Chapter XXIV: The Kingdom of Man

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The greatest zoologist of his time, Sir E. Ray Lankester, has said that man has differed from all other inhabitants of the animal kingdom in being able to resist the pressure of circumstances which have altered and destroyed them. In all the cases of the animals which we have been considering, these creatures have been limited by the conditions of geography; they have been killed by extremes of heat and cold; they have been subject to starvation if one kind of diet were unobtainable; and they have constantly altered in shape, structure, and appearance, according to the requirements of the new conditions in which they found themselves. But man's mind and will have enabled him to cross rivers and oceans by rafts and boats, to clothe himself against cold, to shelter himself from heat and rain, to prepare an endless variety of food by fire, and to increase and multiply as no other animal without change of form, and without submitting to the terrible axe of selection wielded by ruthless circumstance over all other living things on this globe. "And as he has more and more obtained this control over his surroundings, he has expanded that unconscious protective attitude towards his mature offspring which natural selection had already favoured and established among the mammals into a conscious and larger love for his tribe, his race, his nationality, and his kind. He has developed speech, the power of communicating, and, above all, of recording from generation to generation his thought and knowledge. He has formed communities, built cities, and set up empires; and at every step of his progress man has receded farther and farther from the ancient rule exercised by nature over the lower animals."

Whence comes this power? When and how did it arrive? That we do not know. For the early beginnings of man we can only grope among the relics of his progress which he has left for the speculation of his more intelligent descendants, in the shape of the rude implements and dwellings which he used in the childhood of the race.

From time to time actual remains of early man are found buried among the uppermost strata, and from them we can make some guesses at his age. Virtually three links have been found in the chain of human ancestry. The earliest is represented by the "Trinil Man" of Java, found by Dubois in 1890, and named the _Pithecanthropos erectus_, in reference to its likeness both to man as we know him and to the great anthropoid apes, although it had a much more erect carriage than any of them. This relic, man or some other creature as it may have been, stands midway between the chimpanzee and the more typical "Neandarthal Man," the skull of which was found in a cave of the Neander Valley, near Dusseldorf, in 1856. Thirty years later the skulls of the "Spy men" of the same type as this were found in Belgium. This type lived in what we call the early Stone Age, and was a low type of meat-eating hunter. The next higher type, the third type of man, is that identified with what geologists and anthropologists call the "Gibraltar skull," from the place where the skull was found. But all we know of these types of man we must judge from their skulls and from the stone implements and the animals found near them. The skulls of primitive men and of modern men show a certain difference in shape. If we take two skulls, that of a man and a monkey, and draw a line from the region just over the nose to the place at the back of the skull just above where it joins the backbone, there is left above the line a great dome in the human skull, whereas in the monkey the place left above is much flatter and much shallower. Now the skull of the _Pithecanthropos erectus_ found in Java resembles the monkey's skull in this shallowness; and the skulls of the Neandarthal and the Spy men also had shallower brain-pans than the men of to-day. They may, therefore, be either different creatures or they may merely have had smaller brains. We can only say that the creature called Man suddenly appears among the lower animals with a brain some five or six times the bulk (in proportion to his size and weight) of that of any surviving ape. Great as is the difference, it is one of the most curious facts in the history of man's development that the bulk of his brain does not seem to have continued to increase in any very marked degree since the early Ages of Stone.

What were the Stone Ages? In the long years before primitive man learned to weld iron or bronze he formed his weapons and his tools from stone and flint; and geologists and antiquarians have discovered several of these "Ages of Stone" of different periods. For example, the Stone Age which our grandfathers spoke of is now called the Neolithic Age; and in the second quarter of the last century it became gradually admitted that man had existed earlier than that and had swung hammers and chipped edges in what we now call Palæolithic times. That would put man back to the age of the Mammoth. But in the last quarter of last century a new claim arose. The Palæolithic stone weapons and tools were made 150,000 years ago, and were manufactured with great skill and even artistic feeling. Within the last ten years much rougher flint implements of peculiar types have been found in gravels which are 500 to 700 feet above the level of the existing rivers--in the drift of which Palæolithic implements were found. To these older, clumsier weapons and tools--if, indeed, implements they be--the name Eoliths was given by Mr. J. Allen Brown. These Eoliths of the south of England and of Belgium indicate a race of men of less developed skill than the makers of the Palæoliths, and carry the antiquity of man at least as far back beyond the Palæoliths as these are from the present day. So much for speculation. But are the Eoliths truly implements, or are they, as a determined school of anthropologists assert, merely flints which fortuitously resemble the rougher variety of true Palæolith? The strongest attack made on their authenticity comes from Professor Boule and M. Laville, of the French School of Mines, who say that in the flint waste of a cement factory at Mantes they have discovered "pseudo-Eoliths" which are made by the action of the water of the mill, and which resemble every known variety of the so-called "Eolith." Their suggestion is that Eoliths were not made by man at all but were produced by the action of running water. To which the Eolithic anthropologists retort that Eoliths ought surely to be produced by running water now, and that some Seine-made Eoliths would be more convincing. The differences between the Mantes specimens and the "true" Eolith cannot be detected by the untrained eye; but, spite of the French sceptics, the school of believers in the genuineness of the Eolith is growing.

