Chapter VI: FINANCING THE MILLS (Continued) (3)

[168] "We people of the South should embrace every opportunity which, like the opportunity offered by this exposition, will bring among us intelligent and interested observers of our industrial condition, resources and aptitudes. We have in the midst of us the raw material, so to speak, of a magnificent prosperity. We lack knowledge, population and capital. These may be slowly accumulated in the course of years, or they may be rapidly by well directed efforts to obtain them from beyond our own borders. We advocate the latter plan." (Interview with one of the officials of the exposition, printed in News and Courier, Mar. 14, 1881.)

[169] News and Courier, Dec. 27, 1881.

[170] An Atlanta dispatch to the News and Courier, February 25, 1881, said the executive committee of the exposition was fully organized, with H. I. Kimball, chairman and J. W. Rickman, secretary. By March 8 (News and Courier) $20,000 had been subscribed in Atlanta, and General Sherman had headed the Northern subscription to the capital stock with $2,000. By the 17th (News and Courier) the stock had reached $40,000, four subscriptions of $1,000 each having been received from private individuals, and eleven of $500 each from like sources. Railroad subscriptions at this date were: Western and Atlantic Railroad Company, $10,000; Louisville and Nashville, $5,000; Richmond and Danville Road, $2,500; East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Road, $2,000. By the first day of April (News and Courier still) New York bankers seemed likely to increase by $5,000 the amount of subscriptions sought from them, and make their shares $30,000. Inman, Swan & Co. subscribed to $2,000 worth of stock Drexel, Morgan & Co. took $1,000; and Brown Bros. & Co. $1,000. Before the week was out, (News and Courier, April 5) the Boston Herald had taken $1,000 worth of stock. The executive committee had sent an agent to Europe and had made a tour of investigation through the North earlier.

[171] News and Courier, Oct. 21, 1881.

[172] Ibid., Oct. 7, 1881.

[173] News and Courier, Oct. 10, 1881.

[174] November 1, 1881. This paper maintained Mr. Hemphill as staff correspondent at the exposition for some time after its opening.

[175] News and Courier, Dec. 5, 1881. The speech details the number of miles of railroads that spread like a web over New England. "I have said that there is no better simple standard than the proportion of railroads to the square mile of territory of any State, by which to gauge the condition and prosperity of the people. I ask you, gentlemen of Georgia, if you will lag behind. I ask you men of the South what you will do in this matter." "I told you last year you needed the savings bank more than any other institution; there is a vast unused capital in your Southern States in the hordes of the working people waiting for us, but there is one condition precedent to the savings bank--you must set up schools." This paragraph illustrates Mr. Atkinson's ideas singularly well. His advocacy here of common schools was a part of his great desire to see the South rebuilt, and so was his proposal of savings banks. But he could not understand how the South wished to see money taken out of savings banks and placed immediately in cotton mills, where it would be more productive to its owners, and to the country. As far as Mr. Atkinson went, his reasoning was astonishing sound, but where he stopped, he stopped irrevocably.

"Where are your dairies? You farmers of the hills of Georgia, from the mountains of the Carolinas and Tennessee, aye, from the North Cumberland valley, from the French Broad River, even from that great blue grass country of Kentucky. Where are your dairies?" he seemed to think of everything but what to his hearers seemed most obvious. He suggested stock raising as profitable in the South, and finally the culture of Pongee, Tussah or Cheefoo silk worms, though the latter would be, he thought, perhaps of doubtful success. A week after this speech, Mr. Atkinson had a talk, reported in the News and Courier of May 8, 1881, with the press representatives in their pavilion. He discussed first "whether a single roller gin, operating against a saw gin, will do an equal amount of work with less motive power and less labor." He had arranged to take to Boston to lay before the New England Cotton Manufactures' Association samples of cotton from all the gins on the grounds. "Mr. Atkinson has proposed another trial of every kind of gin, cleaner, press and picker, to be made in the building of the New England Mechanics' Institute in Boston, in December, 1882. Every man in the South who is especially interested in cotton production and manufacture will be invited to plant a specific acre for use at this trial, which will be the second step in what has been so well begun in Atlanta. The picking and saving the cotton wasted on the ground, the cleaning, ginning and packing of the staple in good condition, offers to the Southern States a branch of manufacturing the most important in the whole series of operations which neither the Northern States nor Europe can share, but in which there is greater opportunity for profit in ration to the capital invested than in any other department of manufacture. 'No staple in the world,' said Mr. Atkinson, 'except the sugar raised by the Maylays, is treated so barbarously as the cotton produced in the Southern States of the American Union'." Tests, Mr. Atkinson thought, showed that cotton from the Charlotte steam compress worked up more smoothly, though the yarn was somewhat weaker, perhaps, than cotton from the county compresses and loose cotton just as it came from the field. It may be that this interview was written by Mr. Atkinson himself, and run into the reports of the day at the exposition as sent out by the correspondents.

