Chapter XXV: Appendix: TABLE No. 1

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COMPILED FROM THE SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION.

Mileage in the United States June 30, 1891 168,402.74
Number of men employed 784,285
Number of employes per 100 miles 486
Number of locomotives per 100 miles 19
Number of passenger cars per 100 miles 17
Number of cars per 100 miles 721
Capital $9,829,475,015
Capital per mile 60,942
Gross earnings 1,096,761,395
Gross earnings per mile 6,801
Operating expenses 731,887,893
Operating expenses per mile 4,538
Net income from operation 364,873,502
Net income per mile 2,263
Of gross income 67.17 per cent. was earned on freight.
Of gross income 25.64 per cent. was earned on passengers.
Received for carrying mails $ 24,870,015
Received rentals from express companies 21,594,349
Received from investments 133,911,126
No. of passengers carried 531,183,988
No. of tons freight carried 675,608,323
Average journey per passenger 24.18 miles
Average haul per ton of freight 120 miles
Average number passengers per train 42
Average number tons freight per train 181.67
Average revenue per passenger per mile 2.142 cents
Average revenue per ton per mile of freight .895 cents
Average revenue per train mile, passenger $1.06
Average revenue per train mile, freight 1.64

TABLE No. 2.

STATISTICS OF THE RAILWAYS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM FOR THE YEAR ENDING DEC. 31, 1891.

From the English Reform Almanac for 1893 and from the Report of Commissioners R. Giffen and Courtenay Boyle to the Board of Trade.

Mileage 20,191 miles
Double, triple or quadruple 10,853 miles
Capital per mile £45,536
Gross income per mile 3,873
Net income per mile 1,818
Income from passenger traffic 35,130,916
Income from goods traffic 43,230,717
Income from miscellaneous 3,498,974
------------
Income, total £81,860,607
Operating expenses, 55 per cent £45,144,778
Rates and taxes 2,246,430
Government duty 321,260
Paid for persons injured 165,219
Paid for damage and loss of goods 257,804
Number of first-class passengers 30,423,776
Number of second-class passengers 63,378,397
Number of third-class passengers 751,661,495
Number of third-class passengers over 88 per cent. of all.
Number of employes 346,426
Number of employes per 100 miles 1,750
Number of locomotives per 100 miles 80
Number of passenger cars per 100 miles 249
Number of freight and other cars 2,595
Revenue per train mile 58.37d
Expense per train mile 30.54d
Per cent. of earnings on capital 4.21

TABLE No. 3.

SHOWING SALARIES AND WAGES PAID TO OFFICIALS AND EMPLOYES OF STATE RAILWAYS IN EUROPE.

Compiled from Röll's Encyclopädie des Eisenbahnwesens.

=======================================================================
POSITION. | AUSTRIA. | HUNGARY. | PRUSSIA. | BELGIUM.
-----------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------
| Fl., equal | Fl., equal | Mark, equal | Fr., equal
| to about | to about | to about | to about
|33-1/3 cents.|33-1/3 cents.| 24 cents. | 20 cents.
| | | |
President | 7,000 | --- |10,500 | 9,000
Directors and | | | |
Superintendents | 4,000-5,500 | 4,000-4,800 | 4,200-6,000 | 7,000-8,000
Chief Engineer | 1,600-2,000 | 1,900-2,500 | 3,600-4,800 | 2,700-5,500
Clerks | 500-1,200 | 640-1,000 | 1,000-2,700 | 900-3,100
Station Agents in| | | |
Cities, Division| | | |
Superintendents | 2,200-2,600 | 2,600-3,400 | --- | ---
Station Agents | | | |
in Towns | 500-850 | 520-880 | 1,500-3,200 | 1,600-4,000
Locomotive | | | |
Engineers | 500-850 | 520-780 | 1,200-2,000 | ---
Firemen | 300-350 | 380-480 | 1,000-1,500 | ---
Conductors | 450-550 | 520-850 | 1,100-1,500 | 2,000-2,400
Brakemen | 300-350 | 380-480 | 800-1,200 | 1,200-2,000
Section Men | 288-336 | 270-370 | 700-900 | ---
------------------------------------------------------------------------

TABLE No. 4.

Compiled from Röll's Encyclopädie des Eisenbahnwesens.

_FREIGHT TARIFFS._--BELGIUM.

All freight is divided into three general classes:

1. _Express Freight_, which is delivered by special messengers. Parcels weighing 5 kg. (11 lbs.) and less, if prepaid, are carried for .80 fr. (16c.) for all distances. Parcels not prepaid and such as weigh from 6 to 10 kg. pay .90 fr. for a distance of from 1 to 25 km.; 1 fr. for 26 to 75 km.; 1.10 fr. for greater distances.

2. _Fast Freight_, which may be made use of for consignments weighing up to 200 kg. (440 lbs.) Parcels weighing up to 5 kg. pay .50 fr. for all distances. Parcels not prepaid and such as weigh from 5 to 10 kg. pay .50 fr. for from 1 to 25 km.;.60 fr. for distances ranging from 26 to 75 km., and .70 fr. over 75 km.

3. _Common Freight_, which is again sub-divided into four classes: In Class I 400 kg., in Classes II and III 5,000 kg., and in Class IV 10,000 kg. is recognized as the minimum weight.

* * * * *

TARIFF FOR THE FOUR DIFFERENT CLASSES OF COMMON FREIGHT.

_Terminal Charges--Franc 1.00._

I Class--For 1,000 kg. (2,250 lbs.)
From 1 to 5 km Fr. 1.00
From 6 to 75 km, per km .10
From 76 to 150 km .08 (per km. above 75)
From 151 to 200 km .06 (per km. above 150)
Above 300 km .06 (per km. above 200)

II Class--For 1,000 kg.
From 1 to 5 km. Fr. 0.40
From 6 to 75 km., per km. .08
From 76 to 125 km. .04 (per km. above 75)
Above 125 km. .02 (per km. above 125)

III Class--For 1,000 kg.
From 1 to 5 km. Fr. 0.30
From 6 to 75 km., per km. .06
From 76 to 100 km. .03
From 101 to 125 km. .02
Above 125 km. .01

IV Class--For 1,000 kg.
From 1 to 24 km., per km. Fr. 0.06
From 25 to 75 km., per km. .04
From 76 to 100 km. .02
From 101 to 350 km. .01
Above 350 km. .02

For distances from 1 to 24 km. the terminal charges are only
.5 fr. for Class IV.

TABLE No. 5.

GERMANY.

The tariff recognizes the following distinctions:
1. Fast parcel freight.
2. Fast carload freight.
3. Parcel freight.
4. General carload Class A1, for shipments of at least
5,000 kg.
5. General carload Class B, for shipments of at least
10,000 kg.
6. Special tariffs.

_Distance charges per ton per kilometer: (Pfennig, 1/4 c.)_
1. For parcel 11.0 pfennige
2. For carload Class A1 6.7 "
3. For carload Class B 6.0 "
4. For Special Tariff A2 5.0 "
5. For Special Tariff I 4.5 "
6. For Special Tariff II 3.5 "
7. For Special Tariff III:
For distances up to 100 km 2.6 "
For distances above 100 km 2.2 "
8. For fast parcel freight 22.0 "
9. For fast carload freight, twice the rate of Classes
A1 and B.

_Terminal Changes._

1. For parcels and carload Class A1:
Up to 10 km 10 pfennige
From 11 to 20 km 11 "
From 21 to 30 km 12 "
From 31 to 40 km 13 "
From 41 to 50 km 14 "
From 51 to 60 km 15 "
From 61 to 70 km 16 "
From 71 to 80 km 17 "
From 81 to 90 km 18 "
From 91 to 100 km 19 "
Above 100 km 20 "

2. For carload Class B:
Up to 10 km 8 pfennige
From 11 to 20 km 9 "
From 21 to 30 km 10 "
From 31 to 40 km 11 "
Above 40 km 12 "

3. For Special Tariffs A2, I, II and III:
Up to 10 km 8 pfennige
From 11 to 100 km 9 "
Above 100 km 12 "

_Charges for Live Stock._

(a) Horses. Terminal charge per head, 1 m. (24c.)
Distance charge per kl. for one head 0.30 mark
Charge per kl. for 2 head .40 "
Charge for each additional head .10 "

(b) Cattle.
Terminal charge, per head 0.60 mark
Distance charge per kl., for one head .10 "
Distance charge for each additional head .03 "

(c) Sheep, Hogs, Calves, etc.:
Terminal charge, per head 0.20 mark
Distance charge, per kl., for each of the
first 10 heads .02 "
Distance charge, per kl., for each
additional head .01 "

If shipped in carloads the charges for live stock are .03 m.
per square meter per kilometer.

TABLE No. 6.

FRANCE.

