Chapter XV: Conclusion

The foregoing are but a few portions of the accounts published in Consul Casement's Report given by the Barbados men whose statements were taken. They have been here selected to show that the worst stories of almost incredible barbarity were more than confirmed. No apology is needed for setting them forth in this book. It is in the interests of truth and justice that one half of the world should know how another, remoter half lives. The history of the affair throws a light on the curious character of people of various nationalities connected with it. The Latin Americans, even those who committed the most appalling deeds, are such people as would under ordinary circumstances receive the traveller with high-sounding phrases of hospitality. Away from the restraining power of civilisation and public opinion, it is seen that men of certain character easily revert to primitive instincts of cruelty and oppression, and hold human life the cheapest thing on earth. The terrible indictment that has been made of Peruvian methods away from the influence of their cities shows how far from the principle of self-government the people of Latin America still are. It is to be recollected, moreover, that these poor forest Indians differ very little from the people who have formed the basis of Peruvian and Latin American nationality generally: whilst the Indians and Cholos of the uplands, who are still subjected to oppression and civic negligence, are those from whom Peru and others of the Andine republics draw, and always will draw, unless a strong tide of immigration sets in, the bulk of their citizens. The governing Peruvians and Bolivians of to-day are formed from that race. They bear its stamp upon their faces and cuticle. This brown race, which has, in Mexico and Peru, produced statesmen and law-givers, is nothing to be ashamed of, yet the _mestizos_, or people of mixed race, forming the bulk of the Latin American nations, are harsher in their conduct towards the Indian than are white men. Comparatively few women from Spain have entered the New World. The Indians have formed the mothers of the Peruvians and their neighbours, from Presidents and Cabinet Ministers downwards. These poor women, who have been outraged, starved, murdered, or burnt alive, are of their own flesh. What reparation will Peru make to expiate these terrible outrages against man and Nature? How will it compensate the relatives of the murdered, or the scarred and ruined survivors? Furthermore, what reparation will the European shareholders of the now liquidated company make?

The pressing necessity for Peru--as for every other land and nation--is to awaken to the necessity for a new doctrine and science regarding the disposal of the resources of the earth and the enjoyments of its fruits by those who have their being upon it. Until this is done, commercialism and oppression will continue to go hand in hand.

EDITOR.

INDEX

ABISINIA, rubber station, 245

Aborigines, _see_ Indians

Aborigines Protection Society, 31-2

Absentee capitalism, evils of, 49

Abuses, first mention of, 21-2, 24

Acosta, Eugenio, agent of the Peruvian Amazon Company, 307

Acosta, General, 146

Agent, confession of an, 233-6

Agents of the Peruvian Amazon Company, _see_ Acosta, Agüero,
Alcorta, Calderon, Delgado, Esmeralda, Fonseca, Jiménez,
Loayza, Lúrquin, Macedo, Martinengui, Montt, Muñz, Negrete,
Norman, Normand, O'Donnell, Rengifo, Rodríguez, Torres, Velarde, Zumaeta

Aguarunas, native tribe, 16

Agüero, agent of Peruvian Amazon Company, 217;
crimes of, 237-8, 241, 244, 255, 257

Alarco, Abel, 200, 210

Albarracin, Lieutenant, 190

Alcorta, agent of the Peruvian Amazon Company, 232

Alligators, 112-3, 115;
escape from, 122

_Amapá_, Brazilian war launch, 225;
forests of, 17

Amazon, the, 12-13;
discovery and history of, 13-14;
difficulties of governing, 35;
value of, 37;
forests of, 74

"Amazons," origin of legend, 14

America, North, _see_ United States

America, South, 13

American Consul at Iquitos, 45

Americans, oppressive treatment of Indians by, 49

Andes, 17
extinction of native labour in, 26-7

Andoques, native tribe, 194

Anti-Slavery Society, _see_ Aborigines Protection Society

Apostolic Prefect, Report of the, 297

Atrocities, Hardenburg's first account of, 28;
publication of, in London, 29;
denial of, by Peruvian Government and the Peruvian Amazon Company, 29