[176] Examples of this abound. The Manufacturer and Industrial Gazette, Springfield, Mass., was quoted in the News and Courier, Feb. 3, 1881: "They (the Southern States) have the advantage of cotton location, and, when they have secured new and improved machinery, will do any unrivalled business. They can save freights, buy cheaper and hire cheaper labor. They save buyers' commission, and warehouse delivery and cartage, sampling, classing, pressing, shipping, marine risks and freight and cartage to interior towns, which amounts in all to some seven dollars per bale. The Northern mills also lose from receiving cotton poorly ginned, containing a good deal of leaf and sand, which is computed at six per cent. of the entire crop. The difference between the cost of a bale sent to Fall River, Mass., and a bale sent to Columbia, Ga., is eight dollars and six cents. This makes a tax of eighteen per cent. which Fall River pays in competition with Columbus. It is estimated that, if the planters could manufacture their cotton near home, they would save $50,000,000 in transportation.... As yet the South manufactures principally coarser goods, yarns, ducks, unbleached muslins, sheetings, shirtings, osnaburgs, jeans, etc., but the time is not distant when it will come to make prints, cambrics, laces, and all the finer qualities of staple goods."

[177] News and Courier, Dec. 5, 1881. (In the same issue excerpts from the address were printed.)

[178] News and Courier, Oct. 13, 1881. In the following editorial comment of the Augusta, Ga., Chronicle and Constitutionalist (reprinted in the News and Courier, Dec. 8, 1881) the contrast between Mr. Atkinson's views and the facts as the South was finding them is made sharp: "Augusta has an abiding faith in her manufactories, despite Mr. Edward Atkinson, and people outside seem to think as well of them, at any rate they are willing to invest their money in such enterprise.... For such factories as the Augusta, the Enterprise and Sibley and the King are of immense importance to a city. There will be when all of them are at work, fully twenty thousand people dependent upon them, including the operatives and their families, to say nothing of the stores that will be supported by their trade. Each factory like the Sibley or the King adds five thousand to the population."

[179] "We have found that we cannot stand alone, that our fight must be made within the Union." (News and Courier, Oct. 24, 1881.)

[180] News and Courier, Charleston, S.C., July 13, 1881. When Garfield was shot, July 2, this paper carried an editorial of similar content. Five days after the appearance of the editorial here quoted, when recovery seemed assured, the paper said this: "One thing the President's desperate illness has unquestionably effected. It has done more than years of ordinary events in bringing the North and South together--vainly will the politicians flourish the 'bloody flag'. The people will not rally on the ensanguined colors again. For the Republic, as well as the President, the danger line is well nigh, passed."

[181] News and Courier, Sept. 20, 1881. Garfield died at Elberton, N.J., September 19. That Charleston meant what she said is shown in the reception which was accorded the First Connecticut Regiment, invited to visit the city after attending the Centennial Celebration at Yorktown, Virginia. The New Englanders came six weeks after the death of Garfield--October 24. On this day the newspaper carried at the head of the first column the Connecticut and South Carolina flags crossed, above them the words "Yankee Doodle Came to Town", and below "A Welcome Invasion!" An editorial headed "Happy Day" had these words: "It does not strain the probabilities to believe that the visit of the First Connecticut Regiment to Charleston is the outgrowth and sentiment and interest which found expression when the President of the United States lay dying, and when after his long agony he died. Had not President Garfield been slain, and the South felt differently and, therefore, acted differently, this present unpremeditated fraternization would have been impossible. There is no shock now in removing mourning trappings to make room for the wreaths and garlands of joy. It is the fit succession of events, a consequence of the murder of the President. The blood of the Chief Magistrate is the seed of union. Yorktown in itself a reminder of the days when North and South had felt one aim and purpose, furnished the opportunity or occasion, and the unselfish sorrow of the Southern people during the President's mortal illness furnished the motive. The relation of the two events is too plain to be ignored or misunderstood. This is the significance of the coming of the Connecticut First from the land of abundance and diversified wealth to battle-scarred and struggling Charleston."

[182] Interview with C. C. Baldwin In the New York Herald, reprinted in News and Courier, July 11, 1881.

[183] The Daily Dispatch, Richmond, Va., March 5, 1880.

[184] News and Observer, Dec. 1, 1880.

[185] News and Observer, Mar. 25, 1881.

[186] Mar. 18, 1881. In this instance also it is apparent that the State was looked to as a natural unit upon which the company had claims. The dispatch says: "The estimates of the subscriptions here has (have) been raised, in view of the encouragement received already, to at least $125,000, and it is believed that with this substantial backing the whole State will be assured of the character of the organization, and join in the enterprise."

[187] News and Courier, Jan. 14, 1882.

[188] News and Observer, Raleigh, Nov. 9, 1880.

[189] Dec. 24, 1880.

[190] Newberry Herald, quoted in News and Courier, Feb. 8, 1881.

[191] Quoted in News and Courier, Feb. 8, 1881.

[192] January 28, 1881.

[193] The same dual basis of appeal was recognized in a notice supplementing an advertisement of the company appearing the day before the editorial here quoted (Jan. 27, 1881): "The advantages, direct and incidental, accruing to every citizen of Charleston from this industry about to be started in our city are so manifest that those who have inaugurated the enterprise have every reason to feel confident of a ready response to the call for capital and for abundant success."

