Chapter VI: Part 6

I Marvell that eu_er_ye man will seme to dispraise theverye, and thinke the doers thereof worthye of Death, when it is a thinge that Cometh nere vnto vertve, and is vsed of all men, of all sort_es_ and in all countryes, and soe comaunded and allowed of god himselfe which thinge, because I cannot soe sapiently shewe vnto you a[181] soe shorte a tyme and in soe shorte a place, I shall desire you, gentle theves, to take in good p_ar_te this thinge that at this tyme Cometh to minde, not misdoubtinge but you of yo_ur_ good knowledge are able to ad more vnto the same then this which I at this tyme shall shewe vnto you. ffirst, fortitude and stoutnes, Courage, and boldnes of stomacke, is Compted of some a vertue; which beinge graunted, Whoe is he then that will not Iudge theves vertuous, most stoute, most hardye? I most, without_e_ feare. As for stealinge, that is a thinge vsuall:--who_e_ stealeth not? ffor not only you that haue besett me, but many other in many places. Men, Woemen, _and_ Children, Riche and poore, are dailye of that facultye, As the hange man of Tiborne can testifye. [Header: PARSON HABEN'S SERMON. LANDS. MS. 98.] That it is allowed of god himselfe, it is euident in many storyes of the Scriptures. And if you liste to looke in the whole Course of the bible, you shall finde that theves haue bin belovid of god. ffor Iacobe, when he Came oute of Mesopotomia, did steale his vncles lambes; the same Iacobe stale his brother Esawes blessinge; and that god saide, "I haue chosen Iacob and refused Esawe." The Children of Isarell, when they came oute of Egippe, didd steale the Egippsians Iewells and ring_es_, and god comaunded the[m] soe to doe. David, in the dayes of Ahemel[e]ch the preiste, came into the temple and stole awaye the shewe bread; And yet god saide, "this is a man accordinge to myne owne harte." Alsoe Christe himsellfe, when he was here vppon earth, did take an asse, a Colte, which was none of his owne. And you knowe that god saide, "this is my now_n_e sone, in whome I delighte."

Thus maye you see that most of all god delighteth in theves. I marvell, therefore, that men can despise yo_ur_ lives, when that you are in all poynts almost like vnto Christe; for Christ hade noe dwellinge place,--noe more haue you. Christe, therefore, at the laste, was laide waite for in all places,--and soe are you. Christe alsoe at the laste was called for,--and soe shall you be. He was condemned,--soe shall you be. Christe was hanged,--soe shall you be. He descended into hell,--so shall you. But in one pointe you differ. He assendid into heaven,--soe shall you never, without gods mercye, Which god graunte for his mercyes sake! Toe whome, with the so_n_ne and the holye goste, be all hono_ur_ and glory for euer and euer. Amen!

After this good sermon ended, which Edefied them soe muche, Theye
hadd soe muche Compassion on him, That they gave him all his mony
agayne, and vij s more for his sermon.

=A Sermon in Praise of Thieves and Thievery.=

[_MS. Cott. Vesp._ A xxv. _leaf_ 53.]

A sermo[n)] of pa_rs_on Hyberdyne w_hi_ch he made att the
co_m_mandemente of certen theves, aft_e_r thay had Robbed hym,
besyd_es_ hartlerowe, in hamshyer, in the feld_es_, ther
standinge vpo_n_ a hy[l~l] where as a wynde myll had bene, in
the p_re_sens of the theves _tha_t robbed hy_m_, as followithe.

the s_er_mon as followethe

I greatly merve[l~l] _tha_t any man wy[l~l] p_re_sume to dysprase theverie, _and_ thynke the dooer_es_ therof to be woorthy of deathe, consyderinge itt is a thynge that cu_m_ithe nere vnto vertue, beinge vsed of many in a[l~l] contries, And co_m_mendid _and_ allowed of god hym selfe; the _wh_ich thinge, by-cause I cannot co_m_pendiously shew vnto yow at soo shorte a warnynge _and_ in soo sharpe a wether, I sha[l~l] desyer yow, gentle audiens of theves, to take in good p_ar_te thes thyng_es_ that at thys tyme cu_m_ythe to my mynde, not mysdowtynge but _tha_t yow of yowre good knowledge are able to add mutch more vnto ytt the_n_ this w_hi_ch I sha[l~l] nowe vtter vnto yow. ffyrst, fortitude, _and_ stowtnes of corage, _and_ also bowldnes of minde, is co_m_mendyd of su_m_e men to be a vertue; w_hi_ch, beinge grawnted, who is yt then _tha_t wy[l~l] not iudge theves to be v_er_tused? for thay be of a[l~l] men moste stowte _and_ hardy, _and_ moste w_i_t_h_owte feare; for thevery is a thynge moste vsua[l~l] emonge a[l~l] men, f_o_r not only yow that be here p_re_sente, but many other in dyu_er_se plac_es_, bothe men _and_ wemen _and_ chyldren, rytche and poore, are dayly of thys facultye, as the hangman of tyboorne can testyfye: [Header: PARSON HYBERDYNE'S SERMON. MS. COTT. VESP. A 26.] and that yt is allowed of god hym selfe, as it is euydente in many storayes of [the] scriptur_es_; for yf yow looke in the hole cowrse of the byble, yow shall fynde that theves haue bene beloued of gode; for Iacobe, whan he came owte of Mesopotamia, dyd steale his vncle labanes kydd_es_; the same Iacobe also dyd steale his brothe[r] Esaues blessynge; _and_ yett god sayde, "I haue chosen Iacobe _and_ refused Esau." The chyldren of ysrae[l~l], wha_n_ they came owte of Egypte, dyd steale the egiptians iewell_es_ of sylu_er_ and gowlde, as god co_m_mawnded them soo to doo. Davyd, in the days of Abiather the hygh preste, did cu_m_e into _th_e temple _and_ dyd steale the hallowed breede; _and_ yet god saide, "Dauid is a ma[=n] euen after myne owne harte." Chryste hym selfe, whan he was here on the arthe, did take an asse _and_ a cowlte _tha_t was none of hys; _and_ yow knowe that god said of hym, "this is my beloued soone, in whome I delighte." thus yow may see that god delightithe in theves. but moste of a[l~l] I marve[l~l] _tha_t men can dispyse yow theves, where as in a[l~l] poynt_es_ almoste yow be lyke vnto christe hym selfe: for chryste had noo dwellynge place; noo more haue yow. christe wente frome towne to towne; _and_ soo doo yow. christe was hated of a[l~l] men, sauynge of his freend_es_; and soo are yow. christe was laid waite vpon in many plac_es_; _and_ soo are yow. chryste at the lengthe was cawght; _and_ soo sha[l~l] yow bee. he was browght before the iudges; _and_ soo sha[l~l] yow bee. he was accused; _and_ soo sha[l~l] yow bee. he was condempned; _and_ soo sha[l~l] yow bee. he was hanged; _and_ so sha[l~l] yow bee. he wente downe into he[l~l]; _and_ soo sha[l~l] yow dooe. mary! in this one thynge yow dyffer frome hym, for he rose agayne _and_ assendid into heauen; _and_ soo sha[l~l] yow neuer dooe, w_i_t_h_owte god_es_ greate mercy, w_hi_ch gode grawnte yow! to whome w_i_t_h_ the father, _and_ the soone, _and_ the hooly ghoste, bee a[l~l] honore and glorye, for eu_er_ _and_ eu_er_. Amen!