The French railroads divide all freight into six different classes. The following is the tariff adopted by a majority of the principal roads:

_Common Freight._
==================================================
| Centimes per Ton--Kilometer.
--------------------+----+----+----+----+----+----
Classes | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6
--------------------+----+----+----+----+----+----
Up to 25 km | 16 | 14 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 8
From 26 to 100 km | 16 | 14 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 4
From 101 to 150 km | 15 | 13 | 11 | 9 | 8 | 3.5
From 151 to 200 km | 15 | 13 | 11 | 9 | 7 | 3.5
From 201 to 300 km | 15 | 13 | 11 | 9 | 4 | 3.5
From 301 to 500 km | 14 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 4 | 3
From 501 to 600 km | 13 | 11 | 9 | 7 | 4 | 3
From 601 to 700 km | 12 | 10 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 2.5
From 701 to 800 km | 11 | 9 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 2.5
From 801 to 900 km | 10 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 2.5
From 901 to 1000 km | 9 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 2
Above 1,000 km | 8 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 2
--------------------------------------------------

The rates for fast parcel freight are, on all roads, for less
than 40 kg., per ton, km.:
Up to 200 km 35 centimes
From 201 to 300 km 32 "
From 301 to 400 km 31 "
From 401 to 800 km 30 "
From 801 to 1,000 km 28 "
Above 1,000 km 25 "

For more than 40 kg.:
Up to 100 km 32 centimes
From 101 to 300 km 30 "
From 301 to 500 km 28 "
From 501 to 600 km 26 "
From 601 to 700 km 24 "
From 701 to 800 km 22 "
From 801 to 900 km 20 "
From 901 to 1,000 km 18 "
Above 1,000 km 16 "

Express parcels weighing up to 3 kg. (6-3/5 lbs.), pay 1 fr. for
all distances, and parcels weighing from 3 to 5 kg. pay
fr. 1.20. Delivery to the house, 25 centimes (5c.)
additional.

Live Stock, per piece, per km.:
Horses and cattle 16 centimes
Calves and hogs 6 "
Sheep, etc. 3 "

TABLE No. 7.

ITALY.--_Freight Tariff._

========================================================================
| GENERAL CLASSES.
RATES. |------+------+-----+------+-------+------+-----+------
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8
-----------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-----+------
For the ton--km |0.1632|0.1428|0.1224|0.1020|0.0816|0.0714|0.612|0.0510
Terminal charges,| | | | | | | |
per ton. |2.04 |2.04 |2.04 |2.04 |2.04 |1.224 |1.224|1.224
------------------------------------------------------------------------
The rate on merchandise sent as fast freight is .452 lire (9c.) per ton
kilometer.

_Live Stock--(5 Classes.)_
=======================================================================
| | Cattle, | | | Cattle,
FIRST-CLASS. |Horses. |Swine and| SECOND-CLASS. |Horses. |Swine and
| | Sheep. | | | Sheep.
----------------+--------+---------+----------------+--------+---------
1 head, per km | 0.1530 | 0.136 |1 head, per km | 0.1530 | 0.1326
2 heads, per km | .0918 | .0765 |2 heads, per km | .0816 | .0714
3 heads, per km | .0816 | .0714 |3 heads, per km | .0663 | .0612
4 heads, per km | .0765 | .0663 |4 heads, per km | .0612 | .0561
5 heads, per km | .0714 | .0612 |5 heads, per km | .0561 | .0510
6 heads or more,| | |6 heads or more,|
per km | .0663 | .0561 | per km | .0510 | .0459
| | |III Class | | .02244
| | |IV Class | | .01224
| | |V Class | | .00612
------------------------------------------------------------------------

TABLE No. 8.

_Austrian Tariff (in kreutzers).--July 1, 1891._

=============================================================================
| | Parcel | | Special |
| Fast Freight. | Rate. | Carload Rate.| Tariff Rate. |
|--------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----|
| | | | | | | | | | |Excep-
|Ordinary|Reduced| | | | | | | | |tional
| Rate | Rate | I | II | A | B | C | 1 | 2 | 3 |Rate
-------------+--------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+------
1 to 50 km | 1.20 |0.60 |0.60|0.50|0.34|0.24|0.18|0.26|0.18|0.15|0.12
50 to 150 km | 1.16 | .58 | .58| .46| .29| .22| .15| .23| .15| .13| .10
150 to 300 km| 1.12 | .56 | .56| .42| .25| .18| .12| .19| .12| .10| .09
For every | | | | | | | | | | |
addit'n'l km| 1.00 | .50 | .50| .30| .20| .12| .10| .15| .10| .08| .08
| | | | | | | | | | |
| _Terminal Charges._
1 to 30 km | 6.0 |3.0 |3.0 |3.0 |3.0 |2.0 |2.0 |2.0 |2.0 |2.0 |2.0
31 to 80 km | 6 |3 |3 |3 |3 |3 |3 |3 |3 |3 |2
Above 80 km | 8 |4 |4 |4 |4 |4 |4 |4 |4 |4 |2
-------------+--------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+------

_Horses_ and _mules_ are placed in Class II, with a minimum weight of 1,400 kg. for one head and 700 kg. for every additional head.

_Cattle_ are placed in Class II, and are billed at actual weight.

_Potatoes_, hay, straw, wood, coal and coke enjoy the "exceptional rate" when shipped in carload lots.

TABLE No. 9.

_Hungarian Tariff (in kreutzers).--January 1, 1891._

=============================================================
| | Parcel | |
| Fast Freight. | Rate. | |
|--------+-------+----+----| |
| | | | | |
|Ordinary|Reduced| I | II | |
| Rate | Rate | | |"Sperrgüter."|
-------------------+--------+-------+----+----+-------------+
From 1 to 200 km. | 1.3 | 0.6 |0.72|0.52| 0.9 |
| | | | | |
From 201 to 400 km.| 1. | .5 | .52| .42| .8 |
| | | | | |
Above 400 km. | 1. | .5 | .52| .42| .8 |
|
| _Terminal Charges for 100 kg._
| .10 | .10 | .10| .10| .10 |
-------------------+--------+-------+----+----+-------------+

===============================================================
| | Special |Exceptional
| Carload Rate. | Tariff. | Tariff.
|----+----+------+----+----+----|-----+-----
| | | | | | | |
| A | B | C | I | II | III| I | II
| | |Lumber| | | | |
-------------------+----+----+------+----+----+----+-----+-----
From 1 to 200 km. |0.32|0.21| 0.16 |0.27|0.16|0.13|0.13 |0.11
| | | | | | | |
From 201 to 400 km.| .24| .17| .13 | .15| .13| .10| .10 | .09
| | | | | | | |
Above 400 km. | .16| .10| .09 | .10| .09| .07| .07 | .06

| .06| .06| .04 | .05| .04| .03| .03 | .03
-------------------+----+----+------+----+----+----+-----+------

Exceptional Tariff I comprises coal, wood, potatoes, stone, hay and straw.

Exceptional Tariff II comprises manure, earth and Hungarian ores.

TABLE No. 10.

STATE OF IOWA.

SCHEDULE
OF
REASONABLE MAXIMUM RATES OF CHARGES

IN EFFECT MARCH 1, 1893,
FOR THE TRANSPORTATION OF

_Freight and Cars on each of the Railroads in the State of Iowa, together
with a Classification of Freights, prepared by the Railroad
Commissioners, in accordance with the Laws
of the State of Iowa._

* * * * *

Superseding all former schedules on the said railroads, including all bridges and ferries used or operated in connection with any railroad; and, also, all the roads in use by any corporation, receiver, trustee or other person operating a railroad, whether owned or operated under contract, agreement, lease or otherwise, or which may hereafter be purchased, leased, acquired or operated within the State of Iowa.

The classification of freights applies to all the lines, regardless of class. The schedule of maximum rates applies to all Class "A" roads. The rates on Class "B" roads will be FIFTEEN per cent. higher, and the rates on Class "C" roads THIRTY per cent. higher than the rates named for Class "A" roads. The respective roads have been classified by the Executive Council of the State as follows, which classification is adopted by the Railroad Commissioners, and made part of this schedule:

CLASSIFICATION OF ROADS.

CLASS "A."

Where gross annual earnings, per mile, shall be $4,000 or more.--Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Northern Railway; Chicago and Northwestern Railway; Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad; Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway; Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railway; Chicago and Great Western Railway (operating the Chicago, St. Paul and Kansas City Railway); Dubuque and Sioux City Railroad; Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Railway; Sioux City and Northern Railway; Chicago, Santa Fe and California Railway; Sioux City and Pacific Railroad; Toledo, Peoria and Western Railway; Union Pacific Railway.

CLASS "B."

Where gross earnings are $3,000 or over and less than $4,000 per mile.--Iowa Central Railway; Kansas City, St. Joseph and Council Bluffs Railroad; Omaha and St. Louis Railway.

CLASS "C."

Where annual earnings are less than $3,000 per mile.--Chicago, Burlington and Kansas City Railway; Chicago, Ft. Madison and Des Moines Railway; Chicago, Iowa and Dakota Railway; Crooked Creek Railroad and Coal Company; Des Moines and Kansas City Railway; Des Moines, Northern and Western Railway; Humeston and Shenandoah Railroad; Iowa Northern Railway; Mason City and Fort Dodge Railroad; Minneapolis and St. Louis Railway; St. Louis, Keokuk and Northwestern Railroad; Tabor and Northern Railway; Wabash Railroad; Winona and Southwestern Railway; Keokuk and Western Railway.

Burlington and Western; Burlington and Northwestern; Ames and College; Albia and Centerville.

