Chapter I: Part 1

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE

Italic text is denoted by _underscores_.

Bold text is denoted by =equal signs=.

Illustrations without captions have had descriptions added in
parentheses.

Some minor changes to the text are noted at the end of the book.

THE

ROYAL BAKER

AND

PASTRY COOK

A MANUAL OF PRACTICAL COOKERY

BY THE CHEFS
OF THE
NEW YORK COOKING SCHOOL

NEW YORK
ROYAL BAKING POWDER CO.
1902

Copyright, 1902,
BY ROYAL BAKING POWDER COMPANY.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO RECEIPTS

PAGE

Apple Snow 29
Asparagus on Toast 39
Bannocks 7
Barley Water 42
Batter, Fritter, Plain 8
Beans, Kidney, Brown Sauce 39
Beans, String 39
Beef, Braised 34
Beef, Corned, and Turnips 35
Beef Stew, Brown 35
Beef Tea 42
Beefsteak, Broiled 34
Beefsteak, or Chops, Panned 34
Beefsteak Pie, French 34
Beets, Cream Sauce 39
Biscuit, Breakfast 5
Biscuit, Eccles 20
Biscuit, Egg 5
Biscuit, Emergency 5
Biscuit, Nut 5
Biscuit, Royal Hot 5
Biscuit, Sandwich 5
Blanc Mange, Chocolate 29
Boys, Jolly 9
Bread, Brown 2
Bread, Brown, No. 2 2
Bread, Brown, Boston 2
Bread, Brown, Boston, No. 2 2
Bread, Brown, Boston, No. 3 2
Bread, Brown, Pennsylvania 3
Bread, Corn-loaf 3
Bread, Corn, New Orleans 3
Bread, Corn, Nonpareil 3
Bread, Corn, St. Charles 3
Bread, Corn, Spider 3
Bread, Entire Wheat 3
Bread, Graham, Delicate 3
Bread, Graham Lunch 3
Bread, Graham Unfermented 2
Bread, Hominy 3
Bread, Household 2
Bread, Mush 3
Bread, Norwegian, for Dyspeptics 2
Bread, Oatmeal 2
Bread, Rice 3
Bread, Rice and Indian 3
Bread, Royal Baking Powder 2
Bread, Rye 3
Broth, Scotch 31
Buchtels 20
Buns, Bath 20
Buns, Cinnamon 20
Buns, Hot Cross 7
Buttercups 18
Cabbage, Boiled 40
Cake 11
Cake, Adelaide 11
Cake, Almond 11
Cake, Almond, No. 2 11
Cake, Angel Food 12
Cake, Apple Jelly 12
Cake, Banana 12
Cake, Bride’s 12
Cake, Centennial 12
Cake, Chocolate 12
Cake, Chocolate Cream 12
Cake, Chocolate Layer 12
Cake, Chocolate Loaf 12
Cake, Cinnamon Chocolate 12
Cake, Citron 12
Cake, Cocoanut Layer 12
Cake, Cocoanut Loaf 12
Cake, Coffee 12, 20
Cake, Coffee, No. 2 13
Cake, Coffee, German 7
Cake, Continental Fruit 13
Cake, Cream 13
Cake, Cup 13
Cake, Currant 13
Cake, Currant, No. 2 13
Cake, Currant, English 13
Cake, Duchesse 13
Cake, Dutch Peach 20
Cake, Fig 14
Cake, French 14
Cake, Fruit, Dark 13
Cake, Fruit, Delicate 13
Cake, Fruit, Light 14
Cake, Fruit, Wedding 17
Cake, Geranium 14
Cake, German Apple 20
Cake, Ginger 14
Cake, Ginger Sponge 14
Cake, Gingerbread 14
Cake, Gold 14
Cake, Gold, No. 2 14
Cake, Harrison 14
Cake, Hazelnut 14
Cake, Honey 14
Cake, Ice Cream 14
Cake, Imperial 14
Cake, Jelly 15
Cake, Jumbles 18
Cake, Lady 15
Cake, Lemon 15
Cake, Lightning 15
Cake, Lunch, Boston 15
Cake, Marbled 15
Cake, Marshmallow 15
Cake, Minnehaha 15
Cake, Molasses 16
Cake, Nut 15
Cake, Orange 15
Cake, Peach Blossom 15
Cake, Pond Lily 16
Cake, Pound 16
Cake, Queen 16
Cake, Rolled Jelly 15
Cake, Royal Cookies 17
Cake, Scotch 16
Cake, Shrewsbury 17
Cake, Silver 16
Cake, Snow 16
Cake, Spice 16
Cake, Spice, Delicate 16
Cake, Sponge 16
Cake, Sponge, Almond 16
Cake, Sponge, Berwick 16
Cake, Sponge, Cream 16
Cake, Vanilla 17
