Chapter XXIV: Appendix

I have recently discovered these four notes in the charter-room at
Tocqueville, where my grandfather had carefully deposited, by the
side of our most precious family archives, all the manuscripts of
his brother that came into his possession. They seemed to me to
throw some light upon the Revolution of February and the question
of the revision of the Constitution in 1851, and to merit
publication together with the Recollections.

Comte de Tocqueville.

I

GUSTAVE DE BEAUMONT'S VERSION OF THE 24TH OF FEBRUARY.

I have to-day (24 October 1850) had a conversation with Beaumont which is worth noting. This is what he told me:

"On the 24th of February, at seven o'clock in the morning, Jules Lasteyrie and another [I have forgotten the name which Beaumont mentioned] came to fetch me to take me to M. Thiers, where Barrot, Duvergier, and several others were expected."

I asked him if he knew what had passed during the night between Thiers and the King. He replied:

"I was told by Thiers, and especially by Duvergier, who had at once taken a note of Thiers' narrative, that Thiers had been summoned at about one o'clock; that he had found the King in an undecided frame of mind; that he had at once told him that he could only come in with Barrot and Duvergier; that the King, after raising many objections, had appeared to yield; that he had put off Thiers till the morning; that nevertheless, as he showed him to the door, he had told him that as yet no one was bound one way or the other."

Evidently the King reserved the right of attempting to form another combination before the morning.

"I must here," continued Beaumont, "tell you a curious anecdote. Do you know how Bugeaud was occupied during that decisive night, at the Tuileries itself, where he had just received the command-in-chief? Listen: Bugeaud's hope and ambition was to become Minister of War when Thiers should come into power. Things were so turning out, as he clearly saw, as to make this appointment impossible; but what preoccupied him was to assure his preponderance at the War Office even if he was not at the head of it. Consequently, on the night of the 24th of February, or rather in the early morning, Bugeaud with his own hand wrote to Thiers from the Tuileries a letter of four pages, of which the substance was:

"'I understand the difficulties which prevent you from making me your Minister of War; nevertheless I have always liked you, and I am sure that we shall one day govern together. However, I understand the present reasons, and I give way before them; but I beg you, at least, to give M. Magne, who is my friend, the place of Under-Secretary of State at the War Office.'"

Resuming his general narrative, Beaumont continued:

"When I arrived at the Place Saint-Georges, Thiers and his friends had already left for the Tuileries. I hastily followed them, and arrived at the same time as they did. The appearance of Paris was already formidable; however, the King received us as usual, with the same copious language and the same mannerisms that you know of. Before being shown in to him [at least, I believe it was here that Beaumont placed this incident], we talked about affairs among ourselves. I insisted urgently upon Bugeaud's dismissal. 'If you want to oppose force to the popular movement,' I said, 'by all means make use of Bugeaud's name and audacity; but if you wish to attempt conciliation and you suspend hostilities[36] ... then Bugeaud's name is a contradiction.' The others seconded me, and Thiers reluctantly and with hesitation gave way. They compromised the matter as you know: Bugeaud nominally retained the command-in-chief, and Lamoriciere was placed at the head of the National Guard. Thiers and Barrot entered the King's closet, and I do not know what happened there. The order had been given to the troops everywhere to cease firing, and to fall back upon the Palace and make way for the National Guard. I myself, with Remusat, hurriedly drew up the proclamation informing the people of these orders and explaining them. At nine o'clock it was agreed that Thiers and Barrot should personally attempt to make an appeal to the people; Thiers was stopped on the staircase and induced to turn back, but with difficulty, I am bound to admit. Barrot set out alone, and I followed him."

[36: This clearly shows, independently of what Beaumont told me
positively, how absolutely the new Cabinet had made up its mind to
yield.]

Here Beaumont's account is identical with Barrot's.

"Barrot was wonderful throughout this expedition," said Beaumont. "I had difficulty in making him turn back, although when we had once arrived at the barricade at the Porte Saint-Denis, it would have been impossible to go further. Our return made the situation worse: we brought in our wake, by effecting a passage for it, a crowd more hostile than that which we had traversed in going; by the time we arrived at the Place Vendome, Barrot feared lest he should take the Tuileries by assault, in spite of himself, with the multitude which followed him; he slipped away and returned home. I came back to the Chateau. The situation seemed to me very serious but far from desperate, and I was filled with surprise on perceiving the disorder that had gained all minds during my absence, and the terrible confusion that already reigned at the Tuileries. I was not quite able to understand what had happened, or to learn what news they had received to turn everything topsy-turvy in this fashion. I was dying of hunger and fatigue; I went up to a table and hurriedly took some food. Ten times, during this meal of three or four minutes, an aide-de-camp of the King or of one of the Princes came to look for me, spoke to me in confused language, and left me without properly understanding my reply. I quickly joined Thiers, Remusat, Duvergier, and one or two others who were to compose the new Cabinet. We went together to the King's closet: this was the only Council at which I was present. Thiers spoke, and started a long homily on the duties of the King and the paterfamilias. 'That is to say, you advise me to abdicate,' said the King, who was but indifferently affected by the touching part of the speech and came straight to the point. Thiers assented, and gave his reasons. Duvergier supported him with great vivacity. Knowing nothing of what had happened, I displayed my astonishment and exclaimed that all was not lost. Thiers seemed much annoyed at my outburst, and I could not prevent myself from believing that the secret aim of Thiers and Duvergier had, from the first, been to get rid of the King, on whom they could no longer rely, and to govern in the name of the Duc de Nemours or the Duchesse d'Orleans, after forcing the King to abdicate. The King, who had struck me as very firm up to a certain moment, seemed towards the end to surrender himself entirely."

