Chapter IX: Appendix

1. Edict of Wieluń of 1424.--Contra Haereticos et Fautores Eorum Vladislaus Jagiello in Vieluń Constituit. Significamus tenore praesentium quibus expedit; universis praesentibus et futuris harum notitiam habituris, quod cum sub dissimulatione praeterire non debemus imo arcemur Divinae legis perpetuis institutis, pestiferos haereticorum errores, quos in Dei contemptum et in Christianae fidei detrimentum et enervationem politiaeque jacturam, iniqua perversorum corda conflaverunt, etiamsi quaecunque oporteret nos subire pericula, a finibus nostris propulsare, et in gladio dejicere, ut qui censura ecclesiae non terrentur, humana severitate mulctentur, maturo consilio Praelatorum, Principum et Baronum nostrorum habito et consensu, et etiam de certa ipsorum et nostra scientia praesentibus decernimus, et pro firmo constanti atque irrefragabili edicto teneri praecipimus. Ut quicunque in Regno Nostro Poloniae et Terris Nobis subjectis haereticus, aut haeresi infectus vel suspectus de eadem, fautor eorum vel director repertus fuerit, … velut Regiae Majestatis offensor capiatur, et juxta exigentiam excessus sui puniatur, et quicunque venerint de Bohemia et intrant Regnum nostrum, ordinariorum suorum examini aut magistrorum haereticae pravitatis ad hoc a Sede Apostolica deputatorum vel deputandorum subdentur comprehensi. Si quis autem incolarum Regni nostri cujuscunque status, dignitatis, gradus aut conditionis fuerit, hinc ad Festum Ascensionis Domini proximum redire de Bohemia neglexerit, noluerit, vel contempserit, pro convicto haeretico censeatur et poenis subjaceat, quae haereticis infligi consveverunt, nec amplius ad Regnum nostrum revertatur moraturus. Et nihilominus omnia bona ipsorum mobilia et immobilia in quibuscunque rebus consistentia publicentur thesauro nostro confiscanda, prolesque eorum tam masculina, quam feminea omni careat successione perpetuo et honore, nec unquam ad aliquas assumatur dignitates vel honores, sed cum patribus et progenitoribus suis semper maneat infamis; nec de caetero gaudeat aliquo privilegio nobilitatis vel decore. Inhibemus etiam sub eisdem poenis, omnibus mercatoribus et alijs hominibus cujuscunque conditionis fuerint, ut amodo et in posterum nullas res venales, praesertim plumbum, arma, esculenta et poculenta ad Bohemiam ducere praesumant vel portare.

--Volumina legum, I, fol. 85.

2. Contra eos, qui excommunicationis sententias ultra annum sustinent.-- … statuimusque et ordinamus per praesentes, ut dum aliquis indigena Regni nostri, cujuscunque status et conditionis existat, propter raptum decimarum vel aliarum rerum ecclesiasticarum occupationem, aut ratione excessum quorumcunque sive etiam in contumatiam de non parendo juri et mandatis S. ecclesiae, sententia excommunicationis juste fuerit innodatus, ipsamque ultra annum legalem pertinaciter sustinuerit nec curaverit ad gemium S. Matris ecclesiae redire, et pro excessu debitam emendam exhibere, extunc anno hujusmodi elapso omnia bona ejusdem excommunicati mobilia et immobilia quae tunc possederit, debent recipi per locorum Capitaneos quibus subjacent et apprehendi tenenda et possidenda tam diu per Capitaneos hujusmodi, quousque per eosdem excommunicatos vel Capitaneos memoratos, de hujusmodi bonis damna vel valor rei ipsis laesis vel injuriam passis plenarie exolvantur. Quibus solutis bona praelibata, praefatis excommunicatis nonnisi absolutis, decernimus viceversa restituenda per Capitaneos praenotatos. Mandamus igitur omnibus et singulis Regni nostri Capitaneis et Vicesgerentibus eorundem, quatenus ad compescendam talium excommunicatorum pertinatiam duritiam et temeritatem, praemissa nostra saluberrima decreta executioni debite debeant demandari perpetue et in aevum, toties quoties, per Praelatos, aliasque personas tam ecclesiasticas quam saeculares super hoc fuerint requsiti et moniti.… Actum Cracoviae … Anno Domini 1433.

--Vol. leg., I, fol. 195.