Arana, J. C., charges against, 32, 180;
rise of, 199, 200;
visits London, 201;
founds London syndicate, 201, 210, 211, 217-19

Arana Bros., import negroes, 40, 200;
charges against, 215, 271-2

Arana, Lizardo, 200

Argelia, 167; trouble at, 170-1

Arrests, attempted, 333

Arrows, poisoned, 36, 59

Authorities, guilt of, 26

Aztecs, 20

BARBADOS men, employed by Peruvian Amazon Company, 33;
crimes committed by, 39;
protests of, 40;
themselves tortured, 40, 45, 208;
charges against, 266-7, 270-8, 280, 312, 315

Bearers, starvation of, 304-5

Becerra, Don Rogero, 129

Benavides, Captain, brutal treatment of writer by, 173

Beni River, 23

Birth customs, 154

Bishop, interpreter, 312

Blackmail, alleged, 32

Blow-pipe, 36, 59, 157

Blue Book, 264

Boa constrictor, 101

_Board of Trade Journal_, 47

Bodoqueda, _see_ Blow-pipe

Bolivia, 18

Bonduel, M. Henri, Director of the Peruvian Amazon Company, 210

Boras, native tribe, 194;
at Abisinia, 245, 318

Braga, J. B., witness, 237-40;
escapes, 240

Bramall, W., Secretary Peruvian Amazon Company, 210

Brazil, 13, 39

Bribery, 19

British Consul at Iquitos, 41, 45;
at Manaos, 40, 45

British hypocrisy, 30-31

British subjects in the Putumayo, 33

Burial, 155

Burning alive, 29, 205, 214, 234, 252-3, 260, 300, 323, 327, 329

Buzzards, 128

CABRERA, José, forced to sell by Arana, 200

Calderon, Colombian rubber collector, 312

Calderon Bros., 200

Campas, native tribe, 298

Campucana, River, 65

Candirú, extraordinary and dangerous fish, 121

Cannibals, tales of, 73

Canoes, 76-7;
author's canoe stranded, 111-25

Capivara, 105

Caporo, Genaro, witness, 256, 330

Casement Reports, the, 20, 32-3, 40, 264-87;
further Report, 287-332;
last Report, 332-8

Casement, Sir Roger, 33, 46, 264;
nature of testimony, 265-6

Castaños, woman stolen from, 226-7, 236

Castration, 205

Castro, Carlos Rey de, Peruvian Consul-General for Brazil, 289

Catfish, 115, 121

Cauca Railway, 55

Cazes, David, British Consul at Iquitos, 41

Chase, witness, 317-21

Chicha, native beer, 66

Children, murder of, 223, 252-3, 319, 328, 331

Chunchos, native tribe, 24

Cionis, native tribe, 78;
habits, 80, 86, 99-100, 103

Coca, 160-1

Collantes, Daniel, 263

Colombia, 13, 17

Colombians, 39;
oppressed and massacred by Peruvians, 144-5, 220-5;
flogged, 227;
murdered, 261;
discover the Putumayo, 293-4

Commercialism, policy of, 12-13

Commission, the Consular, 33, 40

Commission of the Peruvian Company, 266

Commission of the Anti-Slavery Society, 33

Commission of the Peruvian Government, 41

Community houses, 16, 56-7, 80, 156

Concubinage, 180-1, 206-7, 245

Congo, the, 12, 32, 185

_Cosmopolita_, launch, 193-4

Cremation, 259

Crichlow, carpenter, 281;
put in his own stocks, 282

Crimes, variety of, _see_ Torture, Murder, Flogging, Burning alive, &c.