Here there is a void in my memory in Beaumont's account, which I will fill up from another conversation. I come to the scene of the abdication, which followed:

"During the interval, events and news growing worse and the panic increasing, Thiers had declared that already he was no longer possible (which was perhaps true), and that Barrot was scarcely so. He then disappeared--at least, I did not see him again during the last moments--which was very wrong of him, for although he declined the Ministry, he ought not, at so critical a juncture, to have abandoned the Princes, and he should have remained to advise them, although no longer their Minister. I was present at the final scene of the abdication. The Duc de Montpensier begged his father to write and urged him so eagerly that the King stopped and said, 'But look here, I can't write faster.' The Queen was heroical and desperate: knowing that I had appeared opposed to the abdication at the Council, she took my hands and told me that such a piece of cowardice must not be allowed to be consummated, that we should defend ourselves, that she would let herself be killed, before the King's eyes, before they could reach him. The abdication was signed nevertheless, and the Duc de Nemours begged me to run and tell Marshal Gerard, who was at the further end of the Carrousel, that I had seen the King sign, so that he might announce officially to the people that the King had abdicated. I hastened there, and returned; all the rooms were empty. I went from room to room without meeting a soul. I went down into the garden; I there met Barrot, who had come over from the Ministry of the Interior, and was indulging in the same useless quest. The King had escaped by the main avenue; the Duchesse d'Orleans seemed to have gone by the underground passage to the water-side. No necessity had compelled them to leave the Chateau, which was then in perfect safety, and which was not invaded by the people until an hour after it had been abandoned. Barrot was determined at all costs to assist the Duchess. He hurriedly had horses prepared for her, the young Prince and ourselves, and wanted us to throw ourselves all together into the midst of the people--the only chance in fact, and a feeble one at that, that remained to us. Unable to rejoin the Duchess, we left for the Ministry of the Interior. You met us on the road; you know the rest."

II

BARROT'S VERSION OF THE 24TH OF FEBRUARY.

(_10 October 1850._)

"I believe that M. Mole only refused the Ministry after the firing had commenced on the Boulevard. Thiers told me that he had been sent for at one in the morning; that he had asked the King to appoint me as the necessary man; that the King had at first resisted and then yielded; and that at last he had adjourned our meeting to nine o'clock in the morning at the Palace.

"At five o'clock Thiers came to my house to awake me; we talked; he went home, and I called for him at eight. I found him quietly shaving. It is a great pity that the King and M. Thiers thus wasted the time that elapsed between one and eight o'clock. When he had finished shaving, we went to the Chateau; the population already was greatly excited; barricades were being built, and even a few shots had already been fired from houses near the Tuileries. However, we found the King still very calm and retaining his usual manner. He addressed me with the commonplaces which you can imagine for yourself. At that hour, Bugeaud was still general-in-chief. I strongly persuaded Thiers not to take office under the colour of that name, and at least to modify it by giving the command of the National Guard to Lamoriciere, who was there. Thiers accepted this arrangement, which was agreed to by the King and Bugeaud himself.

"I next proposed to the King that he should dissolve the Chamber of Deputies. 'Never, never!' he said; he lost his temper and left the room, slamming the door in the faces of Thiers and me. It was quite clear that he only consented to give us office in order to save the first moment, and that he intended, after compromising us with the people, to throw us over with the assistance of Parliament. Of course, at any ordinary time, I should at once have withdrawn; but the gravity of the situation made me stay, and I proposed to present myself to the people, myself to apprise them of the formation of the new Cabinet, and to calm them. In the impossibility of our having anything printed and posted up in time, I looked upon myself as a walking placard. I must do Thiers the justice to say that he wished to accompany me, and that it was I who refused, as I dreaded the bad impression his presence might make.

"I therefore set out; I went up to each barricade unarmed; the muskets were lowered, the barricades opened; there were cries of 'Reform for ever! long live Barrot!' We thus went to the Porte Saint-Denis, where we found a barricade two stories high and defended by men who made no sign of concurrence in my words and betrayed no intention of allowing us to pass the barricade. We were therefore compelled to retrace our steps. On returning, I found the people more excited than when I had come; nevertheless, I heard not a single seditious cry, nor anything that announced an immediate revolution. The only word that I heard of grave import was from Etienne Arago. He came up to me and said, 'If the King does not abdicate, we shall have a revolution before eight o'clock to-night.' I thus came to the Place Vendome; thousands of men followed me, crying, 'To the Tuileries! to the Tuileries!' I reflected what was the best thing to do. To go to the Tuileries at the head of that multitude was to make myself the absolute master of the situation, but by means of an act which might have seemed violent and revolutionary. Had I known what was happening at the moment in the Tuileries, I should not have hesitated; but as yet I felt no anxiety. The attitude of the people did not yet seem decided. I knew that all the troops were falling back upon the Chateau; that the Government was there, and the generals; I could not therefore imagine the panic which, shortly afterwards, placed it in the hands of the mob. I turned to the right and returned home to take a moment's rest; I had not eaten anything yet and was utterly exhausted. After a few minutes, Malleville sent word from the Ministry of the Interior that it was urgent that I should come and sign the telegrams to the departments. I went in my carriage, and was cheered by the people; from there, I set out to walk to the Palace. I was still ignorant of all that had happened. When I reached the quay, opposite the garden, I saw a regiment of Dragoons returning to barracks; the colonel said to me, 'The King has abdicated; all the troops are withdrawing.' I hurried; when I reached the wicket-gates, I had great difficulty in penetrating to the court-yard, as the troops were crowding out through every opening. At last I reached the yard, which I found almost empty; the Duc de Nemours was there; I entreated him to tell me where the Duchesse d'Orleans was; he replied that he did not know, but that he believed that at that moment she was in the pavilion at the water-side. I hastened there; I was told that the Duchess was not there. I forced the door and went through the rooms, which were, in fact, empty. I left the Tuileries, recommending Havin, whom I met, not to bring the Duchess, if he found her, to the Chamber, with which there was nothing to be done. My intention had been, if I had found the Duchess and her son, to put them on horseback and throw myself with them among the people: I had even had the horses got ready.

"Not finding the Princess, I returned to the Ministry of the Interior; I met you on the road, you know what happened there. I was sent for in haste to go to the Chamber. I had scarcely arrived when the leaders of the Extreme Left surrounded me and dragged me almost by main force to the first office; there, they begged me to propose to the Assembly the nomination of a Provisional Government, of which I was to be a member. I sent them about their business, and returned to the Chamber. You know the rest."

III

SOME INCIDENTS OF THE 24TH OF FEBRUARY 1848.

1

_M. Dufaure's efforts to prevent the Revolution of
February--Responsibility of M. Thiers, which renders them futile._

To-day (19 October 1850), Rivet recalled and fixed with me the circumstances of an incident well worth remembering.