[194] News and Courier, Apr. 13, 1881.

[195] Quoted in News and Courier, Mar. 31, 1881.

[196] Quoted in News and Courier, Jan. 31, 1881.

[197] News and Courier, Sept. 1, 1881.

[198] Thompson, P.

[199] Rock Hill Correspondent in News and Courier, Jan. 12, 1882.

[200] News and Courier, Dec. 17, 1881.

[201] Yorkville Correspondence, Ibid., March 25, 1881.

[202] Ibid., Feb. 26, 1881.

[203] Ibid., Apr., 6, 1881; see p. 19.

[204] The Observer, Sept. 10, 1880. The Daily Constitution, Atlanta, on Mch. 9, 1880, carried from the Columbus Enquirer: "... there are 213,157 spindles to Georgia's credit.... Of this number Columbus has 60,000--near a third of the whole.... The Eagle and Phenix mills alone operate 44,000 spindles. All this has been done since 1866 ... with Southern capital and brains." The editor of The Observer, Raleigh, paid a visit to Durham and Winston, North Carolina, and went back to his desk glowing with enthusiasm for what they had accomplished. In an editorial (May 19, 1880) headed "Manufacturing Towns"; he wrote of Durham: "Literally the town has been created through the energy and enterprise of its inhabitants. They began with no capital to speak of, and now they levy contributions on hundreds of thousands of people who live in distant parts of the Union, and with their gains have built and beautified a town whose history should be continually kept in view by all who would have their own homes to prosper."

[205] C. C. Baldwin, president Louisville and Nashville Railroad; the interview was reprinted in News and Courier, July 11, 1881.

[206] Staff correspondence from Spartanburg to News and Courier, May 21, 1881.

[207] Ibid., Feb. 4, 1881.

[208] News and Courier, Oct. 24, 1881.

[209] News and Courier, Mch. 8, 1881.

[210] News and Courier, Mar. 19 and 25, 1881. The personnel of committees appointed from among the early subscribers is significant. The names are all, or nearly all, old ones in South Carolina, and some of the men are still among the first citizens of the capit. The committees were made up of W. A. Clark, Jno. C. Seegers, Nathaniel B. Barnwell, F. W. McMaster, Preston C. Lorick, T. A. McCreery, Jno. T. Sloan, Jr.

[211] Ibid., Mar. 17, 1881.

[212] Columbia Dispatch, Ibid., Mar. 31, 1881.

[213] News and Courier, Jan. 28, 1881.

[214] See p. 14.

[215] News and Courier, Jan. 9, 1882.

[216] News and Courier, Dec. 14, 1881.

[217] Ibid., Mch. 25, 1881.

[218] "Brutus", writing from Barnwell to News and Courier, May 25, 1881.

[219] Sumter, S.C. Southron, quoted in News and Courier, May 14, 1881.

[220] News and Courier, June 28, 1881.

[221] Ibid., Mar. 14, 1881.

[222] Quoted News and Courier, Aug. 18, 1881.

[223] Observer, June 27, 1880.

[224] Dispatch quoted in News and Courier, Mar. 25, 1881. Francis Fontaine, commissioner of immigration for Georgia, did not represent the method of appeal of his fellow Georgians, when he said tritely and smugly: "The truth is only to be made known, when capital will find its own way to the sunny land." (Observer, Mar. 20, 1880.)

[225] Gannon, W. H., The Landowners of the South, and the Industrial Classes of the North, pp. 6, 7 and 8.

[226] News and Courier, Aug. 9, 1881.

[227] Quoted in News and Courier, July 7, 1881. The isolation of this editor and the provincial quality of his utterance are clearly seen in such phrases as "we welcome foreign capital down here". Even without the context.

[228] Quoted from New York Herald, in News and Courier, July 11, 1881. Hon. Cassius M. Clay, writing in The Industrial South declared: "I am tired of hearing the deprecating cry of 'We want Yankee brains and enterprise.' We don't want any such thing; We want Southern brains and enterprise." (Quoted in Gannon, pp. 18 and 19.)

[229] Quoted in News and Courier, Nov. 5, 1881.

[230] Feb. 13, 1880.

[231] News and Courier, Nov. 5, 1881.

[232] Quoted in News and Courier, Mar. 8, 1881.

[233] Quoted in News and Courier, Annual Trade Summary, Sept. 1, 1881.

[234] Winnsboro (South Carolina) News, quoted in News and Courier, Feb. 8, 1881.

[235] July 30, 1881.

[236] Quoted in News and Courier, Apr. 25, 1881.

[237] Ibid., Apr. 9, 1881. The Batesville Cotton Factory, built by William Bates forty years before, was bought by G. Putnam, of Massachusetts for $8,000, and he invested $10,000 additional in the plant. The building was frame, two and half stories high, all was burned in March of 1881, catching from sparks from the boiler room. It was believed that Mr. Putnam would rebuild the plant on better lines. (Ibid., Mar. 2, 1881, et seq.)

