Chapter V: Part 5

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(Part 4 of 4)
----------------+-------------------------------
| France.
+-------+-------+-------+-------
| 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896.
----------------+-------+-------+-------+-------
Wheat Flour | .. | .. | .. | ..
Wheat | .. | .. | .. | ..
Corn | .. | .. | .. | ..
Beans | .. | .. | .. | ..
Rice | .. | .. | 28| ..
Tobacco | .. | .. | .. | ..
Butter, Lard | .. | .. | .. | ..
Beer | 8,101| .. | .. | ..
Wine | 73,648| 21,174| 24,792| ..
Drugs and | | | |
medicines | 35,841| 4,343| 2,687| ..
Perfumes | 10,942| 3,301| 7,450| ..
Oil paints | .. | .. | .. | ..
Fence wire | .. | .. | .. | ..
Sacks for coffee| .. | .. | .. | ..
Furniture | .. | .. | 3,117| ..
Shoes | 8,492| 1,403| 2,546| 2,290
Hardware | 5,892| .. | 53| ..
Cashmeres |139,818| 12,600| 8,286| 10,318
Implements | .. | .. | .. | 267
Machinery | 1,926| 20| .. | 360
Mercury | 47,328| 6,439| .. | 3,661
Cloth | 18,435| .. | 4,060| 486
Cotton goods | 7,281| 464| .. | 2,590
Mixed cotton | | | |
and woolen | 1,049| .. | .. | 202
Prints | 32,768| .. | 743| 945
Fancy articles | 75,417| .. | .. | ..
Sugar | .. | .. | .. | ..
Cotton shirts | .. | 151| 752| ..
Preserv. meats | 1,795| 3,147| 6,870| ..
Coal | .. | .. | .. | ..
Ready-made | | | |
Clothing | 14,431| .. | .. | ..
Cognac | 87,468| 14,973| 23,801| ..
Cotton drills | 5,712| .. | 176| ..
Preserv. Fruits | 7,626| .. | .. | ..
Railroad | | | |
material | .. | .. | .. | ..
Galvan. iron | .. | .. | .. | ..
Ordinary soap | .. | 154| .. | ..
Fine jewelry | 7,893| .. | 3,021| ..
Cotton shirting | .. | .. | 126| ..
Chinaware | .. | .. | 86| ..
Machetes | .. | .. | .. | ..
Manta-cruda | .. | .. | .. | ..
Sewing machines | .. | .. | .. | ..
Cotton | | | |
handkerchiefs | .. | .. | 18| ..
Sardines | 5,102| .. | 2,378| ..
Candles | .. | 243| 746| ..
Matches | .. | .. | .. | ..
Cigars | .. | .. | .. | ..
----------------+-------+-------+-------+-------

Among other countries _Spain_, including Cuba, imported in 1893, alcohol ($26,346), cigarettes ($11,418), cognac ($8976), liquors ($14,719), cotton cloth ($19,416), and wines ($126,417); in 1894, alcohol ($15,500), cigarettes ($7753), wines ($30,436); in 1895, alcohol ($81,000), cigarettes ($10,800), tobacco ($6288), wines ($46,957).

_Colombia_ imported in 1893, alcohol ($7783), cacao ($4229), cattle ($115,847); in 1894, cacao ($9710); in 1895, cacao ($11,720), tobacco ($6959).

_Italy_ imported in 1893, marble ($4623), wines ($14,791); in 1894, wine ($3491); in 1895, butter ($2209), hats ($1240), cotton cloth ($1568), and wines ($6933).

_Central America_ imported in 1893, tobacco ($112,418), sugar ($9895), cacao ($2846), maize ($6891), butter ($2893), cigars ($7626).

_The exportation during the first six months of 1897 was as follows_:

--------------+------------+-----------------------+---------------------
| | Port of Limon. | Port of Puntarenas.
|Total value.|-----------------------+---------------------
| | Kilos. | Value. | Kilos. | Value.
--------------+------------+----------+------------+---------+-----------
| Gold. | | | |
Coffee, in | | | | |
pargement | $538,462 20| 1,794,874| $538,462 20| .. | ..
Coffee, in oro|4,127,698 05|10,139,879|3,548,957 65|1,653,544|$578,740 40
Bananas | 225,267 50|27,400,966| 225,267 50| .. | ..
| Silver. | | | |
Cedar wood | 525,042 09| .. | .. | 656,451| 525,042 09
Mora wood | 67,831 16| .. | .. |3,322,435| 67,831 16
Hides | 41,443 59| 125,397| 37,665 80| 7,945| 3,777 79
Rubber | 13,961 95| 7,587| 11,095 75| 2,194| 2,866 20
Gold, in bars | 7,200 00| 12| 7,200 00| .. | ..
Gold, coined | 6,117 17| 6| 6,117 17| .. | ..
Skins | 5,977 59| 49| 60 00| 6,557| 5,917 59
Cacao | 2,898 15| 1,294| 1,548 40| 659| 1,349 75
Guaygacum wood| 2,809 96| .. | .. | 138,000| 2,809 96
Potatoes | 1,590 14| 597| 112 00| 11,535| 1,478 14
Plants, alive | 1,487 00| 1,846| 1,487 00| .. | ..
Blue thread | 1,679 00| .. | .. | 134| 1,679 00
Hule or rubber| 1,767 00| 1,350| 1,767 00| .. | ..
Soap | 700 00| .. | .. | 1,890| 700 00
Cocobola wood | 640 67| .. | .. | 31,465| 640 67
Dulce (mas | | | | |
cabado) | 606 04| 175| 52 00| 3,565| 554 04
Zarzaparrilla | 377 15| 468| 360 90| 29| 16 25
Cedron | 143 75| .. | .. | 264| 143 75
Sugar | 223 02| .. | .. | 732| 223 02
Pita-hats | 68 00| .. | .. | 70| 68 00
Caoba | | | | |
(mahogany) | 374 32| .. | .. | 111| 374 32
Pearl shell | 350 00| .. | .. | 2,241| 478 00
Turtles, alive| 200 00| 2,000| 200 00| .. | ..
Turtle shell | | | | |
(carey) | 150 00| 16| 150 00| .. | ..
--------------+------------+----------+------------+---------+-----------
Total $5,201,966 58|39,491,033| $4,348,123|5,231,835|$853,843 27
--------------+------------+----------+------------+---------+-----------

In regard to coffee there were exported from October 1, 1896, to June 30, 1897, 231,904 sacks (13,843,088 kilos), of which 84.67 per cent., or 196,343 sacks, in oro, and 15.33 per cent., or 35,561 sacks, in pargement. From this amount 87.93 per cent., or 203,913 sacks (12,184,027 kilos), went through Port Limon and 12.07 per cent., or 27,991 sacks (1,659,061 kilos), through Puntarenas.