In the course of the week preceding that in which the Monarchy was overthrown, a certain number of Conservative deputies began to feel an anxiety which was not shared by the Ministers and their colleagues. They thought that it was more advisable to overthrow the Cabinet, provided that this could be done without violence, than to risk the adventure of the banquets. One of them, M. Sallandrouze, made the following proposal to M. Billault (the banquet was to take place on Tuesday the 22nd) that on the 21st M. Dufaure and his friends should move an urgent order of the day, drawn up in consultation with Sallandrouze and those in whose name he spoke, some forty in number. The order of the day should be voted by them on condition that, on its side, the Opposition should give up the banquet and restrain the people.

On Sunday, the 20th of February, we met at Rivet's to discuss this proposal. There were present, as far as I am able to remember, Dufaure, Billault, Lanjuinais, Corcelles, Ferdinand Barrot, Talabot, Rivet, and myself.

Sallandrouze's proposal was explained to us by Billault; we accepted it at once, and drafted an order of the day in consequence. I myself drafted it, and this draft, with some modifications, was accepted by my friends. The terms in which it was couched (I no longer remember them) were very moderate, but the adoption of this order of the day would inevitably entail the resignation of the Cabinet.

There remained to be fulfilled the condition of the vote of the Conservatives, the withdrawal of the banquet. We had had nothing to do with this measure, and consequently we were not able to prevent it. It was agreed that one of us should at once go in search of Duvergier de Hauranne and Barrot, and propose that they should act according to the condition demanded. Rivet was selected for this negociation, and we adjourned our meeting till the evening to know how he had succeeded.

In the evening he came and reported to us as follows:

Barrot had eagerly entered into the opening offered him; he effusively seized Rivet's hands, and declared that he was prepared to do all that he was asked in this sense; he seemed relieved of a great weight on beholding the possibility of escaping from the responsibility of the banquet. But he added that he was not engaged in this enterprise alone, and that he must come to an understanding with his friends, without whom he could do nothing. How well we knew it!

Rivet went on to Duvergier's, and was told that he was at the Conservatoire of Music, but that he would return home before dinner. Rivet waited. Duvergier returned. Rivet told him of the proposal of the Conservatives and of our order of the day. Duvergier received this communication somewhat disdainfully; they had gone too far, he said, to draw back; the Conservatives had repented too late; he, Duvergier, and his friends could not, without losing their popularity and perhaps all their influence with the masses, undertake to make the latter give up the proposed demonstration. "However," he added, "I am only giving you my first and personal impression; but I am going to dine with Thiers, and I will send you a note this evening to let you know our final decision."

This note came while we were there; it said briefly that the opinion expressed by Duvergier before dinner was also that of Thiers, and that the idea which we had suggested must be abandoned. We broke up at once: the die was cast!

I have no doubt that, among the reasons for Thiers' and Duvergier's refusal, the first place must be given to this, which was not expressed: that if the Ministry fell quietly, by the combined effect of a part of the Conservatives and ourselves, and upon an order of the day presented by us, we should come into power, and not those who had built up all this great machinery of the banquets in order to attain it.

2

_Dufaure's conduct on the 24th of February 1848._

Rivet told me to-day (19 October 1850) that he had never talked with Dufaure of what happened to him on the 24th of February; but that he had gathered the following from conversation with members of his family or of his immediate surroundings:

On the 23rd of February, at about a quarter past six, M. Mole, after concerting with M. de Montalivet, sent to beg Dufaure to come and see him. Dufaure, on his road to M. Mole's, called on Rivet and asked him to wait for him, because he intended to come back to Rivet on leaving M. Mole. Dufaure did not return, and Rivet did not see him till some time after, but he believed that, on arriving at Mole's, Dufaure had a rather long conversation with him, and then went away, declaring that he did not wish to join the new Cabinet, and that, in his opinion, circumstances called for the men who had brought about the movement, that is to say, Thiers and Barrot.

He returned greatly alarmed at the appearance of Paris, found his wife and mother-in-law still more alarmed, and, at five o'clock in the morning of the 24th, set out with them and took them to Vauves. He himself came back; I saw him at about eight or nine o'clock, and I do not remember that he told me he had taken this morning journey. I was calling on him with Lanjuinais and Corcelles; but we soon separated, arranging to meet at twelve at the Chamber of Deputies. Dufaure did not come; it seems that he started to do so, and in fact arrived at the Palace of the Assembly, which had, doubtless, been just at that moment invaded. What is certain is that he went on and joined his family at Vauves.

IV

MY CONVERSATION WITH BERRYER, ON THE 21ST OF JUNE, AT AN
APPOINTMENT WHICH I HAD GIVEN HIM AT MY HOUSE. WE WERE BOTH MEMBERS
OF THE COMMITTEE FOR THE REVISION OF THE CONSTITUTION.

I thus opened the conversation:

"Let us leave appearances on one side, between you and me. You are not making a revisionist but an electoral campaign."

He replied, "That is true; you are quite right"

"Very well," I replied; "we shall see presently if you are well advised. What I must tell you at once is that I cannot join in a manoeuvre of which the sole object is to save a section only of the moderate party at the next elections, leaving out of the calculation many others, and notably that to which I belong. You must either give the moderate Republicans a valid reason for voting for the Revision, by giving it a republican character, or else expect us to do our best to spike your guns."

He agreed, but raised difficulties that originated with the passions and prejudices of his party. We discussed for some time what was to be done, and at last we came to the policy which he was following.

This is what I said to him on this subject, of which I particularly wish to retain the impression. I said:

"Berryer, you are dragging us all, in spite of ourselves, into a plight for which you will have to bear the sole responsibility, you may be quite sure of that. If the Legitimists had joined those who wished to fight against the President, the fight might still be possible. You have dragged your party, in spite of itself, in an opposite direction; henceforth, we can no longer resist; we cannot remain alone with the Montagnards; we must give way, since you give way; but what will be the consequence? I can see your thought, it is quite clear: you think that circumstances render the President's ascendancy irresistible and the movement which carries the country towards him insurmountable. Unable to fight against the current, you throw yourselves into it, at the risk of making it more violent still, but in the hope that it will land you and your friends in the next Assembly, in addition to various other sections of the party of order, which is not very sympathetic with the President. There alone you think that you will find a solid resting-place from which to resist him, and you think that, by working his business to-day, you will be able to keep together, in the next Assembly, a group of men able to cope with him. To struggle against the tide which carries him at this moment is to make one's self unpopular and ineligible and to deliver the party to the Socialists and the Bonapartists, neither of whom you wish to see triumph: well and good! Your plan has its plausible side, but it fails in one principal respect, which is this: I could understand you if the election were to take place to-morrow, and if you were at once to gather the fruits of your manoeuvre, as at the December election; but there is nearly a year between now and the next elections. You will not succeed in having them held in the spring, if you succeed in having them held at all. Between now and then, do you imagine that the Bonapartist movement, aided, precipitated by you, will cease? Do you not see that, after asking you for a Revision of the Constitution, public opinion, stirred up by all the agents of the Executive and led by our own weakness, will ask us for something more, and then for something more still, until we are driven openly to favour the illegal re-election of the President and purely and simply to work his business for him? Can you go as far as that? Would your party be willing to, if you are? No! You will therefore come to a moment when you will have to stop short, to stand firm on your ground, to resist the combined effort of the nation and the Executive Power; in other words, on the one hand to become unpopular, and on the other to lose that support, or at least that electoral neutrality, of the Government which you desire. You will have enslaved yourselves, you will have immensely strengthened the forces opposed to you, and that is all. I tell you this: either you will pass completely and for ever under the President's yoke, or you will lose, just when it is ripe for gathering, all the fruit of your manoeuvre, and you will simply have taken upon yourself, in your own eyes and the country's, the responsibility of having contributed to raise this Power, which will perhaps, in spite of the mediocrity of the man, and thanks to the extraordinary power of circumstances, become the heir of the Revolution and our master."

Barrot seemed to me to rest tongue-tied, and the time having come to part, we parted.

INDEX

Many of the actors in the Revolution of 1848 are comparatively unknown in England. I did not wish to encumber these Recollections with foot-notes; and I have preferred, instead, to amplify the following Index by giving, in the majority of cases, the full names and titles of these participants, with the dates of their birth and death.

A. Teixeira de Mattos.

A

Abdul Medjid, Sultan of Turkey (1823-1861), on question of Hungarian
refugees, 373.

d'Adelsward, in the National Assembly, 162.

Ampere, Jean Jacques (1800-1864), character of, 87.

Andryane, in the Chamber of Deputies, 72.

Arago, Etienne, on the barricades, 387.

Austria, her relations with Hungary and Russia, 335.
---- Tsar's views on, 337.

Austrians, in Italy, 333.
---- submits to the influence of Russia, 352 (_foot-note_).
---- and Piedmont, 353.
---- demands Hungarian refugees from Turkey, 361.

B

Baden, revolution put down in, 342.
---- Tocqueville interferes on behalf of the rebels (_foot-note_),
342.

Banquets, the, affair of, 18.

Banquet in Paris, forbidden by Government, 30.
---- Rivet's statement in regard to, 390

Barbes, Armand (1810-1870), in the National Assembly, 164.
---- goes to the Hotel de Ville, 168.
---- impeached by the Assembly, 173.

Barricades, the, construction of, 47.

Barrot, Camille Hyacinthe Odilon (1791-1873), alliance of, with
Thiers, 19.
---- replies to Hebert in Chamber of Deputies, 28.
---- recoils from Banquet in Paris, 31.
---- sent for by Louis-Philippe, 45.
---- on the Revolution, 59.
---- and the barricades, 74.
---- in Committee of Constitution, 243, 246, 250, 255.
---- tries to form a new Cabinet, 267.
---- succeeds, 277.
---- with Beaumont, &c., 379.
---- his version of the abdication of Louis-Philippe, 385.

Bastide, gets the Assembly to appoint Cavaignac Military Dictator,
204.

Beaumont, Gustave de la Bonniniere de (1802-1866), Tocqueville's
conversation with, 41.
---- is sent for by Louis-Philippe, 45.
---- tells Tocqueville of abdication of Louis-Philippe, 58.
---- meets Tocqueville, 74.
---- sits with Tocqueville in National Assembly, 142.
---- in Committee of the Constitution, 252.
---- his interview with Tocqueville and political friends, 267.
---- sent as Ambassador to Vienna, 321.
---- letter of Tocqueville to, on the Hungarian refugees, 370.
---- his account of the abdication of Louis-Philippe, 379.

Beaumont, Madame de, notice of, 41.

Bedeau, General Marie Alphonse (1804-1863), on the Place Louis XV, 51.
---- character of, 52.
---- nearly killed in Insurrection, 227.
---- his interview with Tocqueville and his political friends, 267.

Berlin, Persigny sent to, 323.

Berryer, Pierre Antoine (1790-1868), his discussion with Tocqueville
on the proposed Constitution, 394.

Billault, Auguste Adolphe Marie (1805-1863), in the Chamber of
Deputies, 74.
---- and banquets, 390.

Blanc, Jean Joseph Louis (1811-1882), in the National Assembly, 166.

Blanqui, Louis Auguste (1805-1881), in the National Assembly, 163.

Blanqui, Adolphe Jerome (1798-1854), anecdote of, 197.

Bloomfield, John Arthur Douglas Bloomfield, Lord (1802-1879),
British Minister at St Petersburg, 374.
---- snubbed by Nesselrode, _idem_.

Broglie, Achille Charles Leonce Victor Duc de (1785-1870), his
seclusion, 106.
---- and foreign affairs, 330.

Buchez, Philippe Benjamin Joseph (1769-1865), in the National
Assembly, 162.

Bugeaud, Thomas Robert Marshal, Marquis de la Piconnerie, Duc d'Isly
(1784-1849), in favour of the Duchesse d'Orleans, 72.
---- dying of cholera, 290.
---- his ambition, 380.

Buffel, Minister of Agriculture, 276.

C

Cabinet, Members of the, 278.

Cavaignac, General Louis Eugene (1802-1857), in the Insurrection of
June, 195.
---- made Military Dictator, 204.
---- Tocqueville votes for, 263.
---- speech of, 297.

Chamber of Deputies, the, state of in 1848, 10.
---- Tocqueville's speech in, on 27th January 1848, 14.
---- Speeches in, by Hebert and Barrot, 28.
---- state of, on 22nd February, 33.
---- state of, on 23rd February, 36.
---- Guizot in, 36.
---- state of, on 24th February, 56.
---- Tocqueville's estimate of its utility, 58.
---- Duchesse d'Orleans in, 60.
---- invaded by the people, 62.

Chambers, one or two? debate on, in the Committee of the Constitution,
242.