Criminal proceedings, 41

Criminals, names of, 233, 262, 267

Cruelty, a Spanish and Portuguese trait, 37

Cuellar, P., 190

Curare, 59;
its effect, 60

DANCES, 161-2

Dancurt, executioner, 44, 248-9

Davis, A., witness, 321-3

Delgado, agent of the Peruvian Amazon Company, 248, 282

Denial, an Oriental trait of Spanish Americans, 29

Development, checked by slaughter of Indians, 27

"Devil's Paradise," the, 28-9, 164-214

Diversion, murder and torture as a, 29

Dogfish, so-called, 105

Dogs fed on human flesh, 29, 226, 301, 330-1

Drink traffic, 55

Drunkenness, 246

Duarte, 143-5

Dyall, 283

EARS cut off, 323

Economy of humanity not understood, 27

Ecuador, 13, 17

_El Comercio_, journal, 23-7

El Dorado rubber station, piracy at, 177

El Encanto rubber station, 15, 168, 177;
writer imprisoned at, 178;
treatment of Indians at, 179-80, 203, 255

_El Oriente_, journal, 41

"Englishmen," so-called, _see_ Barbados negroes

English Rubber Company, blamed, 41

Enock, C. Reginald, work and protests of, 20-2;
accuses the Peruvians of slave traffic, 24-5, 33, 49-50, 339

Esmeralda, criminal, 230-2

España, Roso, victim and witness, 221-5, 331

FAUNA of the Amazon, 91, 93

Fever, 131

Fire, child tortured by, 226;
Indians burned with kerosene and loosed, 239

Flogging, 29, 180, 204, 217, 227, 229-30, 238, 296, 299, 305;
tapir-hide whip used, 306;
with machete, 306, 325, 331

Fonseca, agent of the Peruvian Amazon Company, 214;
crimes of, 228-33, 260-1, 322-3

Forced labour, early, 37

Foreign Office, 32;
suppresses Casement Report, 34;
publishes it, 34, 46

Forests, 17, 18

Fox, W., 303

Fritz, Padre, 51

GARCILASO DE LA VEGA, 11

Ghiorzo, Lieut., 190, 193

Gold, 54

Gonzalez, Señor, 93, 95-100

Grey, Sir Edward, 32-3, 264

Gubbins, J. R., Director of the Peruvian Amazon Company, 210

Gulpi, 108

Guevara, B., 190, 195, 231-2

Guineo River, 76

Guineo village, 77-8

Gutierrez, Pilar, victim, 175

HARDENBURG, W.E., travels of, 28;
suffering at hands of agents of the Peruvian Amazon Company, 28;
publication of his narrative refused, 31, 44;
his narrative, 154-263;
taken prisoner, 173-4;
"bluffs" his captives, 178-9;
"bluff" discovered, 195;
investigation of crimes, 215;
letters to, 240-63

Henson, Canon, indicts the Peruvian Amazon Company, 50

Huitoto Indians, character and weapons of, 16, 20, 32, 144-5, (149-63);
language of, 150-2;
habits, 152-3;
character, 153-4;
birth customs, 154;
burial customs, 155;
houses, 155-6;
dress, 159-60;
religion, 162-3;
gradual extermination of, 207 to end

Humanity, economy of, 47

IBERIAN character, 17, 339-40

Igaraparaná River, 15, 192

"Imperial Commonwealth, An," 33

Inca language, 56

Incas, laws of, 11, 18, 19;
modern, 56-60

Indians, of the Putumayo basin, decrease of, 16;
forest tribe, 17-19, 22, 36;
of Santiago, 56-60;
of Mocoa, 70;
the Cionis, 78-86;
trading with, 92;
extermination of, 196;
punishment and torture of, 204-5, 218-19;
character of Amazonian tribes, 273;
skill of, 285;
tribes of, 286;
numbers, 289;
experienced elderly individuals murdered by
rubber-gatherers, and weapons destroyed, 311-12;
amazing fidelity and fortitude of, 314-15