Cake, Wash. (St. L., 1780) 16
Cake, Webster 17
Cake, Wedding (or Bride) 17
Cake, White Mountain 17
Cake, Wild Rose 17
Cake, Wine 17
Cake, Yorkshire Breakfast 7
Cakes, Albert 18
Cakes, Anise-seed 17
Cakes, Bread 10
Cakes, Buckwheat 10
Cakes, Buckwheat, Royal 10
Cakes, Butter 6
Cakes, Chocolate, Little 18
Cakes, Cigarettes 18
Cakes, Cinnamon 18
Cakes, Cream 13
Cakes, Delicious Little 18
Cakes, Drop (Breakfast) 7
Cakes, Drop (Sweet) 18
Cakes, Edenkobers 18
Cakes, Fried 22
Cakes, Griddle Corn-meal 10
Cakes, Griddle, Crushed Wheat 10
Cakes, Griddle, Egg 9
Cakes, Griddle, Geneva 9
Cakes, Griddle, Graham 9
Cakes, Griddle, Hominy 10
Cakes, Griddle, Huckleberry 10
Cakes, Griddle, Indian 10
Cakes, Griddle, Rice 10
Cakes, Griddle, Rye 9
Cakes, Griddle, Three Egg 10
Cakes, Hermits 18
Cakes, Little Chocolate 18
Cakes, Little Spice 18
Cakes, Rice 18
Cakes, Rye Drop 22
Cakes, Scotch 18
Cakes, Soft Gingerbread 19
Cakes, Spencer 18
Cakes, Spice Drop 19
Cakes, Spice, Little 18
Cakes, Strudel 20
Cakes, Tarts, Sand 19
Cakes, Tea 20
Cakes, Walnut Wafers 19
Cakes, Wheat or Flannel 10
Cakes, Wheat, Royal 9
Cake Fillings 19
Chocolate 19
Chocolate, No. 2 19
Cocoanut 19
Cocoanut, No. 2 19
Cream 19
Cream, No. 2 19
Cream, No. 3 19
Cream, Chocolate 19
Fig 19
Fruit 19
Lemon 19
Orange 19
Prune and Nut 19
Candy, Butter Scotch 42
Candy, Butter Taffy 42
Candy, Caramels, Chocolate 42
Candy, Cocoanut Cream 42
Candy, Cream 42
Candy, Creamed Nuts 42
Candy, Fudge 42
Candy, Hickory Nut 42
Candy, Ice Cream 42
Candy, Molasses 42
Candy, Peanut Brittle 42
Candy, Popcorn, Candied 42
Candy, Velvet Molasses 42
Candy, Walnut Cream 42
Canning 30
Carrots and other Root Vegetables 40
Catsup, Tomato 41
Catsup, Walnut 41
Cauliflower, Pickling 41
Celery Stuffing 36
Charlotte Russe 29
Cheese Straws 39
Chestnut Stuffing for Poultry 36
Chicken, Boned 37
Chicken, Broiled 36
Chicken, Brown Fricassee 36
Chicken, Creamed 37
Chicken, Fricassee 36
Chicken, Fried Spring 36
Chicken Pâtés 37
Chicken Pie 37
Chicken Pot-pie 37
Chicken Pot-pie, No. 2 37
Chocolate 41
Chocolate Blanc-Mange 29
Chops, Panned 34
Chow Chow 41
Chowder, Clam 33
Chowder, Fish 33
Clam Chowder 33
Clam Fritters 8
Cocoa 41
Coffee, Boiled 41
Coffee for Six Persons 41
Coffee, French 41
Coffee, Vienna 41
Cold Slaw 39
Consommé 31
Cookies, Cocoanut 17
Cookies, Plain 17
Cookies, Royal 17
Cookies, Soft 17
Corn, Dried Sweet 40
Corn Pudding 40
Corn, Stewed 40
Corned Beef and Turnips, Boiled 35
Crabs, Deviled 33
Crabs, Soft Shell 33
Croutons 32
Crullers 22
Crullers, No. 2 22
Crullers, No. 3 22
Crullers, No. 4 22
Crullers, Dutch 22
Crumpets 7
Crumpets, Hominy 7
Crumpets, London 7
Crumpets, Rice 7
Currant Loaf 21
Custard, Baked 29
Custard, Corn Starch 29
Custard, Tapioca 29
Diamonds 5
Dressing, Boiled 38
Dressing, Cream 38
Dressing, French 38
Doughnuts 22
Doughnuts, No. 2 22
Doughnuts, No. 3 22
Doughnuts, No. 4 22
Doughnuts, No. 5 22
Doughnuts, German 22
Doughnuts, Puff Ball 22
Dumpling, English 23
Dumplings, Apple, Royal 23
Dumplings, Apple, No. 2 23
Dumplings, Apple, No. 3 23
Dumplings, Berry 23
Dumplings, Egg, for Soup 23
Dumplings, Farina 23
Dumplings for Soup 23
Dumplings for Stews 23
Dumplings for Stews, No. 2 23