======================================================================
| MERCHANDISE IN CENTS | SPECIAL CARLOAD CLASSES IN
| PER 100 LBS. | CENTS PER 100 LBS.
Miles|----------------------------------------------------------------
| First|Second|Third |Fourth|Fifth |Class|Class|Class|Class|Class
|Class.|Class.|Class.|Class.|Class.| A. | B. | C. | D. | E.
-----+------+------+------+------+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
5 | 14 | 11.9 | 9.34| 7 | 4.9 | 5 | 4.9 | 4.2 | 3.5 | 2.8
10 | 14.8 | 12.58| 10.1 | 7.4 | 5.18| 5.3 | 5.18| 4.44| 3.7 | 2.96
15 | 15.6 | 13.26| 10.4 | 7.8 | 5.46| 5.6 | 5.46| 4.68| 3.9 | 3.12
20 | 16.4 | 13.94| 10.94| 8.2 | 5.74| 5.8 | 5.74| 4.92| 4.1 | 3.25
25 | 17 | 14.45| 11.34| 8.5 | 5.95| 6 | 5.95| 5.1 | 4.25| 3.4
| | | | | | | | | |
30 | 17.6 | 14.96| 11.73| 8.8 | 6.16| 6.2 | 6.16| 5.28| 4.4 | 3.52
35 | 18.2 | 15.47| 12.1 | 9.1 | 6.37| 6.4 | 6.37| 5.46| 4.55| 3.64
40 | 18.8 | 15.98| 12.5 | 9.4 | 6.58| 6.6 | 6.58| 5.64| 4.7 | 3.76
45 | 19.4 | 16.49| 13 | 9.7 | 6.79| 6.8 | 6.79| 5.82| 4.85| 3.88
50 | 20 | 17 | 13.34| 10 | 7 | 7.05| 7 | 6 | 5 | 4
| | | | | | | | | |
55 | 20.4 | 17.34| 13.6 | 10.2 | 7.14| 7.2 | 7.14| 6.12| 5.1 | 4.08
60 | 20.8 | 17.68| 13.87| 10.4 | 7.28| 7.4 | 7.28| 6.24| 5.2 | 4.16
65 | 21.2 | 18.02| 14.14| 10.6 | 7.42| 7.6 | 7.42| 6.36| 5.3 | 4.25
70 | 21.6 | 18.36| 14.4 | 10.8 | 7.56| 7.8 | 7.56| 6.48| 5.4 | 4.32
75 | 22 | 18.7 | 14.67| 11 | 7.7 | 8 | 7.7 | 6.6 | 5.5 | 4.4
| | | | | | | | | |
80 | 22.4 | 19.04| 14.94| 11.2 | 7.84| 8.2 | 7.84| 6.72| 5.6 | 4.48
85 | 22.8 | 19.38| 15.2 | 11.4 | 7.98| 8.4 | 7.98| 6.84| 5.7 | 4.56
90 | 23.2 | 19.72| 15.47| 11.6 | 8.12| 8.6 | 8.12| 6.96| 5.8 | 4.64
95 | 23.6 | 20.06| 15.73| 11.8 | 8.26| 8.8 | 8.26| 7.08| 5.9 | 4.72
100 | 24 | 20.4 | 16 | 12 | 8.4 | 9 | 8.4 | 7.2 | 6 | 4.8
| | | | | | | | | |
105 | 24.8 | 20.89| 16.35| 12.33| 8.69| 9.35| 8.63| 7.4 | 6.17| 4.96
110 | 25.6 | 21.38| 16.7 | 12.66| 8.98| 9.7 | 8.86| 7.6 | 6.34| 5.12
115 | 26.4 | 21.87| 17.05| 12.99| 9.27|10.05| 9.09| 7.8 | 6.51| 5.28
120 | 27.2 | 22.36| 17.4 | 13.32| 9.56|10.4 | 9.32| 8 | 6.68| 5.44
125 | 28 | 22.85| 17.75| 13.65| 9.85|10.75| 9.55| 8.2 | 6.85| 5.6
| | | | | | | | | |
130 | 28.8 | 23.34| 18.1 | 13.98| 10.14|11.1 | 9.78| 8.4 | 7.02| 5.76
135 | 29.6 | 23.83| 18.45| 14.31| 10.43|11.45|10.01| 8.6 | 7.19| 5.92
140 | 30.4 | 24.32| 18.8 | 14.64| 10.72|11.8 |10.24| 8.8 | 7.36| 6.08
145 | 31.2 | 24.81| 19.15| 14.97| 11.01|12.15|10.47| 9 | 7.53| 6.24
150 | 32 | 25.3 | 19.5 | 15.3 | 11.3 |12.5 |10.7 | 9.2 | 7.7 | 6.4
| | | | | | | | | |
155 |32.8 |25.79 | 19.85| 15.63| 11.59|12.84|10.93| 9.39| 7.87| 6.56
160 |33.6 |26.28 | 20.2 | 15.96| 11.88|13.18|11.16| 9.58| 8.04| 6.72
165 |34.4 |26.77 | 20.55| 16.29| 12.17|13.52|11.39| 9.77| 8.21| 6.88
170 |35.2 |27.26 | 20.9 | 16.62| 12.46|13.86|11.62| 9.96| 8.38| 7.04
175 |36 |27.75 | 21.25| 16.95| 12.75|14.2 |11.85|10.15| 8.55| 7.2
| | | | | | | | | |
180 |36.8 |28.24 | 21.6 | 17.28| 13.04|14.54|12.08|10.34| 8.72| 7.36
185 |37.6 |28.73 | 21.95| 17.61| 13.33|14.88|12.31|10.53| 8.89| 7.52
190 |38.4 |29.22 | 22.3 | 17.94| 13.62|15.22|12.45|10.72| 9.06| 7.68
195 |39.2 |29.71 | 22.65| 18.27| 13.91|15.56|12.77|10.91| 9.23| 7.84
200 |40 |30.2 | 23 | 18.6 | 14.2 |15.9 |13 |11.1 | 9.39| 8
| | | | | | | | | |
210 |41.6 |31.18 | 23.7 | 19.24| 14.78|16.56|13.45|11.49| 9.71| 8.3
220 |43.2 |32.16 | 24.4 | 19.88| 15.36|17.22|13.9 |11.88|10.03| 8.6
230 |44.8 |33.14 | 25.1 | 20.52| 15.94|17.88|14.35|12.27|10.35| 8.9
240 |46.4 |34.12 | 25.8 | 21.6 | 16.52|18.54|14.8 |12.66|10.67| 9.2
250 |48 |35.1 | 26.5 | 21.8 | 17.1 |19.2 |15.25|13.05|10.99| 9.5
260 | 49.6 | 36.08| 27.2 | 22.44| 17.68|19.86|15.7 |13.44|11.31| 9.8
270 | 51.2 | 37.06| 27.9 | 23.08| 18.26|20.52|16.15|13.83|11.63|10..
280 | 52.8 | 38.4 | 28.6 | 23.72| 18.84|21.18|16.6 |14.22|11.95|10.4
290 | 54.4 | 39.02| 29.3 | 24.36| 19.42|21.84|17.05|14.61|12.27|10.7
300 | 56 | 40 | 30 | 25 | 20 |22.5 |17.5 |15 |12.5 |11
| | | | | | | | | |
310 | 56.5 | 40.5 | 30.5 | 25.5 | 20.5 |23 |18 |15.5 |13 |11.5
320 | 57 | 41 | 31 | 26 | 21 |23.5 |18.5 |16 |13.5 |12
330 | 57.5 | 41.5 | 31.5 | 26.5 | 21.5 |24 |19 |16.5 |14 |12.5
340 | 58 | 42 | 32 | 27 | 22 |24.5 |19.5 |17 |14.5 |13
350 | 58.5 | 42.5 | 32.5 | 27.5 | 22.5 |25 |20 |17.5 |15 |13.5
| | | | | | | | | |
360 | 59 | 43 | 33 | 28 | 23 |25.5 |20.5 |18 |15.5 |14
370 | 59.5 | 43.5 | 33.5 | 28.5 | 23.5 |26 |21 |18.5 |16 |14.5
380 | 60 | 44 | 34 | 29 | 24 |26.5 |21.5 |19 |16.5 |15
390 | 60.5 | 44.5 | 34.5 | 29.5 | 24.5 |27 |22 |19.5 |17 |15.5
400 | 61 | 45 | 35 | 30 | 25 |27.5 |22.5 |20 |17.5 |16
| | | | | | | | | |
410 | 61.5 | 45.5 | 35.5 | 30.5 | 25.5 |28 |23 |20.5 |18 |16.5
420 | 62 | 46 | 36 | 31 | 26 |28.5 |23.5 |21 |18.5 |17
430 | 62.5 | 46.5 | 36.5 | 31.5 | 26.5 |29 |24 |21.5 |19 |17.5
440 | 63 | 47 | 37 | 32 | 27 |29.5 |24.5 |22 |19.5 |18
450 | 63.5 | 47.5 | 37.5 | 32.5 | 27.5 |30 |25 |22.5 |20 |18.5
| | | | | | | | | |
460 | 64 | 48 | 38 | 33 | 28 |30.5 |25.5 |23 |20.5 |19
470 | 64.5 | 48.5 | 38.5 | 33.5 | 28.5 |31 |26 |23.5 |21 |19.5
480 | 65 | 49 | 39 | 34 | 29 |31.5 |26.5 |24 |21.5 |20
490 | 65.5 | 49.5 | 39.5 | 34.5 | 29.5 |32 |27 |24.5 |22 |20.5
500 | 66 | 50 | 40 | 35 | 30 |32.5 |27.5 |25 |22.5 |21
----------------------------------------------------------------------

NOTE.--When rates are not shown in this table for the exact distance, the rates given for the next greater distance will prevail. When these rates and the classification conflict, these rates will govern.