From Limon 61.329 per cent. was transported by the Atlas Line, 32.300 per cent. by the British Royal Mail, 2.271 per cent. by the French Steamship line, 3.299 per cent. by the German Line, O.801 per cent. by other lines.

It will be interesting to know the places to which this large amount of coffee is shipped. These particulars are found in the following list:

Sacks. Kilogr.
London 133,676 7,903,450
San Francisco 19,946 1,183,980
New York 33,887 2,072,289
Hamburg 24,833 1,502,311
Bordeaux 5,827 346,822
Paris 206 12,524
Bremen 12,373 }
Montreal 37 }
Antwerp 310 }
Lockport 1 }
Chicago 1 }
Malaga 1 } 821,712
Geneva 439 }
Trieste 254 }
Valparaiso 50 }
Panama 62 }
Barcelona 1 }
-------- -----------
Total 231,904 13,843,008

In connection with the coffee trade there are here given interesting statistics concerning the average annual consumption of coffee _per capita_ of the population of different countries:

Pounds.
Holland 21.00
Denmark 13.89
Belgium 13.48
Norway 9.80
Switzerland 7.03
United States 7.61
Sweden 6.11
Germany 3.94
France 2.73
Austria 2.13
Greece 1.24
Italy 1.00
Great Britain 1.00
European
Russia 0.19

_Industries._—The scarcity of working people and the absence of capital were formerly the greatest barriers to the progress of industry, while at the same time the abundance and relative cheapness of imported articles rendered useless all attempts at home production.

In regard to industrial and manufacturing establishments and workshops, there were in 1892:

842 in the Province of San José.
700 ” ” Alajuela.
193 ” ” Cartago.
272 ” ” Heredia.
187 ” ” Guanacaste.
89 ” Comarca de Puntarenas.
20 ” ” Limon.
----
2303

_Distribution of industrial and manufacturing establishments in Costa Rica._

-------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
| | | | | G | P | |
| | | | | u | u | |
| S | A | | | a | n | |
| a | l | C | H | n | t | |
| n | a | a | e | a | a | |
| | j | r | r | c | r | L | T
| J | u | t | e | a | e | i | o
| o | e | a | d | s | n | m | t
| s | l | g | i | t | a | o | a
| é | a | o | a | e | s | n | l
| . | . | . | . | . | . | . | .
-------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
Iron foundries | 2 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 1 | 4
Blacksmith-shops | 25 | 11 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 2 | 68
Gunsmith-shops | 3 | 1 | .. | .. | 1 | 2 | .. | 7
Flour-mills | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1
Soap factories | 5 | .. | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 7
Breweries | 3 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4
Ice Factories | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1 | .. | 3
Distilleries | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1
Brick and tile factories | 22 | 29 | 34 | 4 | 18 | 2 | .. | 109
Fine brick-yards | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 2
Lime-kilns | 7 | 12 | 10 | 1 | 3 | 1 | .. | 34
Cartridge factories | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1
Sugar factories | 1 | 6 | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 9
Sawmills | 16 | 35 | 9 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 74
Coffee-mills | 80 | 75 | 16 | 85 | .. | .. | .. | 256
Iron sugar-mills | 205 | 154 | 32 | 46 | 10 | 2 | .. | 449
Wooden sugar-mills | 248 | 258 | 21 | 13 | 82 | 17 | .. | 639
Marble yards | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1
Stone-cutting yards | 1 | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3
Carpenter-shops | 31 | 28 | 8 | 37 | 19 | 15 | 3 | 141
Cabinet-shops | 5 | 2 | 3 | 1 | .. | 2 | .. | 13
Tailor-shops | 25 | 13 | 10 | 17 | 14 | 7 | 3 | 89
Tanneries | 9 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 16 | .. | 1 | 39
Shoemaker-shops | 38 | 17 | 9 | 16 | 12 | 8 | 3 | 103
Barber-shops | 17 | 9 | 3 | 12 | 4 | 6 | 2 | 53
Saddleries | 11 | 8 | 5 | 1 | 4 | .. | .. | 29
Bakeries | 22 | 7 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 7 | 1 | 45
Confectioners | 5 | 1 | .. | 1 | .. | .. | .. | 7
Drug stores | 15 | 16 | 8 | 9 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 58
Dyeing establishments | 5 | 5 | .. | 2 | 1 | 1 | .. | 14
Photograph galleries | 3 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 3
Printing establishments | 9 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 10
Lithographers | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1
Book binderies | 4 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 4
Watchmakers | 7 | 1 | 4 | 3 | .. | .. | .. | 15
Silversmiths | 4 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 3 | .. | 22
Candle factories | 5 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 5
-------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
Total | 842 | 700 | 193 | 272 | 207 | 89 | 20 |2323
-------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----

There are in San José the San José Foundry and the National Workshop, which contributed greatly to the progress of mechanical arts, iron manufactures, cabinet work, machinery, implements, farming utensils, tools, etc.

There also exist a silk and cotton factory, manufacturing fine articles like shawls, scarfs, wraps, in the favorite colors of the people; also an ice factory, a shoe factory and a flour-mill.

Among the miscellaneous companies we have to mention the Agency Company for unloading and loading vessels, capital 200,000 pesos; San José Market Company, capital 215,000 pesos; Cartago Market Company, capital 100,000 pesos; Heredia Market Company, capital 100,000 pesos; Monte de Aguacate Mining Company, capital 500,000 pesos; La Trinidad Mining Company, capital 250,000 pesos; Costa Rica House Construction Company, capital 250,000 pesos; Costa Rica Pacific Gold Mining Company, Limited; Electric Light Company.

XII.

FINANCE AND BANKING.

The revenue of the Government of Costa Rica is derived from custom-house duties, revenue stamps and stamped paper, liquor monopoly, tobacco revenue, coffee tax, sale of public lands, tax for registering property, tax on slaughtering live stock, etc.