Iquitos, 15, 18;
output of rubber firm, 47;
arrival at, 195

_Iquitos_, Peruvian gunboat, 172; fires on Hardenburg's party, 172-3, 244

JAGUARS, 113-4

Jesuits, missions destroyed, 14, 51

Jiménez, A., agent of the Peruvian Amazon Company,
238, 241-2, 246, 260, 326-8

_Jornal do Comercio_ Manaos, 212;
translation from, 220-5

Judiciary, Peruvian, independence of, 34;
corruption of, 333

KATERENE, native chief, 312

Kaye, Sir J. Lister, Director of the Peruvian Amazon Company, 210

King, Guy T., American Consul at Iquitos, 195

LA CHORRERA, rubber station, 193, 203;
atrocities at, 225-6, 244, 248, 257-8

_La Felpa_, journal, Iquitos, translations from, 215-20, 233-6

_La Sanción_, journal, Iquitos, translations from, 214, 225-32

La Sofia, rubber station, 94

La Union, rubber station, 15;
massacre at, 174-5, 192

Labour, cheap native, 48

Law, not for Indians, 26

Leavine, witness, 330-2

_Liberal_, Peruvian Amazon Company's launch,
168, 172, 175, 186, 193, 224, 244

Lima, 18, 34

Lima Geographical Society, 35

Loayza, agent of the Peruvian Amazon Company, 148, 165, 168-9, 176, 178;
crimes of, 181;
amusements, 187, 203;
crimes, 231, 255-6

Lopez, Celestino, agent and witness, 250

Lopez, Jesus, 131-5

Lores, Benito, commanding the _Iquitos_, 173

Lúrquin, César, procuration by, 191

MACEDO, Victor, agent of the Peruvian Amazon Company, 203, 214, 228-9, 257-9

Madera River, 23

Madre de Dios, 23

Maggots in wounds of victims, 28, 230, 234-5, 299, 305

Magistrates, callous, 316

Manatee, 119

_Manguare_, native telegraph, 16

Mapp, James, witness, 307

Marañon, 19, 20, 25

Marble, 64

Martinengui, Elias, agent of the Peruvian Amazon Company, 257-8

Martinez, Gabriele, 125;
kidnapped, 133, 135-6, 149, 165, 169, 179, 186, 189, 195

Matanzas, 234, 250-3

Materón, Don Octavio, 71, 87-97

Maw, Lieut., 293

Mines, forced labour in, 37

Minister of Justice, Peru, 296

Missions, 33; need of, 50, 52, 293, 296-7, 338

Mocoa, 67-9, 70

Mongolian type of Indian, 20, 291

Monkeys, 123, 137-8

Montaña, the, 27, 35-6

Montt, agent of the Peruvian Amazon Company, 309

Mosquitoes, 136, 192, 194

Muñz, A., agent of the Peruvian Amazon Company, 230-1

Murderers, _see_ Agents of the Peruvian Amazon Company

Murders, 206-7, 216, 233-4, 237, 251-2, 258, 260, &c.

Muriedas, J. F., witness, 228

NAHUMEDES, native tribe, 14

Napo River, 15

Negrete, Adan, agent of the Peruvian Amazon Company, 302-3

Negroes, selected for savagery, 39-40

Norman, agent of the Peruvian Amazon Company, 217, 222;
crimes of, 225-6, 234

Normand, A., agent of the Peruvian Amazon Company, 275, 279, 300-2, 330-2;
_see also_ Norman

O'DONNELL, agent of the Peruvian Amazon Company, 233, 243, 304, 312

Ordoñez, Señor, 141, 143;
victimised by Peruvian Amazon Company, 202

Ordoñez y Martinez Rubber Company, 132;
persecuted by Arana Bros., 201

Orellana, 14

Orjuela, Don Jesus, 149, 164-5, 170-1;
taken prisoner, 171;
treatment of, 176-7, 179, 189, 195

PAN-AMERICAN Union, the, 50

Panama, Barbados men at, 40

Paredes, Judge, 41;
attempts to blame English, 41-2

Pardo, Don Ramiro, 167, 170-1

Paris, feeling against Peru in, 43

Peccaries, 120-1

Pedro, 70, 71

Perkins, 28, 44, 55, 64, 71, 95, 97, 103, 104;
lost, 123, 129, 130, 131, 149, 164, 166, 175, 179;
remains at El Encanto, 187;
arrives minus baggage, 195

Peru, under the Incas, 11;
under capitalism, 12

Peruvian Amazon Company, indictment of, 50, 132;
attacks Colombian estates, 132;
piracy of, 133, 144;
outrage by, 148;
treatment of Indians by agents of, 161-3;
capture of Hardenburg's party by troops acting under, 173, 179-80;
system of, 181-4;
charges against, 134-5;
atrocious crimes of agents of, 198-9;
origin of the company, 199;
founded by Arana, 201;
murder and piracy carried on by, 202;
labour system of, 204;
"punishments," 204;
atrocities committed by agents of, 196 to end;
slave traffic carried on by, 209;
directors of, 210;
charges against, 215, 222-3.