Thus his s_er_mon beinge endyd, they gaue hy_m_ his money agayne that thay tooke frome hym, _and_ ij^{s} to drynke for hys s_er_mon.

finis.

FOOTNOTES:

[180] MS Rew. Hartley Row is on the South-Western road past Bagshot. The stretch of flat land there was the galloping place for coaches that had to make up time.

[181] _in_.

[_The parts added to_ HARMAN'S CAUEAT _to make_]

THE Groundworke of Conny-catching; the manner of their
Pedlers-French, and the meanes _to vnderstand the same, with the
cunning slights_ of the Counterfeit Cranke.

Therein are handled the practises of the _Visiter_, the Fetches =of
the= Shifter =and= Rufflar, =the deceits of their= Doxes, =the
deuises= of Priggers, =the names of the base loytering Hosels, and
the meanes of every Blacke-Art-mans shifts, with the reproofe of all
their diuellish= practises.

=Done by a Justice of Peace of great authoritie, who hath
had the examining of divers of them.=

=Printed at London by= Iohn Danter =for= William Barley, =and are to
to be sold at his shop at the upper end of Gratious streete, ouer
against Leaden-hall=, 1592.

[Header: THE GROUNDWORKE OF CONNY-CATCHING.]

*[leaf 2]* To the gentle Readers health.

Gentle reader, as there hath beene diuers bookes set forth, as warnings for all men to shun the craftie coossening sleights of these both men and women that haue tearmed themselues Conny-catchers; so amongst the rest, bestow the reading ouer of this booke, wherin thou shalt find the ground-worke of Conny-catching, with the manner of their canting speech, how they call all things in their language, the horrible coossening of all these loose varlots, and the names of them in their seuerall degrees,

_First, The Visiter._
2. _The Shifter._
3. _The Rufflar._
4. _The Rogue._
5. _The wild Rogue._
6. _A prigger of Prauncers._
7. _A Pallyard._
8. _A Frater._
9. _An Abraham man._
10. _A freshwater Marriner, or Whipiacke._
11. _A counterfait Cranke._
12. _A Dommerar._
13. _A Dronken Tinkar._
14. _A Swadder, or Pedler._
15. _A Iarkeman & Patrico._
16. _A demander for glimmar._
17. _The baudy Basket._
18. _An Autem Mort._
19. _A walking Mort._
20. _A Doxe._
21. _A Dell._
22. _Kinchin Mort._
23. _A Kinchin Co._

All these playing their coossenings in their kinde are here set downe, which neuer yet were disclosed in anie booke of Conny-catching.

[Header: SHIFTERS AT INNS. THE VISITER.]

*[leaf 2, back]* A new kind of shifting sleight, practised at this day
by _some of this Cony-catching crue, in Innes or vitualling
houses, but especially in Faires or Markets_,
which came to my hands since the imprinting
of the rest.

Whereas of late diuers coossening deuises and deuilish deceites haue beene discouered, wherby great inconueniences haue beene eschewed, which otherwise might haue beene the vtter ouerthrowe of diuers honest men of all degrees, I thought this, amongst the rest, not the least worthie of noting, especially of those that trade to Faires and Markets, that therby being warned, they may likewise be armed, both to see the deceit, and shun the daunger. These shifters will come vnto an Inne or vittailing house, that is most vsed in the towne, and walke vp and downe; and if there come any gentleman or other, to lay vp either cloke, sword, or any other thing woorth the hauing, then one of this crue taketh the marks of the thing, or at least the token the partie giueth them: anone, after he is gone, he likewise goeth forth, and with a great countenance commeth in againe to the mayde or seruant, calling for what another left: if they doubt to deliuer it, then hee frets, and calles them at his pleasure, and tels them the markes and tokens: hauing thus done, hee blames their forgetfulnes, and giues them a couple of pence to buy them pinnes, bidding them fetch it straight, and know him better the next time, wherewith they are pleasd, and he possest of his pray. Thus one gotte a bagge of Cheese the last Sturbridge Faire; for in such places (as a reclaimd fellow of that crue confessed) they make an ordinary practise of the same.

[_The Pedler's French_ follows, taken word for word from Harman's book, p. 82-7 above.]

*[leaf 3]* THE VISITER.