We need not enter further into these controversies, and we need only say that flint implements of various kinds are found all over the world, in Egypt before the Pharaohs, in Australia, in South Africa, and indeed in every continent. They are being made even to-day by aborigines in Australasia, and there is even a "flint knapping" industry which survives to-day at Brandon, in Suffolk, though these flints are not intended for use as spear-heads or arrow-heads or anything so primitive. There is little geological evidence to show the place where man first appeared; but what we know of his frame and constitution induces us to believe that somewhere in the warm climate of Southern Asia was his first habitation. From this, or from some similar tract in that quarter of the globe, there seems to have been four great migratory movements. These were complicated by reverse movements, by cross migrations, and by wanderings, which we shall probably never altogether understand; and so we can only sum up briefly the chief features of them.

The greatest movement appears to have been north-eastward between the great desert and mountain tract of Central Asia on the one hand, and the Pacific on the other, attended by divergences eastward to many islands (as they are now) of the Pacific. When the emigrants got too far north to wish to explore further, they spread out to east and west, forming a belt below the Arctic regions and sending a branch down the whole length of the American Continent. This movement embraced the Mongoloid races, and included the old American Indians and the Malayan races. Before the disturbing influences of man's later development, this branch had three notable centres of civilisation: the Chinese in Asia, the Mexican in North America, and the Peruvian in South America.

A second and much less numerous band of emigrants struck out to the south-east, and reaching the southern hemisphere gave rise to the Australian and New Zealand aboriginal races--all peoples who never rose very much or developed notable power.

To a third movement to the south-west is assigned the peopling of Africa south of the Sahara with the negro and similar races, which have become very numerous but never very powerful or intelligent.

The fourth movement was north-westward across or around the barriers of desert and mountain to Western Asia, Europe, and North Africa. These emigrants were the true adventurers, hardy, progressive, and energetic; and their descendants have developed into the strongest and most vigorous of the human family. The less progressive of them remain still on the further side of the mountains of Western Asia. The three passage-ways used by the original emigrants seem to have been (1) the Red Sea Nile-Valley path, in which the dusky white and the Ethiopian races mingled; (2) the Euphrates Valley, down which the Semitic races moved; and (3) the tracts of the more northerly plateau, across which moved the ancestral Aryan races. It is also quite certain that some races moved backwards by this route and returned to India to give rise to the Brahmins, the most learned race of that country.

We have thus traced, so far as our limited knowledge will allow us, the geographical spread of man's dominance. But we cannot associate him with the history that in previous chapters we have roughly traced, of the development of the lower members of the animal kingdom. The qualities which have developed in Man are of such an unprecedented power and so far dominate everything else in his characteristics and surroundings that they justify the view that he forms a new departure in the gradual unfolding of this world's predestined scheme. Knowledge, Reason, Self-consciousness, Will, are the attributes of Man. He goes on from strength to strength, and in the Divine purpose which created him may lie the possibility that in the future he may attain a fuller knowledge than any he yet possesses. The great poet of the Victorian Age wrote of Knowledge:--

Flower in the crannied wall
I pluck you out of the crannies;
I hold you there, root and all, in my hand,
Little flower--but if I could understand
What you are, root and all, and all in all,
I should know what God and man is.

The nearer approach to that understanding is the greatest and truest aim of scientific investigation.

The End

INDEX

Adelsberg, Caverns of, 195
_Æpyornis_, The, 252
"Age of Lakes," The, 257
Air, how it may become solid, 84
Aleutian Islands, Volcanoes of the, 97
Algæ, 103
Alluvium, 54
America in the Devonian Period, 217;
in the Glacial Period, 271
Ammonites, 210
Amœba, The, 100
Andes, Volcanoes of the, 97
Andesite, 184
Andromeda, 92
Animal Life, The first, 104
Animal Species of the Carboniferous Period, 229
Ant, White, The work of the, 44
Anthracite, 133
Apes, The first, 268
_Apteryx_, The, 252
Archæan Era, 129, 199
_Archæopteryx_, The, 243
_Archelon, The_, 249
Arches, The strain on, 25
Aristotle and Earthquakes, 176
Armadillos, 275
Arrhenius, Prof., Theory of, 88
_Arsinoitherium_, The, 266
Assam, Earthquake in, 155
Atmosphere, has the Moon one? 123;
of Mars, 126
Atmospheric pressure, 80, 101
Attraction of bodies, 102
Austen, Sir W. R., his experiment, 85
Avalanches, 69

Babylon, 45
Bacteria in Devonian Period, 217
Baikal, Lake, effects of earthquake, 140
Baltic, Ice in the, 74
Barometer, The use of the, 24
Basalt Rocks, 132
"Beds of Passage," 236
Birds of the Jurassic Period, 243
Bogoslof Islands, 162
Borings, Deep, 79
Boulder-clay deposited by glaciers, 73
_Brachiosaurus_, The, 241
Brahmaputra, The delta of the, 60
Britain in the Silurian Period, 211;
in the Mesozoic Period, 231
British Isles, Ice in the, 75
_Brontosaurus_, The, 240