Peruvian Consul, denies atrocities, 29

Peruvian Corporation, the, 43

Peruvian Government, compensates author, 28;
hypocrisy or ignorance of, 30;
exposed, 44;
protests against the British attitude, 53;
fails to arrest criminals, 265

Peruvian officials, Hardenburg's indictment of, 38-3

Pizarro, 14

Plantation rubber, the only remedy, 47

Plata Cecilia, victim, 200

Plaza de Oro, 93

Police of the Caraparaná, 125, 133-4

Political exiles, 109

Pongo de Manseriche, 19, 20

Porpoises, fresh-water, 105

Portuguese, cruelty of, 51

Port Maldonado, 23

Portocarrera, A., witness, 230

Prat, Frei, 298

Press, timidity of, 31

Prieto, Señor Gustavo, 165

Putumayo River, 17;
sources of, 54, 63;
warning to intending labourers on, 216;
Indians of the, 216;
Sir Roger Casement on, 288

Putumayo Rubber Company, 12

QUEBRADA, San Miguel, 102

Quichua language, 56

Quinine, 93-4

RAPE, 28

Read, H. M., Director of the Peruvian Amazon Company, 210

Remolino, 141-2

Rengifo, Miguel, agent of the Peruvian Amazon Company, 261

Reyes, President, 68, 93-4

Robuchon, French explorer, disappears, 218-19, 289

Rocca, action by, 228

Rodriguez, A., agent of the Peruvian Amazon Company, 242-3;
wholesale murders by, 254-5, 262, 276, 310

Rodriguez Bros., agents of the Peruvian Amazon Company, 217, 223

Rodriguez, Dr., 248

Roman Church in Peru, 52

Rosas, J., witness, 243

Rubber, cost of, in human lives, 46-7;
output of, 47;
varieties of, and method of gathering, 94-5, 294-5

Rubber companies, fraudulent, 48

SANCHEZ, DON ALFONSO, 146-7

Sanchez, Ramon, rubber agent, 274-5, 279

San Antonio, 55

San Francisco, 55, 62-3

Santa Julia, 153, 260

Santiago, 55; Indians of, 56-60

Savagery, tales of Indian, 36

Sealey, Stanley, witness, 324

"Secret of the Pacific, The," 20

Serrano, Señor, 166-8;
atrocious treatment by the Peruvians, 148-9, 164-6, 201

Shareholders, ignorance of, 48

Sibundoy, 55;
Indians of, 61

Skulls, at Matanzas, 253

Slave raids, 14

Slave trade, in Peru, 21, 51, 209, 297

Smallpox sufferers killed, 241, 243

Spears, 158

Soplín, Carlos, witness, 232

Sorcery, belief in, 71

Sousa, Deiro, Baron de, Director of Peruvian Amazon Company, 210, 241

State Socialism of Incas, 11

Starvation, 304-5, 310

Stench of murdered Indians, 234, 252, 332

Stocks, Indians starved in, 241, 279, 280-1;
flogged in, 308

Suárez, executioner, 230

Sugar, phenomenal growth of, 36

_Sunday Times_, statements in, denied, 211-12

TAMBOPATA, 23

Tapirs, 114, 117-18

Target, Indians as living, 38, 206

Telegraphy, native, 16, 158-9

Texeira, explorer, 14

Tizon, Señor, 303, 307

Torres, Colombian prisoner, 226

Torres, agent of the Peruvian Amazon Company, 323

Torture, as a diversion, 38;
varieties of, in use, 184-5, 204-7, 213 to end.
_See_ Burning, Flogging, Stocks, Target, Water, &c.