An honest youth, not many yeares since, seruant in this City, had leaue of his master at whitsontide to see his friends, who dwelt some fifty miles from London. It hapned at a Country wake, his mother and hee came acquainted with a precise scholler, that, vnder colour of strickt life, hath bin reputed for that hee is not: hee is well knowen in Paules Churchyard, and hath beene lately a visiting in Essex; for so he presumes to tearme his cosening walks: and therefore wee will call him here a Visiter. This honest seeming man must needes (sith his iourney lay to London) stay at the yong mans mothers all the holy daies: where as on his desert hee was kindly vsed; at length, the young man, hauing receiued his mother's blessing, with other his friendes giftes, amounting to some ten poundes, was to this hypocrite as to a faithful guide committed, and toward London they ride: by the way this Visiter discourses how excellent insight he had in Magick, to recouer by Art anything lost or stolne. Well, to sant Albons they reach; there they sup together, and, after the carowsing of some quarts of wine, they go to bed, where they kindly sleepe,--the Visiter slily, but the young man soundly. Short tale to make--out of his bed-fellow's sleeue this Visiter conuaid his twenty Angels, besides some other od siluer, hid it closely, and so fell to his rest. Morning comes--vp gets this couple--immediately the money was mist, much adoo was made; the Chamberlaine with sundry other seruants examined; and so hot the contention, that the good man, for the discharge of his house, was sending for a Constable to haue them both first searcht, his seruants Chests after. In the meane time the Visiter cals the yong man aside, and bids him neuer grieue, but take horse; and he warrants him, ere they be three miles out of towne, to helpe him to his money by Art, saying:--"In these Innes ye see how we shall be out-faced, and, beeing vnknowne, how euer we be wrongd, get little remedy." The yong man, in good hope, desired him to pay the reckoning, which done, together they ride. Being some two miles from the towne, they ride out of the ordinary way: there he tels this youth how vnwilling hee was to enter into the action, but that it was lost in his company, and so forth. Well, a Circle was made, wondrous words were vsed, many muttrings made: at length hee cries out,--"vnder a greene turfe, by the East side of an Oake; goe thither, goe thither." This thrice he cryed so ragingly, as the yuong man gest him mad, and was with feare almost beside himself. At length, pausing, quoth this Visiter, "heard ye nothing cry?" "Cry!" said the yong man, "yes; *[leaf 5, back]* you cride so as, for twise ten pound, I would not heare ye again." "Then," quoth he, "'tis all well, if ye remember the words." The yong man repeated them. With that this shifter said, "Go to the furthest Oke in the high-way towards S. Albons, and vnder a greene turfe, on the hither side, lyes your mony, and a note of his name that stole it. Hence I cannot stirre till you returne; neyther may either of our horses be vntide for that time: runne yee must not, but keepe an ordinary pace." Away goes the yong man gingerly; and, being out of sight, this copesmate takes his cloke-bag, wherein was a faire sute of apparel, and, setting spurres to his horse, was, ere the Nouice returned, ridde cleane out of his view. The yong man, seeing himselfe so coossened, made patience his best remedie, tooke his horse, and came to London, where yet it was neuer his lucke to meet this visiter.

[Header: A SHIFTER DESCRIBED.]

A SHIFTER.

A Shifter, not long since, going ordinarily booted, got leaue of a Carrier to ride on his owne hackney a little way from London, who, comming to the Inne where the Carier that night should lodge, honestly set vp the horse, and entred the hal, where were at one table some three and thirty clothiers, all returning to their seuerall countries. Vsing, as he could, his curtesie, and being Gentleman-like attirde, he was at all their instance placed at the vpper end by the hostesse. After hee had a while eaten, he fel to discourse with such pleasance, that all the table were greatly delighted therewith. In the midst of supper enters a noise of musitions, who with their instruments added a double delight. For them hee requested his hostesse to laye a shoulder of mutton and a couple of capons to the fire, for which he would pay, _and_ then mooued in their behalfe to gather. Among them a noble was made, which he fingring, was well blest; for before he had not a crosse, yet he promist to make it vp an angel. To be short, in comes the reckoning, which (by reason of the fine fare _and_ excesse of wine) amounted to each mans halfe crown. Then hee requested his hostesse to prouide so many possets of sacke, as would furnish the table, which he would bestow on the Gentlemen to requite their extraordinary costs: _and_ iestingly askt if she would make him her deputie to gather the reckoning; she graunted, and he did so: and on a sodaine, (faining to hasten his hostesse with the possets) he tooke his cloke, and, finding fit time, hee slipt out of doores, leauing the guestes and their hostesse to a new reckoning, _and_ the musitians to a good supper, but they paid for the sauce. This iest some vntruly attribute to a man of excellent parts about London, but he is slandered: the party that performed it hath scarce any good qualitie to liue. Of these sort I could set downe a great number, but I leaue you now vnto those which by Maister Harman are discouered.

[Then follows Harman's book, commencing with a Ruffelar, p. 29. The
woodcut of Nicolas Blunt and Nicolas Geninges (p. 50, above) is
given, and another one representing the Cranke after he was stripped
and washed. The volume ends with the chapter "Their vsage in the
night," p. 76-8 above,--the woodcuts and verses at the end of
Harman's book being omitted in the present _Groundworke of
Conny-catching_. The last words in the latter are, "And this must
the poore Farmer suffer, or els they threaten to burne him, and all
that he hath."]

[Header: NOTES TO HARMAN, ETC.]

NOTES.

p. vii. ix, p. 19, 20. _Elizabeth, Countess of Shrewsbury, and her parish._ The manor of Erith was granted to Elizabeth, Countess of Shrewsbury, by Henry VIII. in the 36th year of his reign, A.D. 1544-5. The Countess died in 1567, and was buried in the parish church of Erith. "The manor of Eryth becoming part of the royal revenue, continued in the crown till K. Henry VIII. in his 36th year, granted it in fee to Elizabeth, relict of George, Earl of Shrewsbury, by the description of the _manor, of Eryth, alias Lysnes_, with all its members and appurts., and also all that wood, called Somersden, lying in Eryth, containing 30 acres; and a wood, called Ludwood, there, containing 50 acres; and a wood, called Fridayes-hole, by estimation, 20 acres, to hold of the King _in capite_ by knight's service.[182] She was the second wife of George, Earl of Shrewsbury, Knight of the Garter,[183] who died July 26, anno 33 K. Henry VIII.,[184] by whom she had issue one son, John, who died young; and Anne, married to Peter Compton, son and heir of Sir Wm. Compton, Knt., who died in the 35th year of K. Henry VIII., under age, as will be mentioned hereafter. Elizabeth, Countess of Shrewsbury, in Easter Term, in the 4th year of Q. Elizabeth, levied a fine of this manor, with the passage over the Thames; and dying in the tenth year of that reign, anno 1567,[185] lies buried under a sumptuous tomb, in this church. Before her death this manor, &c., seem to have been settled on her only daughter Anne, then wife of Wm. Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, and widow of Peter Compton, as before related, who was in possession of it, with the passage over the Thames, anno 9 Q. Elizabeth."--Hasted's _History of Kent_, vol. i. p. 196.

p. ix. In Lambarde's _Perambulation of Kent_ (edit. 1826), p. 66, he mentions "Thomas Herman" as being one of the "Kentish writers."

Lambarde, in the same volume, p. 60, also mentions "Abacuk Harman" as being the name of one "of suche of the nobilitie and gentrie, as the Heralds recorded in their visitation in 1574."