Changarnier, General Nicolas Anne Theodule (1793-1877), Rulhiere's
jealousy of, 279.
---- sent for, 295.
---- puts down insurrection, 298.

Champeaux, his relation with Lamartine, 147.
---- his relation with Tocqueville, 149.

Charles X., King of France and Navarre (1757-1836), flight of, in
1830, 85.

Chateaubriand, Francois Rene, Vicomte de (1768-1848), death of, 230.

Committee for the Constitution, appointed, 233.
---- proceedings of, 235.

Considerant, Victor, appointed on
Committee of the Constitution, 233.
---- escapes after insurrection, 299.

Constituent Assembly, prohibits Government from attacking Rome, 288.

Coquerel, Athanase Laurent Charles (1795-1875), in the Committee of
the Constitution, 246.

Corbon, on the Committee of the Constitution, 257.

Corcelles, with Lanjuinais and Tocqueville on the boulevards, 48.
---- sits with Tocqueville in National Assembly, 142.
---- in the Insurrection of June, 191.
---- his interview with Tocqueville and his political friends, 267.

Cormenin, Louis Marie de la Haye, Vicomte de (1788-1868), appointed a
Commissioner for Paris, 206.
---- appointed on the Committee of the Constitution, 232.
---- in the Committee of the Constitution, 247, 257.

Council General, the, meets at Saint-Lo, 125.

Courtais, General, in the National Assembly, 171.
---- impeached by Assembly, 173.

Cremieux, Isaac Adolphe (1796-1880), in the Chamber of Deputies, 65.
---- appointed a Commissioner for Paris, 206.
---- what Janvier said of him, 210.

D

Degousee, in the National Assembly, 159.

Dembinski, General Henry (1791-1864), flees to the Turks, 361.

Dornes, appointed on the Committee of the Constitution, 235.

Dufaure, Jules Armand Stanislas (1798-1881), Tocqueville's
conversation with, 17.
---- character of, 40.
---- tells Tocqueville of his interview with Louis-Philippe, 47.
---- sits with Tocqueville in National Assembly, 142.
---- converses with Tocqueville, Thiers, Barrot, Remusat, and
Lanjuinais, 203.
---- appointed on the Committee of the Constitution, 233.
---- conduct of, in the Committee, 243, 255.
---- his interview with Tocqueville and his political friends, 267.
---- made Minister of the Interior, 272.
---- with the President, 296.
---- rupture with Falloux, 307.
---- speech in Assembly, 310.
---- character of, 313.
---- with the President, 322.
---- and banquets, 390.
---- his conduct on 24th February 1848, 393.

Duchatel, Charles Marie Tannequi, Comte (1803-1867), Minister of the
Interior, character of and conversation with, 23.
---- want of tact in his speech on the banquets, 27.
---- flight of, 136.

Dupin, Andre Marie Jean Jacques (1783-1865), speech of, in the Chamber
of Deputies, 62.
---- in the Committee of the Constitution, 243.

Duvergier de Hauranne, Prosper (1798-1881), interview with, 22.
---- with Beaumont, &c., 379.
---- refuses to compromise on the banquet, 392.

Duvivier, killed in Insurrection, 227.

E

England, Tocqueville's estimate of the policy of, 359.
---- on question of Hungarian refugees in Turkey, 366.

F

Falloux, Alfred Frederic Pierre, Comte de (1811-1886), proposes the
dissolution of the National Workshops, 193.
---- Minister of Public Instruction, 273.
---- leader of majority in the Cabinet, 281.
---- his influence with Louis Napoleon, 303.
---- intercourse with Tocqueville, 305.
---- rupture with Dufaure, 307.
---- with the President, 322.
---- on the question of the Hungarian refugees, 369.

Faucher, Leon (1803-1854), Minister of the Interior, 266.

Feast of Concord, the, proposal to hold, and celebration of, 174.

France, state of, when Tocqueville becomes Minister of Foreign
Affairs, 339.

Frederic William IV., King of Prussia (1795-1861), the Tsar's opinion
of, 337.
---- his character and his aims for Germany, 346.
---- his coquetting with revolt, 351.
---- submits to the influence of Russia, 352 (_foot-note_).

G

General Election, the, antecedents of, 105.
---- new, 265.

Germany, state of, 333.
---- Confederation of States in, 347.
---- views of Baron Pfordten in regard to, 348.
---- views of Tocqueville in regard to, 349.
---- views of Tsar in regard to, 350, 353.

Goudchaux, Michel (1797-1862), appointed a Commissioner for Paris,
206.
---- his conduct in that capacity, 213.

Guizot, Francois Pierre Guillaume (1787-1874), opinion of, 9.
---- in Chamber of Deputies, 36.
---- resigns Government, 36.
---- opinion of, on the Revolution, 79.
---- flight of, 136.

H

Havin, Leonor Joseph (1799-1868), chairs meeting for Tocqueville, 122.
---- and Barrot, 389.

Hebert, Minister of Justice, character of and speech by, 28.

Houghton, Richard Monckton Milnes, Lord (1809-1885), Tocqueville
breakfasts with, 184.

Huber, in National Assembly, 167.

Hungary, revolting against Austria, 335.
---- Tsar's views on, 337.
---- Tocqueville's instructions concerning, 360.

I

Insurrection of June, nature of narrative of, 187.

Italy, the Tsar's views on, 338.

K

Kossuth, Louis (1802-1894), flees to the Turks, 361.

L

Lacordaire, Jean Baptiste Henri Dominique (1802-1861), in the National
Assembly, 161.

Lacrosse, character of, 280.

La Fayette, Edmond de, and his life-preserver, 175.

Lamartine, Alphonse Marie Louis Prat de (1790-1869), in the Chamber of
Deputies, 62, 66.
---- reads out the list of the Provisional Government, 70.
---- gets embarrassed in the Chamber of Deputies, 71.
---- his conduct and character, 145.
---- Tocqueville's relations with, 147.
---- his connexion with Champeaux, 147.
---- his speech in the Assembly, 151.
---- his sudden departure from the Assembly, 159.
---- reappears in National Assembly, 171.
---- at the Feast of Concord, 180.
---- shot at in the Insurrection of June, 194.

Lamartine, Madame de, notice of, 154.

Lamennais, Hugues Felicite Robert de (1782-1855), appointed on
Committee of the Constitution, 233.