3. Confederation against the Heretics of 1438 in Korczyn.--Nos Principes spirituales et saeculares, Barones, Comites, totaque communitas Regni Poloniae.… Significamus tenore praesentium … quod consideratis nonnullis disordinationibus, quae in ipso Regno Poloniae suboriri inceperant, visis literis praedecessorum nostrorum Posnaniae, Petricoviae, et in Jedlnia factis, circa easdem literas et earum articulos … remanere volumus, et usquequaque spondemus, et praecipue circa hunc articulum. Quod quicunque exstans indigena Regni Poloniae habens in ipso Regno Poloniae bona, vellet aliquas inobedientias, contra jus Terrestre commune, aut etiam gverras nobis et eidem Regno Poloniae damnosas alicui movere sine licentia Domini nostri Regis gratiosissimi, et consilij sui, et in jure Terrestri communi nollet contentari, aut etiam haereticales errores facere vel promovere vellet, contra talem seu tales cujuscunque status, gradus, conditionis, et praeeminentiae fuerint sive spirituales, sive saeculares, et in eorum destructionem consurgere volumus et promittimus, sub fide et honore nostris, absque dolo et fraude, nec ipsis auxilis consilio vel favore patrocinari volumus sub fide et honore nostris, etiam si sangvine, affinitate et quaecunque propinquitate forent nobis aut alicui nostrum cunjuncti, nec pro eis loqui volumus aliquod verbum, sed eos et eorum talem quemlibet punire volumus et promittimus.

--Vol. leg., I, fol. 140.

4. The Edict of Thorn, 1520.--Edictum de libellis Lutheranis in regnum non importandis nec a quopiam adhibendis aut vendendis. Datum Thorunii, 3 Mai a. 1520.--Sigismundus Dei gratia rex Poloniae.… Manifestum facimus, quia intelligentes ad regnum et dominia nostra inferri nonnullos libellos cuisdam fratris Martini Luter, ordinis Eremitarum, in quibus multa continentur tam contra Sedem apostolicam, quam etiam in perturbationem communis ordinis et status rei ecclesiasticae et religionis, ne in regno nostro ex huiusmodi scriptis errores aliqui pullurarent, offici nostri, ut Christiani principis et fidelis filii sanctae matris ecclesiae, esse duximus auctoritate et potestate nostra regia huic coepto noxio obsistere. Mandamus igitur vobis omnibus subditis nostris et cuilibet vestrum seorsum, quod nemo deinceps audeat talia opera, ut praemissum est, in regnum et dominia nostra inferre, vendere, emere aut illis uti sub poena confiscationis bonorum omnium atque exilii, quam unusquisque, mandatum hoc nostrum transgrediens, sine ulla excusatione tam ignorantiae, quam alterius causae, subibit. Et pro gratia nostra aliter non facturi.

--Balzer, Corpus juris Polonici, III, pp. 579-584.

There are two copies of this edict, one dated May 3rd and the other July 24th, 1520. The second copy has “Augustiniani” after Luther.

5. Decree of Janusz, Duke of Mazovia, 1525.--Ut nullus in toto Ducatu Mazoviae, tam in civitatibus, oppidis, quam eorum in villis, cujuscunque conditionis et status existat, praesertim in civitate Varsaviensi libros et falsam doctrinam Lutheri in quocunque sermone, sive Latino, sive Alemanico, aut quovis alio, tenere apud se, et in domibus suis habere, legere, ac ipsum falsum dogma Lutheranorum profiteri, sectam portare, tueri, et aliis eandem persvadere praesumat. Ita tamen, ut quicunque de hac secta legitime convictus et probatus fuerit, talis vita privari debeat, et bona eius omnia quaecunque habet, mobilia et immobilia, confiscari et ad thesaurum Ducalem recipi debeant.

Quod decretum Dominus Dux mandavit, in omnibus Districtibus et Capitaneatibus publicari, et diligenter per omnes Officiales exequi.

--Vol. leg., I, fol. 448, p. 223.

6. Edict of Dec. 28, 1524.--Mandatum ad co-ercendos et puniendos Lutheranos in Capitaneatu Costensi--Sigismundus etc. Manifestum facimus tenore praesentium universis. Quia intelligentes sectam Lutheranam, quae cum ab ecclesia Catholica aliisque christianis regibus et principibus, tum et a nobis, ut noxia et pestifera sanctae religioni et reipublicae tranquilitati, iam dudum damnata est et prohibita, in civitate nostra Costensi et in illa vicinia pullulare, esseque aliquos homines ita temerarios ac insolentes, ut neque Dei timore, neque edictis nostris ab hoc errore contineri queant, sed contra illa ausu temerario nitantur; volents ejusmodi insolentias et seditiosos conatus illorum ita, ut debemus, compescere, ne per nostram dissimulationem hos malum acrius invalescat: mittimus illuc Generosum Nicolaum Thomyczki, tribunum Lancic., Costensem, Pisdrensem et Coninensem capitaneum ac praefectum stabuli nostri, cui commissimus et tenore praesentium committimus, de his transgressoribus mandati nostri in ipsa re Luterana diligenter inquirere, et in compertos poena in edictis nostris contenta irremissibiliter animadvertere. Quapropter vobis proconsuli et consulibus totique communitati ipsius Civitatis nostrae Costensis, aliisque officialibus, nobilibus et subditis nostris quibuscunque districte mandamus et praecipimus, ut cum per ipsum Gsum. Nicolaum Thomyczki Capitaneum et quotiescunque fuertis requisiti, illi ad perficiendum hoc mandatum et commissionem nostram omnem favorem et auxilium praebeatis. Pro fide vestra et nostra gratia aliter non facturi. Harum, quibus sigillum nostrum est impressum, testimonio literarum. Datum in Conventione generali Piotrcoviensi, feria festi Sorum. Innocentium (December 28.) A.D. 1524, Regni nostri A. 18-o.