Cainozoic Period, The, 199
Calabria, Earthquake in, 149
_Calamites_, 222
Calumet and Hecla Mine, Temperature of, 82
Cambrian Hills, The, 200
Cambrian Period, 117;
life in the, 202;
surface of the globe in, 205
Carbonate of Lime, 40, 48
Carbonic Acid, The action of, 47
Carboniferous or Mountain Limestone, 218
Carboniferous Period, The atmosphere of, 219;
insects, mollusca, vegetation, 220;
fish, 224;
strata, 226;
animal species, 229
Carboniferous System, Extent of the, 227
_Cariama_, The, or Screamer, 251
Carinthia, Earthquake in, 141
Carrara marble, 134
Cephalopod types, 207
_Ceratosaurus_, The, 240
Chalk, what it is, 21, 248
_Chelonians_, The, 233
Climate, The changes of, 33
Coal, 219
_Coccosteus_, The, 215
Collision of planets, A, 93
Constructive work of earthquakes, 181
Coral Islands, 66
Coral reefs, 63
Coral reefs in the Silurian Age, 210
_Coryphodon_, The, 259
Cracks in the crust of the Earth, 97
Crater Lakes, 109
_Crinoids_, The, 210
Crustacea, 131, 202
Crust of the Earth, The study of the, 198
Cyclones, 42

Dead Sea, The, 58
Deltas of rivers, 20
Deposits, how they are made, 20, 45
Depths of the sea, 189
Devonian Period, 212; fishes of the, 216;
vegetation, 216;
insects, 216;
Europe and America, 217
Diamonds, how they are produced, 132
_Dinoceras_, The, 266
_Dinosaurus_, The, 240
_Diplodocus_, The, 241
_Dolichosaurs_, 249
Dover, The chalk cliffs of, 21
Dredging, The necessity for, 20
_Dryopithecus_, The, 268
_Dryptosaurus_, The, 253
Dwina, Fossils in the banks of the, 232
Dykes, 105

Earth, The, not so solid as it looks, 23;
its resemblance to a golf ball, 25;
its uneven surface, 31
Earth, Weighing the, 88
Earthquake districts, 171
Earthquake, The sensation of an, 137;
the cause of an, 166, 170
Earthquake waves, 174
Earthquakes, 23;
San Francisco, 140;
New Madrid, 140;
Lake Baikal, 140;
Iceland, 141;
Carinthia, 141;
Japan, 141;
Ocean, 143;
Lisbon, 148;
Sicily, 149;
Chili, 150;
Assam, 156;
Jamaica, 157;
the Mississippi, 158;
Sonora, 160;
Yakutat Bay, 160
Earthquakes, "Great" and "Small," 172;
their constructive and destructive work, 181
Earthworm, The work of the, 44
_Edentata_, The, 275
"Egg-stone," 236
Eifel District, Crater Lakes of the, 109
_Elasmotherium_, The, 265
Elephant, The, 260
_Elephas Imperator_, 280
Emu, The, 260
Encroachment of the sea on the shores of the British Isles, 17
Eocene Period, The, 257
_Eohippus_, The, 263
Eoliths, 287
Era of the First Plants, 103
Erosion, Sea, 19
"Erratic" blocks deposited by glaciers, 72
Eulalie, Lake, effect of earthquake on, 142
Europe in the Devonian Period, 217
Evolution, 115
Excavations and what they reveal, 34

"Faults," 167
Fish in the carboniferous period, 224
Flint, 248
Flint implements, 288
Florida, Encroachment of the sea on the coast of, 18
Flying Reptiles, 242
"Foliated" rocks, 200
_Foraminifera_, 247
Forests covered by the sea, 19
Fossils, 131;
in the banks of the Dwina, 232
Fossil records, 56
Fumaroles, 185

Ganges, The Delta of the, 20
Gases, How metals may be converted into, 84
"General Metamorphism," 133
Geologist, The work of the, 37
Geology, 37
Germany, Sand-dunes in, 46;
Ice in, 74
Geysers, 141
Giant's Causeway, 132
"Gibraltar Skull," The, 286
Ginkgo Tree, 228
Glacial Period, The, theories concerning, 272
Glaciers, 69, 270
_Globigerina bulloides_, 247
_Glyptodon_, The, 275
Gneiss, 200
Grand Cañon of the Colorado, 54
Graphite, 133
Great Barrier Reef, 66
Great Salt Lake, 57

_Hadrosaurus_, The, 253
Harwich, Encroachment of the sea at, 17
Hawaii, Lava eruptions in, 105, 187
Heat and Cold, 68
Heligoland, Encroachment of the sea on, 18
_Hesperornis_, The, 249
Horse, The, 259, 264
Hurricanes, 43

Ice in Scandinavia, Scotland, Germany, 74, 270
Iceland, Eruptions in, 106;
Earthquakes in, 141, 154
_Ichthyornis_, The, 250
_Ichthyosaurs_, The, 234, 239
Igneous rocks, 104
_Iguanodon_, The, 245
_Inostransevia_, The, 233
Insect life in the Ordovician Period, 206;
in the Devonian Period, 216
"Inter-glacial epochs," 273
Interior of the Earth, Theories concerning the, 87
Isle of Wight, Encroachment of the sea in, 17