Toucan, 123-4

_Truth_, 30-31, 44, 185, 204, 330-31

Turkey, 127

Turtles, 115-16, 119;
eggs, 124, 127

_Tunday_, _see_ Telegraph

Tyranny, a matter of opportunity, 39

UNITED STATES, 28, 42-3;
action of, tardily follows British, 46;
apathy of Consul and Government, 195

Urdaneta, General, 67

VAMPIRES, 98-9

Vasquez, A., agent of the Peruvian Amazon Company, 262-3, 317-21

Vasquez, Julian, witness, 243, 317-8

Vegetation, 93

Velarde, agent of the Peruvian Amazon Company, 223-4, 309

Venezuela, 13

Victims, names of some, 221

_Virginia_, Brazilian launch, 225

WATER, torture by, 205, 307

Whiffen, Captain, 324, 330

Witchcraft, belief in, 71

Women, trade in, 21;
treatment of, 180-81, 184-5, 198,
206, 218, 220, 226-7, 229, 230-35,
242, 247-8, 253, 261-2, 283-4, 306, 311, 313-14, 316

ZAPATA, Prefect, 197

Zubiaur, Carlos, 187, 192

Zumaeta, Bartolomé, agent of the Peruvian
Amazon Company, 200, 211, 226-7, 246

Zumaeta, Pablo, managing director of
the Peruvian Amazon Company released, 332-3

The Gresham Press,

UNWIN BROTHERS, LIMITED

WOKING AND LONDON.

* * * * *

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Garcilaso was born in 1540.

[2] Pronounced _Put-oo-my-o_.

[3] See "Peru" by the present writer, London, 1909.

[4] The present writer travelled extensively in this region, which he described in an address to the Royal Geographical Society, and in his book, "The Andes and the Amazon." London, 1907: T. Fisher Unwin (4th edition).

[5] Foreign Office Reports, Miscellaneous, No. 8, 1912.

[6] "The Secret of the Pacific." London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1912.

[7] Documentos oficiales del Departmento de Loreto, Lima, 1905, of which extracts were published in "The Andes and the Amazon."

[8] Jorge von Hassel.

[9] Name given to the Indians.

[10] Slave raids.

[11] See Consul Casement's Reports.

[12] These abuses of the Upland Indians are constantly being carried out. Whilst this book was in press accounts were received of systematic ill-treatment, murder, and slavery of the natives in the Montaña of Cuzco and elsewhere, published in _El Comercio_ of Lima under date of June and July, 1912. These districts are by no means remote from centres of government.

[13] The ignorance or hypocrisy of the Peruvian Legation in this connection was fully brought forward in _Truth_.

[14] The general public are insufficiently aware of the extensive and valuable work carried on by this society (Denison House, London), in the protection of native races against slavery all over the world, nor of the public support it merits.

[15] The most serious charge was one brought by the Peruvian director of the Company, Julio Cesar Arana, against an English army officer who had travelled on the Putumayo and witnessed the atrocities committed upon the Indians. According to this charge, which was supported by a document, recorded in a minute upon the Company's books and issued in a printed circular to the shareholders in December, 1909, this officer called upon Arana in London, entertained him at the United Service Club and Café Royal, and offered to suppress a Report he had made for the British Foreign Office upon the subject, which was, he stated, of a nature such as would ruin the Company, if Arana and the other directors would pay him £1,000 to cover his expenses on the Putumayo. The directors refused and the officer sent in the Report. The travels of this officer are mentioned in Mr. Casement's Report. The matter is mentioned here in the interests of common fairness.

[16] The present writer had been asked by the Company's directors in October, 1909, to head this commission, and was prepared to go, but no action was taken: and again in May, 1910, but being engaged on the publication of his book, "An Imperial Commonwealth," at that time, regretted he was unable to do so.

[17] In this connection it is to be recollected that the English directors of the company disclaimed previous knowledge of the subject, as they were deceived by their Peruvian colleagues.

[18] The present writer has, in his books, endeavoured to show forth the possibilities of Peru, and the good points of its people, towards whom as a nation he retains feelings of friendship. But no service is performed by attempting to conceal the serious defects of character displayed in Peruvian individuals and governance.

[19] See Consul Casement's Report.

[20] The present writer has, in South America, been hailed as a "fellow-countryman," by chance Barbadoes men, with that singular cordiality which is one of their characteristics. "How do you do, sir! I'm an Englishman too," they will say, with outstretched hand.