--Metryka Kor., Bk. 39, DD. fol. 91. given by Zakrzewski,
pp. 231-232.

7. Edict of Grodno, Feb. 15, 1522.--Literae ad Magfcum. Palatinum Cracov. et Consules Cracov., ut ponant in executionem edictum R. Mtis. contra Lutherum et ejus sequaces. Sigismundus etc. Magfco. Christophero de Schidlowyecz, Palatino et Capitaneo Cracov. et Regni nostri Cancellario.… Nos itaque dudum intelligentes, spargi in Regno nostro Lutheri cujusdam dogmata contra mores et instituta patrum et sanctae matris ecclesiae ac in perturbationem communis status et unitatis populi christiani, pro debito nostro et exemplo aliorum priorum Regum et principum christianorum,--non enim haec nova sunt, nec raro accidunt in ecclesia,--publico edicto mandaveramus, ut ad Regnum nostrum nulla opera ipsius Lutheri aut alterius cujuspiam sequacis ipsius inferrentur, sub exilio et privatione bonorum omnium. Contra quod edictum nostrum comperimus, istic in Civitate nostra Cracoviensi esse nonnullos ita curiosos in his, quae muneris eorum non sunt, atque ita contumaces adversus edictum nostrum, ut non cessent opuscula ejusdem Lutheri et alia id genus invehere, et propalam jam tueri dogmata ipsa letifera, in offendiculum bonarum mentium hominumque perturbationem, ac contemptum auctoritatis et mandati nostri Regii. Quod, ut merito debemus, indignissimo animo ferentes, committimus S. tuae, idque omnino habere volumus, ut tales, qui in vulgus spargunt ipsa dogmata Lutherana vel ejus opera invehunt palam vel occulte in Regnum et Dominia nostra, et praesertim istuc in Civitate Cracoviensi, aut ea vendunt, diligenter disquirat, et, ut idem Consules curent, nomine nostro illis mandet, ac in eos, qui comperti fuerint, multam edicti nostri irremissibiliter exequatur; sed et quicquid ultra in ea re curanda et animadvertenda fecerit, id nos non ratum solum, sed etiam gratiosissimum habituros non dibitet. Pro fide et virtute sua tua S. factura. Datum in Grodno, sabbato proximo ante Dominicam Septuagesimae A. D. 1522, Regni nostri A. 16-o.

--Balzer, Corpus juris Polonici, III, pp. 649-650.

8. Edict of Cracow, March 7, 1523.--Sigismundus etc.… Et quia decet Majestatem Regiam, ut in subjectis sibi populis unitas et tranquillitas conservertur, quod uno fieri solet, si instituta divina et humana, longo usu et communi comprobatione recepta, tueantur et manuteneantur, hominesque seditiosi et plus sapere volentes quam oportet, coerceantur: ideo praesenti publico edicto nostro statuimus, ut nullus aliqua opera praedicti Luteri aut ejus sequacium ad hoc Regnum nostrum et dominia nobis subjecta invehere, vendere et emere palam vel occulte audeat, nec invecta habeat, legat aut illud pestiferum dogma praedicet, approbat et tueatur, sub poena hujusmodi libellorum et operum Luteri ejusque sequacium et illius, qui praemissa ausus fuerit, incendii et concremationis, bonorumque confiscationis et amissionis. Datum Cracoviae in conventu generali regni, 7 Martii a. 1523.

--Balzer, Corpus juris Polonici, IV, p. 3.