A = Wheat, flour, millet, flaxseed.
B = Corn, oats, barley, other grain and mill stuffs.
C = Hard and soft lumber, lath, shingles, sash, doors and blinds.
D = Salt, lime, cement, plaster, stucco.
E = Horses and mules in carloads--minimum weight 20,000 lbs.,
31-foot cars, inside measurement.
F = Fat cattle in carloads--minimum weight 19,000 lbs.,
31-foot cars, inside measurement
G = Hogs (single deck) in carloads--minimum weight 15,000 lbs.,
31-foot cars, inside measurement.
H = Sheep (single deck) in carloads--minimum weight 15,000 lbs.,
31-foot cars, inside measurement.
I = Hard coal.
J = Soft coal, lump and nut.
K = Soft coal, pea and slack.

=======================================================================
| CARLOAD CLASSES IN | LIVE STOCK IN CENTS |COAL IN CENTS PER
| CENTS PER 100 LBS. | PER 100 LBS. |TON OF 2,000 LBS.
-----+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------
Miles| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K
-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+----
5 | 4.5 | 3.75| 3.5 | 3.25| 5.37| 5.13| 5.67| 8.4 | .60| .30 | .25
10 | 4.7 | 3.92| 3.66| 3.39| 5.75| 5.53| 6 | 8.8 | .64| .34 | .28
15 | 4.9 | 4.09| 3.82| 3.53| 6.12| 5.92| 6.33| 9.2 | .68| .38 | .31
20 | 5.1 | 4.26| 3.98| 3.67| 6.5 | 6.32| 6.67| 9.6 | .72| .42 | .34
25 | 5.3 | 4.43| 4.14| 3.81| 6.87| 6.71| 7 |10 | .76| .46 | .37
| | | | | | | | | | |
30 | 5.5 | 4.6 | 4.3 | 3.95| 7.25| 7.11| 7.33|10.4 | .80| .50 | .40
35 | 5.7 | 4.77| 4.45| 4.09| 7.62| 7.5 | 7.67|10.8 | .84| .54 | .43
40 | 5.9 | 4.93| 4.6 | 4.23| 8 | 7.89| 8 |11.2 | .88| .58 | .46
45 | 6.1 | 5.09| 4.75| 4.37| 8.37| 8.29| 8.33|11.6 | .92| .62 | .49
50 | 6.3 | 5.25| 4.9 | 4.51| 8.75| 8.68| 8.67|12 | .96| .66 | .52
| | | | | | | | | | |
55 | 6.5 | 5.4 | 5.04| 4.65| 9.12| 8.95| 9 |12.4 | 1.00| .70 | .55
60 | 6.7 | 5.55| 5.18| 4.79| 9.5 | 9.21| 9.33|12.8 | 1.04| .74 | .58
65 | 6.9 | 5.7 | 5.32| 4.93| 9.87| 9.47| 9.67|13.2 | 1.08| .78 | .60
70 | 7.1 | 5.85| 5.46| 5.07|10.25| 9.74|10 |13.6 | 1.12| .82 | .62
75 | 7.3 | 6 | 5.6 | 5.2 |10.62|10 |10.16|14 | 1.16| .85 | .64
| | | | | | | | | | |
80 | 7.5 | 6.15| 5.74| 5.33|11 |10.26|10.32|14.4 | 1.20| .88 | .66
85 | 7.7 | 6.3 | 5.88| 5.46|11.37|10.53|10.48|14.8 | 1.24| .91 | .68
90 | 7.9 | 6.45| 6.02| 5.59|11.75|10.79|10.64|15.2 | 1.28| .94 | .70
95 | 8 | 6.6 | 6.16| 5.72|12.12|11.05|10.8 |15.6 | 1.32| .97 | .72
100 | 8.1 | 6.75| 6.3 | 5.85|12.5 |11.32|10.96|16 | 1.36| 1.00 | .74
| | | | | | | | | | |
105 | 8.24| 6.87| 6.41| 5.95|12.75|11.53|11.12|16.3 | 1.40| 1.015| .755
110 | 8.38| 6.99| 6.52| 6.05|13 |11.74|11.28|16.6 | 1.44| 1.03 | .77
115 | 8.52| 7.11| 6.63| 6.15|13.25|11.95|11.44|16.9 | 1.48| 1.045| .785
120 | 8.66| 7.23| 6.74| 6.25|13.5 |12.16|11.6 |17.2 | 1.52| 1.06 | .80
125 | 8.8 | 7.35| 6.85| 6.35|13.75|12.37|11.8 |17.5 | 1.55| 1.075| .815
| | | | | | | | | | |
130 | 8.94| 7.46| 6.96| 6.45|14 |12.58|12 |17.8 | 1.58| 1.09 | .83
135 | 9.08| 7.57| 7.07| 6.55|14.25|12.79|12.2 |18.1 | 1.61| 1.105| .845
140 | 9.22| 7.69| 7.18| 6.65|14.5 |13 |12.4 |18.4 | 1.64| 1.12 | .86
145 | 9.36| 7.79| 7.29| 6.75|14.75|13.21|12.6 |18.7 | 1.67| 1.135| .875
150 | 9.5 | 7.9 | 7.4 | 6.85|15 |13.42|12.8 |19 | 1.70| 1.15 | .89
| | | | | | | | | | |
155 | 9.63| 8.01| 7.5 | 6.95|15.25|13.63|13 |19.3 | 1.73| 1.165| .905
160 | 9.79| 8.12| 7.6 | 7.05|15.5 |13.84|13.2 |19.6 | 1.76| 1.18 | .92
165 | 9.89| 8.23| 7.7 | 7.15|15.75|14.05|13.4 |19.9 | 1.79| 1.195| .935
170 |10.02| 8.34| 7.8 | 7.25|16 |14.26|13.6 |20.2 | 1.82| 1.21 | .95
175 |10.15| 8.45| 7.9 | 7.35|16.25|14.47|13.8 |20.5 | 1.85| 1.225| .965
180 |10.28| 8.56| 8 | 7.44|16.5 |14.68|14 |20.8 | 1.88| 1.24 | .98
185 |10.41| 8.67| 8.1 | 7.53|16.75|14.89|14.2 |21.1 | 1.91| 1.255| .995
190 |10.54| 8.78| 8.2 | 7.62|17 |15.11|14.4 |21.4 | 1.94| 1.27 | 1.01
195 |10.67| 8.89| 8.3 | 7.71|17.25|15.32|14.6 |21.7 | 1.97| 1.285| 1.025
200 |10.8 | 9 | 8.4 | 7.8 |17.5 |15.53|14.8 |22 | 2.00| 1.30 | 1.04
| | | | | | | | | | |
210 |11.07| 9.23| 8.61| 8 |17.87|16 |15.22|22.3 | 2.04| 1.32 | 1.06
220 |11.34| 9.46| 8.82| 8.2 |18.25|16.47|15.64|22.7 | 2.08| 1.34 | 1.08
230 |11.61| 9.69| 9.03| 8.4 |18.62|16.95|16.06|23.1 | 2.12| 1.36 | 1.10
240 |11.88| 9.92| 9.24| 8.6 |19 |17.42|16.48|23.5 | 2.16| 1.38 | 1.12
250 |12.15|10.15| 9.45| 8.8 |19.37|17.89|16.9 |23.9 | 2.20| 1.40 | 1.14
| | | | | | | | | | |
260 |12.42|10.37| 9.66| 8.99|19.75|18.37|17.32|24.3 | 2.24| 1.42 | 1.16
270 |12.69|10.59| 9.87| 9.18|20.12|18.84|17.74|24.7 | 2.28| 1.44 | 1.18
280 |12.96|10.81|10.08| 9.37|20.5 |19.32|18.16|25.1 | 2.32| 1.46 | 1.20
290 |13.26|11.03|10.29| 9.56|20.87|19.79|18.58|25.5 | 2.36| 1.48 | 1.22
300 |13.53|11.25|10.5 | 9.75|21.25|20.26|19 |25.9 | 2.40| 1.50 | 1.24
| | | | | | | | | | |
310 |13.8 |11.48|10.71| 9.95|21.6 |20.53|19.13|26.7 | 2.44| 1.52 | 1.25
320 |14.07|11.71|10.92|10.15|21.95|20.79|19.25|27.1 | 2.48| 1.54 | 1.26
330 |14.34|11.94|11.13|10.35|23.3 |21.05|19.37|27.5 | 2.52| 1.56 | 1.27
340 |14.61|12.17|11.34|10.55|22.65|21.32|19.5 |27.9 | 2.56| 1.58 | 1.28
350 |14.88|12.4 |11.55|10.75|23 |21.58|19.62|28.3 | 2.60| 1.60 | 1.29
| | | | | | | | | | |
360 |15.15|12.62|11.76|10.94|23.35|21.84|19.75|28.7 | 2.64| 1.62 | 1.30
370 |15.42|12.84|11.97|11.13|23.7 |22.11|19.87|29.1 | 2.68| 1.64 | 1.31
380 |15.68|13.06|12.18|11.32|24.05|22.37|20 |29.5 | 2.72| 1.66 | 1.32
390 |15.94|13.28|12.39|11.51|24.4 |22.63|20.5 |29.9 | 2.76| 1.68 | 1.33
400 |16.2 |13.5 |12.6 |11.7 |24.75|22.89|21 |30.3 | 2.80| 1.70 | 1.34
| | | | | | | | | | |
410 |16.47|13.72|12.81|11.89|25.1 |23.15|21.12|30.7 | ....| .... | ....
420 |16.73|13.94|13.02|12.08|25.45|23.41|21.25|31.1 | 2.88| 1.74 | 1.36
430 |17 |14.16|13.23|12.22|25.80|23.67|21.37|31.5 | ....| .... | ....
440 |17.27|14.38|13.44|12.46|26.15|23.93|21.5 |31.9 | 2.96| 1.78 | 1.38
450 |17.54|14.60|13.65|12.65|26.5 |24.19|21.62|32.3 | ....| .... | ....
| | | | | | | | | | |
460 |17.80|14.82|13.86|12.84|26.85|24.45|21.75|32.7 | 3.04| 1.82 | 1.40
470 |18.06|15.04|14.07|13.03|27.2 |24.71|21.87|33.1 | ....| .... | ....
480 |18.33|15.26|14.28|13.22|27.55|24.97|22 |33.5 | 3.12| 1.86 | 1.42
490 |18.60|15.48|14.49|13.41|27.9 |25.23|22.12|33.9 | ....| .... | ....
500 |18.87|15.70|14.70|13.60|28.15|25.49|22.25|34.3 | 3.20| 1.90 | 1.44
-------------------------------------------------------------------------