The national revenue for 1896 was as follows:

Pesos.
Revenues proper 6,685,178 87
Public service (post, etc.) 233,529 89
Various sources 89,079 14
Funds in administration (postal-money
orders, etc.) 395,104 88
Public credit 32,718 00
------------
Total 7,435,610 78

To this sum

Pesos.
The main custom-house in San José contributed 1,930,746 58
The custom-house in Puntarenas ” 474,148 27
” ” ” Limon ” 404,444 25
” national liquor business ” 2,242,174 96
Tobacco revenue 778,211 75
Coffee tax £61,415 00
Lumber tax 15,044 26
Stamped paper 70,164 30
Revenue stamps 39,469 38

Expenditures during the fiscal year ending in 1896 amounted to 6,697,326.51 pesos, distributed in the following manner:

Ordinary Disbursements for Administration.

Pesos.
Department of Gobernacion 666,429 55
” Police 163,051 84
” Fomento 628,350 98
” Foreign Office 101,170 74
” Justice 274,568 83
” Public Instruction 630,627 41
” Cultus 24,101 00
” War 432,943 09
” Military police 235,152 56
” Navy 47,559 51
” Finance 297,414 62
Various services 1,229,823 86
------------
4,731,193 99

Various Services.

Pesos.
Department of Beneficence 101,213 44
Various other services 115,904 61
----------
217,118 05

Monopoly Services.

Pesos.
Buying tobacco, sugar, etc., freights 277,126 34
Contract of Odilon Jimenez 18,372 52
Contract of Robato & Beguiristain 1,840 53
----------
297,339 39

Funds in Administration.

Pesos.
Billets of Instruction 19,883 97
Postal orders 347,530 81
----------
367,414 78

Interior Debt.

Pesos.
Bills payable 475,495 55
Interest and discounts 15,991 15
Private deposits 39,558 00
Amortization of national notes 340,888 52
Hospital of Alajuela 14,215 53
Bank of Costa Rica, contract of
June 20, 1894 135,068 82
Deposits in favor of pupils of Barroeta 6,558 06
------------
1,027,775 63

Consolidates.

Pesos.
Hospital of San Juan de Dios 13,640 00
Ecclesiastical funds 6,337 50
Legate of Barroeta 15,300 00
Hospital of Cartago 9,638 00
---------
44,915 50

Various Accounts.

Pesos.
Flint & Co. 4,684 67
Municipality of Cartago,
notes and interest 6,884 50
---------
11,569 17
============
Total 6,697,326 51

The _foreign debt_ contracted in 1871 and 1872, in England, against the will of the nation, has been disastrous to it. It amounts to £2,000,000 in five per cent. debentures. Lately an arrangement was made under which the amortization of this debt will begin in 1917, instead of 1898, and with £10,000 per year, instead of £20,000. The government is also authorized to buy in its own bonds for their immediate liquidation.

The _floating debt_ chiefly consists of private deposits, of the school-loan, amortization of which is made annually, of paper money which is received in very limited amounts, and of bills payable, mostly given for sugar and syrups to the “National Liquor Distillery” and drawn on thirty days’ sight. The rest of the floating debt scarcely amounts to 50,000 pesos.

In figures the _interior debt_ of Costa Rica may be represented as follows: 79,155.75 pesos in notes of war emission; 1,037,628.43 pesos for various accounts, private deposits, cash orders, municipal fund, ecclesiastical fund, etc., making a total of 1,116,784.18 pesos.

Another important factor in the commercial and economic life of Costa Rica is the money in circulation. Including every kind of emission, notes of the Costa Rica bank, national paper money, war-emission paper money, silver and gold coin, the money in circulation amounted in

Pesos.
1882-83 4,395,089
1883-84 4,129,518
1884-85 3,707,434
1885-86 3,619,261
1886-87 3,899,975
1887-88 4,210,733
1888-89 4,762,885
1889-90 5,603,512
1890-91 5,941,947
1891-92 5,806,752
1892-93 5,630,416
1893-94 5,507,343
1894-95 5,666,207
1895-96 5,721,837

There were in circulation, in 1895-96, currency valued in pesos as follows: 3,820,404 of Costa Rica bank notes, 2764 national paper money, 98,669 war-emission paper money, 1,500,000 coined silver money, 300,000 coined gold money, total 5,721,837; or 20.08 pesos per capita of the population of Costa Rica.

As above indicated, the Government of Costa Rica is beginning to displace the notes of the Banco de Costa Rica by others issued by the government, maintained at par and guaranteed by a gold reserve or by gold certificates.

This monetary question is of such interest and importance, that the following translation is given from such parts of the reports of the Minister of Finance as relate thereto.

“The emission of gold certificates is necessary, as it would be impossible to keep the gold coins in circulation so long as the quantity of paper money issued by the bank, is far greater. Again, in order to avoid the difficulties which would arise from the constant retirement of this paper money, the gold certificates must be issued to furnish an adequate supply of currency. In this way also the Government has the advantage of utilizing the quantities of gold in deposit, and of acquiring by means of those certificates resources for fresh coinage of gold pieces.”

“In order to avoid embarrassment in the commercial and economic life of the country it has been agreed with the Banco de Costa Rica to maintain parity between these certificates and its notes. By the monetary law of October 24, 1896, also parity with the actual silver peso was established. It was further agreed that the ‘colon de oro,’ the new gold coin, should correspond in intrinsic value with this standard of ratios.”

“For these purposes, there had to be taken into consideration: First, the actual state of the national wealth, estimated in the already established credit circulating medium; second, the average range of international exchange during a number of years, and third, the average ratio of silver to gold during the same period. There had further to be considered the outstanding obligations of the interior and of the exterior debt, as well as pending negotiations as to exportable products, and the relation of the intrinsic value between gold and silver.”

“In this way the following conclusion was reached: That the ‘colon de oro’ should contain 700 milligrams of fine gold, in order not to complicate the situation created by the circulating notes of the Bank of Costa Rica, and in order to include an average exchange of 110 per cent. with respect to the pound sterling, and of 115 per cent. with respect to the American gold, as well as to create a relation of 1 to 26 between silver and gold. In consequence of this and for the purpose of giving to the ‘colon de oro’ the same fineness as has been given to the American gold coin, and as has been adopted by the Union Latina, it was established that the ‘colon de oro’ should have 778 milligrams of gold of 900-1000 fineness. Its relation to the gold coins of either nations is as follows:

1 American gold dollar Colones 2.1495
4 shillings sterling, gold ” 2.0921
5 francs, gold ” 2.0737
4 marks, gold ” 2.0481

“In the contract with the Banco de Costa Rica, it was agreed that the Government should coin gold periodically. There are already 600,000 ‘colones de oro’ in pieces of 10 colones in Costa Rica, and the Government ordered furthermore a second emission of 400,000 colones in pieces of 20 colones each, which will soon be issued. It is further willing to coin half a million more in the near future. The Costa Rican Bank, on the other hand, is obliged to retire a corresponding amount of its notes from circulation, and later, as soon as sufficient gold can be put in circulation, the exchange of bills is to be made by this bank in gold instead of silver.”