[238] Ibid., July 11, 1881.

[239] Ibid., Nov. 10, 1881.

[240] News and Courier, July 11, 1881.

[241] Ibid., Jan. 14, 1882.

[242] News and Courier, Jan. 12 and 14, 1882. When the Sibley Manufacturing Company of Augusta, Georgia, was increasing its capital by $400,000, President W. C. Sibley received from Boston a telegram ordering $20,000 of the new stock. (News and Courier May 21, 1881.) Cf. Thompson.

[243] News and Courier, Apr. 6, 1881.

[244] Ibid., Mch. 15, 1881.

[245] Ibid., Mch. 29, 1881.

[246] News and Courier, Apr. 1, 1881. These subscriptions may have been partly influenced by the purpose of Mr. Atkinson to have the Exposition further the cultivation and preparation, and not the manufacture, of the staple.

[247] Jan. 27, 1881.

[248] March 21, 1881.

[249] News and Courier, Jan. 21, 1881.

[250] It seems to have been usual to call first for a payment of 10 per cent. of the stock subscribed, rather than to require a certain proportion in cash at subscription. Thus the books of subscription of the Charleston Manufacturing Company were opened January 27th; on March 29th the directors called for the payment of the first instalment of 10 per cent., and at 2 o'clock on the morning of April 9th--how closely the progress of the undertaking was watched by papers and public!--more than half of the amount was in the hands of the officers of the company.

[251] Ibid., Feb. 10, 1882.

[252] Ibid., Feb. 5, 1881.

[253] Ibid., Feb. 7, 1881.

[254] News and Courier, Mar. 25, 1881.

[255] Hartsell, J. L., interview, Concord, N.C., Sept. 2, 1916.

[256] C. B. Armstrong, interview, Gastonia, N.C., Sept. 14, 1916.

[257] Joseph Separt, interview, Gastonia, N.C., Sept. 14, 1916.

[258] S. N. Boyce and J. Lee Robinson, interview, Gastonia, N.C., Sept. 14, 1916.

[259] Ibid., Feb. 26, 1881.

[260] News and Courier, S.C., Feb. 24, 1881.

[261] Augusta Trade Review, Augusta, Ga., Oct., 1884.

[262] News and Courier, Apr. 9, 1881. This paper in the issue of Feb. 26th spoke of the additional stock as being $350, but puts the amount at $100,000 lower in this later notice.

[263] North Carolina Herald, Salisbury, N.C., Nov. 9, 1887, quoted in minute book of Salisbury Cotton Mills.

[264] The meeting was held Dec. 2nd; the minute book record is signed by F. J. Murdoch, sec. pro tem.

[265] Klutz, Theodore F., interview, Salisbury, N.C., Sept. 1, 1918.

[266] J. B. Cleveland, interview, Spartanburg, S.C., Sept. 8, 1916.

[267] News and Courier, Mar. 31, 1881.

[268] Barbee, Wm. J., The Cotton Question, pp. 138 ff.

[269] March 18, 1880.

[270] Clement F. Haynesworth, interview, Greenville, S.C., Sept. 9, 1916.

[271] J. L. Hartsell, interview, Concord, N.C., Sept. 2, 1916.

[272] W. R. Odell, interview, Concord, N.C., Sept. 2, 1916.

[273] L. Baker, interview, Gaffney, S.C., Sept. 13, 1916.

[274] News and Courier, Feb. 23, 1881.

[275] Haynesworth, interview, Greenville, S.C., Sept. 9, 1916.

[276] From Cotton Field to Cotton Mill, pp. 82 ff.

[277] Hartsell, interview, Concord, N.C., Sept. 2, 1916.

[278] L. G. Porter, interview, Gaffney, S.C., Sept. 13, 1916.

[279] Potter, interview, Gaffney, S.C., Sept. 13, 1916.

[280] Cleveland, interview, Spartanburg, S.C., Sept. 8, 1916.

[281] B. B. Gossett, interview, Anderson, S.C., Sept. 11, 1916.

[282] Baker, interview, Gaffney, S.C., Sept. 13, 1916.

[283] Ibid.

[284] Hartsell, interview. Concord, N.C., Sept. 2, 1916.

[285] Rogan, G. W., interview, Gastonia, N.C., Sept. 14, 1916.

[286] Sterling Graydon, interview, Charlotte, N.C., Sept. 4, 1916.

[287] C. S. Morris, interview, Salisbury, N.C., Sept. 1, 1916.

[288] Hartsell, interview, Concord, N.C., Sept. 2, 1916.

[289] Charles McDonald, interview, Charlotte, N.C., Sept. 3, 1916.

[290] Cleveland, interview, Spartanburg, S.C., Sept. 8, 1916.

[291] J. W. Norwood, interview, Greenville, S.C., Sept. 9, 1916.

[292] Thackston, interview, Greenville, S.C., Sept. 12, 1916. J. A. Chapman, interview, Spartanburg, S.C., Sept. 5, 1916. The mills around Spartanburg had a nucleus of local capital, and the commission houses and machinery manufacturers took an interest in the development.

