Chapter XXII: Conclusion

The Count de Rayneval, after having proved that all is for the best in the dominions of the Pope, winds up his celebrated _Note_ by a desponding conclusion. According to him, the Roman Question is one which cannot possibly be definitively solved; and the utmost that can be effected by diplomacy is the postponement of a catastrophe.

I am not such a pessimist. It appears to me that all political questions may be solved, and all catastrophes averted. I am sanguine enough to believe that war is not absolutely indispensable to the salvation of Italy and the security of Europe, and that it is possible to extinguish a conflagration without firing guns.

You have seen the intolerable misery and the legitimate discontent of the subjects of the Pope. You know enough of them to understand that Europe ought without delay to bring them succour, not only from the love of abstract justice, but in the interest of the public peace. I have proved to you that the misfortunes which afflict these three millions of men must be attributed neither to the weakness of the sovereign, nor even to the perversity of minister, but are the logical and necessary deductions from a principle. All that Europe has to do is to protest against the consequences. The principle must either be admitted or rejected. If you approve the temporal sovereignty of the Pope, you are bound to applaud everything, even the conduct of Cardinal Antonelli. If you are shocked by the offences of the Pontifical Government, it is against the ecclesiastical monarchy that you must seek your remedy.

Diplomacy, without staying to discuss the premises, has from time to time protested against the deductions. In profoundly respectful _Memoranda_ it has implored the Pope to act inconsistently, by administering the affairs of his States upon the principles of lay governments. Should the Pope turn a deaf ear, the diplomatists have no right to complain, because they recognize his character, as an independent sovereign. Should he promise all they ask and afterwards break his word, diplomacy is equally without a ground of complaint. Is it not the admitted right of the Sovereign Pontiff to absolve men even from the most solemn oaths? And finally, should he yield to the solicitation of Europe, and enact liberal laws one day, only to let them fall into desuetude the next, diplomatists are once more disarmed. To violate its own laws is a special privilege of absolute monarchy.

I entertain a very high respect for our diplomatists of 1859; nor were their predecessors of 1831 wanting either in good intentions or capacity. They addressed to Gregory XVI. a MEMORANDUM, which is a master-piece of its kind. They extorted from the Pope a real constitution,--a constitution which left nothing to be desired, and which guaranteed all the moral and material interests of the Roman nation. In a few years this same constitution had entirely disappeared, and abuses again flowed from the ecclesiastical principle, like a river from its source.

We renewed the experiment in 1849. The Pope granted us the _Motu Proprio_ of Portici, and the Romans gained nothing by it.

Shall our diplomatists repeat in 1859 this same part of dupes? A French engineer has demonstrated that dykes erected along the banks of rivers liable to inundation are costly, in constant need of repair, and ineffectual; and that the only real protection against those devastations is the construction of a dam at the source. To the source, then, gentlemen of the diplomatic guild! Ascend straight to the temporal power of the Papacy.

And yet I dare neither hope for, nor ask of Europe the immediate application of this grand panacea. Gerontocracy is still too powerful, even in the youngest governments Besides, we are now at peace, and radical reforms are only to be effected by war. The sword alone enjoys the privilege of deciding great questions by a single stroke. Diplomatists, a timid army of peace, proceed but by half-measures.

There is one which was proposed in 1814 by Count Aldini, in 1831 by Rossi, in 1855 by Count Cavour. These three statesmen, comprehending the impossibility of limiting the authority of the Pope within the kingdom in which it is exercised, and over the people who are abandoned to it, advised Europe to remedy the evil by diminishing the extent of, and reducing the population subjected to, the States of the Church.

Nothing is more just, natural, or easy than to free the Adriatic provinces, and to confine the despotism of the Papacy between the Mediterranean and the Apennines. I have shown that the cities of Ferrara, Ravenna, Bologna, Rimini, and Ancona are at once the most impatient of the Pontifical yoke and the most worthy of liberty. Deliver them. Here is a miracle which may be wrought by a stroke of the pen: and the eagle's plume which signed the treaty of Paris is as yet but freshly mended.

There would still remain to the Pope a million of subjects, and between three and four millions of acres; neither the one nor the other in a very high state of cultivation, I must admit; but it is possible that the diminution of his revenue might induce him to manage his estates and utilize his resources better than he now does. One of two things would occur: either he would enter upon the course pursued by good governments, and the condition of his subjects would become endurable, or he would persist in the errors of his predecessors, and the Mediterranean provinces would in their turn demand their independence.