There are sufficient reasons for believing that the Costa Rican Government will succeed in the realization of this highly important economic change without difficulty. As the Costa Rican Bank no longer has the exclusive privilege of issuing paper money, new banks must be established, with authority to issue circulating notes. As these banks will have to keep a reserve of national gold coins for the redemption of their paper money, there will be an abundance of currency of a fixed value. As the fineness of the ‘colon de oro’ constitutes the best type of international exchange, there will in the future be slight fluctuations, and this will prove a most valuable guaranty of the stability of public wealth.

The value of the _National Government property_ is estimated at 8,522,714.94 pesos. The principal items are:

Pesos.
National distillery 900,000
Central custom-house 500,000
National theatre 905,815
Metal-building 286,432
National park 250,000
Insane Asylum 405,000
Pacific Railway 847,500
National Palace 200,000
Girls’ High School 350,000
Islands of San Lucas and Chira 400,865
Island of Uvita 200,000
Presidential Palace 150,000
Artillery armory 175,000
National printing establishment 140,000
National College in Alajuela 150,000
National Museum 40,000
Park of Morazán 159,185
Liceo of Costa Rica 145,000
Main armory 100,000
Old temple of La Merced 100,000
Ex-University 80,000
House in San José 100,000
Place in front of the National distillery 94,172
Custom-house in Puntarenas 100,000
Pier in Puntarenas 75,000
National telegraph 389,936
Palace of Justice 80,000
Hospital for lepers 65,000
Penitentiary 60,000
Police Stations 50,000
Mint 42,000

The private property owners are numerous and the orderly habits of the Costa Ricans are marked. Costa Rica being an essentially agricultural country, the necessity of a mortgage law was apparent to maintain and secure the equities of all. Hence an official registry of titles and mortgages was opened in 1867.

The landed property of the people of Costa Rica is registered in the “Registro Publico” in the following way:

_First Inscription._

Pesos.
1870, 5,243 fincas valued at 3,378,035
1875, 26,947 ” ” 19,090,557
1880, 43,281 ” ” 32,285,339
1885, 54,540 ” ” 39,228,567
1890, 65,858 ” ” 45,152,936
1895, 79,651 ” ” 59,244,326
1896, 82,614 ” ” 62,960,222
1897, 85,755 ” ” 67,711,398

_Second Inscription._

Pesos.
1870, 549 fincas valued at 502,503
1875, 9,580 ” ” 9,731,805
1880, 24,941 ” ” 25,339,594
1885, 41,286 ” ” 37,251,567
1890, 63,331 ” ” 52,702,051
1895, 89,276 ” ” 84,105,189
1896, 94,116 ” ” 90,654,569
1897, 99,309 ” ” 99,147,659

The following list gives the _number of fincas_ (properties) and the amount in pesos for which they were _mortgaged_.

--------+---------------+------------
| Fincas | Amount of
Year. | (properties). | mortgage.
--------+---------------+------------
1868 | 130 | 147,931
1869 | 435 | 580,936
1870 | 632 | 826,176
1871 | 845 | 1,112,060
1872 | 1,166 | 1,440,810
1873 | 1,565 | 1,889,789
1874 | 2,007 | 2,667,565
1875 | 2,483 | 3,480,011
1876 | 2,909 | 4,105,197
1877 | 3,422 | 5,359,158
1878 | 3,972 | 6,141,955
1879 | 4,748 | 6,700,357
1880 | 5,528 | 7,944,641
1881 | 6,563 | 9,033,333
1882 | 7,373 | 9,113,818
1883 | 8,177 | 9,188,730
1884 | 8,523 | 9,283,415
1885 | 8,523 | 9,331,985
1886 | 8,513 | 9,119,853
1887 | 8,475 | 9,309,261
1888 | 8,386 | 9,027,632
1889 | 8,396 | 9,088,676
1890 | 8,417 | 9,403,484
1891 | 8,444 | 9,772,885
1892 | 8,630 | 10,862,961
1893 | 8,968 | 12,132,204
1894 | 9,528 | 14,110,510
1895 | 9,928 | 15,231,308
1896 | 10,511 | 16,831,402
1897 | 11,055 | 17,686,872
--------+---------------+-----------

_Net value_ of the fincas was:

Pesos.
1870 2,551,858
1875 15,610,546
1880 24,340,698
1885 29,896,583
1890 35,679,253
1895 43,347,019
1896 45,126,821
1897 48,642,827

In the last fiscal year from April 1, 1896, to March 31, 1897, the Public Register shows the following movement:

Key to column headings:
Rur. = Rural Properties.
Val. = Value in Pesos.
Urb. = Urban Properties.
(Part 1 of 2)
----------+---------------------------------------+
| FIRST INSCRIPTIONS. |
|-----+-------------+-----+-------------+
| Rur.| Val. | Urb.| Val. |
----------+-----+-------------+-----+-------------+
San José | 343| 630,315.26| 728| 736,907.34|
Alajuela | 559| 793,054.34| 440| 947,144.77|
Heredia | 96| 503,588.00| 322| 160,832.85|
Cartago | 272| 529,045.36| 253| 139,220.98|
Guanacaste| 15| 13,753.50| 7| 4,200.00|
Puntarenas| 25| 41,592.65| 23| 11,658.50|
Limon | 44| 206,483.93| 14| 23,378.95|
----------+-----+-------------+-----+-------------+
Total | 1354| 2,727,833.14| 1787| 2,023,343.39|
----------+-----+-------------+-----+-------------+