[293] Baker, interview, Gaffney, S.C., Sept. 13, 1916.

[294] Wood, Interview, Gaffney, S.C., Sept. 13, 1916.

[295] Gossett, interview, Anderson, S.C., Sept. 11, 1916.

[296] Chapman, interview, Spartanburg, S.C., Sept. 5, 1916.

[297] A. A. Thompson, interview, Raleigh, N.C., Sept. 16, 1916.

[298] Cleveland, interview, Spartanburg, S.C., Sept. 8, 1916.

[299] Clark, David, interview, Charlotte, N.C., Sept. 4, 1916.

[300] C. D. Morris, interview, Salisbury, N.C., Sept. 1, 1916.

[301] Seport, interview, Gastonia, N.C., Sept. 14, 1916.

[302] Wood, interview, Gaffney, S.C., Sept. 13, 1916.

[303] Separk, interview, Gastonia, N.C., Sept. 14, 1916.

[304] Charles E. Johnson, interview, Raleigh, N.C., Sept. 16, 1916.

[305] Bernard Case, interview, Greensboro, N.C., Aug. 30, 1916.

[306] Chapman, interview, Spartanburg, S.C., Sept. 5, 1916.

[307] Haynesworth, interview, Greenville, S.C., Sept. 9, 1916.

[308] Gossett, interview, Anderson, S.C., Sept. 11, 1916.

[309] Haynesworth, interview, Greenville, S.C., Sept. 9, 1916.

[310] Odell, W. R., interview, Concord, N.C., Sept. 1, 1916.

[311] Norwood, interview, Greenville, S.C., Sept. 9, 1916.

[312] Ibid.

[313] Norwood, interview, Greenville, S.C., Sept. 9, 1916.

[314] Clark, interview, Charlotte, N.C., Sept. 4, 1916.

[315] Ibid., Also Separk, interview, Gastonia, N.C., Sept. 14, 1916; also H. D. Wheat, interview, Gaffney, S.C., Sept. 13, 1916.

[316] Thackston, interview, Greenville, S.C., Sept. 12, 1916.

[317] Ibid.

[318] Graydon, interview, Charlotte, N.C., Sept. 4, 1916, also J. A. Brock, interview, Anderson, S.C., Sept. 11, 1916.

[319] Separk, interview, Gastonia, N.C., Sept. 14, 1916; also Thackston, ibid.

[320] Graydon, interview, Charlotte, N.C., Sept. 4, 1916.

[321] Boyce, and Robinson, interview, Gastonia, N.C., Sept. 14, 1916; also Ragan, interview, Gastonia, N.C., Sept. 14th, 1916.

[322] Thackston, interview, Greenville, S.C., Sept. 12, 1916.

[323] Gossett, interview, Anderson, S.C., Sept. 14, 1916.

[324] Chapman, interview, Spartanburg, S.C., Sept. 5, 1916; also Boyce and Robinson, interview, Gastonia, N.C., Sept. 14, 1916.

[325] Boyce and Robinson, interview, Gastonia, N.C., Sept. 14, 1916.

[326] Gossett, interview, Anderson, S.C., Sept. 11, 1916.

[327] Wood, interview, Gaffney, S.C., Sept. 13, 1916.

[328] News and Courier, Apr. 29, 1881.

[329] April 28, 1881.

[330] News and Courier, Apr. 28, 1881.

[331] Ibid., Apr. 29, 1881.

[332] One commission house thirty years ago took all the bonds of a mill. A. A. Thompson, interview, Raleigh, N.C., Sept. 16, 1916.

[333] Wheat, interview, Gaffney, S.C., Sept. 13, 1916.

[334] News and Courier, Jan. 12, 1882.

[335] Ibid., Jan. 14, 1882.

[336] Boyce, and Robinson, interview, Gastonia, N.C., Sept. 14, 1916.

[337] Bernard Cone, interview, Greensboro, N.C., Aug. 30, 1916.

[338] Henry E. Litchford, interview, Richmond, Va., Aug. 29, 1916.

[339] News and Courier, Jan. 14, 1882.

[340] Klutz, interview, Salisbury, N.C., Sept. 1, 1916.

[341] O. D. Davis, interview, Salisbury, N.C., Sept. 1, 1916.

[342] McDonald, interview, Charlotte, N.C., Sept. 3, 1916. The Caborrus Mill, at Concord, previously referred to as having been financed on the co-operative plan was begun by others and taken over by Mr. Cannon when its prospects had declined. (Ibid.)

[343] Interview, Columbia, S.C., Jan. 5, 1917.

[344] James W. Cannon, interview, Concord, N.C., Jan. 6, 1917.

[345] J. H. Meaus Beattie, interview, Columbia, S.C., Jan. 3, 1917.

[346] W. W. Ball, interview, Columbia, S.C., Jan. 3, 1917.

[347] Thompson, pp. 82 ff.