Jamaica, Earthquake in, 157
Japan, Earthquake in, 141, 153
Jupiter, 91;
as an abode of life, 119
Jupiter Serapis, The Temple of, 181
Jurassic Period, Reptiles of the, 237

Kelvin, Lord, Theory of, 87;
concerning Life, 113
Kern, River, Effect of earthquake on, 141
Kingston, Jamaica, Earthquake at, 176
Kipling, Rudyard, 62
_Kiwi_, The, 252
Krakatoa, The eruption of, 45

Lago di Tolfilo, 152
Lakes, Deposits in, 56
Lakes produced by earthquakes, 152, 159
Land and Water, The distribution of, 31
_Lariosaurus_, The, 234
Laurentian Rocks, 133, 201
Lava eruptions, 105;
in N. America, 106;
plains, 107
Layers of strata which show the history of a place, 37
Leakage of the sea bottom, 190
Leonids, Lyrids, or Perseids, 99
Lias formation, The, 235, 237
Life, The simplest forms of, 111;
theories concerning its origin, 113;
early forms, 114;
in the Cambrian Period, 202;
in the Silurian Period, 203;
in the Ordovician Period, 204
Lisbon, Earthquake at, 148
Llama, The, 273
London, What excavations have revealed concerning the site of, 35
Luray, Caverns of, 196
_Lycopods_, 222
_Lyginodendrons_, 223

Mammals, The development of, 234, 258
Mammoth, The, 279
Mammoth Cave of Kentucky, 196
Man, 284
Marble, how it is produced, 133
Marl in lakes, 57
Mars, 91;
as an abode of life, 119;
atmosphere, 126
Marsupials, 237
Martinique, Devastation of, by volcano, 186
_Mastodon_, The, 260
_Megatherium_, The, 275
Mercury as an abode of life, 118
_Meritherium_, The, 261
Mesozoic Period, The, 199, 231
Metals may be converted into gases, 84
Meteorites, 96
Microbes and Bacteria, 111
_Microlestes_, 237
Migrations of the human race, 290
Miller, Hugh, 213
Millstone Grit, 218
Miocene Period, The, 257
Mississippi, The Delta of the, 20;
sediment deposited, 51;
earthquake in region of, 159
_Moa_, The, 252, 260
Monsoons, 42
Moon, The, 90;
its birth, 100, 120;
volcanoes in, 106;
as an abode of life, 119;
weight, 120;
temperature, 124
Moraines, 70
Moraine-stuff, 70
Mountain formation, 167
Mud-banks, how they are made, 19
Mussels, 210
_Mylodon_, The, 276
Myths concerning earthquakes, 177

_Naosaurus_, The, 230
Neandarthal man, 285
Nebulæ, 92
Negroes, Nature's reason for the dark pigmentation of, 116
Neolithic Age, The, 287
Neptune, 119
New Chum Mine, Temperature of, 83
New Madrid, Earthquake at, 140
Niagara Falls, The work of the, 52
Nile, The Delta of the, 20
Nineveh, 45
North America, Ice in, 76
North Garden Gully Mine, Temperature of, 83
North Sea, The, how it was formed, 19
North Sea, Ice in the, 75

Ocean deposits, 61;
life, 114
Oceanic Era, The, 101
Old Red Sandstone, 212
Oolite, 66, 238
Ordovician Period, Life in the, 204;
surface of the earth in the, 206;
insect life in the, 206;
fish in the, 207;
the Trilobite, 207
Ordovician rocks, 202
_Oreopithecus_, The, 268
Organisms, Multicellular and Unicellular, 111
Orion, 92
_Ostracoderm_ group, The, 215
Ostrich, The, 260
Oxygen, The action of, 47

Palæolithic Age, The, 287
_Palæomastodon_, The, 261
Palæozoic Period, The, 199
Palæozoic Alps, The, 219
_Pareiasaurus_, The, 232
Parsons, Hon. Charles, on the difficulties of deep boring, 79
"Pea-grit," 238
Peak Cavern in Derbyshire, 195
Pearl-oyster, The, 210
Peat-water, The action of, 48
Pelée, Mount, 86, 108;
the obelisk, 184
Permian or Dyas formation, 227
Peroxide of Iron, 40
Perseids, 99
_Pharorachus_, The, 251
_Pithecanthropos erectus_, 285
Planetismals or Meteorites, 99
Plant life in the Silurian Period, 210
Plants, Era of the first, 103
Pleiades, The, 91
Pleistocene Period, The, 269
_Plesiosaurus_, The, 234, 239
Pliny on the upheaval of land, 192
Pliocene Period, The, 257
Po, Sediment deposited by the River, 20
Polyps, Coral, 65
"Pot-holes" in Yorkshire, 195
Pre-Cambrian, 201
Pressure, of air, 80;
of the ocean, 190
Pressure and weight of rocks, 85;
astounding effects of, 134
Pribylof Islands, 164
_Proboscideans_, The, 273
_Proterozoic era_, The 130
Pteraspes, The, 215
_Pterichthyds_, The, 215
_Pterodactyls_, 242
_Pterosaurs_, The, 255

