, 319
X-Ray Apparatus, 324
X-Ray Focus Tube, 326
X-Ray Photograph, 322
X-Ray Surgery, 325

Yerkes Telescope, 287
Yost Typewriter, 180

Zoetrope, 297

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Transcriber's notes

This text uses the text from the original work, including
inconsistencies in spelling, hyphenation, punctuation, etc., except as
mentioned below. The spelling of English (omniverous, millenium), non-
English words (licht, tuyeres, frappees) and names (Swammerden, Mege)
has not been corrected either, except as listed below.
Depending on the hard- and software and their settings used to read
this text, not all characters and symbols may display properly or
display at all.

Remarks on the text:
p. vii and 371: the list of contents lists Electric Concentrators, the
text deals with Magnetic Concentrators.
p. 171/172 (text of patent): one closing quote mark is missing.
p. 291, Swammerden: this refers to Jan Swammerdam (1637-1680).
p. 373, condicon: possibly error for condicion or a similar word.
p. 239, M. Mege, a French chemist: this refers to Hippolyte Mège-
Mouriès (1817-1880).
p. 408, Alte Deutscher Drehling Der Ruckladungs Gewehre: the reference
is to Alte Rückladegewehre: Alt-Deutscher Drehling.
p. 428, photograph: the chain of perforated cards is hardly visible in
the original work.
Index: the entries are not fully alphabetically sorted; this has not
been changed.
The order of subjects as given in the table of contents and in the
chapter headings is not always the order in which the text gives them;
the table of contents is sometimes slightly different from the chapter
headings; this has not been changed. The table of contents is not
complete: many subjects are not listed.
In several instances the author uses knots for distance and knots per
hour and feet for speed; this has not been changed.

Changes made:
Footnotes and illustrations have (where appropriate) been moved in
order not to interrupt the text.
Some obvious punctuation errors have been corrected silently.
If both ligature and single letters occur in the same word in the text
(with the exception of the advertisements), these have been
standardised: ae/æ to æ (anæsthetics); e/é to é (Carré, Lindé,
Niépce); oe/œ to œ (homœopathy, Phœnix).
The original work uses fractions of the form 1⁄2 as well as 15-16.
These have been standardised to x⁄y or changed to the appropriate
Unicode character.
p. v: Nitroglycerine changed to Nitro-Glycerine as elsewhere
p. vi, Chapter Photography: The Platinotype added as in the chapter
heading
p. 6: Kinetescope changed to Kinetoscope as elsewhere
p. 7: Hahneman changed to Hahnemann
p. 9: Perkin’s changed to Perkins’
p. 10: Rhumkorff changed to Ruhmkorff
p. 11: Foucalt changed to Foucault; Herman’s changed to Hermann’s
p. 15: ecomony changed to economy
p. 29: choking coils _k k_ changed to choking coils _k k′_ as in
illustration
p. 35: Gallilee changed to Galilee
p. 37: Somnenberg changed to Sonnenberg
p. 41: and other changed to and others
p. 47: corruscations changed to coruscations
p. 51: Badensburg changed to Bladensburg
p. 87: Chrstian Era changed to Christian Era
p. 88: Plante changed to Planté
p. 89: PLANTE changed to PLANTÉ (2x)
p. 92: commerical changed to commercial
p. 93: electrictiy changed to electricity; TROUVE’S changed to
TROUVÉ’S
p. 95: St. Petersburg changed to St. Petersburgh
p. 97: atached changed to attached
p. 98: whch changed to which
p. 105: colon in list of patents changed to comma (2x) as elsewhere
p. 108: Ninetenth Century changed to Nineteenth Century
p. 129: air-brake changed to air brake as elsewhere
p. 133: Pennsylvaina changed to Pennsylvania
p. 150: greater that changed to greater than
p. 153: for from changed to far from
p. 159: sterereotyping changed to stereotyping; Edinburg changed to
Edinburgh as elsewhere
p. 160: the the wire cloth changed to the wire cloth
p. 182: vearly changed to yearly
p. 188: Manufacturning changed to Manufacturing
p. 235: ilustrative changed to illustrative
p. 237: half a millions changed to half a million
p. 240: carry- a fractional per cent. changed to carrying a fractional
per cent.
p. 247: irresitable changed to irresistible
p. 248: acetanalide changed to acetanilide; OPHTHALMOMETER changed to
OPTHALMOMETER as elsewhere
p. 250: rationallen Heilkunde changed to rationellen Heilkunde
p. 253: bactilli changed to bacilli
p. 260: vélocipéde changed to vélocipède; celérifère changed to
célérifère
p. 261: vélocipéde changed to vélocipède
p. 265: Metiers changed to Métiers
p. 285: Middeburg, Middleburg changed to Middelburg
p. 301: Niepce's changed to Niépce's
p. 309: advertisment changed to advertisement
p. 324: currrent changed to current
p. 389: fire-arms changed to firearms as elsewhere
p. 395: must must changed to must
p. 401: Moncrief changed to Moncrieff
p. 412: Livermore-Russel changed to Livermore-Russell; Russel changed
to Russell
p. 416: pulvurulent changed to pulverulent
p. 425: effciency changed to efficiency
p. 462: latrobe stoves changed to Latrobe stoves
p. 469: Acetanalide changed to Acetanilide
p. 470: Cemementation changed to Cementation.