At the worst, and as a last alternative, the Pope might retain the city of Rome, his palaces and temples, his cardinals and prelates, his priests and monks, his princes and footmen, and Europe would contribute to feed the little colony.

Rome, surrounded by the respect of the universe, as by a Chinese wall, would be, so to speak, a foreign body in the midst of free and living Italy. The country would suffer neither more nor less than does an old soldier from the bullet which the surgeon has left in his leg.

But will the Pope and the Cardinals easily resign themselves to the condition of mere ministers of religion? Will they willingly renounce their political influence? Will they in a single day forget their habits of interfering in our affairs, of aiming princes against one another, and of discreetly stirring up citizens against their rulers? I much doubt it.

But on the other hand, princes will avail themselves of the lawful right of self-defence. They will read history, and they will there find that the really strong governments are those which have kept religious authority in their own hands; that the Senate of Rome did not grant the priests of Carthage liberty to preach in Italy; that the Queen of England and the Emperor of Russia are the heads of the Anglican and Russian religions; and they will see that by right the sovereign metropolis of the churches of France should be in Paris.

NOTES

1: Preface to the Official Statistical Returns of 1853, page 64.

2: 'La Grèce Contemporaine.'

3: Etudes Statistiques sur Rome, par le Comte de Tournon.

4: A few of them did good service in the cause of liberty, and
deserved well of their country, in the glorious but unsuccessful
struggle of 1848, soon about to be renewed, and, let us hope,
under happier auspices, and with a very different result.

Duke Filippo Lante Montefeltro, Colonel in command of a _corps d'
armée_ of the Roman Volunteers, occupied and held Treviso, whereby
he at once assured the retreat of the Roman army, after its defeat
at Cornuda on the 9th of May, 1848, by General Nugent, and
prevented the advance of the Austrians upon Venice. The President
Manin acknowledged that by his courage and patriotism he had saved
Venice, and immediately sent him the commission of a full General.
On the 16th of May, General Nugent arrived before Treviso with
16,000 men, and siege artillery. He at once summoned the place to
surrender, giving General Lante till noon on the following day for
consideration. At four the same evening, Lante sent for reply,
"Come this evening. I shall expect you at six. We are here to
fight, not to surrender!" After threatening the town for some
days, Nugent retired from before it, and joined Radetzky.

Duke Bonelli, Captain of Dragoons, was Orderly Officer to General
Durando at the capitulation of Vicenza. Prince Bartolomeo Ruspoli
served as a _private soldier_ in the Roman Legion; he was one of
the three Commissioners who were sent to the camp of Radetzky to
treat for the capitulation of Vicenza.

Count Antonio Marescotti commanded the 1st Roman regiment of
Grenadiers.

Count Bandini, son of a Princess Giustiniani, was also Orderly
Officer to Durando.

Count Pianciani commanded the 3d regiment of Roman Volunteers.

Don Ludovico Lante (a younger brother of Filippo) was Captain in
the 1st regiment of Roman Volunteers.

Adriano Borgia quitted the Pope's _Guardia Nobile_ for a Colonelcy
of Dragoons, in the service of the Roman Republic: he was an
excellent officer.

Marquis Steffanoni commanded a company of young
students.--_Transl_.

5: The ordinary British tourist must not look for his portrait in the
witty Author's picture. It is clear that here and elsewhere the
pilgrims are all assumed to be true sons of _the_
Church.--_Transl_.

6: An expression in use among collegians in France, to describe those
students who are unable to pass their examinations; tantamount to
our English _plucked_.

7: A man who has worn _cioccie_.

8: _'Tolla_.' 1 vol. 12mo.

9: 'The Victories of the Church,' by the Priest Margotti. 1857.

10: 'Proemio della Statistica,' pubblicata nel 1857, dall'
Eminentissimo Cardinale Milesi.

11: H.R.H. the Prince of Wales.