9. Edictum de libellis Lutheranis, 5 Sept. 1523.--Sigismundus … manifestum facimus … ut in primis, quandocunque opportunum videretur reverendo domino episcopo Cracoviensi, fieret per inquisitores eius cum decurionibus, quos consulatus in tota civitate ad huius negotii aliorumque excessuum tollendorum custodiam delegit, per omnes et singulos domos, testudines ac cistas diligens scrutatio, et ubi aliqui libri haeretici invenirentur, illiuc poena edicti exigeretur; deinde ut impressores librorum nihil prorsus imprimere et bibliopolae vel alii quicunque exponere ac vendere deinceps audeant ex libris undecunque adductis, nisi illos rector universitatis prior viderit et tam imprimi quam vendi permiserit, sub poenis praedictis. Ut autem et reliquae civitates nostrae hoc exemplo insistant, ac unusquisque tempori praemoneretur, ne ipsa mandata nostra regia transgrediatur et ignorantiam praetendere possit, nos hanc ipsorum consiliariorum simulac consultatus Cracoviensis ordinationem per has litteras nostras omnibus testatam esse volumus, mandates omnibus aliis civitatibus regni et dominiorum nostrorum, ut ad eum modum edicta nostra exequendi faciant cum loci ordinariis aut eorum delegatis ordinationes opportunas easque diligentissime exequantur. Datum Cracoviae, 5 Sept., 1523.

--Balzer, Corpus juris Polonici, IV, pp. 29-30.

10. Literae de haeresi ad Capitaneos.--Sigismundus etc.… Complures anni jam intercesserunt, cum, gliscente peste Luterana, dederamus ad F. tuam mandatum, ut passim omnibus ediceret, ne profisci Wittembergam aut ad ea loca, in quibus esset aliqua haereseos suspitio, liberosve suos eo mittere auderent. Id per F. tuam pro eo, ut officium illius postulat, diligenter esse curatum non dubitamus. Verum perfertur ad nos, esse nonnullos, qui, spreto et contempto edicto nostro Regio, quibus locis eis per nos interdictum est, in his commorantur, et pravis opinionibus mentem suam imbuunt, ac redeuntes inde, virus, quos hauserunt, afflare aliis conantur. Quae res minime nobis ferenda esse videtur. Quare mandamus F. tuae, ut sub poena capitis, proscriptionis et privationis omnium bonorum edici omnibus denuo per praeconem faciat, ne vel liberos suos aut Wittembergam, aut Lipsiam, aut Goldbergam aut quaecunque tandem ad loca de haeresi suspecta, quae hic pro expressis haberi volumus, mittere, aut, si qui juris sui sunt, ipsi eo proficisci, audeant. Si qui vero liberos suos jam miserunt, ut eos intra semestre spatium domum revocent; alioqui non solum de liberis, se de ipsis etiam parentibus poenas sumus sumpturi, si constiterit, de consensu eorum in vetitis locis eos commorari. In eos quoque, qui proprio ausu propriaque temeritate profecti eo fuerint, aut ibi post edicti hujus nostri promulgationem fuerint commorati, graviter sumus animadversuri. Pari diligentia provideri a F. tua volumus, ne qui libelli in nostrum Regnum importantur Luterana labe infecti, quos multos ex illis partibus mitti in Regnum nostrum accepimus. Quisquis ejus generis libellos importare vel eis privatim vel publice uti ausus fuerit, id eisdem capitis, proscriptionis et privationis bonorum omnium poenis tenebitur. Datum Cracoviae, feria V. post Dominicam Palmarum, A. D. 1540.

--Zakrzewski, p. 236.

11. Literae ad episcopos de haeresi.--Sigismundus etc. Revde. in Chro. pater, sincere nobis dilecte. Ita ut fuit de consensu omnium Regni senatorum constitutum in proximis comitiis, misimus mandata nostra ad omnes arcium et bonorum nostrorum praefectos, atque eis ediximus, ut providerent, ne quis ad loca de haeresi suspecta proficisceretur, aut si quis profectus esset, ut intra semestre spatium reverteretur sub poena capitis, proscriptionis et privationis bonorum. Nunc P. vestra pro officio suo pastorali inquiret diligenter, qui sunt ad ea loca profecti, ut nos parentibus corum aut iis, in quorum potestate sunt, mandemus, quo intra semestre tempus eos revocandos curent; si secus fecerint, non ipsi minus quam liberi eorum poena capitis, proscriptionis et privationis bonorum omnium afficiendi. De libris quoque Luteranis scripsimus ad illos et mandavimus, ut prohiberent eos importari aut legi a quopiam, locique ordinario eorum nomina deferrent, qui contra edictum hoc nostrum fecissent, ut is meritas de eis poenas sumendas curaret. Proinde hac quoque in re advigilabit P. vestra et diligenter inquiret, si qui sunt libri hujusmodi, curabitque, ut edictum hoc nostrum executioni mandetur.… Datum Oracoviae feria VI-a ante Dominicam Conductus Paschae (April 2nd) A. D. 1540.

--Zakrzewski, p. 237.