* Stock cattle or feeders and calves take 75 per cent. of fat cattle rate; 31-foot car (internal measurement) is adopted as the standard for minimum weight, as per heading in table; 28-foot cars, 90 per cent. of above; 33-foot 6-inch cars, 108 per cent. of above; other lengths of cars to take same proportion as above.

INDEX.

Abbett, Gov., 113

Absentee ownership, 287

Abuses, 101
cardinal, 134
for protection against, must resort to polls and not to courts, 332
increased, 129
of railroads, 124
origin of, 434
still practiced, 400

Accidents, 450

Acworth, Mr. W. M., 276

Adams, C. F., Jr., heresy, 260
difficulty not in legislation, 258
favors pooling, 260
on character of railroad men, 257
on Iowa law, 332
H. C., motive for ownership, 436

Africa, 61
roads constructed, 22

Agriculture among Babylonians and Assyrians, 19

Albany _Evening Argus_, 340

Albia, 324

Algiers, 62

Algona, 328

American colonies, 100
experience, 303
investments a reproach, 313

Americans would avail themselves of low rates, 445

American Transfer Company, 119

Amsterdam, 97
owes to canal, 32

Ann Arbor Strikers, 449

Area of land grants, 329

Argentine Republic, 68

Arrogance, 453

Asia, 59
early nations of, 18

Athens connected with Piræns, protected road, 24

Atkinson, Edward, 248
fallacious argument of, 249
relies upon a figurehead commission, 249

Atlantic nurseryman, 148

Attorney-General held that legislature had not the power to prescribe
rates, 330

Attorney, slow to accept fee, 402

Augustus instituted postal service, 27

Australia, 64

Austria, 54

Average fares per mile, 444

B. & M. Co., 324

Baker, C. W., 262

Balkan Peninsula, 59
physical features, important factor, 24

Ballou, H. S., 139

Baltimore and Ohio, watered stock, 172

_Bankers' Magazine_, 301

Banks and insurance, not private, 403

Barosz, M., 441

B., C. R. & N. Railroad Co., increased prosperity of, 344

Beach, C. F., Jr., 395
law of private corporations, 316

Bering Strait, 89

Belgium, 56, 409
cost of right of way, 370

Bessemer's invention, 374

Blackstone, T. B., 413

Blatchford, Justice, 213, 290

Blinkensop, 48

Board of Railroad Commissioners, 428

Bolles, A. S., 303

Bonded debt of M. & M. R. R., 322

Bonham, John M., 268

Boone, 327

Boston _Advertiser_, 340

Bradley, Justice, 213

Braithwaite, 49

Branch roads, 306

Brazil, 69

Brewer, Justice, 214, 215, 455
doctrine, 376
opinion of reasonable rates, 360
reply to ruling of, 364

Bridge across the Mississippi, 319

British railways, cost of right of way, 370

Brown, Justice, 214

Bryce, Prof., 391
on decadence of bar, 222
on lobby, 222

Budd vs. N. Y., 213, 290, 295

Buddha, commended roads to care of pious, 18

Burmah, 61

Burstall, 49

California railways, 122

Calmar, 328

Camden and Amboy charter, 113

Camden and Amboy Railroad Company, 102

Canada, 73
canals, 43

Canadian Pacific, 74

Canal, Erie, 40
from Bitter Lake to Red Sea, 23
Nicaragua, 44, 174

Canals, Canadian, 43
in Great Britain, 33
Italian, 34
private companies, 42
Spanish, 34

Candidates, railroad, 226
servile to railroads, 206

Cape Colony, 63

Capitalization of railroads, 86

Capital of Standard Oil Company, 121

Carey, H. C., 110

Carload lots, 386
rates, 140

Carthage, harbor, fleets, roads, 24

Carthaginians, 91
commerce of, constructed roads, 22

Cars refused, 120

Cassat, Mr., testimony of, 121

C., B. & Q. R. R. strike, 285

Cedar Rapids and Missouri River R. R. Co., 324

Central America, 70

Central Pacific, 175
scheme, 347

Ceylon, 61

Charlemagne repaired and built roads, 28

Chicago and Milwaukee system, cost of, 235
and Omaha pool, 194
convention, 224
Iowa and Nebraska Railroad, 328
third-rate lawyer, 222

Chile, 68

Chinese built roads before the Christian era, 21

Classification, 363
rule, 361
unjust features, 151

Clay, Mr., 303

Clews, Henry, 304
pictures evils, 404
"Twenty-eight Years in Wall Street," 185

Clear Lake, 328

Clerk of U. S. Court, 217

Cleveland, President, 359

Clinton, 328

Club address of C. F. Adams, Jr., 257

C., M. & St. P. R. R. Co. vs. Minn., 213

Coal and kindred articles, 386

Coffin, Mr. L. S., 452

Colbert, idea of postal service, 30

Coleridge, Lord, 454

Combinations, 189
regulate, 299

Commission evil, 420

Commission received, 119

Commissioner system, 246

Commission, Interstate, reviews Judge Brewer's rule, 365

Commissions acquire expert knowledge, 384

Commission's decisions, 359
acts subject to judicial review, 381
become a pliant tool, 429
character of, 359

Commission system adopted in Iowa, 335

Committee bill passed, 354

Commodities, character of, 373

Common law, sufficient in theory but fails in practice, 268

Competition, 190, 196
a great educator, 260
and enhanced rates, 352
in United States depended upon, 129
the death of trade, 298
vicious, 300

Communism, strength of, 454

Conduit company, 117

Confiscation of railroads, 293

Conflicts between labor and capital, 448

Congress, appropriations for improving rivers, 44
in three camps, 352
responds to demand of Pacific road, 183
to cease futile attempts 299

Congressmen imposed upon, 17

Connecticut railroad construction, 288

Conscientious managers cannot retain business, 399

Consolidation of C., R. I. & P. R. R. Co., 323
tendency to, 262

Conspiracies should not be legalized, 260

Conspiracy, 296

Constitutions made for, 457

Contests, expense of in Great Britain, 371

Contributions to Pacific roads, 180

Control, suggestions for, 425

Cooley, Judge, 315, 359
in reference to State and National Commissions, 426

Corporations, danger from, 223
willing to pay for questionable services, 222

Corrupt practice act in Mass., 223

Cost of American roads, 187
of building roads at present, 186
of existing railway system, 422
of operating M. & M. R. R., 322
of railroads, 172, 370, 417

Council Bluffs, 324
line completed to, 323

Courteous employes, 447

Courts ordered restoration of Erie securities, 170
should not aid, 381

C., R. I. & P. Railroad, 284

Crosby, J. O., story of tramp, 178

Crusaders, 92

Cuba, 70

Cullom committee report, 131
Senator, 353

Customs laws, 15

Dabney, W. D., drift toward railroad centralization, 261
favors pooling, 261
favors State control, 261

Darius I., work on canal, 23

Dartmouth College case, 315
decision, 259

Davis, C. Wood, 413
on cost of roads, 187

Dows, David, & Co., 138

Davis, Jefferson, plea, 276

Delegates to conventions, 224

Demand in other States for reform, 331

Denmark, 35, 58
first-class passenger rates, 439

Depew, Mr., 138

Depew says all railroad men are politicians, 366

Devices, various, 296

Differentials, 296

Discriminations, 118, 137, 143, 156, 147, 160
damaging, 248
in classifications, 148
in Iowa, 337
practiced openly, 331

Dillon, Judge, 411
Sidney, 273
on cost of Pacific roads, 185

Directors and officials of corporations, 316
character of, 406
with personal interests 317