There is nothing about Harman in Mr Sandys's book on Gavelkind, &c., _Consuetudines Cantiae_. To future inquirers perhaps the following book may be of use:

"_Bibliotheca Cantiana_: A Bibliographical Account of what has been published on the History, Topography, Antiquities, Customs, and Family History of the County of Kent." By John Russell Smith.

p. 1, 12. _The .xxv. Orders of Knaues._--Mr Collier gives an entry in the Stationers' Registers in 1585-6: "Edward White. Rd. of him, for printinge xxij^{tl} ballades at iiij^{d} a peece--vij^{s} iiij^{d}, and xiiij. more at ij^{d} a peece ij^{s} iiij^{d} ... ix^{s} viij^{d}" And No. 23 is "The xxv^{tie} orders of knaves."--_Stat. Reg._ ii. 207.

p. 22. _The last Duke of Buckingham was beheaded._--Edward Stafford, third Duke of Buckingham, one of Henry VIII.'s and Wolsey's victims, was beheaded on Tower Hill, May 17, 1521, for 'imagining' the king's death. ('The murnynge of Edward Duke of Buckyngham' was one of certain 'ballettes' licensed to Mr John Wallye and Mrs Toye in 1557-8, says Mr J. P. Collier, _Stat. Reg._ i. 4.) His father (Henry Stafford) before him suffered the same fate in 1483, having been betrayed by his servant Bannister after his unsuccessful rising in Brecon.--_Percy Folio Ballads_, ii. 253.

p. 23. _Egiptians._ The Statute 22 Hen. VIII. c. 10 is _An Acte concernyny Egypsyans_. After enumerating the frauds committed by the "outlandysshe people callynge themselfes Egyptians," the first section provides that they shall be punished by Imprisonment and loss of goods, and be deprived of the benefit of 8 Hen. VI. c. 29. "de medietate linguae." The second section is a proclamation for the departure from the realm of all such Egyptians. The third provides that stolen goods shall be restored to their owners; and the fourth, that one moiety of the goods seized from the Egyptians shall be given to the seizer.

p. 48, l. 5. _The Lord Sturtons man; and when he was executed._ Charles Stourton, 7th Baron, 1548-1557:--"Which Charles, with the help of four of his own servants in his own house, committed a shameful murther upon one Hargill, and his son, with whom he had been long at variance, and buried their Carcasses 50 foot deep in the earth, thinking thereby to prevent the discovery; but it coming afterwards to light, he had sentence of death passed upon him, which he suffer'd at Salisbury, the 6th of March, Anno 1557, 4 Phil. & Mary, by an Halter of Silk, in respect of his quality."--_The Peerage of England_, vol. ii. p. 24 (Lond., 1710).

p. 77. _Saint Quinten's._ Saint Quinten was invoked against coughs, says Brand, ed. Ellis, 1841, i. 196.

p. 77. _The Three Cranes in the Vintry._ "Then the Three Cranes' lane, so called, not only of _a sign of three cranes at a tavern door_, but rather of three strong cranes of timber placed on the Vintry wharf by the Thames side, to crane up wines there, as is afore showed. This lane was of old time, to wit, the 9th of Richard II., called The Painted Tavern lane, of the tavern being painted."--Stow's _Survey of London_, ed. by Thoms, p. 90.

"The Three Cranes was formerly a favourite London sign. With the usual jocularity of our forefathers, an opportunity for punning could not be passed; so, instead of the three cranes, which in the vintry used to lift the barrels of wine, three birds were represented. The Three Cranes in Thames Street, or in the vicinity, was a famous tavern as early as the reign of James I. It was one of the taverns frequented by the wits in Ben Jonson's time. In one of his plays he says:--

'A pox o' these pretenders! to wit, your _Three Cranes_, Mitre and Mermaid men! not a corn of true salt, not a grain of right mustard among them all!'--_Bartholomew Fair_, act i. sc. 1.

"On the 23rd of January, 1661/2 Pepys suffered a strong mortification of the flesh in having to dine at this tavern with some poor relations. The sufferings of the snobbish secretary must have been intense:--

'By invitation to my uncle Fenner's, and where I found his new wife, a _pitiful, old, ugly, ill-bred_ woman in a hatt, a mid-wife. Here were many of his, and as many of her, relations, _sorry, mean people_; and after choosing our gloves, we all went over to the Three Cranes Taverne; and though the best room of the house, in such a narrow dogghole we were crammed, and I believe we were near 40, that it made me loath my company and victuals, and a very poor dinner it was too.'

"Opposite this tavern people generally left their boats to shoot the bridge, walking round to Billingsgate, where they would reenter them."--Hotten's _History of Signboards_, p. 204.

p. 77. _Saynt Iulyans in Thystellworth parish._ 'Thistleworth, see Isleworth,' says Walker's Gazetteer, ed. 1801. That there might well have been a St Julyan's Inn there we learn from the following extract:

"St. Julian, the patron of travellers, wandering minstrels, boatmen,[186] &c., was a very common inn sign, because he was supposed to provide good lodgings for such persons. Hence two St. Julian's crosses, in saltier, are in chief of the innholders' arms, and the old motto was:--'When I was harbourless, ye lodged me.' This benevolent attention to travellers procured him the epithet of 'the good herbergeor,' and in France '_bon herbet_.' His legend in a MS., Bodleian, 1596, fol. 4, alludes to this:--

'Therefore yet to this day, thei that over lond wende,
They biddeth Seint Julian, anon, that gode herborw he hem sende;
And Seint Julianes Pater Noster ofte seggeth also
For his faders soule, and his moderes, that he hem bring therto.'

And in '_Le dit des Heureux_,' an old French fabliau:--

'Tu as dit la patenotre
Saint Julian a cest matin,
Soit en Roumans, soit en Latin;
Or tu seras bien ostile.'

In mediaeval French, _L'hotel Saint Julien_ was synonymous with good cheer.

'---- Sommes tuit vostre.
Par Saint Pierre le bon Apostre,
L'ostel aurez Saint Julien,'

says Mabile to her feigned uncle in the fabliau of '_Boivin de Provins_;' and a similar idea appears in 'Cocke Lorell's bote,' where the crew, after the entertainment with the 'relygyous women' from the Stews' Bank, at Colman's Hatch,

'Blessyd theyr shyppe when they had done,
And dranke about a _Saint Julyan's_ tonne.'

Hotten's _History of Signboards_," p. 283.