12: Leo XII. (out of his excessive regard for the interests of
morality) occasionally departed from this rule. The same motive
caused him to be very fond of what the profane call "gossip." He
had a habit, too, of ascertaining by ocular demonstration, whether
any incidents of more than ordinary interest in domestic life were
passing in the palaces of his noble, or the houses of his citizen
subjects. His medium for the attainment of this end was a powerful
telescope, placed at one of his upper windows! The principal
minister to his gossiping propensities was one Captain C----, a
man of great learning, but doubtful morality, selected, of course,
for the office of scandalous chronicler, from his experiences in
what, in lay countries, the carnally-minded term "life." When,
between his telescopic observations, and the reports of the
Captain, the Sovereign Pontiff had accumulated the requisite
amount of evidence against any offending party, the mode of
procedure was sudden, swift, and sure, fully bearing out the
Author's assertion that in Rome the will of an individual is a
substitute for the law of the State. There was no nonsense about
_Habeas Corpus_, or jury, or recorded judgment. The supposed
delinquent was simply seized (usually in the dead of the night, to
avoid scandal), and hurried off to durance vile, to undergo, as it
was phrased _prigione ed altre pene a nostro arbitrio_. One day
C---- brought the Pope particulars of what was at once pronounced
by his Holiness a most flagrant case. The wife of the highly
respected and able _Avocato_ B---- (a stout lady of fifty), who
was at the same time legal adviser to the French Embassy, was in
the habit of driving out daily in the carriage, and by the side of
the old bachelor Duke C----, Exempt of the Noble Guard. The Papal
decision on the case was instant. The act was of such frequent
occurrence, so audaciously, so unblushingly public, that public
morality demanded the strongest measures. That very night a
descent was made upon the dwelling of the unconscious _Avocato_.
The sanctity of the connubial chamber was invaded. The sleeping
beauty of fifty was ordered to rise, and was dragged off to--the
Convent of Repentant Females! B---- knew, and none better, what
manner of thing law was in Rome, so instead of wasting time in
reasoning with the Pope as to the legality of the case--urging the
argument that, even supposing his wife to have been of a
susceptible age and an attractive exterior, so long as he himself
made no objection to her driving out with the old Duke, nobody
else had any right to interfere--and other similar appeals to
common sense, he at once requested the interference of the French
Ambassador. This was promptly and effectively given. The
incarceration of the peccant dame was brief; and a shower of
ridicule fell upon the Pontifical head. But the Sovereigns of Rome
are accustomed to, and regardless of, such irreverent
demonstrations.--_TRANSL._

13: Louis Veuillot, article of the 10th of September, 1849.

14: The principal market in Rome is held in this Piazza.

15: The Basilica of St. Paul without the walls.

16: The rubbio is a measure both of land and of quantity.

17: Monsignore Nicolai was a good practical agriculturist. He had a
sort of model farm, known as the _Albereto Nicolai_, near the
Basilica of St. Paul Without the Walls. He was an able
administrator, and a man of superior attainments; and had he only
possessed common honesty, he would have been in time a great
man--as greatness is understood in Rome. He was a _Prelato di
Fiochetto_, and held the post of _Uditore della R.C. Apostolica_,
one of the four high offices which necessarily lead to Red Hats.
Moreover, he was marked by Gregory XVI for the promotion, and had
actually ordered his scarlet apparel. But unfortunately Monsignore
Nicolai affected the good things of this life over-much. He was a
_bon vivant_, and a _viveur_. He loved money, and he was utterly
unscrupulous as to the means by which he obtained it. His career
in the direction of the Sacred College was cut short, when he was
very near its attainment, by a scandalous transaction, in which,
although he was nearly eighty years of age, he played the
principal part. He colluded with a notary, named Bachetti, to
falsify the will of one Vitelli, a wealthy contractor, inserting
in the place of the testator's two orphan nieces that of _his own
natural son_. The affair having been dragged to light, Gregory
XVI. deprived him of his office, and he ended his days in disgrace
and retirement. His fondness for worldly pelf clung to him in his
very last moments. A short time before he expired, he ordered some
gendarmes to be brought into his bedroom, and charged them to
watch over his property, lest anything should be stolen after he
had ceased to breathe, and before the representatives of the law
could take possession.

It is worthy of mention, as illustrating the administration of
Justice in Rome, that even with these proofs of the invalidity of
the will produced as that of Vitelli, his nieces were never able
to recover the whole of his property. They were compelled to make
terms with Grossi, the defunct Prelate's natural son, who to this
day remains in the enjoyment of one-half of Vitelli's property!

18: All the facts and figures contained in this chapter are taken from
the works of the Marchese Pepoli.

19: Memoirs, vol. ii. p. 293.

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investigation, perhaps (to this or that reader) on a track
hitherto untrodden, and across the virgin soil of untilled
fields, fresh woods and pastures new--that we may fairly
defy the most hostile spirit, the most mistrustful and least
sympathetic, to read it through without being glad of having
done so, or, having begun it, or even glanced at almost any
one of its 854 pages, to pass it away unread.--_New Monthly
(London) Magazine_.