Quartzite, 200
Quaternary Period, The, 199
Quebec, Collapse of the bridge of, 25

Rag-stone, 238
Rain, The influence of, 47
Rainfall on the British Isles, 128
Raised Beaches, 151
Red clay deposit in the ocean, 61
Red Sandstone Formation, 212
Reptiles and Amphibians of the Triassic Period, 232;
of the Jurassic Period, 237
Reptiles in the Carboniferous Period, 229
Rhinoceros, The, 265
Rhizopods, The, 224
Rhætic beds, 237
Rivers and Streams in the Silurian Age, 209
River Terraces, 55
Rivers, Work done by, 20;
records left by, 50
Rocks, how they are made, 79;
igneous and sedimentary, 104, 129;
"foliated," 200
Rocks, Pressure and weight of, 85
Roestone, 238
Romney Marsh, 60
Rorqual, The, 275
Royal Commission on Sea Erosion, 19

Sabre-toothed Cat, The, 273
Saharan desert, The, 22
St. Pierre, Destruction of, by volcano, 186
Salt Lakes, 57
Sambon, Dr., 116
_Samotherium_, The, 266
San Francisco, Earthquake at, 140, 161
San Gabriel River, effect of earthquake on, 141
Sand-banks and mud-banks, how they are made, 20
Sand-dunes, how they are made, 45
Saturn as an abode of life, 119
Scaly Saurians, 248
Scandinavia, Ice in, 74
Schist, 200
Scotland, Ice in, 74
Sea, depths of the, 189;
in the Silurian Age, 210
Sea, The, encroachment on land, 17;
Isle of Wight, 17;
British Isles, 17;
Florida, 18;
Heligoland, 18;
Erosion, 19;
its work, 19
Seaquakes, 143;
Chilian coast, 144;
the _Florence Nightingale_, 145;
sensation of, 145;
origin of, 147
Sea-water, The action of, 65
Sediment deposited by rivers, 20, 51
Sedimentary rocks, 104, 129
See, Dr. J. J., his theory concerning the interior of the earth, 88
Seismology, 23;
in Japan, 153
Seismometers, 24, 153
Shape of the Earth, The, 31
Sharks, 216
Shingle, how it accumulated, 60
Shells found on dry land, 19;
forests covered by, 19
Shells in lakes, Deposit of, 57;
in the ocean, 63
Shetland Islands, Action of the sea on the, 59
_Sigillarias_, 222
Silchester, 45
Silica, 40
Silurian Period, Scorpions and insects in the, 203;
surface of the earth in the, 208;
rivers and streams, 209;
coral reefs, 210;
fish, 210;
plant life, 210;
Britain, 211
Silurian rocks, 202
_Sivatherium_, The, 266
Snail-shells in lakes, 57
Snakes, First appearance of, 255
Snow and Ice Age, 68
Sonora, Earthquake at, 160
Sperm Whale, The, 274
_Sphenodon_, The, 230
"Spy men," 286
Stars, The, 91
Steam a cause of earthquakes
_Stegosaurus_, The, 242
Stone Age, The, 287
Stones smoothed by water, 55
Strata, The earth's, 78
_Strokkur_ geyser in Iceland, 141
Submarine volcanoes, 187
Subterranean caves, how caused, 195
Sun, The, 90;
as an abode of life, 118

Tapir, The, 273
Temperature of borings, The, 83;
of the Moon, 124;
of Mars, 126
Temperature, Changes of, 33
Terminal moraines, 76
Tertiary Period, The, 257
_Tetrabelodon Mastodon_, The, 260
Thames, Sediment deposited by the, 21
Tides, 87, 102
_Titanotherium_, The, 265
Tornadoes, 43
Torrents, The action of, 52
Torridonian Sandstones, 130
Trade Winds, 42
Triassic Period, The, 231
_Triceratops_, The, 253
Trilobite, The, 204;
in the Ordovician Period, 207
"Trinil Man," The, 285
Typhoons, 43

_Ultima Speranza Cave_, The, 276
Upheaval of land, 151, 181
Uranus, 119

Valais Mountains glacier, 72
Valparaiso, Earthquake at, 160
Vegetation on the Moon, 124;
of the Devonian Period, 216;
of the Carboniferous Period, 220;
of the Jurassic Period, 245
Venus as an abode of life, 118
Vertebrates, Evolution of the, 225
Volcanoes of the Andes, 97;
in the Moon, 106

Water, The action of, 47;
its power, 51
Water, The formation of, 109
_Wateree, The_, carried inland by a vast wave, 144
Waterspouts: how they are caused, 44
Waves caused by earthquakes, 143, 144, 145;
the Chilian coast, 144;
Hakodate, 144;
the ship _Wateree_, 144;
Arica, 144;
Samoa, 145;
N. Zealand, 145;
Japan, 145;
speed of, 145;
Lisbon, 148
Weather, The influence of the, 40
Whales, 267
Weighing the earth, 88
Wind-stakes for stopping sand, 46
Wind, The work of the, 40