"Isleworth in Queen Elizabeth's time was commonly in conversation, and sometimes in records, called Thistleworth."--Lysons' _Environs of London_, vol. iii. p. 79.

p. 77. _Rothered_: ? Rotherhithe.

p. 77. _The Kynges Barne_, betwene Detforde and Rothered, can hardly be the great hall of Eltham palace. Lysons (_Environs of London_, iv. p. 399) in 1796, says the hall was then used as a barn; and in vol. vi. of the _Archaeologia_, p. 367, it is called "King John's Barn."

p. 77. _Ketbroke._ Kidbrooke is marked in large letters on the east of Blackheath on the mordern Ordnance-map; and on the road from Blackheath to Eltham are the villages or hamlets of Upper Kidbrooke and Lower Kidbrooke.

"Kedbrooke lies adjoining to Charlton, on the south side of the London Road, a small distance from Blackheath. It was antiently written Cicebroc, and was once a parish of itself, though now (1778 A.D.) it is esteemed as an appendage to that of Charlton."--Hasted's _History of Kent_, vol. i. p. 40.

p. 100. _Sturbridge Fair._ Stourbridge, or Sturbich, the name of a common field, extending between Chesterton and Cambridge, near the little brook Sture, for about half a mile square, is noted for its fair, which is kept annually on September 19th, and continues a fortnight. It is surpassed by few fairs in Great Britain, or even in Europe, for traffic, though of late it is much lessened. The booths are placed in rows like streets, by the name[s] of which they are called, as Cheapside, &c., and are filled with all sorts of trades. The Duddery, an area of 80 or 100 yards square, resembles Blackwell Hall. Large commissions are negotiated here for all parts of England in _cheese_, woolen goods, wool, leather, hops, upholsterers' and ironmongers' ware, &c. &c. Sometimes 50 hackney coaches from London, ply morning and night, to and from Cambridge, as well as all the towns round, and the very barns and stables are turned into inns for the accommodation of the poorer people. After the wholesale business is over, the country gentry generally flock in, laying out their money in stage-plays, taverns, music-houses, toys, puppet-shows, &c., and the whole concludes with a day for the sale of horses. This fair is under the jurisdiction of the University of Cambridge.--_Walker's Gazetteer_, ed. 1801. See Index to Brand's _Antiquities_.

FOOTNOTES:

[182] Rot Esch. ejus an, pt. 6.

[183] This lady was one of the daughters and co-heirs of Sir Richard Walden, of this parish, Knt., and the Lady Margaret his wife, who both lie buried in this church [of Erith]. He was, as I take it, made Knight of the Bath in the 17th year of K. Henry VII., his estate being then certified to be 40_l._ per annum, being the son of Richard Walden, esq. Sir Richard and Elizabeth his wife both lie buried here. _MSS. Dering._

[184] Dugd. Bar. vol. i. p. 332.

[185] Harman's dedication of his book to her was no doubt written in 1566, and his 2nd edition, in both states, published before the Countess's death.

[186] Of pilgrims, and of whoremongers, say Brand and Sir H. Ellis (referring to the _Hist. des Troubadours_, tom. i. p. 11,) in _Brand's Antiquities_, ed. 1841, i. 202. Chaucer makes him the patron of hospitality, saying of the Frankeleyn, in the Prologue to the _Canterbury Tales_, "Seynt Iulian he was in his contre." Mr Hazlitt, in his new edition of Brand, i. 303, notes that as early as the _Ancren Riwle_, ab. 1220 A.D., we have 'Surely they (the pilgrims) find St. Julian's inn, which wayfaring men diligently seek.'

INDEX

Abraham men, those who feign madness, 3; one of them, named Stradlynge,
'the craftiest and moste dyssemblyngest knaue,' 47

Altham, a curtall's wife, 4

Arsenick, to make sores with, 44

associate, accompany, 53

Autem, a church, 67, 83

---- Mortes, description of, 67; as chaste as Harman's 'Cowe,' 67

Awdeley, Iohn, a printer, 1

Awdeley's _Vacabondes_; Harman's references to, 20, 60

Axiltrye, casting of the, 46

baken, bacon, 3

baudy banquet, whoring, 63

bauer, ? band, 52

Bawd Phisicke, a cook, 14

Bawdy baskets, description of, 65; a story of one who, with an upright
man, spoiled a poor beggar of his money, 66

beggar by inheritance, 42

belly chere, food, 32

belly chete, an apron, 83

benat, better, 86

bene, good, 83

bene bowse, good drink, 59

beneship, very well, 86

benshyp, very good, 83, 86

beray, dung, 13; dirty, 52

beteled, ? (_betelled_ is deceived), 67

Bethlem Hospital, 52, 53

Blackheath, 77

bletinge chete, a calf or sheep, 83

Blunt, Nicolas, an upright man, 50, 87

bong, purse, 84, 86

booget, a bag, 59

bord, a shilling, 83

----, half a, sixpence, 83

borsholders, 21, _n._, superior constables. See Halliwell's _Glossary_.

bottell, bundle, truss, 72

Bottomelye, Besse, a harlot, 75

bousing ken, an ale-house, 83

bowle, drink bowls of liquor, 32

bowse, drink, 32, 83; _v._ to drink, 84

braste, burst, 73

Bridewell, 57, 87

broused, bruised, 29

bryberinge, stealing, 60

Buckes, baskets, 21

Buckingham, Duke of, beheaded, 22

bufe, a dog, 84

bung, a purse, 83, 84, 86

buskill, ? bustle, wriggle, 15

bychery, 67

bycherye, whoring, 61

byd, pray, 15

byng a waste, go you hence, 84

cakling chete, a cock, or capon, 83

can skyl, know, 8

cante, to speak, 84

Canting, the language of vagabonds, 23; list of words, 82-4; specimen
of, 84-6

Capcases, covers for caps, small bandboxes, 65

Capon hardy, 12. For 'capron hardy,' 'a notable whipster or twigger,' a
bold or saucy young scamp. (See the Index to Caxton's _Book of
Curtesye_, E. E. T. Soc., p. 54.)

cassan, cheese, 83

caster, a cloak, 82

casting of the sledge, 46

Caueat, a warning, 17

Chafe litter, the knave, described, 13

chafer, heating dish, 59

Charing Cross, 58

chattes, the gallows, 84, 86

Chayne, a gentleman, 58

Cheapside, 57, 87

Cheatours, card-sharpers enticing young men to their hosteries, win
their money and depart, 7

cheeke by cheeke (now 'by jowl'), 12

chete, animal, 83, col. 2, foot

chetes, things, 42

Choplogyke, description of, 15

Christ, like a thief, 94, 95

Christes Hospital, 8

Clapperdogens, 44. _See_ Palliards.