12. Concerning foreign travels of our subjects this is what we have resolved upon with our Council and with the Provincial Representatives, namely, that every subject of ours be free to leave the territory of the Polish Crown for whatever country he wishes to see, to enter into service, and to train himself in good manners; provided, however, that no one leaves accompanied, except by his own servants, by an armed force equipped for war, or having left, engages abroad in forming a warlike expedition of men who either had preceded or followed him, unless he has our and our Council’s consent, for such procedure might turn out unfavorable to us and to the Crown; but goes only by himself or with his servants for the purpose of training himself in learning permitted by the Church. But whoever, returning from abroad, purposes to import, use, and spread any new teachings or books, shall be punished according to existing laws and constitutional provisions of the Crown.… Datum Cracoviae in Comitiis praefatis 12 Aprilis A. D. 1543.

--See Polish text in Zakrzewski, p. 240, and compare it
with text in Vol. leg., I, fol. 566 ff., noting omissions.

13. De non inferendis Samuelis Apostatae libris mandatum.--Sigismundus etc.… Perfertur ad nos, Samuelem Apostatam iterum virus suum in Regno nostro spargere, ac venetatos quosdam libellos vernacula Regni nostri lingua conscriptos in vulgus edere, quibus a Christiania religione mentes rudium et simplicium hominum abducantur et in haereseos baratrum praecipitentur. Quoniam vero nostri est officii providere, ne quid horum impiets, qui Christianam religionem evertere conantur, Regno nostro detrimenti adferat, mandamus S. tuae, ut sub capitis poena prohibeat omnibus, quo minus aut inferre sive vendere, aut emere sive in aedibus suis habere et legere ejusmodi libellos audeant. Quisquis deprehensus fuerit libellos ejusmodi habens, eum in carcerem coniici mandet, ac usque informationem nostram in eo detineri. Quodsi S. tua in mandato ejusmodi nostro exequendo non ea, qua oportet, diligentia usa fuerit, ac versari nihilominus in manibus hominum venenatos ejusmodi libellos cognovimus, nequaquam id ita abire sinemus, gravemque nostram erga se indignationem experietur. Quam ut vitare possit, mandamus, ut ita se gerat in edicto hoc nostro exequendo, ut neque Christiani hominis, neque fidelis Capitanei nostri officium in se requiri patiatur, neque nos ad gravius aliquid in se consulendum adigat.… Datum in Brzesczie Lithuaniae, 10 Julii A. D. 1544.

--Zakrzewski, p. 242.

14. Vol. leg. I, fol. 83: Item, ut gratia uberiori consolentur a nobis, etiam nos fide et servitiis amplioribus prosequantur, promittimus, quod exnunc et de caetero nunquam alicujus subditi Regni nostri, cujuscunque dignitatis, eminentiae, status aut gradus fuerit, bona haereditaria recipiemus, confiscabimus, recipi vel confiscari faciemus, nec se de eis per nos vel officiales nostros vel alios quoscunque homines intromittemus vel intromitti faciemus pro quibuscunque excessibus aut culpis, nisi prius super hoc praecedat judicium nostrorum, quos ad hoc deputaverimus, cum nostris praelatis, baronibus, matura cognitio et sententia sequatur. Czerwieńsk, 1422.

Vol. leg., I, fol. 93: Caeterum promittimus et spondemus, quod nullum terrigenam possessionatum pro aliquo excessu seu culpa capiemus seu capi mandabimus, nec aliquam vindictam in ipso faciemus, nisi judicio rationabiliter fuerit convictus, et ad manus nostras vel nostrorum Capitaneorum per judices ejusdem terrae, in qua idem terrigena residet, praesentatus; illo tamen homine, qui in furto vel in publico maleficio, (utpote incendio, homicidio voluntario, raptu virginum et mulierum, villarum depopulationibus et spoliis) deprehenderetur; similiter illis, qui dese nollent debitam facere cautionem vel dare juxta quantitatem excessus vel delicti, duntaxat exceptis. Nulli autem bona seu possessiones recipiemus, nisi fuerit judicialiter per judices competentes vel Barones nostros nobis condemnatus. Jedlnia 1430.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Some of the more important sources consulted in the preparation of this study and referred to in the footnotes are as follows:

Źródła dziejowe (Historical Sources), Warsaw, 1883-1909, 22 vols. This is an invaluable collection of state papers, official correspondence, and particularly of statistical material regarding sixteenth century Poland. It is a mine of information to the student interested in Polish life of the sixteenth century.

Volumina legum, Petersburg (Leningrod), 1859, 5 or 6 vols. This is a collection of Polish laws, covering a period of nearly five hundred years, from Casimir the Great (1333-1370) to the Partitions.

Balzer, Corpus juris Polonici, an excellent supplementary collection of Polish laws, 4 vols.