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"Mr. Scott Elliot is of course a well-known authority on all that concerns plants, and the number of facts he has brought together will not only surprise but fascinate all his readers."--_Westminster Gazette._

SEELEY & CO., Ltd., 38 Great Russell Street

=THE ROMANCE OF THE ANIMAL WORLD=

DESCRIBING THE CURIOUS AND INTERESTING IN NATURAL HISTORY

By EDMUND SELOUS

_With Sixteen full-page Illustrations_

"Mr. Selous takes a wide range in Nature, he has seen many wonders which he relates. Open the book where we will we find something astonishing."--_Spectator._

"It is in truth a most fascinating book, as full of incidents and as various in interest as any other work of imagination, and, beyond the pleasure in the reading there is the satisfaction of knowing that one is in the hands of a genuine authority on some of the most picturesque subjects that natural history affords. Mr. Selous method is strong, safe, and sound. The volume has numerous illustrations of a high order of workmanship and a handsome binding of striking design.--_School Government Chronicle._

"This is a very fascinating volume, full of picturesquely written descriptions of the life, habits, and customs of a number of birds and beasts, including beavers, seals, bears, penguins, crocodiles, and a host of other creatures."--_Graphic._

"A fund of information and amusement will be found in the pages of this handsomely bound book. From the lowest animals of all, the Infusoria, to the lion and the elephant, all come within the range of Mr. Selous' observation, and he builds up out of the vast material at his disposal a very readable narrative. The illustrations are carefully drawn, and are very true to nature."--_Education._

"The volume would make an excellent present for an intelligent boy, being full of interesting and sometimes thrilling stories from the wide field of natural history. It is well written in a clear, easy style which is to be commended. Mr. Edmund Selous has made a most interesting collection of striking facts, and the book has one of the prettiest covers that I have seen."--_Daily News._

=THE ROMANCE OF MODERN EXPLORATION=

WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF CURIOUS CUSTOMS, THRILLING ADVENTURES, AND INTERESTING DISCOVERIES OF EXPLORERS IN ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD

By ARCHIBALD WILLIAMS, B.A. (Oxon.), F.R.G.S.

_With Twenty-six Illustrations_

"A mine of information and stirring incident."--_Scotsman._

"Mr. Williams is most catholic in his choice, taking his readers to soar in a balloon with the luckless Andree, to wander in African forests and Australian deserts, to seek for the North Pole with Nansen, and even to note such an up-to-date expedition as that of the 'Discovery' in the Antarctic Regions, to cite but the most prominent. Mr. Williams has done this work most judiciously,...a book which will delight both young and old alike."--_Graphic._

"The book unites strong natural attractiveness with valuable geographical information to a degree probably unequalled by any other that might be offered as appropriate for the purpose of a gift book or the recreative library."--_School Government Chronicle._

"It is a kind of epitome of the best travel books of our time, and is exceedingly well done."--_Academy._

SEELEY & CO., Ltd., 38 Great Russell Street

=THE ROMANCE OF INSECT LIFE=

DESCRIBING THE CURIOUS & INTERESTING IN THE INSECT WORLD

By EDMUND SELOUS

AUTHOR OF "THE ROMANCE OF THE ANIMAL WORLD," ETC.

_With Sixteen Illustrations._ _Extra Crown 8vo._ _5s._

"An entertaining volume, one more of a series which seeks with much success to describe the wonders of nature and science in simple, attractive form."--_Graphic._

"Offers most interesting descriptions of the strange and curious inhabitants of the insect world, sure to excite inquiry and to foster observation. There are ants white and yellow, locusts and cicadas, bees and butterflies, spiders and beetles, scorpions and cockroaches--and especially ants--with a really scientific investigation of their wonderful habits, not in dry detail, but in free and charming exposition and narrative. An admirable book to put in the hands of a boy or girl with a turn for natural science--and whether or not."--_Educational Times._

"Both interesting and instructive. Such a work as this is genuinely educative. There are numerous illustrations."--_Liverpool Courier._

"With beautiful original drawings by Carton Moore Park and Lancelot Speed, and effectively bound in dark blue cloth, blazoned with scarlet and gold."--_Lady._

"Admirably written and handsomely produced. Mr. Selous's volume shows careful research, and the illustrations of insects and the results of their powers are well done."--_World._

=THE ROMANCE OF MODERN MECHANISM=

INTERESTING DESCRIPTIONS IN NON-TECHNICAL LANGUAGE OF WONDERFUL MACHINERY, MECHANICAL DEVICES, & MARVELLOUSLY DELICATE SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS

By ARCHIBALD WILLIAMS, B.A. (Oxon.), F.R.G.S.

AUTHOR OF "THE ROMANCE OF MODERN EXPLORATION," ETC.