Clement's Inn, 53

clocke, a cloak, 55

clyme three tres with a ladder, to ascend the gallows, 31

cly the gerke, to be whipped, 84

Cole, false, 15. (See Mr R. Morris in _Notes and Queries_, Oct., 1869,
on _Colfox_, &c.)

Cole Prophet, description of, 15

commission, a shirt, 83

Commitour of Tidings, a tell-tale, 14

common, commune, 45

conneys, rabbits, 35

conneyskins, rabbitskins, 65

connizance, cognizance, 35

Cornwall, 48

Cory fauell, a knave, described, 16

couch a hogshead, lie down and sleep, 77, 84

Counterfet Crankes, description of, 51; story of one that Harman
watched, 51; how he was dressed, 51; his refusal to wash when hidden,
52; gives the name of Genings, 52; said he had been in Bethlehem
Hospital, 52, which Harman found to be a lie, 53; in the middle of
the day he goes into the fields and renews the blood on his face, 53;
what money he received, 53; at night he goes to Newington, where he
is given in charge, 54; the amount of his gains, 55; his escape, 55;
his recapture, 56, _n._; his punishment, 57, _n._

Cousoners, cheaters, 1

Crashing chetes, teeth, 82

crassinge chetes, apples, pears, or any other fruit, 84

Cross Keys Inn in Cranford (Middlesex) or Crayford (Kent), 77

cuffen, fellow, 86. _See_ Quyer.

Cursetors, 17; explanation of, 27

Curtal, 37

Curtall, one who is next in authority to an upright man, 4

Curtesy man, described, 6

cutte, to say, 84

cutte bene whydds, speak or give good words, 84

cutte benle, speak gently, 84

cutte quyre whyddes, give evil words or evil language, 84

darkemans, night, 84

Dartford, 58

David, a thief, 94, 95

ded lyft, a; last refuge, 34

Dells, rogues' virgins, described, 75

Demaunder for glymmar, description of, 61; story of one who behaved
courteously to one man and uncourteously to another, 61-65

Deptford, 77

Desmond, Earl of, 82

Devil's Pater noster, 15

Devonshire, 48

dewse a vyle, the country, 84, 86

Dialogue, between upright man and rogue, 84-87

dokte, fornicated with, 87

Dommerar, description of, 57; of one who was made to speak, and
afterwards punished on the pillory, 58, 59

doson, dozen, 34

Doxes, description of, 4, 6, 73

Draw-the-pudding-out-of-the-fire; a beggars' inn at Harrow-on-the-Hill,
77

drawers, hosen, 83

Drawlatches, a class of beggars, 27

Dronken Tinckar, description of, 59

drouselye, drowsily, 76

dudes, cloths, 83

dup the gyger, open the door, 84

Dyng-thrift, description of, 15

Egiptians, description of, 23

Esau, a thief, 94, 95

Esaye, Isaiah, 24

Esen Droppers, eaves-droppers, 15

exonerate, empty (one's belly), 55

factors, tax-gatherers, 45

fambles, hands, 82; famble, 87

fambling chete, ring on the hand, 82

Faytores, a class of beggars, 27

ferres, 35, ferries

Filtchman, the truncheon of a staff, 4

Fingerers, 7-9. _See_ Cheatours.

for knowing; against, to prevent, being recognized, 71

flagg, a groat, 83, 85

flebytinge, 73

fletinge Fellowshyp, the company of vagabonds, 24

Frater, one who goes with a licence to beg for some Spittlehouse or
Hospital, but who usually robs poor women, 4; description of, 45

Freshwater Mariner, description of, 48

Furmenty, 22

fustian fume, 46

fylche, to beat, to rob, 84

fylthy firy flankard, 29

fynesed, finished, 70

Fyngerer, 8, 9

gage, a quart pot, 83

---- of bowse, a quart of drink, 34

gally slopes, breeches, 35

gan, a mouth, 82

gealy gealowsit, good fellowship, 55

gentry cofes ken, a noble or gentleman's house, 83

gentry morte, a noble or gentlewoman, 84

Genynges, Nicolas, a counterfeit cranke, 50, 87

gestes, guests, 61

Glasyers, eyes, 82

glimmeringe morte, a woman who travels the country begging, saying her
goods have been burnt, 61

glymmar, fire, 61, 83

grannam, corn, 83

Grauesend barge, a resort of vagabonds and knaves, 1

graunt, agree, 53

greffe, grief, 55

Grene Winchard, description of a, 14

_Groundworke of Conny-catching_, 97

grunting chete, or patricos kynchen, a pig, 83

Gryffith, Wylliam, a printer, 17

Gybe, a licence, 4; a writing, 83

gygger, a door, 83, 85

Gyle Hather, description of, 14

gyllot, a whore, 71

Haben, a witty parson, 92

hande charcher, handkerchief, 72

Harman beck, constable, 84

Harman, Thomas, his _Caveat_, 17-91; epistle to the reader, 27; his old
tenant, 30; his copper cauldron stolen, 35; recovered, 35; notice to
tinkers of the loss of his cauldron, 35; his gelding stolen, 44; in
commission of the peace, 60; paid for beggars' secrets, 74

Harmans, the stocks, 84

Harrow-on-the-Hill, inn at, 77

Hartley Row in Hampshire, 92, 93

Hearing chetes, ears, 82

heauing of the bowth, robbing the booth, 4

Helpers of rogues, 9

Helycon, 28

heue a bough, rob a booth, 84

Hill's, Mr, Rents, 57

_him_ redundant: leapes him, 43, l. 24

Hoker, or Angglear, description of, 35; anecdote of one who took the
clothes of the bed in which 3 men were sleeping, without awaking
them, 36