(Part 2 of 2)
----------+---------------------------------------+
| SECOND INSCRIPTIONS. |
+-----+-------------+-----+-------------|
| Rur.| Val. | Urb.| Val. |
----------+-----+-------------+-----+-------------+---------------------
San José | 565| 1,236,822.10| 1129| 1,938,845.87| Total inscriptions,
Alajuela | 723| 1,313,350.17| 468| 346,090.09| first, 3141,
Heredia | 477| 1,227,200.39| 755| 704,950.93| $4,751,176.43;
Cartago | 497| 972,605.11| 501| 454,726.09| second, 5193,
Guanacaste| 11| 79,021.00| 9| 10,370.00| $8,493,090.09;
Puntarenas| 23| 75,678.66| 9| 15,945.00| 8344 fincas,
Limon | 36| 94,898.33| 10| 22,585.65| valued at
| | | | | 13,244,266.52 pesos.
----------+-----+-------------+-----+-------------+---------------------
Total | 2332| 4,999,576.46| 2861| 3,493,513.63|
----------+-----+-------------+-----+-------------+---------------------

For the same period the “Public Register” furnishes the following statistics of mortgages on real estate estimated in pesos:

(Part 1 of 2)
----------+-------------------------------------------------+
| Distribution of |
| Mortgages. |
+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+
| Rural | Sum | Urban | Sum |
|Properties.| Secured. |Properties.| Secured. |
----------+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+
San José | 211 | 990,051.28| 294 | 796,975.98|
Alajuela | 152 | 348,825.25| 60 | 104,565.73|
Heredia | 63 | 190,864.31| 77 | 187,202.05|
Cartago | 166 | 409,518.63| 139 | 263,261.16|
Guanacaste| 14 | 86,281.03| 3 | 20,000.00|
Puntarenas| 12 | 41,843.00| 4 | 43,000.00|
Limon | 51 | 199,893.84| 16 | 19,300.00|
----------+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+
| 669 |2,267,277.34| 593 |1,434,304.92|
----------+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+

(Part 2 of 2)
----------+-----------------------------------------------
|
| Cancellations.
+-----------+------------+-----------+----------
| Rural | Paid Off. | Urban | Paid Off.
|Properties.| |Properties.|
----------+-----------+------------+-----------+----------
San José | 116 | 283,513.97| 211 |539,572.67
Alajuela | 70 | 304,672.37| 33 |188,675.39
Heredia | 31 | 111,107.42| 28 | 41,781.50
Cartago | 111 | 346,415.03| 71 | 78,297.61
Guanacaste| .. | .. | .. | ..
Puntarenas| 4 | 32,952.00| 2 | 27,498.00
Limon | 28 | 139,917.61| 13 | 95,505.35
----------+-----------+------------+-----------+----------
| 360 |1,218,578.40| 358 |971,330.52
----------+-----------+------------+-----------+----------+

----------+-----------------------------------------------
| Partial Cancellations in Pesos.
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
| Rural | Amortized | Urban | Amortized
|Properties.| Debt. |Properties.| Debt.
----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
San José | 33 | 169,835.81| 37 | 87,560.81
Alajuela | 13 | 42,414.00| 2 | 4,400.00
Heredia | 2 | 3,810.00| 4 | 7,700.00
Cartago | 22 | 238,746.76| 15 | 18,368.42
Guanacaste| .. | .. | .. | ..
Puntarenas| .. | .. | .. | ..
Limon | 35 | 66,000.00| 1 | 17,367.00
----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
| 105 | 520,806.57| 59 | 135,396.23
----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------

RÉSUMÉ. RÉSUMÉ.

Number of Total and Partial
Mortgages. Sum Secured. Cancellations.
Pesos. Pesos.
Rural 669 2,267,277.34 Rural 465 1,739,384.97
Urban 593 1,434,304.92 Urban 417 1,106,726.75
---- ------------ --- ------------
1262 3,701,582.26 882 2,846,111.72

Since 1865 the mortgage law permits this mode of converting real estate; upon due official registration its value may be divided into shares, each represented by a cedula or bond, on which as collateral security money can be raised at any time with perfect safety.

This law is included in the Codizo Civil of 1887 and since that time cedulas to following amounts have been issued:

Pesos.

1888 12,000
1889 60,500
1890 70,200
1891 170,100
1892 380,000
1893 336,800
1894 482,000
1895 666,000
1896 1,002,000
1897 1,381,700

The municipal taxes are not high. The owners of real estate are required to pay only the taxes devoted to the maintenance of municipal police, street lighting and the domestic supply of water.

Other municipal taxes comprise license fees for commercial business, for slaughtering cattle and hogs; for wine houses; taxes for registering of dogs; taxes on tanneries, breweries, coffee-cleaning establishments, cemeteries, etc.

Other important factors of the economic life of Costa Rica are the existing _banking establishments_. The first bank of Central America was established in 1857, in Costa Rica, by Crisanto Medina. This institution ceased and, in 1863, was replaced by the Banco Anglo-Costaricense with an authorized capital of 2,000,000 pesos and a paid-up capital of 1,200,000. This bank still exists, together with the Banco de Costa Rica established in 1867 with a paid-up capital of 2,000,000 pesos. It incorporated with itself the former Banco de la Union established in 1877.

The Bank of Costa Rica has had from the Government the privilege of issuing paper money to the extent of four times its cash on hand. The average circulation of these bank notes since 1882 has been as follows:

Pesos.

1882-83 35,000
1883-84 56,400
1884-85 168,890
1885-86 210,170
1886-87 1,004,010
1887-88 1,518,290
1888-89 2,191,930
1889-90 2,911,479
1890-91 3,249,914
1891-92 3,037,167
1892-93 2,820,892
1893-94 3,079,067
1894-95 3,565,041
1895-96 3,820,404

This issue privilege was withdrawn in 1897 on the introduction of the ‘colon de oro,’ and a special arrangement was made with the bank to uphold the contemplated change from a silver to a gold standard.