Wierzbowski, T., Materyały do Dziejów Piśmiennictwa Polskiego (Materials for a History of Polish Writings), Warsaw, 1904, 2 vols. A valuable collection of documentary material of a varied nature, chiefly correspondence, official and private.

Theiner, Augustus, Vetera Monumenta Poloniae et Lithuaniae, gentiumque finitimarum historiam illustrantia, maximam partem nondum edita ex tabulariis Vaticanis deprompta, collecta ac serie chronologica disposita, Romae: typis Vaticanis, 1860-1864. 4 large folio vols. This collection contains much epistolary and reportorial material of great historical value emanating from papal nuncios and church dignitaries.

Monumenta medii aevi historica res gestas Poloniae illustrantia. Cracoviae: sumptibus Academiae literarum Cracoviensis, 1874----, in 15 vols. Indispensable to the student of the sixteenth century.

Much information of first class importance has been obtained from the following works:

Zakrzewski, Wincenty, Powstanie i wzrost Reformacji w Polsce (The Rise and Development of the Reformation in Poland), Leipzig, 1870.

Krasiński, Walerjan, Dzieje Reformacji w Polsce (A History of the Reformation in Poland), Warsaw, 1903. This work was published originally in English, in London, under the title of A Historical Sketch of the Reformation in Poland.

Merczyng, Henryk, Zbory i Senatorowie protestanccy w Dawnej Polsce (Protestant Congregations and Senators in Old Poland), Warsaw.

---- Polscy Deiści i wolnomyśliciele za Jagiellonów (Polish Deists and Free Thinkers in the Time of the Jagiellos), Warsaw, 1911.

Lorkiewicz, Antoni, Bunt Gdański w Roku 1525 (The Danzig Revolt of the Year 1525), Lwów, 1881.

Warmiński, I., Andrzej Samuel i Jan Seklucyan (Andrew Samuel and John Seklucyan), Poznań, 1906.

Łukaszewiez, Józef, Dzieje Kościołów wyznania helweckiego w Dawnej Polsce (A History of Calvinistic Churches in Old Poland), Poznań, 1853.

Brückner, Alexander, Różnowiercy Polscy (Polish Dissidents), Warsaw, 1905.

Kubala, Ludwig, Stanisław Orzechowski (Stanislaus Orzechowski), Warsaw.

Kot, Stanisław, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski (Andrew Frycz Modrzewski), Cracow, 1919.

Chmielowski, Piotr, Historya Literatury Polskiej (A History of Polish Literature), Lwów-Warszawa.

Brückner, Alexander, Dzieje literatury polskiej (A History of Polish Literature), Warsaw, 1908.

Pilat, Roman, Historya literatury polskiej (A History of Polish Literature), Warsaw, 1909, vol. II, part 1.

Grabowski, T., Literatura Luterska w Polsce Wieku XVI (Lutheran Literature in XVIth Century Poland), Poznań, 1920.

---- Literatura Aryańska w Polsce (Arian Literature in Poland), Cracow, 1908.

Rakowski, Kazimierz, Dzieje Rozwoju Ekonomicznego Dawnego Państwa Polskiego (A History of the Economic Development of Old Poland), Warsaw, 1909.

Szelągowski, Adam, Pieniądz i Przewrót Cen w XVI i XVII Wieku w Polsce (Money and the Overturning of Prices in XVIth and XVIIth Century Poland), Lwów, 1902.

---- Walka o Bałtyk, 1544-1621 (A Struggle for the Baltic), Lwów, 1904.

---- O Ujście Wisły (A Struggle for the Mouth of the Vistula), Warsaw, 1905.

Baranowski, Ignacy, Przemysł Polski w XVI Wieku (Polish Commerce in the XVIth Century), Warsaw, 1919.

Tymieniecki, Kazimierz, Procesy twórcze formowania się społeczeństwa polskiego w wiekach średnich (Creative Processes in the Formation of Polish Society in the Middle Ages), Warsaw, 1921.

Starczewski, Eugeniusz, Możnowładztwo Polskie (The Polish Aristocracy), Warsaw, 1914.

Kwartalnik Historyczny (Historical Quarterly), Lwów.

Przegląd Historyczny (Historical Review), Warsaw.

Reformacja w Polsce (The Reformation in Poland), Warsaw, a Quarterly of the Polish Reformation Historical Society.

INDEX

Adjustment of religious differences, proposed project of 1555, 49-50.

Agriculture, revival of, 108-116.

Background of Polish Reformation,
independent attitude
of Polish princes, 9-11,
of clergy, 11-13,
of people, 13;
influence of humanism, 13-14;
character of Polish clergy, 14-15.

Batory, Stephen, religious tolerance of, 79-80.