Holborn, 54

hollowe hosteler, 63

horse locke, 39

hosen, breeches, 71, 72

hosted, lodged, 57, _n._

hosteries, card-sharpers' resorts, 9

House of Pity, inn in Northall, 77

hoyssed, hoisted, 20

huggeringe, loitering, 43

Hyberdyne, a parson, 93

hygh, hie, 33

hygh pad, highway, 84

Jacob, a thief, 94, 95

Iarckeman, a maker of counterfeit licences, 5, 60

Iarckes, seals, 4

Iarke, a seal, 83

ich, I, 8

Jeffrey Gods Fo, a liar, 13

Ingratus, an ungrateful knave, 16

in printe, meaning 'correct,' 45

Iockam, yard, penis, 87

iompe, jump, plump, exactly, 44

Irishe toyle, a beggar, 5

Irish rogues, 44, 48

Isleworth (Thystellworth), St Julian's, a beggars' inn at, 77

Iusticers, Justices, 21

Karle, a knave, 8

ken, a house, 83, 84, 86

Kent, a man of worship in, death of, 22

Kent, mentioned, 37, 43, 48, 61, 63, 66, 68, 77

Kent St, Southwark, 57

Ketbroke, a beggars' inn, near Blackheath, 77

kinde, nature, 52

Kitchen Co, a boy, 5, 76

---- Morte, a girl, 5, 76

Knapsbery (inn near London), 77

Knaues, 25 orders of, 1

----, quartern of, 1

Kynges barne, beggars' inn in Kent, 77

lage, water, 83

lag of dudes, a bucke of clothes, 83

lap, butter, milk, or whey, 83

lasy Lorrels, 82

lecherous husband cured, 68-73

Leicester, 56

lewed lecherous loyteringe, 31

lewtering Luskes, 82

licoryce knaue, a drunkard, 13

lightmans, day, 84

(Lincoln's Inn) Fields, 53

London, 30, 42, 49

lousey leuterars, vagabonds, 22

lowhinge chete, a cow, 83

lowre, money, 83, 85, 86

Lubbares, lubbers, 47

luckly, lucky, 19

Ludgate, 57

lybbege, a bed, 83

lybbet, a stick, 26

lykinge, lustful, 21

Lynx eyes, 54. (See Index to Hampole's _Pricke of Conscience_.)

Lypken, a house to lie in, 83

make, halfpenny, 83

make (think) it strange, 41

makes, mates, 23

mammerings, mumblings, 72

manerly marian, 62

margery prater, a hen, 83

Mariner, one at Portsmouth the maker of counterfeit licences for
Freshwater mariners, 49

matche of wrastlinge, 46

maunde, ask or require, 84, 85

Messenger, Ione, an honest bawdy basket, 65

Milling of the ken, sending children into houses to rob, 67

mofling chete, a napkin, 83

mounched, eat, 72

mounch-present, one who, being sent by his master with a present, must
taste of it himself, 14

myll a ken, rob a house, 84

mynt, gold, 83

Nab, a head, 82, 86

Nabchet, a hat or cap, 82

nase, drunken, 86

Newhaven, 67

Newington, 54, 56

Nichol Hartles, a coward, 13

Northall, beggars' inn at, 77

nosegent, a nun, 83

nouels, news, 14

Nunquam, a loitering servant, 16

nygle, haue to do with a woman carnally, 84

nyp a boung, to cut a purse, 84

Obloquium, a malapert knave, 13

occupying, holding of land, 38

of, off, 39

oysters of East Kent, 68

Palliards, description of, 4, 44; doings of, 44; list of names of, 81,
82

pannam, bread, 83

Param, milk, 83, _n._

patrico, a priest, 6, 60

paulmistrie, fortune-telling, 23

pecke, meat, 86

peddelars Frenche. _See_ Canting.

pek, meat, 83

peld pate, head uncovered, 34

pelte, clothes, 76

peltinge, ? paltry, contemptible, 20

Penner, a pen-case, 54

pens, pence, 55

pickthanke knaue, 14

pillory in Cheapside, 57

pitching of the barre, 46

pity: it pytied him at the hart, 41

poppelars, porridge, 83

porte sale, ? quick sale, 77

Portsmouth, 49

Poules, St Paul's, 8

prat, a buttocke, 82

prating knaue, 15

pratling chete, a tongue, 82

prauncer, a horse, 83

Prigger of Paulfreys, a stealer of horses, 4

Proctour, a liar, 14; keeper of a spittlehouse, 45

PROVERBS:
although Truth be blamed, it shall never be shamed, 28
as the begger knowes his dishe, 32
don't wake the sleeping dog, 73
God hath done his part, 48
out of sight, out of minde, 32
swete meate wyll haue sowre sawce, 72

prygge, to ride, 84

Prygger of Prauncers, description of, 42; a story of a gentleman who
lost his horse by giving it in charge for a short time to a
'priggar,' 43

Prygges, tinkers, 59

Prygman, one who steals clothes off hedges, and a robber of poultry, 3

quakinge chete, or red shanke, a drake or duck, 83

quaromes, a body, 82

Queen Elizabeth, 21

quier, nought, 83

Quier crampringes, bolts or fetters, 84, 86

Quire bird, one lately come out of prison, 4

quyer cuffyn, justice of the peace, 84, 86

Quyerkyn, prison house, 84, 86

rabblement, 19

rakehelles, 19

Ratsbane, 44

rechles, reckless, 15

rifflinge, 32

Rince pytcher, a drunkard, 13

Ring chopper, description of, 11

---- faller, description of, 10

Robardesmen, robbers, 27. See William of Nassington's description of
them quoted in _Notes & Queries_ by F. J. F. 1869; and _The Vision
of Piers Plowman_, ed. Wright, ii. 506, 521.

Robin goodfelow, 36

Rochester, 66

Rogeman, a receiver of stolen clothes, 3

Roger, or tyb of the buttery, a goose, 83

Roges, description of, 36; subject to beastly diseases, 37; list of
names of, 80, 81

Rogues, a story of two, who made the acquaintance of a parson at an
ale-house, and afterwards went to his house and robbed him, 37