Director-General, 431
should have power to remove managers, 432

Distance disregarded, 331

Dividends, 164, 187
by fluctuations, 302
Standard Oil Company, 121

Donations, 329
for benefit of public, 376
made by railroad companies, 446
to Pacific roads, 176
to railroads, 125

Donation to road completed, 320

Doud amendment, 331

Dual government, 401

Dual sovereignty must be recognized, 425

Dubuque & S. C. Co., 324

Dutch East India Company, 97

Duties of common carriers, 315

Duty of state, 456

Earnings diverted, 403
of first Iowa railroad, 320
gross, larger in United States, 281
of C., B. & Q., 175
of Iowa roads increased, 264
of Massachusetts railroads, 175
of Lake Shore, 175

Earnings of Liverpool and Manchester, 50
of Terre Haute, 175
of railroads, 86
per employe, 372
per train mile in the United States and United Kingdom, 270
per train mile larger in United States, 281

East India Company, 99, 303

Economy of fuel, 375

Editors, 221, 231
controlled by counting-room, 339

Egyptians, commerce of, constructed roads, 22

Electoral Commission, 215

Eminent domain, 314
Spelling on, 317

Employes fare better under Government management, 412
in Iowa, compensation, 344
in Iowa, number, 344
number of, in various countries, 371
number of, per mile of road, 269
number of, as related to gross earnings, 269
organized for political work, 277
quasi-public officers, 447
should have passes, 209

England, 99
roads maintained by statute and parish labor, 32

English landlords, 287

Entrance into railway service regulated, 448

Ericsson, 449

Erie Canal, 40
Railroad, 170

European and American investments compared, 371

European history began in Greece, 24

Evans, Oliver, 47

Executive charged with construction and maintenance of roads and
canals, 22

Executives influenced, 225

Experiments with wooden rail, 46

Extortion, effects of, 111

Farmers' Alliance, 300

Farmers' pool, 300

Federal agencies, need of improved, 430

Federal courts, influence of, 212

Ferocity of public opinion in the West, 312

Feudal features, 455

Field, Justice, 214, 269

Fink, Albert, 200

First rail tracks, 46

First railroad survey in Iowa, 319

Fort Dodge, 325

Fortunes, great, 400
made, 301

France, 54
duty of employes, 447
first system of roads, first artificial waterways, 30
large number of canals, 30
rates on freight and passengers, 293

Frederick the Great built turnpikes and canals, 31

Frederick William IV., 53

Free competition, 407

Freight agents, 383

Freight carried by railroads in the United States, 292

Friction under Iowa law, 341

Galena and Chicago Union, 164

Gallatin advocated roads and canals, 38

Garfield, President, 224
on Dartmouth College case, 316

Garrett, J. W., 83

Germany, first mail service, 31
first railroad, 53

German instructions to employes, 447

Georgia prescribed rates, 289

Glenwood, 337

Gibbon, 92

Gibbon concerning postal service, 27

Goodman, Mr., testimony of, 138

Gospel of wealth, 404

Göta canal, 35

Gould's bulldozing, 452

Gould, Jay, 212, 224, 269
on cost of Pacific roads, 184

Governor called extra session of General Assembly, 321
importuned, 228
of Iowa, 311
influenced, 227

Government ownership drawbacks, 412

Granger cases, 212

Granger, Judge, 229

Granger law did not retard construction, 335
of Iowa, 332

Granger laws, moderate, 322
repealed, 246

Granger movement, 84
a necessary one, 258
spread, 332

Granger system in Wisconsin, 245

Grant and Conkling, 224

Grant, Judge, 411

Great Britain, canals, 33
crossed by Roman roads, 27
recent origin of public roads and postal service, 32

Great Northern Railroad Co., 185

Grecian civilization passed to Romans and then to other nations, 24

Greek geographers, praise of highways of Hindostan, 19

Gresham, Judge, 212

Grinnell, Hon. J. B., 411

Gross and net earnings in Iowa, 344
earnings, increase in Iowa, 287, 293
earnings of Iowa roads, 265

Hadley, Prof. A. T., 245
on passenger rates, 278
on State legislation, 286

Hadley's address before Bankers' Association, 284
ignorance, 287
mistake, 290

Hadrian improved postal service, 27

Hagar, Mr., 109

Hackworth, 49

Hale, Lord Chief Justice, 316

Harrison, President, 214
on watered stocks, 174
on Nicaragua Canal, 44

Hanseatic League, 94
object, extent, power, 95

Haul, length of, compared, 372

Hayes-Tilden contest, 215

Hayti, 71

Hepburn committee, 137, 146

Hindoo culture and broad statesmanship, 18

Hoe printing-press, 231

Holland, 98
largest canal of, 31

Hoyt, J., & Co., 138

Hudson, J. F., 250, 266, 407

Hudson River Railroad accident, 451
Co., 167
stock watering, 167

Humboldt said of roads of Incas, 36

Hungary, 54

Hungarian zone system, 282, 440

Huntington, C. P., 347
letter of, 346

Illinois canals, 42
Granger laws, 331

Importance of transportation facilities, 17

Improved appliances should be used, 450

Income of railroads, 128
per capita, 292

Increase of traffic under zone system, 442

India supplied Nineveh and Babylon, Greece and Rome, 18

Individual entitled to full use, 392

Inflation, 163

Influences at work to create public sentiment, 294

Iniquitous taxation, 307

Injunction asked for, 323

Inspection service should be established, 432

Insurance provided for, 451

Interchangeable 1,000-mile tickets, 445

Interstate Commerce Act, 85, 319
amended, 358
approved, 354

Interstate Commerce Commission, sixth annual report, 160

Interstate Commerce law attacked, 162

Intimidation of railroad employes, 226

Inventors, 126

Investments, none pay so well, 248

Iowa attorney, 210
Bill of Rights, 445
Central Air Line, 324
City, road built to, 319
Commissioners enjoined, 343
Commissioners' valuable service, 336
Falls & S. C. Co., 325
General Assembly passed maximum tariff act, 264
General Assembly passed act authorizing commissioners to make _prima
facie_ rates, 264
law, features of, 341
misunderstanding of, 342
vindicated, 266
legislation, 319
politics, 311
prosperity accelerated, 345
railroad construction, 288
the queen, 348

Irish tenants, 287

Iron strap rail, 46

Itaki Atabeck, road seen to this day, 19

Italy, 57
canals, 34

Jackson, President, 367

Japan, 60

Java, 61

Jeans, Mr. J. S., 269
on railroad revenues, 437
on state railroad, 410

Jefferson's inquiries, 37

Judges, servile, 162
use passes, 208

Jurists, eminent, 234

Kansas Midland, 187

Kent, 314

Kirkman, M. M., 239

Labor organizations, 448

Labor-saving causes, 375

Lake transportation, 453

Land grant policy, wisdom of, 320
to Dubuque & S. C. R. R., 325

Land grants to Iowa railroads, 320
value of, 325

Languedoc Canal, 30

Lawyer and farmer, 209

Lawyers, briefless, 219
political, 223
third-rate, 222

Legislation, 299
of California, 123

Legislative campaign of 1887, 339
reform needed, 405
reports, 110

Lincoln, President, 216
story of the Irishman, and the pig, 271

Lines projected, 288

Lobbies frowned out of legislative halls, 402

Lobby, 219
formidable, 339

Locomotive, early inventors, 47
reward for, 49

Long and short haul clause, 297
of Iowa law, 341

Louis XIV., 98

Louis XI. transferred postal service to state, 30

Lowest rates in Europe, 409

Mails carried free in France, 373

Managers arrogant, 331
concede necessity of regulation, 369
have lost influence, 230
make law odious, 333
naturally despotical, 151
of great parties, 144

M. & M. R. R. Co., 319

Marshall, Chief Justice, 350

Marshalltown, 324

Massachusetts Commission, 428

Mathews, Judge Stanley, 269

Maximilian established postal route, 31

Maximum charges, 331

McDill, Hon. J. W., as a lobbyist, 238

McGregor grant resumed, 326, 327

McGregor Western R. R. Co., 325

Means employed to control legislation, 218

Mesopotamia, inhabitants perfect cart, 19

Methods for control, 402
impracticable, 425

Mexico, 72

Mileage of the future, 389
to area, 112,389
to population, 292

Minneapolis and Chicago conventions, 224

Minnesota case, 295
Granger laws, 331
politics, 311

Missouri Pacific, 187

Mitchell, Alexander, 232

Modern doctrine, Kent's rule, 314

Monopoly, 317
in transportation, 90

Morgan, Appleton, 250

Mortgaging prohibited, 434

Munn vs. Illinois, 213, 290

Muscatine, branch line to, 319

Mushroom millionaires, 307

National banking system, 303

National bureau should be established, 431

National control, 424

Nation inclined to follow beaten tracks, 425

Nations should profit by experience, 367

Napoleon Company, 108

Navigation act, 98

Nebraska maximum tariff, 346

Net earnings increased in Iowa, 265
in 1890 and 1891, 187

Netherlands, canals, 31

Net profit of passenger traffic in United Kingdom, 270

Nevada, 324

New England railroad construction, 288

New Orleans Cotton Exchange case, 360

Newton, 47

New York canals, 41

New York Central, gross earnings, 167
stock watering, 165

New York delegation, 224

Nicaragua, 70
Canal, 44, 174

Nile, canals, roads, people, 23

Notice given when rates are changed, 388

Number of employes per mile, 372
of hours' work of employes, 372

Office of railroad public, 368

Officers of railroads should not be allowed to use proxies, 432
should take oath, 432