The Banco de Costa Rica, on July 15, 1897, had a reserve fund of 745,000 pesos and a dividend account of 50,000. It has branches in Heredia, Cartago and Alajuela. The situation of this bank at the same date was in pesos as follows:

ASSETS. LIABILITIES.
-------------------------------------+-----------------------------------
Cash on hand: |
Coin 1,268,682.33 | Capital paid up 2,000,000.00
Checks against the | Reserve fund 745,000.00
Anglo-C. R. Bank 10,075.43 | Dividend account 50,000.00
------------ | Discounts 120,984.70
1,278,757.76 | ------------
Foreign correspondents 191,073.64 | 2,915,984.70
Accounts current 335,324.39 | Notes in
------------- | circulation 3,929,972.50
1,805,155.79 | Deposits, on time
| or demand 1,108,424.82
Bills receivable 5,273,304.39 | ------------
Branch Banks 373,595.05 | 5,038,397.32
Bonds of School- |
loan 40,607.50 | Securities in commission
Various obligations | for collection 394,420.74
to collect 254,101.99 | Government on account
Immovable property 167,052.54 | ‘Colones de Oro’ 600,000.00
Furniture 10,000.00 |
Stamps 1,433.00 |
Sundry accounts 29,131.76 |
---------- |
6,149,226.23 |
------------ |
7,954,382.02 |
Securities in commission |
for collection 394,420.74 |
Deposit of ‘Colones |
de Oro’ 600,000.00 |
------------- | ------------
8,948,802.76 | 8,948,802.76
-------------------------------------+-----------------------------------

The bank is ready to retire 540,000 pesos of its own notes in correspondence with the first gold deposit of 600,000 pesos. In view of the satisfactory transactions of the Bank 20 per cent. was distributed in dividends for the fiscal year ending in 1897. Its manager is Mr. José Andrés Coronado. Its Board of Directors include Messrs. Francisco Peralta, Aniceto Esquivel, Fabian Esquivel, Daniel Nuñez and Manuel Sandoval.

The manager of the Banco Anglo-Costaricense is Mr. Percy G. Harrison, and its Board of Directors is composed of Messrs. Adrian Collado, Simeon Guzmán, Telésforo Alfaro, Gerardo Jager and Mariano Montealegre.

The situation of the Banco Anglo-Costaricense on June 30, 1897, was in pesos as follows:

(Part 2 of 2) LIABILITIES.
+---------------------------------------------------
| Capital 1,200,000.00
| Reserve Fund 210,000.00
| ------------ 1,410,000.00
| Deposits account current 371,443.60
| Deposits on sight 10,778.00
| Deposits on credit 380,601.23
| ----------- 762,822.83
| Outside creditors 436,403.84
| Various debts 22,202.38
| ------------ 458,606.22
| Securities in commission 188,014.10
| Government of Costa Rica,
| Treasury funds 1,500,649.79
| Government of Costa Rica,
| exportation notes 93,275.00
| ------------ 1,781,938.89
| Dividends not collected
| from 1895-96 700.00
| Dividends from 1896-97
| (15 per cent) 180,000.00
| ---------- 180,700.00
| Discounts on bills payable 39,779.55
| Profits for 1897-98 17,450.96
| ---------- 57,230.51
| ------------
| 4,651,298.45

Foreign commercial obligations were settled through these banks on the following terms: Drafts at three days’ sight on Paris cost one per cent. less than on London on same time; those at ninety days’ sight on Paris or London cost one per cent. less than at three days’ sight; those at sixty days’ sight, on New York, cost two per cent. less than on three days’ sight. Submarine cable transfers of money cost two per cent. more than by three days’ sight drafts with the cost of telegraphing added.

Until the 24th of March, 1897, the Bank of Costa Rica sold drafts on New York for five points more than for those on London. Since the 25th of March, 1897, the difference of exchange between those cities has been eight per cent.

The rates on London, in October and November, 1897, were 127, and those on New York were 135.

XIII.

POLITICAL ORGANIZATION.

Costa Rica is a republic, the government of which is representative, the representatives being classified so that one-half retires every two years. Since 1825 Costa Rica has had nine constitutions, the last one having been promulgated in 1871.

The government is administered through three distinct branches; namely, the legislative, executive and judicial.

Legislative powers are vested in a single house whose members are chosen, one for every 8000 inhabitants, for a term of four years by an electoral college. This body is called the “Constitutional Congress” and assembles every year on May 1 for a sixty days’ session, which may be extended for thirty days more.

The executive power is vested in the President of the Republic who is elected for four years and has the power of naming or removing his four cabinet ministers.

Annually, in May, Congress appoints, for a term of one year, three substitutes called “designados.” During the intervals between sessions of Congress legislative power is represented by a board of five commissioners appointed by Congress.

Judicial power is lodged in a Supreme Court and in subordinate tribunals as constituted by law. The judiciary is changed every four years.

Suffrage is restricted to popular conventions which choose a limited number of electors. These meet in a body called the electoral assembly and proceed to choose the President of the Republic and the Congressmen.

The Republic is divided into five Provinces and two Comarcas or Territories. Both are divided into Cantones, and the Cantones are subdivided into districts.

The Territories are represented in Congress in the same way as the Provinces.

Each Canton has a municipal organization popularly elected and a political chief named by the President.

In each of the Provinces or Territories there is a Governor, and a military commandant also named by the President, and a Judge of First Instance appointed by the Supreme Court.

Costa Rica, as soon as she became a member of the Central American Confederation, organized a judiciary of her own consisting of a superior court, several tribunals of first resort in the provinces, and the alcaldes of towns who were justices of the peace with jurisdiction over petty affairs both civil and criminal. The Supreme Court has since undergone many changes.

The Supreme Court is a Court of Law composed of five justices. Two Courts of second instance have three magistrates each.

In each of the Provinces and in the Comarca of Puntarenas there are judges having criminal and civil jurisdiction.

In the chief towns of each Canton the alcaldes act in civil cases of minor importance, and in criminal cases are judges of petty offenses, and for graver charges are committing magistrates.

In the districts the justices of the peace and the police are charged with maintaining the public peace and they act for small misdemeanors in a summary way.

For fiscal affairs there are an Inspector General of Hacienda, an alcalde of Hacienda, and a National Judge of Hacienda. There is also a special judge of mines residing at San Mateo.

Punishments are generally neither cruel nor protracted. They comprise confinement in a prison or penitentiary, transportation, or a fine. The penitentiary is on the island of San Lucas.

In 1841 Costa Rica codified its civil and penal jurisprudence, amending the code materially seventeen years later. This has been the basis of her legal progress and is in force except as modified by subsequent statutes. Among the more important amendments are these: by the Penal Code in effect since 1880 the death penalty is abolished, as well as humiliating and cruel punishments; 1886 there was promulgated a new Civil Code, in which are prominent civil marriages, the right of divorce and the civil equality of woman.

The Code of Commerce in force, founded on Spanish customs, was issued in 1853. The Fiscal Code of to-day went into effect in 1885.

The Military Code of 1871 was superseded in 1884 by another more in accordance with modern institutions.

The Jury System in criminal cases has been in force since 1873.

The Municipal Statutes prevailing to-day were issued in 1867; the General Police Regulations in 1849.