Lamoriciere, General Christophe Leon Louis Juchault de (1806-1865),
character of, 91.
---- in Insurrection of June, 192, 220.
---- his interview with Tocqueville and his political friends, 267.
---- sent as Ambassador to Russia, 303.
---- letter about the Tsar of Russia, 336.
---- instructions of Tocqueville to, 360.
---- letter of, to Tocqueville, 364.
---- letter of Tocqueville to, on Hungarian refugees, 370.
---- conduct of, in regard to them, 372.

Lanjuinais, Victor Ambroise de (1802-1869), Tocqueville in company of,
42.
---- with Tocqueville and Corcelles on the boulevards, 46.
---- sits with Tocqueville in the National Assembly, 142.
---- his interview with Tocqueville and his political friends, 267.
---- joins the Council, 274.
---- on the question of the Hungarian refugees, 369.

Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre Auguste (1807-1874), in the Chamber of
Deputies, 65, 71.
---- character of, 150.
---- in the National Assembly, 163.
---- has to escape from the National Assembly, 173.
---- demands the indictment of Louis Napoleon, 292.
---- escapes after the Insurrection, 299.

Legitimists, views and condition of, 302.

Lepelletier d'Aunay, Tocqueville meets, 213.

Louis Napoleon, Prince President of the French Republic (1808-1873),
elected to the National Assembly, 183.
---- President of the Republic, 270.
---- character of, 283.
---- orders the attack on Rome, 289.
---- attacked in Assembly, 292.
---- puts down Insurrection, 298.
---- intrigues with Thiers and Mole, 315.
---- in connexion with Tocqueville, 317.
---- with Beaumont, Dufaure and Passy, 321-2.
---- his general ignorance, 331.
---- wishes to take Savoy, 332.
---- Tocqueville and Berryer's discussion about the powers of, 394.

Louis-Philippe, King of the French (1773-1850), Tocqueville's
interview with, 7.
---- his opinion of Lord Palmerston, _idem_.
---- of the Tsar Nicholas, _idem_.
---- refers to Queen Victoria, _idem_.
---- influence of, 10.
---- on the Banquets, 26.
---- Sallandrouze, conversation with, 35.
---- sends for Mole, 37.
---- sends for Beaumont, 45.
---- abdicates, 58.
---- character of, and of his Government, 81.
---- finally disappears from France, 105.
---- Beaumont's account of abdication of, 379.

Lyons, insurrection in, 298.

M

Manche, la, department of, 114.
---- proceedings in election of, 117.
---- election of Tocqueville for, 263.

Marrast, Armand (1780-1852), and the Provisional Government, 71.
---- suggests costume for National Representatives, 135.
---- as Mayor of Paris, 227.
---- appointed on the Committee of the Constitution, 233.
---- conduct of, in the Committee, 241, 247, 255.
---- appointed Secretary of the Committee, 256.

Martin, on the Committee of the Constitution, 254.

Middle Class, the, government of, 5.
---- despair of, 133.

Mole, Matthieu Louis, Comte (1781-1855), sent for by Louis-Philippe,
37.
---- declines office, 45.
---- opinion of, on the Revolution, 79.
---- on General Election, 107.
---- elected to the National Assembly, 182.
---- refuses to take office, 267.
---- intrigues with the President, 315.
---- on Foreign Affairs, 330.
---- and abdication of Louis-Philippe, 385.
---- with Rivet and Dufaure, 393.

Montagnards, the description of, 137.
---- separation of, from the Socialists, 154.
---- crushed, 231.
---- strengthened at the new election, 263.
---- supporters of, 266.
---- feelings towards the President, 292.

Montalembert, Charles Forbes Rene, Comte de (1810-1870), opposes the
Government scheme on railways, 190.

Montpensier, Antoine d'Orleans, Duc de (1824-1890), at the abdication
of Louis-Philippe, 384.

N

National Assembly, the, meets on 4th of May, 133.
---- description of, 133.
---- Tocqueville's opinion of, 142.
---- speech of Lamartine in, 151.
---- invaded by the mob, 160.
---- breaks up, 168.
---- National Guards take possession of, 170.
---- addresses from provinces, in support of, 182.
---- agrees to pension families of men killed in putting down the
Insurrection, 206.
---- threatened, 228.
---- state of the new Assembly, 265, 270, 291.

National Guard, the, invited by Radical party to the banquet in Paris,
30.
---- on the morning of the 24th February, 44.
---- shouting "Reform," 49.
---- Detachment of, in the Chamber of Deputies, 61, 72.
---- disappearance of, 94.
---- take possession of National Assembly, 170.
---- at Feast of Concord, 178.
---- in Insurrection of June, 200.
---- shout "Long live the National Assembly," 207.
---- eager to put down the Insurrection, 213.
---- wounded of, being carried away, 226.
---- surrounded, 294.
---- three regiments of, cashiered, 309.

National Workshops, the, create anxiety in the Assembly, 181.
---- Falloux proposes dissolution of, 193.
---- supply weapons to insurgents in June, 198.

Negrier, killed in the Insurrection, 227.

Nemours, Louis Charles Philippe Raphael d'Orleans, Duc de (1814-1896),
thought of as Regent, 383.
---- and Barrot, 388.

Nesselrode, Charles Robert, Count (1780-1862), snubs Lord Palmerston,
374.

Nicholas I., Tsar of all the Russias (1796-1855), supports Austria
against Hungary, 335.
---- his general policy, 336.
---- Lamoriciere's letter about, 336.
---- his family affection, 339.
---- the real support of his power, 339.
---- views of, on an United Germany, 350.
---- demands Hungarian refugees from Turkey, 364.
---- his irritation about Hungarian refugees, 373.

Normanby, Constantine Henry Phipps, Marquess of (1797-1863),
Ambassador in Paris, 368.

Novara, Battle of, 323.

O

D'Orleans, Helene, Duchesse (1814-1858), in the Chamber of Deputies,
60.
---- and the abdication of Louis-Philippe, 384.
---- and Barrot, 389.

Oudinot, General Nicolas Charles Victor, Duc de Reggio (1791-1863), in
the Chamber of Deputies, 72.

P

Palmerston, Henry John Temple, Viscount (1784-1865) on Piedmont and
Austria, 359.
---- snubbed by Nesselrode, 374.

Paris, Louis Philippe d'Orleans, Comte de (1838-1894), in the Chamber
of Deputies, 60.

