Chapter I: Front Matter

Transcriber’s notes:

This plain text e-book contains tables, equations and chemical formulae, some of which cannot be rendered very realistically in plain text format – the html version is stongly recommended, viewed with a standard web browser.

Italic script is denoted by _underscores_ and bold by *asterisks*. Subscripted text is enclosed within {} and preceded by an underscore, e.g. Ca(OH)_{2}. Superscripted text is likewise enclosed but preceded by ^, e.g. 10^{-5·2}.

The text of the book has mostly been preserved in its original form, including inconsistent italics, capitalisation, and hyphenation. However, some defects have been corrected silently, such as missing/inconsistent punctuation, parentheses and spacing, and an erroneous ÷ has been replaced by − in a fraction in footnote 69. Tables have been formatted to match the originasl, but a large table that was originally split over four pages (pp. 98–101), has been condensed into two sections. Footnotes have been numbered and positioned below the relevant paragraphs, and some illustrations have been moved closer to the relevant text.

The following typographic corrections have been made:

mutiplied → multiplied
Kothbeize → Kothbeizen
of → on
phenolphtalein → phenolphthalein
hydroxylion → hydroxyl ion
Ca(OH_{2}) → Ca(OH)_{2}
pepsine → pepsin
bibliographic xref (9) → (19)

The following inconsistent spellings have not been altered:

Frankfort a/M – Frankfort o/M
Zenckeri – zenkeri
Casenin – Caseuin
Kentniss – Kenntnis – Kenntniss
resistant – resistent
c.c. – c.cm.
ureaæ – ureæ
ae – æ

THE
PUERING, BATING & DRENCHING
OF SKINS

_Scientia et potentia humana in idem coincidunt, quia ignoratio
causæ destituit effectum. Natura enim non nisi parendo vincitur: et
quod in contemplatione instar causæ est, id in operatione instar
regulæ est._

Knowledge and human power are synonymous, since the ignorance of
the cause frustrates the effect; for nature is only subdued by
submission, and that, which in contemplative philosophy corresponds
with the cause, in practical science becomes the rule.--BACON,
_Aphorism III_.

THE
PUERING, BATING & DRENCHING
OF SKINS

BY

JOSEPH TURNEY WOOD

DIRECTOR OF TURNEY BROTHERS, LIMITED, NOTTINGHAM;
EXAMINER IN LEATHER TANNING, DRESSING OF SKINS, AND LEATHER DYEING
TO THE CITY AND GUILDS OF LONDON INSTITUTE;
MEMBER OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF LEATHER
TRADES CHEMISTS, ETC.

33 ILLUSTRATIONS

London
E. & F. N. SPON, Ltd., 57 HAYMARKET

New York
SPON & CHAMBERLAIN, 123 LIBERTY STREET

1912

DEDICATED
TO
SIR JOHN TURNEY

THE VETERAN
OF THE
LIGHT LEATHER INDUSTRY
IN
GRATEFUL ACKNOWLEDGMENT

CONTENTS

PAGE

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ix

PREFACE xi

I. DESCRIPTION OF THE PUERING AND BATING PROCESS 1

II. THE CHEMISTRY OF BATING 23

III. THE PHYSICS OF BATING 55

IV. THE BACTERIOLOGY OF THE BATE 87

V. ACTION OF ENZYMES 127

VI. ORIGINAL PAPERS ON BATING 147

VII. ARTIFICIAL BATES 178

VIII. PATENTS 193

IX. DRENCHING 233

X. ORIGINAL PAPERS ON DRENCHING 246

XI. BIBLIOGRAPHY 282