The “Ley Organica” of tribunals was framed in 1845 and modified slightly in 1852.

In 1865 there was promulgated the law for a creditor’s proceedings; the mortgage law was passed in 1865.

Higher and professional education was provided for in 1843 by a law known as the “Statutes of the University of Santo Tomas,” and in 1886 there was enacted a law for common education.

The Registry of property and mortgages was opened in 1867, since which time various reforms have been introduced into the Mortgage Law.

There are besides many special laws, like the Mining Statutes decreed in 1830; the Water Law of 1884 now in force; the Consular Regulations, and others.

By decree of 24th of November, 1863, the decimal system for moneys now in use was adopted. By decree of 10th of July, 1884, the metric system was adopted for weights and measures.

All Costa Ricans between eighteen and fifty years of age are obliged to do military service according to law.

The army is divided into two parts; the first includes, under the head of active service, all soldiers from eighteen to forty years of age; the second comprises all the rest under the head of “Reserve.”

There is a third division, known as the National Guard, including all citizens capable of shouldering arms outside of the foregoing.

XIV.

HISTORY.

Until 1540 Spain reserved for the Crown that part of the territory of Veragua lying west of the portion which had been granted to the heirs of Columbus, but in that year it was erected into a province called Costa Rica. According to the narrative of Colonel G. E. Church, within a period of sixty years from the date of its discovery some ten feeble exploring and colonizing expeditions, mostly from Panama, were fitted out to occupy Costa Rica, but they all proved disastrous, the only result being the exasperation of the natives whom the Spaniards plundered, butchered and treated with signal barbarity.

Between 1560 and 1573 the limits of Costa Rica were defined and confirmed by Philip II., those on the Atlantic Coast being the same as to-day, so far as Nicaragua is concerned.

In 1562 Juan Vasquez de Coronado was named Alcalde and Mayor of the Province of Costa Rica and Veragua. He founded the City of Cartago which remained the capital until 1823.

Up to 1622 fifteen governors succeeded Vasquez, but disappointed in their efforts to find gold, to enslave the Indian population, or to make the country prosperous, they allowed it to lapse into a barbarism far worse than it was at the time of its discovery.

Barrantes says that in 1622 it had but fifty Spanish families, and these were in a condition of extreme poverty.

A report, which the King ordered to be made about that time for purposes of taxation, stated: “In Costa Rica no mines of any metal are worked; no gold-washings, no indigo cultivation, no sugar-mill exist. The people cultivate only maize and wheat. There is no money. The poverty is such that the flour and biscuits which are not consumed are exchanged for necessary clothing.”

When Gregorio de Sandoval was named Captain-General, in 1634, and reached his port from the Atlantic Coast, he noted the importance of having a better port than that then existing at the mouth of the river Pacuare, and, therefore, in 1639 founded that of Matina, connecting it by a mule-trail 102 miles long with Cartago.

From 1666 to the end of the century both the Caribbean and the Pacific coasts were ravaged by piratical expeditions.

In 1718 Diego de la Haya y Fernandez was appointed Captain-General. The following year he reported to the King on the condition of Costa Rica, which he pronounced the “poorest and most miserable of all America. The current money is the cacao seed, there not being a piece of silver in the entire country. There is not an eatable sold in street or shop. Every family has to sow and reap what it consumes or expends during the year. Even the Governor has to do this or perish. Meanwhile the inhabitants of the province are contentious, chimerical and turbulent, and among the whole of them there are not forty men of medium capacity.”

In 1797 the governorship and military command were conferred on Tomas de Acosta, but after ruling for twelve years he wrote: “There is not in the entire monarchy a province so indigent as this, for some of the inhabitants are clothed with the bark of trees, and others, that they may go to church, hire and borrow from their friends.”

This may be said to have been the condition of the country when the domination of Spain ended.

The fifty-eight Governors, who, since 1563, had followed the ill-fated Vasquez de Coronado, had been little more than managers of a neglected farm, which scarcely yielded sufficient to enable its laborers to eke out a miserable, half-starved existence. They had killed off or enslaved the indigenous population. Their poverty had precluded the opening of roads or the clearing and cultivation of the lands, while the exactions of Spain and its barbarous political and fiscal policy had smothered all commercial interests. In fact, Costa Rica had, during three centuries of Spanish domination, constantly retrograded, and when the Spaniard retired from it, he left it less civilized than when he entered it in 1502.

On September 15, 1821, Costa Rica joined Nicaragua in a decree of independence. On January 10, 1822, she proclaimed her union with the Iturbide Empire of Mexico under “the plan of Iguala,” but in 1824 she resumed her independence, declared herself a Republic, elected Juan Mora as President, who remained in office for eight years, and became one of the United Provinces of Central America. This weak, unmanageable union underwent a slow disintegration from 1838 to 1839. It fell in pieces for want of internal communications, like the old Columbian federation of New Granada, Venezuela and Ecuador.

Among the twenty-four presidents and dictators who have governed Costa Rica since 1824, several have been men of marked intelligence and devoted patriotism, and under their administration the country has slowly emerged from its former depression, until to-day it may be said to be in a healthy political and commercial condition.

Costa Rica is very much indebted to its first President, Juan Mora. Other successful Presidents were: Juan Rafael Mora, from 1850 to 1859; General Tomas Guardia, from 1872 to 1876, and again from 1878 to 1882; Bernardo Soto, from 1885 to 1889, and Rafael Iglesias, since 1894.

Since its independence there have been but few stirring events to agitate the country. The most important of them was the efficacious aid it gave to Nicaragua in 1857 in crushing the filibuster Walker, whose object was to add Nicaragua as slave territory to the United States.

Rand, McNally & Co’s. Indexed Atlas of the World Map of Central America
Copyright 1888, by Rand, McNally & Co.
Copyright 1892, by Rand, McNally & Co.

RAND, MCNALLY & CO., ENGRAVERS, CHICAGO.]

MAP SHOWING
Proposed Line of
NICARAGUA CANAL.
]

Listing of Provinces, Lakes, Towns etc. in each Central American country.]

COSTA RICA.—Provinces, Lakes, Mountains, Rivers, and Towns.

Provinces.

Pop.
Alajuela, P-21 53,087
Cartago, R-22 35,571
Comarca de Puntarenas, S-21 8,114
Comarca de Limon, S-24 3,447
Guanacaste, Q-19 17,191
Heredia, Q-21 31,084
San Jose, R-21 65,261
Total 213,745

Lakes.