Passy, character of, 272.
---- with the President, 322.

Paulmier, Tocqueville dines with, on the 22nd February, 34.

Persigny, Jean Gilbert Victor Fialin, Duc de (1808-1872), sent to
Berlin and Vienna, 323.

Piedmont and Austria, 353.

Portalis, character of, 42.

Presidency, condition of, discussed in the Committee of the
Constitution, 246.

Provisional Government, the, proclaimed, 59.
---- Lamartine reads list of, in the Chamber of Deputies, 70.
---- appoints a costume for National Representatives, 134.
---- reports its proceedings to the National Assembly, 135.

R

Radetzky, Field-Marshal Johann Joseph Wenzel Anton Franz Carl, Count
(1766-1858), and Piedmont, 355.

Radical Party, state of the, in January 1848, 25.

Raspail, Francois Vincent (1794-1878), in the National Assembly, 162.

Revolutionaries, description of the, 137.
---- in the National Assembly, 158.

Rivet, his conversation with Tocqueville, 389.
---- consultation of, with Liberals, on the subject of the banquets,
390.
---- another conversation with Tocqueville, 392.
---- with Mole and Dufaure, 393.

Rome, the French Army at, 263.
---- difficulties about, 269.
---- secret order to the army to attack, 291.

Rulhiere, character of, 279.

S

Saint-Lo, meeting of the Council General at, 125.

Sallandrouze de Lamornaix meets Tocqueville at dinner at Paulmier's,
35.
---- snubbed by Louis-Philippe, _idem_.

Sand, George (1804-1876), Tocqueville's conversation with, 183.

Sauzet, President of the Chamber of Deputies, 57.

Savoy, Louis Napoleon wishes to seize, 332.

Schwarzenberg, Felix Ludwig Johann Friedrich, Prince von (1808-1852),
and Tocqueville, 358.

Senard, President of the Assembly, 214.

Sicily, state of, 333.

Sobrier, in National Assembly, 167.

Socialism, influence of theories of, 97.
---- Dufaure's conflict with, 312.

Socialists, the, description of, 137.
---- separation of, from Montagnards, 154.

Switzerland, Tocqueville's correspondence with, on the subject of the
refugees, 343.

T

Talabot, and Thiers, 75.

Thiers, Louis Adolphe (1797-1877), alliance of, with Barrot, 19.
---- sent for by Louis-Philippe, 45.
---- wandering round Paris, 74.
---- opinion of, on the Revolution, 79.
---- on the General Election, 106.
---- defeated at the General Election, 136.
---- elected to the National Assembly, 182.
---- addresses Barrot, Dufaure, Remusat, Lanjuinais and Tocqueville
in private, 202.
---- with Lamoriciere, 225.
---- refuses to take office, 267.
---- with the President, 296.
---- intrigues with the President, 315.
---- on foreign affairs, 330.
---- with Beaumont, &c., 379.
---- advises Louis-Philippe to abdicate, 383.
---- his interview with Barrot, 385.
---- refuses to compromise on the banquets, 392.

Tocqueville, Charles Alexis Henri Maurice Clerel de (1805-1859), his
purpose in writing these memoirs, 3.
---- his intercourse with Louis-Philippe, 7.
---- his estimate of the state of France in January 1848, 9.
---- picture of the state of the Chamber of Deputies in 1847, 12.
---- his speech in the Chamber of Deputies, 29th January 1848, 14.
---- remarks on this speech by Dufaure and others, 17.
---- his position on the affair of the banquets, 19.
---- his estimate of Duchatel, Minister of the Interior, 23.
---- his thoughts on the policy of the Radical party, 25.
---- his knowledge of how the affair of the banquets passed into an
insurrection, 30.
---- in the Chamber of Deputies on 22nd and 23rd February, when the
gloom of the Revolution began to gather, 33.
---- his estimate of the selfishness of both sides, 39.
---- private conversation with Dufaure, 40.
---- private conversation with Beaumont, 41.
---- private conversation with Lanjuinais, 42.
---- hears of the firing in the streets on 24th February 1848, 44.
---- sees preparations for barricades, 46.
---- meets a defeated party of National Guards on the boulevards,
and hears shouts of "Reform," 49.
---- reflections which this occasions, 50.
---- goes to Chamber of Deputies on 24th February, 51.
---- recognises Bedeau on his way, 52.
---- character of Bedeau and condition on that day, 53.
---- appearance presented by the Chamber of Deputies, 56.
---- sees the Duchesse d'Orleans and the Comte de Paris there, 60.
---- tries to get Lamartine to speak, 63.
---- his interest in the Duchess and her son, 69.
---- seeks to protect them, 69.
---- leaves the Chamber and meets Oudinot and Andryane, 72.
---- contradicts an assertion of Marshal Bugeaud, 72.
---- converses with Talabot about the movements of Thiers, 75.
---- his reflections on the fate of the Monarchy, 80.
---- spends the evening with Ampere, 87.
---- goes to inquire about his nephews on the 25th February, 90.
---- walks about Paris in the afternoon, 92.
---- reflections on what he sees, 93.
---- keeps in retirement for some days, 102.
---- further reflections on the Revolution, 103.
---- his own individual feelings and intentions, 107.
---- resolves to seek re-election, 113.
---- visits the Department of la Manche, 114.
---- makes Valognes his head-quarters, 117.
---- publishes his address to the electors, 118.
---- meets the electors at Valognes, 120.
---- addresses workmen at Cherbourg, 122.
---- goes to Saint-Lo to the General Council, 125.
---- his reflections on a visit to Tocqueville, 126.
---- returns to Paris and finds himself elected, 129.
---- his view of the state of politics and of Paris, 130.
---- National Assembly meets, 133.
---- his opinion of the Montagnards, 138.
---- his estimate of the Assembly, 141.
---- his character of Lamartine, 146.
---- his intercourse with Champeaux, 149.
---- his observation of the popular mind, 161.
---- his interview with Tretat, 168.
---- at the Feast of Concord, 175.
---- conversation with Carnot, 176.
---- anticipations of the Insurrection of June, 183.
---- conversation with Madame Sand, 183.
---- sees barricades of the Insurrection, 190.
---- interview with Lamoriciere, 192.
---- goes about Paris in time of insurrection, 197.
---- describes the Assembly, 198.
---- writes to his wife, 203.
---- protests against Paris being declared in a state of siege, 205.
---- elected a Commissioner for Paris, 206.
---- as such, walks through Paris, 208.
---- his scene with his porter, 215.
---- his scene with his man-servant, 217.
---- in the streets in the Insurrection, 219.
---- on his way to the Hotel de Ville, 225.
---- his account of the Montagnards, Socialists, &c., 231.
---- appointed on the Committee of the Constitution, 233.
---- his narrative of its proceedings, 234.
---- on the duality of the Chambers, 242.
---- on the conditions of the Presidency, 246.
---- re-elected for la Manche, 263.
---- leaves his wife ill at Bonn, 264.
---- his opinion of the new Assembly, 264.
---- his interview with Dufaure, &c., 267.
---- ought he to enter the Ministry?, 268.
---- accepts the Foreign Office, 273.
---- intimacy with Lanjuinais, 275.
---- his opinion of his colleagues, 278.
---- his opinion of France and the Republic, 281.
---- his opinion of Louis Napoleon, 284.
---- speech in Assembly on the Roman expedition, 293.
---- his letters to and from Considerant, 299.
---- his view of affairs after the Insurrection, 301.
---- sends Lamoriciere to Russia, 303.
---- his difficulties with Falloux and Dufaure, 306.
---- his advice to Louis Napoleon, 317.
---- sends Beaumont to Vienna, 321.
---- his view of Foreign and Domestic Affairs when he became Foreign
Minister, 325.
---- his despatch to the French Minister in Bavaria (_foot-note_),
342.
---- his dealings with Switzerland about the refugees, 344.
---- his observations on the Revolution in Germany, 345.
---- his intervention between Austria and Piedmont, 353.
---- his interposition in support of Turkey on the Hungarian
refugees question, 361.
---- his instruction to Lamoriciere and Beaumont, 371.
---- narrative of Beaumont to, on the abdication, 379.
---- narrative of Barrot to, on the abdication, 385.
---- Rivet and De Tocqueville's efforts to prevent Revolution, 389.
---- discussion of, with Berryer on the Constitution, 394.