[348] W. W. Ball, interview, Columbia, S.C., Jan. 3, 1917. A minor episode partaking of the character of both of the above may be worth mentioning. Mrs. M. Putnam Gridley, who, until her retirement from the presidency of the Batesville, S.C. Mill, was the only woman cotton mill president in America, said that the Boston commission house which owned and operated the factory under her father's control, was "about to commit a wrong" when the enterprise failed of its own accord. (Mrs. M. Putnam Gridley, interview, Greenville, S.C., Sept. 9, 1916.)

[349] Thackston, interview, Greenville, S.C., Sept. 12, 1916.

[350] Jas. D. Hammett, interview, Anderson, S.C., Sept. 11, 1916.

[351] Marshall Orr, interview, Anderson, S.C., Sept. 10, 1916.

[352] Charles Estes, interview, Augusta, Ga., Dec. 29, 1916. "When I was mayor of Augusta and Black was City Attorney, we ran the city on the commission plan and didn't know it. I used to draft ordinances in my own handwriting, show them to Black to see whether they were legal, and to Blum to see if they were grammatical, and that was all there was to it!"

[353] David, interview, Salisbury, N.C., Sept. 1, 1916. The financial administration of this mill is attributable in its form to the conservatism of the company, and to the peculiar conditions of its inception. One director has nervous prostration, and another is too aged to attend meetings, but none have been elected in their places.

[354] Samuel Stradley, interview, Greenville, S.C., Sept. 12, 1916.

[355] McDonald, interview, Charlotte, N.C., Sept. 3, 1916.

[356] Thomas W. Loyless, interview, Augusta, Ga.

[357] Estes, interview, Augusta, Ga., Dec. 29, 1916.

[358] T. S. Raworth, interview, Augusta, Ga., Dec. 30, 1916.

[359] D. S. Thompson, Cotton Mill, Commercial Features, p. 51.

[360] Thackston, interview, Greenville, S.C., Sept. 12, 1916.

[361] John W. Fries, interview, Winston-Salem, N.C., Aug. 31, 1916.

[362] Graydon, interview, Charlotte, N.C., Sept. 4, 1916.

[363] Mar. 18, 1880.

[364] News and Courier, Aug. 12, 1881.

[365] Observer, Feb. 13, 1880.

[366] Quoted in News and Courier, Mar. 22, 1881.

[367] p. 271.

[368] Thompson, pp. 82 ff.

[369] Thackston, interview, Greenville, S.C., Sept. 12, 1916.

[370] Orr, interview, Anderson, S.C., Sept. 10, 1916.

[371] Cleveland, interview, Spartanburg, S.C., Sept. 8, 1916.

[372] Augusta Trade Review, Oct., 1884

[373] Baker, interview, Gaffney, S.C., Sept. 13, 1916.

[374] Morris, interview, Salisbury, N.C., Sept. 1, 1916.

[375] Mrs. Gridley, interview, Greenville, S.C., Sept. 9, 1916.

[376] J. A. Brock, interview, Anderson, S.C., Sept. 11, 1916.

[377] Jas. D. Hammett, interview, Anderson, S.C., Sept. 11, 1916.

[378] Washington Clark, interview, Columbia, S.C., Jan. 1, 1917.

[379] Thompson, pp. 89 and 90.

[380] Tracy I. Hickman, interview, Augusta, Ga., Dec. 29, 1916.

[381] Thomas Purse, interview, Savannah, Ga., Dec. 26, 1916.

[382] Geo. W. Williams, interview, Charleston, S.C., Dec. 27, 1916.

[383] W. P. Carrington, interview, Charleston, S.C., Dec. 27, 1916.

[384] Geo. Williams, interview, Charleston, S.C., Dec. 27, 1916.

[385] H. R. Buist, interview, Charleston, S.C., Dec. 28, 1916.

[386] Julius Koester, interview, Charleston, S.C., Dec. 27, 1916.

[387] Boyce and Robinson, interview, Gastonia, N.C., Sept. 14, 1916.

[388] Thackston, interview, Greenville, S.C., Sept. 12, 1916.

[389] Boyce and Robinson, interview, Gastonia, N.C., Sept. 14, 1916.

[390] Royan, interview, Gastonia, N.C., Sept. 14, 1916.

[391] J. Lee Robinson, letter, Gastonia, N.C., Nov. 28, 1916.

[392] Boyce and Robinson, interview, Gastonia, N.C., Sept. 14, 1916, and Robinson, letter, Gastonia, N.C., Nov. 28, 1916.

[393] C. B. Armstrong, interview, Gastonia, N.C., Sept. 14, 1916.

[394] Robinson, letter, Gastonia, N.C., Nov. 28, 1916.

[395] Rogan, interview, Gastonia, N.C., Sept. 14, 1916.

[396] Estes, interview, Augusta, Ga., Dec. 29, 1916.

[397] Cleveland, interview, Spartanburg, S.C., Sept. 8, 1916.

[398] The trained men in the industry are in the technical branches, and that when a leader is wanted at the top, as for the president of a mill, a man is still chosen who enjoys a general business reputation rather than specific mill experience.

[399] Morris, interview, Salisbury, N.C., Sept. 1, 1916.

[400] Graydon, interview, Charlotte, N.C., Sept. 4, 1916.