Officials not likely to resist temptation, 436

Ohio canals, 42

Oliver Cromwell, 98

Operating expenses reduced, 375

Pacific railroad, 81
diplomacy, 180
prejudice, 45

Pacific roads before boards of equalization, 186
comparative cost, 186
cost to duplicate, 185
easy grade, 185
indebtedness to Government, 184

Papin, constructed steamboat, 47

Parliament compelled British railways, 451

Party organs, 221

Pass abuse, ruling of commission, 362

Pass, purposes for which given, 209
should be discarded, 446

Passenger rate-making principle wrong, 439

Passenger rates not reduced, 375

Passenger rates too high, 438

Passengers carried by railroads in the United States, 292

Passengers, English third-class, 270
killed and injured, 450
third-class, 269

Passes, 207, 208
plentiful, 420
to delegates, 226

Pauper tickets for the clergy should be abolished, 446

Pausanias shown well-kept road, 19

Pedigree of a proverb, 298

Peik vs. Chicago, 213

Pennsylvania canals, 41

Pennsylvania Central R. R. Co., 171

People prone to believe, 245

People's parties called into existence, 404

People will not tolerate, 397

Perquisites abolished, 446

Persian Empire, magnitude, 20

Peru, 67
roads, 35

Phoenicians, 90
built great roads,
traders of antiquity, 20
first great maritime nation, 19

Pipe line, 116, 119

Plan capable of being improved, 433

Policy of delay, 381

Political campaigns in Iowa, 339

Politicians as railroad employes, 229

Pooling, 261, 398
committee does not recommend prohibition, 354
contracts void, 317
grave effects of, 268
means of swelling railroad earnings, 267
should be prohibited, 203

Pools, 85, 194, 195, 251, 297
defended by Mr. Hadley, 247
defended by Mr. Morgan, 250
maintained in Iowa, 336
suppress competition, 198

Poor's, H., opinion, 187
estimate of cost, 86, 173, 247

Poor's estimate of watered stock, 186

Porter, Horace, _North American Review_ article, 290

Porter, John, 104

Portugal, 58

Portuguese, 96

Postal communication, royal road from Susa to Sardes, 21

Postal service not carried on by state, 30

Potential value of interstate law, 367

Powderly, T. V., 449

Prediction of Mr. Walker, 299

Predictions of railroad men, 332

Press abuse, 221

Press, efforts of railroads to control, 271
servile to railroads, 228

_Prima facie_ rates, 341

Prize worth contending for, 380

Procopius, statement of, concerning Via Appia, 27

Problem would be solved if abuses, 297

Providence, 136

Psammitichus cuts canal, 33

Ptolemaic kings built canals, 24

Public at mercy of managers, 381
not unreasonable, 450

Public opinion dormant, 400
efforts to influence, 273
rules, 400

Publicity advantageous, 402

Purchasers of land made the donation, 321

Question not settled until settled right, 377

Railroad attorneys, 214

Railroad-building after 1873, 246

Railroad business not private, 403
safe, 436
changes in Iowa, 393
company public agent, 388
competition, 190, 338
consolidation, 82
construction, 287
diplomate, 228
first line, 77
first steam engine, 47
improved highway, 339
like common road, 391
literature, 231
magazine literature, 273
managers do not do things by halves, 223
managers' opportunities to speculate, 399
men always oppose reductions of rates, 283
officials, 257
papers, 340
precursor of, 46
president's letters, 229

Railroads, abandoned, 79
bonded for more than cost, 175
capitalization of, 86
but few that do not pay, 52
cost to build, 186
earnings of, 86
in Asia, 59
in Austria, 54
in Belgium, 56
in Denmark, 58
in France, 54
in Germany, 53
in Granger States did not comply with law, 246
in Hungary, 54
in Italy, 57
in politics, 205
in Portugal, 58
in Russia, 58
in Switzerland, 56
in Spain, 57
in the Balkan Peninsula, 59
in the Scandinavian Peninsula, 58
in the United States, 76
in Turkey, 60
land grants to, 80
partake of two natures, 392
propitiate judiciary, 211
public tax collectors, 396
rebelled against Iowa law, 344

Railroad stations, number of, 190

Railroad tax, amount of, 393

Railway acts, first in England, 127

_Railway Age_, 288

Railway benefits, 231
employes in politics, 308
first act, 49
organs, 229
Pan-American, 88

Railways, highways, 13
weakened their arguments, 237

Railway system, growth of, 87
length of in the world, 87

Rate-making a legislative and not a judicial function, 332

Rate-making difficult, 244
not a judicial question, 378

Rate of 1870, 248, 249
per ton per mile on Camden and Amboy Railroad, 109
question, 370

Rates, fixing of by commission demanded, 430
fundamental principles in making, 385
in France, 293
lower will prevail, 256
lower, reason for, 374
might be reduced, 417
on Milwaukee road, 233
reduced by zone tariff in Austria-Hungary, 283
should be lower here than in Europe, 373
should be referred to National and State boards, 379
under Granger laws, 246
under Wisconsin Granger laws, 236
what are reasonable, 376

Reagan, John H., bill of, 352

Reform demanded, 295

Reasonable rates, 376, 387
fixing of, 361

Rebates Standard Oil Company, 115

Redfield, J. F., 312

Reduced rates on Government business in France, 293
increased business, 282

Refineries closed, 116

Reforms needed, 438

Remedies, 389
proposed by committee, 352

Remedy proposed by Mr. Hudson of doubtful efficiency, 268

Reorganization of the M. &. M. R. R., 322

Report of Cullom committee, 353

Reports of Interstate Commission, 366

Revenues increased by Granger law, 246, 332
uniform, 437

Revolution and anarchy, 299

Rhenish League, 94

Ricks, Judge, 449

Ridgeway, Jacob, 106

Right of control rests upon firmer ground, 318

Right of way, cost of, 370

River and harbor improvements, 453

Rivers, improvement of, 44

Robber knights, 93, 149

Robbers and feudal knights, depredations being tax, 29

Rob Roy, 258
policy, 102

Robinson, H. P., railway in politics, 308

Rocket, the, 49

Rogers, Thorold, 454

Roman Empire, after downfall roads destroyed, 28

Roman postal service, 27

Romans learned art of paving roads from Carthaginians, 24

Rome, 91
connecting link between antiquity and mediævalism, 24
extent, population, roads, etc., 25

Roads built from proceeds of stocks and bonds, 373

Roads built only when immediately profitable, 328
early, 37
pioneers of enlightenment and political eminence, 17
subject to legislative control, 327
utility of good, recognized in colonial times, 36

Russia, 58
roads, 35

Rutter, J. H., agent of New York Central, 116

Salaries, American railways pay the highest, 420

Saloon men politicians, 366

San Domingo, 71

San Salvador, 70

Sanspareil, the, 49

Savings under Government management, 422

Scandinavian Peninsula, 58

Scandinavian roads and canals, 35

Schedule rates made by Iowa Commission, 342

Schedules should be submitted to bureau, 432

Scriptures, roads of the, 22

Second-class passenger rates,
why not successful, 282

Secrecy a source of evils, 402

Select committee, 353

Select Committee on Transportation, 351

Senate committee, 172

Senators and Congressmen raise campaign funds, 436

Servility of Interstate Commerce Commission, 203

Sesostris cut canal, 23

Shippers given favors, 219, 221
powerless, 382

Sioux City, 325

Smyth Judge, 229

South America, 66

Southern Pacific Railroad Company, 122

Southern pool, 200

Southern Railway and Steamship Association, 194

South Sea Company, 303

Spain, 57
canals, 34

Spain and Gaul, roads of, 27

Special arrangements, 295

Special-car aristocracy, 445

Special contracts, 137
rate agreement, 141
rates, 120, 138

Speed of railroads, 279

Spelling, T. Carl, 317

Speculative element should be removed, 433

Speculators and gamblers, 434

Spirit of Interstate Law, 369

Standard Oil monopoly, 114
discrimination, 160, 362

State control encourages building, 130
in Iowa asserted early, 330
Spelling on, 318

State, duty of, 391
management, advantages of, 410
ownership and regulation, 409
with private management, 422
railway system, 277

States to cease futile attempts, 299

Steam engine, first account, 47

Stephenson, 48

Stevens, Mr., 107

Stewart, A. T., & Co., 138

Stickney, A. B., criticises President Mitchell's letter, 23
his criticism of Iowa rates, 343
his error, 256
favors entire control by Nation, 255
on interstate law, 255
on national control, 424