Bible, Polish, different translations and editions of, 72.

Bohemian Brethren,
in Poland, 27-28, 41-42;
union with Calvinists of Little Poland, 48;
joint synod of the two in 1557 and proposed union with Lutherans,
56.

Budny, Simon, Arian reformer and writer, 72, 73.

Calvinism in Poland, 33-34, 39, 42;
need of better church organization of, 43;
growth of, 53.

Casimir the Great, attitude toward church, 10.

Causes of Polish Reformation,
political, constitutional liberties of Polish nobility, 101-105,
ecclesiastical jurisdiction, 126-134,
problem of “execution of laws,” 134-137;
social, Renaissance, 64-66,
art of printing, 66-73,
education, influence of foreign universities, 73-78,
religious tolerance, 78-82,
aristocratic character of Polish, Reformation, 82-83;
ecclesiastical jurisdiction, 126-134;
economic, wealth of Polish church, 83-100, 121-124,
revival of commerce and agriculture after Peace of Thorn (1466),
105-116,
problem of national defense, 116-124,
payment of tithes, 124-126.

Church, opposition of nobility to, political, 101-105;
economic, 105-116.

Clergy, Polish, moral character of, 14-15;
right to participate in royal elections questioned, 57-58;
taxation of, 60-61;
materialistic character of, 97-99.

Commerce, Polish, change in, and its significance, 105-108.

Confederation, of Korczyn (1438), 18;
of Warsaw (1573), 62, 80-81.

Conflict between Polish nobility and clergy, basis, constitutional
liberties of Polish nobility, 101-105;
causes,
revival of Polish commerce and agriculture, 105-116,
problem of defense, 116-124,
quarrels over payment of tithes, 124-126,
opposition to ecclesiastical jurisdiction, 126-134,
demand for execution of laws, 134-137.

Consensus Sandomiriensis, 62-63.

Council of Constance, 16.

Court clergy, affected by the Reformation, 39-40.

Court, royal, affected by the Reformation, 30, 36.

Czechowic, Martin, Arian reformer and writer, 73.

Defense, problem of, 57, 60;
more acute after agricultural revival, 116 ff.;
insistence on the clergy’s participation in public, 118-121;
confiscation of ecclesiastical property for public, proposed, 122.

Demesne estates, enlargement of, by extension of cultivation, 108;
by expropriation of village mayorships, 108-109;
by incorporation of vacant peasant leaseholds, 109-110.

Ecclesiastical estates,
location and productivity, 92-93;
proximity to royal lands and its significance, 93-94.

Ecclesiastical jurisdiction,
protest against and demand for abolition of, 45;
suspended for a year, 45, 46;
suspension of, continued, 50, 57;
demand for abolition of, in all matters, 58-59;
abolished, 60-61, 126-132, 134.

Economic basis of ecclesiastical revolt of Polish nobility,
commercial changes, 105-107;
industrial changes, 107 ff.

Economic causes of Polish Reformation. See Causes.

Edicts,
of Wieluń (1424), 17,
of 1433, 18;
of Thorn (1520), 24;
of Duke Janusz of Mazovia (1525), 26-27;
of Cracow (1523), 28,
of 1554, 32,
of 1544, 37;
due to growth of Reformation, 29;
protest against their issuance, 59-60.

Execution of Laws, 54, 56, 57, 113, 134-137.

Farming by tenant peasants, not profitable in the 16th century,
114-115.

Glebae adscripti, Polish peasants become, 115.

Goniądz, Peter, reformer and writer, 73.

Humanism, 13-14, 64-66.

Hussitism, 16-19.

Independence,
of Polish princes, 9-11;
of clergy, 11-13;
of people, 13.

Investiture, right of, 10-11.

James of Paradyż, scholar and advocate of religious reform, 19, 20.

Krowicki, Martin, Arian reformer and writer, 48, 47, 73.

Krzyżak, Felix, Calvinistic reformer,
accepted the Reformation, 39;
fled to Great Poland, 46;
returned to Little Poland, 46;
appointed as superintendent of Calvinistic churches, 43;
invited Bohemian Brethren to unite with Calvinists of Little
Poland, 48.

Landownership,
regarded as a special privilege of the Polish nobility, 110;
townspeople excluded from, and from high church offices, 110-113;
enlarged by purchases, 114.

Łaski, John, most distinguished Polish reformer, 38, 53, 56, 64, 65.

Legacies, of Polish ecclesiastical princes, 91-92.

Liberties, constitutional, of Polish nobility, 101-105.

Lismanini, Francis, a leader in Polish religious reform, 30, 39, 40,
41, 42, 53, 81.

Lutheranism,
in Danzig, 21-24;
in other West Prussian cities, 24-25;
in East Prussia, 25-26;
in Great Poland, 27-28;
in Little Poland, 28-30.