Rome bouse, wine, 83

Rome mort, the Queen, 84

Rome vyle, London, 84

Rothered in Kent, 77

rowsey, ? rough, or frowzy, 19

Royal Exchange, 8

roylynge, travelling, 31

ruffe, rough, 33

Ruffeler, a robber of 'wayfaring men and market women,' 3, 29; a story
of one who robbed an old man, a tenant of Harman's, on Blackheath, 30

ruffian cly the, devil take thee, 84

ruffian, to the, 84, to the devil

ruffmans, woods or bushes, 84

ruff pek, bacon, 83

ruysting, roystering, 32

Salomon, an altar, or mass, 83

sawght, sought, 62

Saynt Augustyn, 24

scelorous, wicked, 20

sewerly, surely, 50

Shifters, 1

shotars hyl, Shooter's Hill, 30

Shreeues, sheriffs, 21

Shrewd turne, ? sharp handling, hard usage, 15

Shrewsbury, Elizabeth Countess of, Harman's dedication to, 19

shrodge, shrugged, hugged, 71

Simon soone agon, a loitering knave, 13

skew, a cup, 83

Skoller, a waterman (and his boat), 54

skower the cramprings, wear bolts or fetters, 84

skypper, a barn, 83

slates, sheets to lie in, 61, 76, 77, 83

small breefe, old briefe of vacabonds, meaning Awdeley's book, 20

smell feastes, 46

smelling chete, a nose, 82; a garden or orchard, 84

snowte fayre, fair-faced, 61

sod, boiled, 22

Somersetshire, 61

soup, chewed, to produce foaming at the mouth, 51

Spanlles, spaniel-dogs, 33

Spearwort, 44

Spice-cakes, 12

spitlehouse, 45; row in a, 45; the constable wants to take in custody
the roysterers, 46; the good wife of the house intreats him for her
guests, and while so doing the next door neighbours enter the
kitchen, and steal the supper that she was preparing, 46

squaymysh, squeamish, 55

St. George's Fields, 54

St. Giles's in the Fields, 54

St. Julian's (inn in Thystellworth; Isleworth), 77

St. Quinten's (inn near London), 77

St. Tybbe's (inn near London), 77

stall, to make or ordain, 84

stalling to the rogue, ceremony of, 34

stampers, shoes, 83

stampes, legs, 82

Statutes, i. Edw. VI. c. iii, p. 20, _n._; xxvii. Hen. VIII. for
punishment of vagabonds, 29

staulinge ken, a house that will receive stolen wares, 32, 83

stibber gibber knaue, a liar, 14

stow you, hold your peace, 84

Stradlynge, an Abraham man, 47

strommell, straw, 83

Sturton, Lord, 48

summer-games, 47

surgeon, who strung up the dumb rogue, 58-9

Swadders and Pedlers, description of, 60

Swygman, a pedlar, 5

tempering, tampering, 70

Temple Bar, 53

'Thank God of all,' 67 (cp. Shakspere's 'Thank God you are rid of a
knave.' _Much Ado_, iii. 3.)

the, thee, 55

Thieves, a sermon in praise of, 92

'Three trees,' the gallows, 31

tickle in the ear, gammon, 9

Tinkard, a beggar, 5

tiplinge[house], an ale-house, 40

tittiuell knaue, a tale-bearer, 15

togeman, a coat, 77, 82

tortylles, turtle-doves, lovers, 62

towre, see, 84, 85

trashe, goods, 77

trininge, hanging, the end of roges, 37, 84

Troll and troll by, a knave, described, 12

Troll Hazard of Trace, a knave, 12

Troll Hazard of tritrace, a knave, 13

Troll with, a knave, 12

Truth, proverb as to, 28

tryninge, hanging, 84

twin'd hempe, rope and gallows, 29 (cp. Bulleyn in _The Babees Book_, p.
240-3)

_Two Gent. of Verona_, 45

Tynckars, Harman sends notice of the stealing of his cauldron to the, 35

typ, secret, 20

typlinge houses, alehouses, 24

Vacabonde--one being caught, and brought before the justices of the
peace, promised to tell them the names and degrees of his fellows,
on condition that he escaped punishment, which being granted, he
fulfilled his promise, and Awdeley obtained the materials for his
book, 2

Vacabondes, beggerly, 1; ruflyng, 1; 'the old briefe' of, 60

Vagabondes, their vsage in the night, 76

Vagabonds, account of the doings of, at the funeral of a man of worship
in Kent, 22

vagarantes, 19

Vngracious, a man who will not work, 15

Vnthrift, a reckless knave, 15

vntrus, to undress, 72

Vpright man, description of, 1, 4, 31

Vpright men, list of the names of, 78, 79, 80

Vrmond, Earle of, 82

walkinge mortes, description of, 67; a story of a trick that one played
on a man who would have had to do with her, and the punishment he
received instead, 67-73

wannion, a curse, 62

wappinge, fornicating, 87

Washman, one who shams lameness, sickness, etc., 5

waste, bynge a; go hence, 84, 86

watch, the constable, 45

watche, person, 61; our watche, us, 86

Welsh rogues, 44, 57

Whistle, anecdote of the, 61-5

Whipiacke, a robber of booths and stalls, 4

Whitefriars, 51, 56

whydds, words, 84, 86

whystell, whistle, 62

whyte money, silver, 42

wilde roge, description of, 41; story of one robbing a man, of whom he
had just begged, 42

wilde roge's reason for being a beggar, 42

windless, out of breath, 73

windshaken knaue, 66

woode, mad, 14

Wostestowe, a servant of the Lord Keeper's, 58

wyld Dell, description of, 75

wyn, a penny, 83

yannam, bread, 83, _n._

yaram, milk, 83

yemen, yeomen, 22

ynkell, tape, 65

_Richard Clay & Sons, Limited, London and Bungay._

Errata List:

n. 1: "Wiemarisches Jahrbuch" should be "Weimarisches Jahrbuch."

p. xix: "to be rosolued" should be "to be resolued."

p. xxi: "under theee titles" should be "under these titles."

p. 7: "The Groundworke of Conny-catching": this page should be numbered
p. 97, in consistency with the Table of contents and the Index. The
original number has been retained.

p. 12: "Troll and Trol" should be "Troll and Troll."

p. 47: "These Abrahom men" should be "These Abraham men."

p. 66: "sayth she vnto vnto her make" should be "sayth she vnto her
make."

p. 91: "Anno Domni. 1567." should be "Anno Domini. 1567."

p. 105: "_An Acte concernyny Egypsyans_." should be "_An Acte
concernyng Egypsyans_."

p. 107: "on the mordern Ordnance-map" should be "on the modern
Ordnance-map."

In the Index, page number 17 corresponds to page 2 of the book. The
original number has been retained:

"Caueat, a warning, 17" should be "Caueat, a warning, 2"

"Cursetors, 17; explanation of, 27" should be "Cursetors, 2;
explanation of, 27"

"Gryffith, Wylliam, a printer, 17" should be "Gryffith, Wylliam, a
printer, 2"