Stock a bonus, 434

Stock and bond inflation, 163

Stockholders, 131
dissatisfied, 112
interested in publicity, 403

Stock market controlled by few, 308

Stocks, fluctuations of, 435
should be paid in full, 438
shrinkage of value, 284

Stockton, R. F., 103

Stock watered 50 per cent., 307

Stock-watering, 164, 165
in America, 270
English, 371

Stock wiped out, 326

Stone, Governor, 324

Subordinates have to suffer for superiors, 203

Subsidies, 329
to press, 271

Sunday trains restricted, 451

Superintendents responsible for uncivil subordinates, 447

Supreme Court, 215, 289

Switzerland, 56

Taney, Justice, 216

Tariff, a tax, 135
prepared by sworn officials, 381

Tariffs impeachable, 382
official, should stand until proved unreasonable, 382

Texas legislation, 346

Text books, 312

Thiers, M., 51

Third-class passengers in Europe, 443

_Times_, New York, 340

Tipping, 447

Traffic associations, 149, 300

Trainmen should be allowed rest, 451

Train mile earnings, 269

Trains, number of, per mile, per annum, 281
should connect, 451

Transportation not a commodity, 368

Trevithick, Richard, 48

_Tribune_, Chicago, 244
New York, 340

Turkey, 60

Turnpike, first American, 37

Turnpikes in Great Britain, 32

Turnpike tolls, 396

Twelfth General Assembly, 323, 330

Umpires, high-priced, 420

Unanimous vote on Iowa law, 341

Union Pacific, 175

United States Bank, 303, 366

Unscrupulous men attracted, 390

Value of land grants, 329

Vanderbilt, 82, 452

Vedas, testimony of, 18

Venetian council, 253

Venezuela, 66

Venice, 93

Via Appia and other roads, 26

Violations of law encouraged by courts, 430

Wabash Railroad, 212

Walker, A. F., 294, 295, 311

Wall Street, defense of, 340
managers, 346
method, 302

War, 399

War rule, 331

Washington among the first to advocate internal improvements, 39

Water courses as levelers, 453

Watering stock, Mr. Jeans on, 270
methods of, 174

Water transportation, 145

Watered stocks, 172
Hadley on, 247

Watt and Stephenson's inventions, 126

Watt, James, 47

Weak roads helped, 344

Western candidates, 224

Water classification, 343

West Indies, 71

Western politician outwitted, 225
pool, failure of, 200
Traffic Association, 299
Union Telegraph Company, 127

White House, the, 215

Whitney, Asa, 81

Whitney's cotton gin, 231

Why Western people do not invest in railroad stocks, 308

Wells, David A., 374

Windom committee, 351

Wisconsin Granger laws, 331

Witnesses recusant, 134

Wrecking roads, 305

Wrought-iron rails patented, 47

_World_, New York, 340

Zone tariff, 409
ridiculed, 441

A Standard Book on an Important Subject.

THE

RAILROAD QUESTION.

A HISTORICAL AND PRACTICAL TREATISE

RAILROADS, AND REMEDIES FOR THEIR ABUSES.

=_William Larrabee_=,

Late Governor of Iowa.

12mo, cloth extra, gilt top (488 pages), $1.50.

I.--History of Transportation. II.--The History of Railroads. III.--History of Railroads in the United States. IV.--Monopoly in Transportation. V.--Railroad Abuses. VI.--Stock and Bond Inflation. VII.--Combinations. VIII.--Railroads in Politics. IX., X.--Railroad Literature. XI.--Railroads and Railroad Legislation in Iowa. XII.--The Inter-State Commerce Act. XIII.--The Rate Question. XIV.--Remedies. Appendix:--Tables and Statistics. There is also a bibliography on the subject of Railroads, embracing ninety-eight titles, and a carefully prepared alphabetical index.

Opinions of the Press.

"No work has ever before told so completely and clearly what the public want to know, and ought to know, about the secret management and true legal status of railroads. What journalists and magazine writers have studiously left unsaid, whether from lack of knowledge or from motives of 'revenue only,' Governor Larrabee has said, and said it well."--_Western Rural._

"This book is evidently the result of long study and experience and much thinking. While it is radical in its treatment of the question, no side of it has been overlooked. It deserves careful reading by every person who is interested in this great question. No subject is more worthy the profound study of the statesman, the man of affairs, the scholar and the citizen. Surely all who are trying to understand the good and evil of railroads can turn to the pages of this book with the certain expectation of learning much both in the way of fact and suggestion."--_Bankers' Magazine._

"Perhaps the most interesting chapters are the two in which the author reviews and criticises former publications on railway questions, and the one in which he reviews the various remedies which have been from time to time advanced for railway abuses. The book is concisely and clearly written."--_Engineering News._

"Ex.-Gov. Larrabee of Iowa has written a highly meaty book on the railroad question. It is a topic he is well qualified to handle, viewing that he was no small part of the movement in former days to repress railroad abuses in the West, and particularly in his own State."--_Chicago Tribune._

"A careful study of an important question, fortified by facts and figures which are both interesting and valuable."--_New York Recorder._

Hon. Thomas M. Cooley says: "I have read the book with interest, especially that part which discusses State ownership and management. I have not before seen the side you advocate so clearly and so ably presented."

"The book is the most valuable work yet issued on its subject."--_Des Moines News._

"Mr. Larrabee is eminently fitted for the task to which he has set himself. He is not a mere theorizer. He brings to the discussion the ripe knowledge that comes from long experience in dealing with the railroad question, not only as a State Senator and Governor, but also 'as a shipper and as a railroad promoter, owner and stockholder,' and likewise as 'a director, president and manager of a railroad company.' In his treatment of the railroad problem, moreover, Mr. Larrabee displays a breadth of view and an earnestness of purpose that must command respect even where they fail to carry conviction."--_Public Opinion._

"It is devoid of the animus which usually enters into the works of the reformers, but on the contrary is written in admirable style, enhanced by happy anecdotes, and altogether is a much more readable book than one is accustomed to find upon so practical a question."--_Kansas City Journal._

"It justifies a claim to a place among the standard books upon the railroad problem. It is particularly in those portions of the work which deal with the relations of the Government to the railroads and the solution of the difficulties that have arisen between the railways and the people that the experience of the author both in guiding and executing the railway legislation of Iowa comes into prominent play."--_Omaha Bee._

"We commend the book to the careful reading of the railroad stockholder."--_Railroad Record and Investor's Guide._

"A thoughtful volume, showing careful research and reflection."--_Chicago Inter-Ocean._

"A most interesting, valuable and timely book. Every student of the subject will need to read it, and the popular vein of narrative makes it very interesting and instructive to the general reader."--_New England Home._

"This work will present Governor Larrabee in a new and novel light before the public. Heretofore he has been known as the successful man of affairs and business; as the earnest and zealous legislator; as the persistent and vigorous executive; and now he comes as the laborious student upon a great economic and practical question who has aptly and clearly put his views into a book."--_Dubuque Herald._

"A thorough treatise by an able mind. The authorities quoted are the best in print."--_Coming Nation._

"By far the best work on the popular side of the railroad question."--_Gen. M. M. Trumbull in the Open Court._

"Gov. Larrabee's book will rank among the greatest productions of the day on that question."--_Cedar Rapids Gazette._

"The book is the result of extraordinary observation, great reading and careful study. * * * This element of completeness, of massing so much information between the covers of a book of ordinary size, makes it invaluable for reference. Of all the many books called out by the agitation of the railroad question, this one will be oftenest referred to, not so much for its opinions as for its stores of facts."-- _Davenport Democrat._

"Governor Larrabee has always been a careful and conscientious student of the railroad question, and in exposing the abuses to which the railroad system has committed itself he renders a service from which the public may derive great benefit."--_Good Roads._

"The high character and well known reputation of the author will create a demand for this book, aside from the fact that it contains a vast amount of information as well as sound reasoning on the railroad question."--_American Journal of Politics._

"The author's attitude, while firm, is by no means a sinister or fantastic one. He writes obviously from honest conviction, and he writes with skill and force."--_Philadelphia Press._

"A temperate and instructive contribution to railroad literature."--_Chicago Times._

"A mine of facts gathered by a man who has made a specialty of his subject and who is evidently in earnest in his desire to lessen the burdens of the American people."--_San Francisco Chronicle._

"In point of authenticity the book is absolutely to be relied upon."--_St. Louis Post-Dispatch._

"Governor Larrabee came to Iowa before any railroad had reached the Mississippi. Engaging in manufacturing, the inconveniences which he suffered from want of transportation facilities instilled liberal opinions concerning railroads. He made private donations to new roads and he advocated public aid to them. As a legislator he introduced a bill authorizing a 5 per cent. tax in aid of railroad construction. He believed that the common law and competition could be relied upon to correct abuses and to solve the rate problem. It has not been until since these efforts were made that he has become convinced, as he says in his preface, that 'where combination is possible competition is impossible.' The object of this work is explained to be to set forth the objections which lie against the management of railroads as private property. They are used by their managers for speculative purposes. They cannot perform their proper functions so long as they are used only for the interests of their stockholders. In order to serve their real purpose, 'they must become in fact what they are in theory, highways to be controlled by the Government as thoroughly and effectively as the common road, the turnpike and the ferry, the post-office and the custom-house.'"--_Council Bluffs Nonpareil._

="THE RAILROAD QUESTION"=

may be ordered through any bookseller,
or will be sent by mail to any address,
on receipt of price, by the publishers.

The Schulte Publishing Company,
334 DEARBORN STREET,
CHICAGO.

End of Project Gutenberg's The Railroad Question, by William Larrabee

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The Railroad QuestionChapter XXV: Appendix: TABLE No. 1

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