Manatu, P-21.
San Carlos, P-21.
Sierpe, T-23.

Mountains.

Aguacate, Q-20.
Barba, Q-21.
Blanco, S-24.
Cordillera de Chirique, T-25.
Cordillera de Dota, R-22.
Herradura, S-21.
Irasu, Q-22.
Mira Valles, P-19.
Orosi, P-19.
Poas, Q-21.
Rincon de La Viega, P-19.
Rovalo, S-25.
Sierra de Tilaran, Q-20.
Tenorio, P-20.
Turialba, R-22.
Ujum, S-23.

Rivers.

Amarillo, P-21.
Arenal, P-20.
Bananas, T-25.
Barr, S-22.
Barros, S-25.
Bolson, Q-19.
Chirripo, R-23.
Coen, S-24.
Colo, T-24.
De Orol, R-19.
Dulce, T-23.
Espino, T-23.
Esquinas, T-23.
Frio, P-20.
Golfito, T-24.
Grande de Terraba, S-23.
Guapiles, Q-22.
Haciendas, Q-19.
Higueron, Q-19.
Hone, R-24.
Lion, S-23.
Matina, Q-23.
Negro, P-20.
Nino, O-19.
Nosara, R-19.
Parismina, Q-22.
Paron, T-24.
Pecaare, R-22.
Penas Blancos, Q-20.
Pirris, R-21.
Platanares, P-20.
Rio Grande, R-21.
Rovalo, T-25.
San Carlos, P-21.
Sapoa, O-19.
Sarapiqui, P-22.
Sicsola, R-24.
Sierpe, Q-22.
Sierpe, T-23.
Teliri, R-24.
Telirio Sicsola, R-25.
Tempisque, Q-19.
Toro, Q-21.
Tortuguero, Q-22.
Tuorio Changuinola, S-24.
Viejo, P-19.
Waranjo, R-22.
Zapatero, P-19.

Towns.

Pop.
Alajuela, R-21 9000
Aserri, R-21
Atenas, R-21
Bagaces, Q-19
Barba, Q-21
Bebedero, Q-19
Boruca, S-23
Bribri, S-24
Canjel, Q-19
Carrillo, Q-21
Cartago, R-22 12000
Castillo Viejo, P-21
Chira, Q-19
Corralillo, Q-19
David, U-25
Desamparados, R-21
Desengano, Q-21
Desmonte, R-21
Dos Novillos, Q-21
Echeverria, R-21
Escazu, R-21
Esparta, R-20
Gresca, Q-21
Hacienda Animas, O-18
Hacienda Coulebra, P-18
Hacienda Guachiplin, P-19.
Hacienda Jobo, P-19
Hacienda Miravalles, P-19
Hacienda Orosi, P-19
Hacienda Pelon, P-19
Hacienda Santa Maria, S-23
Hacienda Tedorio, Q-20
Heredia, R-21 9000
Jimenez, Q-22
La Laguna, Q-21
La Palma, Q-21
Las Cañas, Q-19
Liberia, P-19 5692
Limon, R-23 1200
Mateo, R-20
Matina, Q-23
Muelle, Q-21
Naranjo, P-18
Naranjo, Q-21
Naranjo, R-22
Nicoya, Q-19 5000
Ochoa, P-21
Old Harbor, R-24
Obispo, Q-19
Pacaca, R-21
Paraiso, R-22.
Punta Burica, U-24
Puntarenas, R-20 5000
Puntarenitas, U-23
Puriscal, R-21
San Antonio, R-21
San Carlitos, Q-21
San Cristobal, R-22
San Isidro, Q-22
San Joaquin, Q-21
San Jose, R-21 25000
San Jose de Cabecar, S-23
San Juanillo, Q-21
San Lucas, R-20
San Marcos, R-21
San Ramon, Q-20
Santa Barbara, Q-21
Santa Cruz, Q-18 5690
Santa Maria, R-22
Santa Rosa, P-18
Sarcero, Q-21
Sardinal, Q-18
Savanilla, R-21
Siquires, Q-22
Tendal, Q-19
Terraba, S-23
Tirives, R-20
Tullica, U-24
Turealba, R-22
Ujarras, Q-20
Union, R-21
Uruchico, S-23

GUATEMALA.—Departments, Lakes, Mountains, Rivers, and Towns.

Departments.

Pop.
Alta Verapaz, F-9 103,779
Amatitlan, I-8 34,917
Baja Verapaz, G-9 48,427
Chimaltenango, H-8 57,619
Chiquimula, H-11 62,878
Escuintla, I-7 30,610
Guatemala, H-9 139,239
Huehuetenango, F-6 130,454
Izabal, F-12 5,010
Jalapa, H-10 34,185
Jutiapa, I-10 47,145
Peten, D-9 8,515
Quezaltenango, H-6 102,217
Quiche, G-8 85,485
Retalhuleu, I-6 23,974
Sacatepeques, H-8 40,281
San Marcos, H-5 87,622
Santa Rosa, I-9 36,082
Solola, H-7 82,316
Suchitepequez, I-6 35,500
Totonicapan, H-7 156,066
Zacapa, G-10 41,917

Total 1,394,233

Lakes.

Acquioc, C-10.
Amatitlan, I-9.
Atitlan, H-7.
Ayarza, H-10.
Itza, C-9.
Izabal, F-11.
Peten, C-9.
San Pedro, C-8.
Santa Clara, B-11.
Tipu, B-11.

Mountains.

Sierra de Chama, F-9.
Sierra de Las Minas, G-10.
Sierra de Santa Cruz, F-11.

Rivers.

Cahabon, F-10.
Chajul Lacandon, E-8.
Chixoy, E-9.
Chixoy, G-8.
Coylate, I-7.
Cuilco, G-6.
Dolores, F-6.
Guacalate, I-8.
Huista, F-6.
Ixcan, F-7.
Itquia, I-6.
Machaquila, E-10.
Madresieja, I-7.
Micharaya, I-8.
Moca, I-7.
Montaqua, G-11.
Muxania, E-11.
Nauranjo, H-5.
Negro, G-8.
Nima, I-6.
Obete, E-10.
Paz, J-10.
Polochie, G-10.
Rapide, C-11.
Sacchich, B-9.
Samala, I-6.
San Francisco, G-12.

Towns.

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The Republic of Costa RicaChapter V: Part 5

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