[401] Augusta Trade Review, Oct., 1884.

[402] G. T. Lynch, interview, Augusta, Ga., Dec. 30, 1916, and Tracey I. Hickman, interview, Augusta, Ga., Dec. 29, 1916.

[403] Estes, interview, Augusta, Ga., Dec. 29, 1916.

[404] Augusta Trade Review, Oct., 1884.

[405] News and Observer, Nov. 16, 1880.

[406] Augusta Trade Review, Oct., 1884.

[407] Hickman, interview, Augusta, Ga., Dec. 29, 1916.

[408] News and Courier, Feb. 24, 1881.

[409] Ibid., Aug. 12, 1881.

[410] Ibid., Aug. 12, 1881.

[411] Buist, interview, Charleston, S.C., Dec. 28, 1916.

[412] Keatz, interview, Salisbury, N.C., Sept. 1, 1916.

[413] Davis, interview, Salisbury, N.C., Sept. 1, 1916.

[414] Ball, interview, Columbia, S.C., Jan. 3, 1917, and Davison's Textile Blue Book, 1916.

[415] Brock, interview, Anderson, S.C., Sept. 11, 1916. See p.

[416] Thompson, pp. 82 ff.

[417] Interview, Columbia, S.C., Jan. 5, 1917.

[418] Goldsmith, p. 6.

[419] Tompkins, Cotton Mill, Commercial Features, p. 172.

[420] Goldsmith, p. 6.

[421] Thackston, interview, Greenville, S.C., Sept. 12, 1916. A mill man near Greenville said: "The money actually paid in was more or less local in those days (the early years of the period) but not much paid in." (Gossett, interview, Anderson, S.C., Sept. 11, 1916.)

[422] W. J. Thackston, letter, Greenville, S.C., Nov. 28, 1916.

[423] Buist, interview, Charleston, S.C., Dec. 28, 1916.

[424] News and Courier, Feb. 24, 1881.

[425] Raworth, interview, Augusta, Ga., Dec. 30, 1916. He knew of no Southern mills quoted on any of the exchanges.

[426] Hickman, interview, Augusta, Ga., Dec. 29, 1916.

[427] Raworth, interview, Augusta, Ga., Dec. 30, 1916.

[428] Ball, interview, Columbia, Jan. 3, 1917.

[429] Ibid.

[430] Ragan, interview, Gastonia, N.C., Sept. 14, 1916.

[431] Hickman, interview, Augusta, Ga., Dec. 29, 1916.

[432] Goldsmith, The Cotton Mill South.

[433] Estes, interview, Augusta, Ga., Dec. 29, 1916.

[434] Buist, interview, Charleston, S.C., Dec. 28, 1916.

[435] Ball, interview, Columbia, S.C., Jan. 3, 1917.

[436] Washington Clark, interview, Columbia, S.C., Jan. 1, 1917.

[437] Wool, interview, Gaffney, S.C., Sept. 13, 1916.

[438] Ball, interview, Columbia, S.C., Jan. 3, 1917.

[439] A Rock Hill correspondent in News and Courier, Jan. 12, 1882.

[440] In ibid., A Rock Hill correspondent in News and Courier, Jan. 12, 1882.

[441] Walter Montgomery, interview, Spartanburg, S.C., Sept. 5, 1916.

[442] Cleveland, interview, Spartanburg, S.C., Sept. 8, 1916.

[443] Augusta Trade Review, Oct. 1884.

[444] News and Observer, Nov. 16, 1880.

[445] Augusta Trade Review, Oct. 1884.

[446] Hickman, interview, Augusta, Ga., Dec. 29, 1916.

[447] Davis, interview, Salisbury, N.C., Sept. 1, 1916.

[448] Ibid.

[449] Ragan, interview, Gastonia, N.C., Sept. 14, 1916.

[450] Robinson, letter, Gastonia, N.C., Nov. 28, 1916.

Transcriber's Notes:

Underlined passages are indicated by _underline_.

The original text includes a blank spaces in Footnote 49 which is represented by ______ in this text version.

The following typographical and spelling errors have been corrected:

"evidenes" corrected to "evidences" (page 2)
"be lieved" corrected to "believed" (page 4)
"American" corrected to "America" (page 15)
"powerul" corrected to "powerful" (page 16)
"controservy" corrected to "controversy" (page 16)
"Carolinaian" corrected to "Carolinian" (page 17)
"Id" corrected to "If" (page 18)
"build" corrected to "built" (page 19)
"newsness" corrected to "newness"(page 19)
"propserous" corrected to "prosperous" (page 22)
"mangers" corrected to "managers" (page 22)
"temas" corrected to "teams" (page 26)
"tage" corrected to "stage" (page 29)
"advances" corrected to "advanced" (page 29)
missing "in" added (page 29)
"steambot" corrected to "steamboat" (page 31)
"sucess" corrected to "success" (page 33)
"delcared" corrected to "declared" (page 45)
"Calhoung" corrected to "Calhoun" (page 46)
"feel" corrected to "fell" (page 48)
"quote" corrected to "quite" (page 49)
"imiginary" corrected to "imaginary" (page 52)
"repating" corrected to "repeating" (page 58)
"reproahced" corrected to "reproached" (page 59)
"expression" corrected to "expressing" (page 67)
"tectile" corrected to "textile" (page 69)
"warm" corrected to "war" (page 71)
"seaw" corrected to "sea" (page 75)
"where" corrected to "were" (page 75)
"perosns" corrected to "persons" (page 76)
"charged" corrected to "changed" (page 77)
"an" corrected to "as" (page 82)
"advances" corrected to "advanced" (page 83)
"repvailed" corrected to "prevailed" (page 89)
"understodd" corrected to "understood" (page 95)
"munitiae" corrected to "minutiae" (page 95)
"Herland" corrected to "Herald" (page 98)
"sawrm" corrected to "swarm" (page 100)
"officiaals" corrected to "officials" (page 100)
"Sate" corrected to "State" (page 105)
"and" corrected to "an" (page 112)
"grow" corrected to "grew" (page 117)
"happaned" corrected to "happened" (page 123)
missing "is" added (page 126)
"back-bitting" corrected to "back-biting" (page 127)
"wlecomed" corrected to "welcomed" (page 128)
"bounds" corrected to "bound" (page 128)
"adhorred" corrected to "abhorred" (page 129)
"whol" corrected to "whole" (page 129)
"di" corrected to "do" (page 130)
"pilosophy" corrected to "philosophy" (page 132)
"telehone" corrected to "telephone" (page 133)
"capaign" corrected to "campaign" (page 134)
"loca" corrected to "local" (page 134)
"natice" corrected to "native" (page 137)
"capitalists" corrected to "capitalist" (page 139)
"urges" corrected to "urged" (page 139)
"Souther" corrected to "Southern" (page 148)
"anive" corrected to "naive" (page 150)
"hav" corrected to "have" (page 150)
"struglle" corrected to "struggle" (page 159)
"renumerated" corrected to "remunerated" (page 160)
"Crhonicle" corrected to "Chronicle" (page 162)
"If" corrected to "It" (page 170)
"And" corrected to "An" (page 171)
"Heraldn" corrected to "Herald" (page 173)
"1811" corrected to "1881" (page 174)
"pressent" corrected to "present" (page 181)
"porblem" corrected to "problem" (page 181)
"he" corrected to "the" (page 181)
"ot" corrected to "to" (page 182)
"aided" corrected to "added" (page 184)
"wss" corrected to "was" (page 186)
"neat" corrected to "near" (page 189)
"mil;" corrected to "mill" (page 194)
"sotkc" corrected to "stock" (page 201)
"sone" corrected to "some" (page 202)
"in" corrected to "is" (page 203)
"orgin" corrected to "origin" (page 205)
"yed" corrected to "yes" (page 207)
"ouright" corrected to "outright" (page 211)
"consideraion" corrected to "consideration" (page 218)
"intented" corrected to "intended" (page 221)
"build" corrected to "built" (page 221)
"or" corrected to "of" (page 222)
"propsered" corrected to "prospered" (page 222)
"Unitl" corrected to "Until" (page 227)
"annul" corrected to "annual" (page 232)
"Salsibury" corrected to "Salisbury" (page 233)
"wanters" corrected to "wanted" (page 234)
"deciaion" corrected to "decision" (page 242)
"theys" corrected to "they" (page 251)
"unproftiable" corrected to "unprofitable" (page 266)
"laides" corrected to "ladies" (page 270)
"inheirtance" corrected to "inheritance" (page 270)
"Commerical" corrected to "Commercial" (footnote 2)
"us" corrected to "up" (footnote 19)
"2n" corrected to "2nd" (footnote 17)
"destroyer" corrected to "destroyed" (footnote 29)
"Commerical" corrected to "Commercial" (footnote 45)
"Grenville" corrected to "Greenville" (Footnote 47)
"suidical" corrected to "suicidal" (footnote 57)
"Ibis." corrected to "Ibid." (footnote 82)
"sgainst" corrected to "against" (footnote 86)
"Olmstead" corrected to "Olmsted" (footnote 97)
"Ble" corrected to "Blue" (footnote 110)
"itno" corrected to "into" (footnote 114)
"intenal" corrected to "internal" (footnote 123)
"1811" corrected to "1881" (footnote 144)
missing "to" added (footnote 147)
"solicitious" corrected to "solicitous" (footnote 148)
"to" corrected to "the" (footnote 150)
"ot" corrected to "to" (footnote 162)
"acaclim" corrected to "acclaim" (footnote 162)
"Nasvhile" corrected to "Nashville" (footnote 170)
"unusued" corrected to "unused" (footnote 175)
"you" corrected to "your" (footnote 175)
"rebuilt" corrected to "rebuild" (footnote 237)
"Bid." corrected to "Ibid." (footnote 237)
"Grenville" corrected to "Greenville" (footnote 291)
"Grenville" corrected to "Greenville" (footnote 421)

Other than the corrections listed above, inconsistencies in spelling and hyphenation have been retained from the original.