[21] American _Review of Reviews_, September, 1912.

[22] The two American travellers were left without resources in Iquitos, and came to London under considerable difficulties. Hardenburg was accused by the company of attempted blackmail, in the laying of his evidence before the editor of _Truth_ and the Anti-Slavery Society. By a fortunate coincidence there arrived at that moment a letter, announcing that the Peruvian Government, due to representation made by the United States, had agreed to pay over to the two travellers an indemnity of £500. The Peruvian Legation at the same time was publishing letters in the London Press actually denying that such occurrences had taken place.

[23] See _Board of Trade Journal_, September, 1912.

[24] The present writer has proposed at various times, in letters to the Press and to the Chambers of Commerce, the establishment of a strong Latin American Bureau in London, for the purpose of fostering trade with those lands, of bringing forward their geographical possibilities and natural resources, and of insisting upon attention being paid to the condition of Latin American labour. In the United States a strong organisation exists in the Pan-American Union at Washington for dealing with the first two items here proposed, and due to its exertions the United States are securing a much larger share of Latin American trade than formerly.

[25] Mistress.

[26] After the ancient Incas of Peru.--EDITOR.

[27] Food for the journey.

[28] Porters.

[29] Packages.

[30] Ravine.

[31] Hut.

[32] Shambles.

[33] Slippery Stone.

[34] Native maize beer.

[35] Tropical lands.

[36] Bixa orellana.

[37] A skin disease.

[38] Blow-pipe.

[39] Native alcohol or rum.

[40] Cedrela odorata.

[41] Swietenia mahogani.

[42] Nectandra.

[43] Callophilum brasiliense.

[44] Hura.

[45] Acrodiclidium itauba.

[46] Atrocarium.

[47] Abrus precatorius.

[48] Bactris ciliata.

[49] Iriartea deltoida.

[50] Iriartea ventricosa.

[51] Phitelephas macrocarpa.

[52] Crescentia cuyete.

[53] Carica papaya.

[54] Citrus limonum.

[55] Lucuma caimita.

[56] Anacardium occidentale.

[57] Guilielma speciosa.

[58] Artocarpus incisa.

[59] Tapirus americanus.

[60] Dicotyles labiatus.

[61] Hydrochoerus capibara.

[62] Cervus.

[63] Bradypus.

[64] Dasypus.

[65] Cecropia peltata.

[66] Yacquinia armillaris.

[67] Musa paradisiaca.

[68] Zea maiz.

[69] Manihot utilissima.

[70] Manihot aypi.

[71] Cerveza peruviana.

[72] Vine or creeper.

[73] Genipa oblongifolia.

[74] Boatmen.

[75] _Chimbada._

[76] Rhea Americana.

[77] The Golden Beach.

[78] Gynerium segitatum.

[79] Phoeæna brasiliensis.

[80] Hydrochoerus capibara.

[81] Felis onca.

[82] Felis onca nigra.

[83] Felis concolor.

[84] Felis pardalis.

[85] Felis tigrina.

[86] framework of unseasoned wood built over an open fire to suspend meat, &c., from.

[87] The travellers seem to have encountered a numerous _fauna_.--EDITOR.

[88] Ramphastas discolorus.

[89] Portage.--EDITOR.

[90] American slang term for a drinking bout.--EDITOR.

[91] Simia mycetes.

[92] This concern was, before October 1, 1907, a Peruvian Company, the J. C. Arana and Hermanos Company.

[93] One sol (S.) is equivalent to about two shillings.

[94] The full name appears in the manuscript.

[95] This, of course, was all a gigantic deception, but I firmly believe that it saved our lives, for at the time it was rumoured that a big American syndicate was going to begin operations on the Upper Putumayo.

[96] The scars on their backs from floggings, called so after Julio C. Arana, the organiser and chief stock-holder of the Peruvian Amazon Company.

[97] Many of these have recently been published in _Truth_.--AUTHOR.

[98] Executioners, torturers.

[99] It is to be noted that, although a year and a half has elapsed since these outrages were committed, the American Government, in accordance with its immemorial custom and in spite of our appeals, has so far done absolutely nothing on our behalf.--AUTHOR. [Later on the two travellers received £500.--EDITOR.]