_With Twenty-six Illustrations._ _Extra Crown 8vo._ _5s._

"No boy will be able to resist the delights of this book, full to the brim of instructive and wonderful matter."--_British Weekly._

"This book has kept your reviewer awake when he reasonably expected to be otherwise engaged. We do not remember coming across a more fascinating volume, even to a somewhat blasé reader whose business it is to read all that comes in his way. The marvels, miracles they should be called, of the modern workshop are here exploited by Mr. Williams for the benefit of readers who have not the opportunity of seeing these wonders or the necessary mathematical knowledge to understand a scientific treatise on their working. Only the simplest language is used and every effort is made, by illustration or by analogy, to make sufficiently clear to the non-scientific reader how the particular bit of machinery works and what its work really is. Delicate instruments, calculating machines, workshop machinery, portable tools, the pedrail, motors ashore and afloat, fire engines, automatic machines, sculpturing machines--these are a few of the chapters which crowd this splendid volume."--_Educational News._

"It is difficult to make descriptions of machinery and mechanism interesting, but Mr. Williams has the enviable knack of doing so, and it is hardly possible to open this book at any page without turning up something which you feel you must read; and then you cannot stop till you come to the end of the chapter."--_Electricity._

"This book is full of interest and instruction, and is a welcome addition to Messrs. Seeley and Company's Romance Series."--_Leeds Mercury._

"A book of absorbing interest for the boy with a mechanical turn, and indeed for the general reader."--_Educational Times._

"An instructive and well-written volume."--_Hobbies._

SEELEY & CO., Ltd., 38 Great Russell Street

=THE ROMANCE OF MODERN ELECTRICITY=

DESCRIBING IN NON-TECHNICAL LANGUAGE WHAT IS KNOWN ABOUT ELECTRICITY & MANY OF ITS INTERESTING APPLICATIONS

By CHARLES R. GIBSON, A.I.E.E.

AUTHOR OF "ELECTRICITY OF TO-DAY," ETC.

_Extra Crown 8vo._ _With 34 Illustrations and 11 Diagrams._ _5s._

"Everywhere Mr. Charles R. Gibson makes admirable use of simple analogies which bespeak the practised lecturer, and bring the matter home without technical detail. The attention is further sustained by a series of surprises. The description of electric units, the volt, the ohm, and especially the ampere, is better than we have found in more pretentious works."--_Academy._

"Mr. Gibson's style is very unlike the ordinary text-book. It is fresh, and is non-technical. Its facts are strictly scientific, however, and thoroughly up to date. If we wish to gain a thorough knowledge of electricity pleasantly and without too much trouble on our own part, we will read Mr. Gibson's 'Romance.'"--_Expository Times._

"A book which the merest tyro totally unacquainted with elementary electrical principles can understand, and should therefore especially appeal to the lay reader. Especial interest attaches to the chapter on wireless telegraphy, a subject which is apt to 'floor' the uninitiated. The author reduces the subject to its simplest aspect, and describes the fundamental principles underlying the action of the coherer in language so simple that anyone can grasp them."--_Electricity._

"Contains a clear and concise account of the various forms in which electricity is used at the present day, and the working of the telephone, wireless telegraphy, tramcars, and dynamos is explained with the greatest possible lucidity, while the marvels of the X-rays and of radium receive their due notice. Now that electricity plays such an all-important part in our daily life, such a book as this should be in the hands of every boy. Indeed, older people would learn much from its pages. For instance, how few people could explain the principles of wireless telegraphy in a few words if suddenly questioned on the subject. The book is well and appropriately illustrated."--_Graphic._

"Mr. Gibson sets out to describe in non-technical language the marvellous discoveries and adaptation of this pervasive and powerful essence, and being a most thorough master of the subject, he leads the reader through its mazes with a sure hand. Throughout he preserves a clear and authoritative style of exposition which will be understood by any intelligent reader."--_Yorkshire Observer._

"A popular and eminently readable manual for those interested in electrical appliances. It describes in simple and non-technical language what is known about electricity and many of its interesting applications. There are a number of capital illustrations and diagrams which will help the reader greatly in the study of the book."--_Record._

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ADVENTURES ON THE HIGH MOUNTAINS. By Richard Stead, B.A.,
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ADVENTURES IN THE GREAT DESERTS. By G. W. F. Hyrst.
"Mr. Hyrst writes vigorously and well in this admirable book.
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ADVENTURES ON THE GREAT RIVERS. By Richard Stead, B.A., F.R.Hist.S.
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HEROES OF PIONEERING. By the Rev. Edgar Sanderson, M.A., Scholar
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OUR FLEET TO-DAY AND ITS DEVELOPMENT DURING THE LAST HALF-CENTURY.
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WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. Popularly Explained. By Richard Kerr, F.G.S.
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=BY THE REV. A. J. CHURCH.=

HELMET AND SPEAR: Stories from the Wars of the Greeks and Romans.
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CAEDWALLA: or, The Saxons in the Isle of Wight. By Frank Cowper.
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=Books for Young People=

PUBLISHED BY

=SEELEY & CO. LIMITED=

=THE LIBRARY OF ROMANCE=

_With very numerous Illustrations. Extra Crown 8vo. 5s. each_

="Splendid volumes."=--_The Outlook_

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THE ROMANCE OF MODERN PHOTOGRAPHY
Its Discovery and its Applications
_With 63 Illustrations_ By CHARLES R. GIBSON, A.I.E.E.
"Quite an excellent book."--_Western Press_