* * * * *

Legends and Lyrics. By Anne Adelaide Proctor, (Daughter of the Poet, Barry Cornwall.) One very neat volume, 12mo. Second edition. 75 cents.

This is the charming volume of fresh and tender poems, by
the daughter of one of England's most honored and popular
poets, which has lately been received with so hearty a
welcome in England and America. Choice portions of it,
copied by the press with lively praises, have found their
way to the firesides.

* * * * *

The Household Book of Poetry. Collected and Edited by Charles A. Dana. 1 vol. 8vo. 793 pages. Third edition. In half morocco. Gilt top. $3.50.

As the New-York correspondent of The Boston Transcript
enthusiastically writes, 'The elegiac composition, the
exquisite sonnet, the genuine pastoral, the war-song and
rural hymn, whose cadences are as remembered music, and the
couplets whose chime rings out from the depths of the heart;
whatever the old English dramatists, the ode writers of the
reign of Anne and Charles, the purest disciples of heroic
verse, the Lakists, the Byronic school--Wordsworth and
Dryden, Mrs. Hemans and Scott, Shakespeare and Hartley
Coleridge have made precious to soul and sense, are herein
brought together; and more than this--the many isolated
single notes, whose lingering harmony embalms their author's
name, with the numerous fugitive "brilliants," heretofore of
unknown parentage, cut from newspapers for the last half
century--the deep, soulfull utterances of heroes and
mourners, lovers and exiles, devotees of nature and
worshippers of art--are here elegantly garnered and
chronicled.'

"It is just such a volume as a man may give to a woman,
albeit that woman is his mother, his sister, or his wife,
and is richly worth the place it claims on a lower shelf
within arm's length, in the most select library."--_Chicago
Journal_.

* * * * *

The Handy-Book on Property Law, in a series of Letters. By Lord St. Leonards, (Sir Edward Sugden.) 1 vol., 16mo., Cloth, 75 cents.

"This excellent little work gives the plainest inspections
in all matters connected with selling, buying, mortgaging,
leasing, settling and devising estates; and informs us of
our relations to our properties, our wives, our children,
and our liabilities as trustees, executors, &c.,
&c."--_Tribune_.

* * * * *

The Manual of Chess; Containing the Elementary Principles of the Game. Illustrated with numerous Diagrams, recent Games and Original Problems. By Charles Kenny. 1 vol. 12mo. Price 50 cents.

"Within the compass of this work I have included all that
is necessary for the beginner to learn. In recommendation of
this Manual, I can safely assert that it contains more than
any publication of the same dimensions. The Problems
contained herein, as also one of the 'Games actually
played,' are original, and have never been published."

* * * * *

The Book of Chess; Containing the Rudiments of the Game, and Elementary Analysis of the most Popular Openings, exemplified in games actually played by the great masters, including Staunton's Analysis of the Kings and Queens, Gambits, numerous Positions and Problems on Diagrams, both original and selected; also, a series of Chess Tales, with illustrations from original designs. The whole extracted and translated from the best sources. New Edition. By H.R. Agnel. $1.25.

* * * * *

Sixty Years' Gleanings from Life's Harvest. A Genuine Autobiography. By John Brown. 1 vol. 12mo. Cloth, $1.

"A remarkable book in every respect, and curiously
interesting from beginning to end. John Brown lived with
'all his might,' and the 'Life' he writes is, in its
abundance and variety of tragic and comic ups-and-downs, as
good as a play. His experiences partook of all the quick
changes and boisterous bustle, and rude humor of an old
English fair; and as they are presented in this volume they
afford a picture of the times he lived and incessantly moved
in, which, in much of its bold handling, is not to be
surpassed by less spirited pencils than those of Fielding
and De Foe. The moral, even as you trace it through the
bustling table of contents, is of unmistakable application
for every fine young fellow of sound natural principles who
has to shoulder his own way to good citizenship and a share
of social influence.

"As a neglected child, a 'juvenile offender,' an ingenious
vagabond, a, shoemaker, a soldier, an actor, a sailor, a
publican, a billiard-room keeper, a Town Councillor, and an
author, Mr. Brown has seen the world for sixty years, and he
unhesitatingly describes all that he has seen, with fidelity
of memory and straightforward simplicity of style."