Mandate of Sigismund I on the starostas, 37, 38.

Matthew of Cracow, scholar and advocate of religious reform, 19-20.

Mayors of ecclesiastical villages, 56, 57, 60, 116 ff. See also
Defense.

Meetings, secret, in Cracow, 39-40.

Modrzewski, Andrew Frycz, distinguished humanist and advocate of
reform, 64, 65-66.

National Synod, 13, 50-51, 56-57.

Nobility, opposition to church,
political, 101-105;
economic, 105-116.

Ochino, Bernard, taking refuge in Poland, 81.

Oleśnicki, Cardinal Zbigniew, 17, 18.

Order to the starostas of 1546, 38.

Orzechowski, Stanislaus, 43, 44-45.

Ostrorog, John, 14, 64-65.

Political causes of Polish Reformation. See Causes.

Pope Pius IV, reforms which he was asked to sanction, 50-51.

Prażmowski, Andrew, his preaching of Calvinistic doctrines in Posen,
42.

Pre-Reformation reform movements, influence,
of Waldensians, 15-16;
of Wyclif’s teaching, 16;
of Hussitism, 16-19;
of loyal sons of the church at home, 19-21.

Printers, Cracow, 66-70.

Printing, as a cause of Polish Reformation, 66-73.

Privileges, clerical, presented “ad judicum,” 60.

Protestantism, strength of, by 1569, 61-63.

Racovian Catechism, 73.

Radziwill, Nicholas, the Black,
an intimate of Sigismund Augustus, 41;
Lippomano tried to influence, 51-52;
founded a press at Brześć Litewski from which issued the Radziwill
Bible, 71.

Renaissance. See Humanism.

Reformation, spread of, in Poland,
early beginnings and struggles, 21-33;
growing aggressiveness, 33-40;
triumph and dominance, 40-68;
in Danzig, 21-24;
in West Prussia, 24-26;
in East Prussia, 26;
in Mazovia, 26-27;
in Great Poland, 27-28;
in Little Poland, 28 ff.;
topic of general discussion, 34;
a class movement, 82-83, 132-134.

Rey, Nicholas, father of Polish literature, 37.

Roman clergy, affected by the Reformation, 38-39, 42, 43.

Samuel, Andrew, 37, 38-39, 40.

Seklucjan, John, 27, 37, 39, 40, 72.

Sigismund I, 11, 23, 27, 37, 40;
his tolerance, 38, 78-79.

Sigismund II, Augustus, 12;
Calvin’s Commentary on the Mass dedicated to, 34;
religious attitude of, 40-41;
tolerance of, 79.

Social causes of Polish Reformation. See Causes.

Social classes, affected by Reformation, 82-83; 101.

Stankar, Francis, his defection from Rome, 43-44;
his flight to Great Poland and return, 46.

Status of peasants, changed by legislation, 115-116.

Sozzino, Lelio, 81;
Faustus, 81.

Synodical decrees, 30-32, 34;
futility of, 32, 35-36.

Taxation of clerical property,
by Casimir the Great, 10;
insisted upon by nobility for purposes of defense, 123-124.

Tithes and tithing, opposition to, 59, 61, 97-98, 124-126.

Tolerance, religious, as cause of Polish Reformation, 78-82.

Treaty of Thorn (1466), its effect on Polish commerce and
agriculture, 106 ff.

Uchański, James, 12, 39, 55, 56-57, 59.

Universities, foreign, influence of, 73-78.

Vatican, concerned about Poland, 51.

Vernacular, appeal to the masses through literature in, 36-37.

Waldensians, influence of, on Poland, 15-16.

Wealth of Polish church, landed,
in Great Poland, 84;
in Little Poland, 84-85;
in Mazovia, 85;
in Podlasie, 85-86;
in Volhynia, 86;
in Red Russia, 86-87;
in Ukraina, 87;
compared with that of the crown and of the nobility, 87-91;
minimum total estimates of, 94-96;
other sources of income, 96-97;
its influence on Polish nobility, 97-100;
proposed confiscation of, 100.

Wyclif, influence of his teaching in Poland, 16.

Zalaszowska, Catherine, execution of, 33.

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Transcriber’s Note:

Words and phrases in italics are surrounded by underscores, _like this_. Those in bold are surrounded by equal signs, =like this=. Footnotes were renumbered sequentially and were moved to the end of the chapter. Inconsistent hyphenation was not changed. Obvious printing errors, such as backwards, upside down, or partially printed letters and punctuation, were corrected. Unprinted accents, punctuation, and final stops were added. Duplicate letters and punctuation were removed.

March 11, 1935 was changed to March 11, 1535, in footnote [389].