THE ROMANCE OF MODERN SIEGES
By the Rev. E. GILLIAT, sometime Master at Harrow School
_With 16 Illustrations_
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this."--_Northern Whig_

THE ROMANCE OF SAVAGE LIFE
By Professor G. F. SCOTT ELLIOT, M.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc., F.R.G.S.
_With 45 Illustrations_
"A perfect present for a boy."--_Daily Mirror_

THE ROMANCE OF THE WORLD'S FISHERIES
By SIDNEY WRIGHT
_With 24 Illustrations_
"Teems with interesting descriptions."--_Dundee Courier_

THE ROMANCE OF ANIMAL ARTS AND CRAFTS
By H. COUPIN, D.Sc., & J. LEA, B.A.
_With 27 Illustrations_
"Extremely fascinating."--_Liverpool Courier_

THE ROMANCE OF MISSIONARY HEROISM
By JOHN C. LAMBERT, B.A., D.D.
_With 39 Illustrations_
"About 350 pages of the most thrilling missionary lives ever
collected in one volume."--_Methodist Times_

THE ROMANCE OF PLANT LIFE
By Prof. G. F. SCOTT ELLIOT, M.A. (Cantab), B.Sc., F.L.S., F.R.G.S.
_With 34 Illustrations_
"Besides being entertaining, instructive and educative."--_Liverpool
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_Continued on next page_

=SEELEY & CO., LIMITED, 33 GREAT RUSSELL STREET, W.C.

=GIFT BOOKS FOR YOUNG PEOPLE=

=THE LIBRARY OF ROMANCE=--_continued_
_With numerous Illustrations. Extra Crown 8vo. 5s. each_

THE ROMANCE OF MODERN MECHANISM
By ARCHIBALD WILLIAMS, B.A. (Oxon.) _With 30 Illustrations_
"A splendid gift book."--_Scotsman_

THE ROMANCE OF INSECT LIFE
By EDMUND SELOUS _With 20 Illustrations_
"Mr. Selous, the well-known naturalist, writes in purely informal
style, and will be liked all the better for it."--_Globe_

THE ROMANCE OF MODERN ELECTRICITY
By CHARLES R. GIBSON, A.I.E.E. _With 34 Illustrations_
"Admirable ... clear and concise.... The various forms in which
electricity is used are explained with the greatest possible
lucidity."--_The Graphic_

THE ROMANCE OF THE ANIMAL WORLD
By EDMUND SELOUS _With 16 Illustrations_
"Mr. Selous takes a wide range in nature, and he has seen many
wonders which he relates. Open the book where we will, we find
something astonishing."--_Spectator_

THE ROMANCE OF THE MIGHTY DEEP
By AGNES GIBERNE _With Illustrations_
"Most fascinating; admirably adapted for the young."--_Daily News_

THE ROMANCE OF MODERN EXPLORATION
By ARCHIBALD WILLIAMS, B.A. (Oxon.), F.R.G.S.
_With 26 Illustrations_
"A kind of epitome of the best travel books of our time, and
exceedingly well done."--_Academy_

THE ROMANCE OF EARLY EXPLORATION
By ARCHIBALD WILLIAMS, F.R.G.S.
_With 16 Illustrations_
"A companion volume to 'The Romance of Modern Exploration,' and if
possible, more full of Romance."--_Evening Standard_

THE ROMANCE OF POLAR EXPLORATION
By G. FIRTH SCOTT _With 24 Illustrations_
"Thrillingly interesting, excellently illustrated."--_Liverpool Courier_

THE ROMANCE OF MODERN INVENTION
By ARCHIBALD WILLIAMS, B.A. (Oxon.) _With 20 Illustrations_
"There is no boy but will keenly enjoy this admirable
volume."--_Standard_

THE ROMANCE OF MODERN ENGINEERING
By ARCHIBALD WILLIAMS, B.A. (Oxon.) _With 24 Illustrations_
"Graphic and absorbing descriptions of the wonderful inventions of
our day."--_Graphic_

THE ROMANCE OF MODERN LOCOMOTION
By ARCHIBALD WILLIAMS, B.A. (Oxon.) _With 26 Illustrations_
"Crisply written, brimful of incident. To intelligent lads should
be as welcome as a Ballantyne story."--_Glasgow Herald_

THE ROMANCE OF MINING
By ARCHIBALD WILLIAMS, B.A. (Oxon.)
"We cannot praise this book too highly."--_British Weekly_

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=GIFT BOOKS FOR YOUNG PEOPLE=

=THE LIBRARY OF ADVENTURE=

_With many Illustrations. Extra Crown 8vo. 5s. each_

"Delightful books of adventure, beautifully printed and tastefully got up."--_Educational Times_

ADVENTURES IN THE GREAT DESERTS
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_From, "The World before the Flood"_]

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Transcriber Note

Minor typos have been corrected. To prevent illustrations from splitting paragraphs, they were moved. Three very long paragraphs (pp. 158, 170 and 185) were split to accommodate placement of anillustration. The two pages of advertising which were placed at the front of the printed volume have been moved just below the end of the text with the remaining advertisements. Formatting within the advertisements has been standardized.

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The Romance of Modern GeologyChapter XXIV: The Kingdom of Man

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