Tocqueville, Madame de, _nee_ Mottley, her report of firing in Paris,
196.
---- taken ill at Bonn, 264.

Tocqueville, Manor of, Tocqueville visits, 126.

Tracy, character of, 279.

Tretat, and Tocqueville, 168.

Turkey, refuses to surrender the Hungarian refugees, 362.

V

Valognes, town of, head-quarters in Tocqueville's election, 117.

Valognes, Tocqueville at, 130.

Vaulabelle, appointed on the Committee of the Constitution, 235.

Victor Emmanuel II., King of Piedmont (1820-1878), ascends the throne
on the abdication of Charles Albert, 333.

Vieillard speaks at the meeting for the election of Tocqueville, 123.

Vienna, Beaumont sent as Ambassador to, 321.
---- Persigny sent to, 323.

Vivien appointed on the Committee of the Constitution, 233.
---- in the Committee of Constitution, 253.
---- his interview with Tocqueville and his political friends, 267.

W

Wolowski, Louis (1810-1876), in the National Assembly on 15th
May, 158.

PRINTED BY
TURNBULL AND SPEARS
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ANNOUNCEMENTS

INDEX OF AUTHORS PAGE

Abbott, Angus Evan, 414

Alison, William, 413

Basile, Giovanni Battista, 415

Bate, Francis, 414

Beerbohm, Max, 414

Burton, Sir Richard, K.C.M.G., 414, 415

Cobban, J. MacLaren, 416

Common, Thomas, 415

Connell, F. Norreys, 414

Creswick, Paul, 414

Dearmer, Mrs Percy, 414

Dobson, Austin, 414

Donovan, Major C.H.W., 416

Dowson, Ernest, 414

Farrar, Evelyn L., 416

Farrar, Very Rev. Dean F.W., 416

Field, Michael, 414

Garnett, Dr Richard, 414

Gosse, Edmund, 414

Gray, John, 414, 415

Guiffrey, Jules J., 413

Haussmann, William A., Ph.D., 415

Herrick, Robert, 414

Hobbes, John Oliver, 414

Housman, Lawrence, 414

Hoytema, Th. van, 416

Image, Selwyn, 414

Jepson, Edgar, 414

Johnson, Lionel, 414

Jones, Alfred, 414

Langley, Hugh, 416

Le Gallienne, Richard, 414

MacColl, D.S., 414

Maeterlinck, Maurice, 414

Mann, Mary E., 414, 416

Marriott Watson, Rosamond, 414

Molesworth, Mrs., 414

Moore, T. Sturge, 414

Muther, Richard, 413

Nietzsche, Friedrich, 415

Oudinot, Marechale, Duchesse de Reggio, 413

Pain, Barry, 414

Plarr, Victor, 414

Powell, F. York, 414

Purcell, Edward, 414

Ricketts, Charles, 414

Rubens, Paul, 414

Ruvigny et Raineval, Marquis de, 416

Scull, W. Delaplaine, 414

Shannon, Charles Hazelwood, 414

Spalding, Thomas Alfred, 416

Stiegler, Gaston, 413

Strange, E.F., 414

Strange, Captain H.B., 414

Teixeira de Mattos, Alexander, 413

Tille, Alexander, Ph.D., 415

Villiers de l'Isle-Adam, Comte, 414

Volz, Johanna, 415

White, Gleeson, 414

Widdrington, George, 416

Wood, Starr, 414

Zimmern, Helen, 415

ANNOUNCEMENTS

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IL PENTAMERONE; OR, THE TALE OF TALES.
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[Transcriber's Notes:

Obvious typesetting errors have been corrected. Questionable, vintage and British spellings have been left as printed in the original publication. Variations in spelling have been left as printed, unless otherwise noted in the following.

Footnotes in the original text were marked at the page level, beginning at footnote 1 each time footnotes appeared on a page. Footnote numbers for the whole text have been replaced with sequential footnote numbers, from 1 to 36.

Inconsistencies in the use of "St" and "St." as an abbreviation for "Saint" have been normalized in this transcription to "St".

Page 238: Transcribed "likes" as "like". As originally printed: "likes the _roues_ of the Regency".

Page 343 (footnote 19): The concluding sentence in a quoted letter by the author ends with a question mark in the original publication, a likely typesetting error for a period at the end of the sentence which would agree with the context. The punctuation has been left as printed in the original publication.]