[100] The bandit Burga.

[101] The celebrated Zapata.

[102] This account cannot be printed.--EDITOR.

[103] The first settlers in the Igaraparaná.

[104] These three monsters are jointly responsible with Julio César Arana for the hellish crimes of the Putumayo to be described later. Alarco is now managing director of this syndicate of crime, and at present is busily engaged in swindling the public.--AUTHOR.

[105] It was in this epoch that Cecilio Plata and his employees were murdered on the banks of the Caquetá for having dared to enter into relations with the Indians of that region, who were afterwards enslaved by the criminal syndicate.--AUTHOR.

[106] About this time Matías Pérez on the River Napo was forcibly ejected from his estate, which, with all its appurtenances, passed into the possession of the company.

[107] A _hint_ regarding these methods is given subsequently.

[108] It is difficult to think that the European directors of the company were really cognisant of the crimes. As to the charge of culpability of negligence, and of their liability to shareholders under company law, these matters are being investigated, both before the Courts and by a special Commission in the House of Commons.--EDITOR.

[109] _Sábado de gloria_, literally _Saturday of Glory_, is the day following Good Friday.

[110] From _La Sanción_ of Iquitos, Peru.

[111] One _arroba_ is equivalent to 15 kilos or just over 30 lbs.

[112] _Fabrico_, a period of a little over three months.

[113] One centavo is equal to one farthing in English money.

[114] Robuchon was a French explorer, commissioned in 1904 by the Peruvian Government to make explorations, maps sketches, &c., and take photographs of the region of the Putumayo. He spent about two years there, traversing nearly the whole of the district occupied by the "civilising company," when in 1906 he suddenly disappeared in the vicinity of a point called El Retiro. As he is known to have taken several photographs of the horrible crimes committed there, it is thought by many that he was victimised by the employees of Arana. Considering the character of these miserable criminals and certain other peculiar circumstances that are said to have taken place, it would not be strange if such were really the case.--AUTHOR.

[115] _Personal_, a gang of men.

[116] _Cauchero_, rubber-collector.

[117] An error of España's. _Aristides_, not _Juan_ Rodriguez.

[118] We shall see later how the Iquitos authorities proceeded in this matter.--AUTHOR.

[119] _Tambo_, small, empty hut of thatch.

[120] Both of these copper-complexioned monsters were formerly barefooted _peons_ of Chachapoyas, Peru. Going to the Putumayo, they began their career of butchery, and by dint of continual crime have succeeded in amassing a small fortune. Arístides has since retired and now lives in Iquitos, a proud member of the _aristocracia_ of that place, but Aurelio still continues his sanguinary labours in Santa Catalina.--AUTHOR.

[121] The chiefs of section call their criminal assistants _secretaries_.--AUTHOR.

[122] It is impossible to print the whole of this description.--EDITOR.

[123] Although full accounts appeared in _Truth_ in 1909, it was not until long afterwards, when the accounts had been confirmed, that the London daily Press took the matter up.

[124] Mr. Casement received the honour of knighthood after his return.

[125] This has been commented upon in the Introduction.--EDITOR.

[126] Equal to about 105 lbs.--EDITOR.

[127] See p. 32.

[128] In outlying places in Peru and other Latin American countries it is extremely difficult to obtain the conviction of or even to sustain a process against wealthy or influential persons, as in small localities the "justices" are completely overawed or influenced by them. There is, moreover, a strong element of police-court methods in Latin America such as has been rendered familiar by occurrences in New York.--EDITOR.

[129] Some further arrests have been made since.--EDITOR.

* * * * *

Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:

Peruvian Governmant=> Peruvian Government {pg 41}

Materon=> Materón {pg 105}

Folis pardalis=> Felis pardalis {pg 114 n.}

Loyaza=> Loayza {pg 165 & 166}

Rubber from Matanza=> Rubber from Matanzas {pg 267}

Jiminéz=> Jiménez {pg 324 & 326}

Ghiorgo, Lieut., 190, 193=> Ghiorzo, Lieut., 190, 193 {pg 343}