Dumplings, Peach 23
Dumplings, Peach, No. 2 23
Dumplings, Potato 24
Dumplings, Royal Apple 23
Dumplings, Suet 24
Dumplings, Suet, Danish 24
Éclaires à la Crême 13
Egg Plant, Fried 40
Eggs, Baked, Fancy 39
Eggs, Baked, Plain 39
Eggs, Boiled, Hard 39
Eggs, Boiled, Soft 39
Eggs, Poached 39
Eggs, Scrambled 39
Eggs, Snow 29
Fish, Blue, Fried and other Kinds 32
Fish, Boiled, Bass or other Fish 32
Fish, Broiled 32
Fish, Brook Trout or other Small Fish, To Fry 33
Fish Cakes 32
Fish Chowder 33
Fish, Cod, Balls 32
Fish, Creamed 32
Fish, Directions for Preparing 32
Fish, Halibut, Broiled 32
Fish, Mackerel, Salt, Broiled 32
Fish, To Broil 32
Floating Island 30
Food for the Sick 41
Freeze, How to 30
Fritter Batter, Plain 8
Fritters, Apple 8
Fritters, Banana 8
Fritters, Clam 8
Fritters, Corn 8
Fritters, Fruit 8
Fritters, Hominy 8
Fritters, Meat 8
Fritters, Oyster 8
Fritters, Pineapple 8
Fritters, Rice 8
Fritters, Strawberry 8
Frosting, Maple Sugar 20
Frosting, Marshmallow 20
Fruits, Iced 29
Fruits, Spiced 31
Fruit Wheels 21
Geese and Duck Stuffing 36
Gems 6
Gems, Apple 6
Gems, Graham, Royal 6
Gems, Rice 6
German Puffs 7
Gingerbread, Soft 13, 19
Ginger Snaps 18
Glacé, Biscuit 30
Gravy, Poultry 36
Gruel, Corn-meal 42
Ham, Boiled 35
Ham, Broiled, and Eggs 34
Ice, Orange Water 30
Ice, Raspberry Water 30
Ice Cream, Biscuit Glacé 30
Ice Cream, Chocolate 30
Ice Cream, Crushed Strawberry 30
Ice Cream, Delmonico 30
Ice Cream, Peach 30
Ice Cream, Philadelphia 30
Ice Cream, Plain 30
Iced Fruits for Dessert 29
Ices, Water 30
Icing, Almond 19
Icing, Bakers’ Soft 19
Icing, Boiled 20
Icing, Chocolate Transparent 19
Icing, Chocolate Water 20
Icing, Clear 19
Icing, Plain 20
Icing, Royal 20
Icing, Transparent 19
Icing, Water 20
Icing, White 19
Jams 31
Jellies 31
Jelly, Restorative 42
Jolly Boys 9
Jumbles 18
Jumbles, Peanut 18
Kidney, Brown Stew 35
Liver and Bacon 35
Lobster Newburg 33
Lobster Salad 38
Lobster, To Open 33
Lobsters or Crabs, To Boil 33
Macaroni 40
Mayonnaise 38
Meats, Boiling and Stewing 34
Meats, Broiling 34
Meats, Frying 34
Meats, Roasting 34
Mince-meat 28
Mince-meat, No. 2 29
Muffins, Berry 6
Muffins, Boston 5
Muffins, Corn, Royal 6
Muffins, Egg, Royal 6
Muffins, English 6
Muffins, French 5
Muffins, Graham 6
Muffins, Hominy 6
Muffins, Mountain 6
Muffins, Oatmeal 6
Muffins, Potato 6
Muffins, Rice 6
Muffins, Royal 5
Muffins, Royal Sally Lunn 6
Muffins, Rye 6
Muffins, Sweet 6
Mutton Haricot 35
Mutton or Lamb, Boiled 35
Omelet 39
Omelet, Orange and other Sweet 39
Omelet Soufflé 39
Omelets, Fancy 39
Onions, Fried 40
Oyster Pâtés 33
Oyster Pie 33
Oyster Stuffing for Poultry 36
Oysters, Broiled 33
Oysters, Creamed 33
Oysters, Fried 33
Oysters, Panned 33
Oysters, Pickled 33
Oysters, Roasted in the Shell 33
Oysters, Scalloped 33
Oysters, Stewed 33
Pancakes 10
Pancakes, English 10
Pancakes, French 10
Paste for Pies 27
Paste for Pies, No. 2 27
Paste for Pies, No. 3 27
Paste for Pies, No. 4 27
Paste for Pies, No. 5 (Puff Paste) 27
Paste for Pies, No. 6 27
Peach Tart 29
Peculiars 2
Piccalilly 41
Pickled Red Cabbage 41
Pickles 41
Pickles, Chow Chow 41
Pickling Cauliflower 41
Pie, Apple 28
Pie, Apple, No. 2 28
Pie, Apple, Dried 28
Pie, Apple Pot 28
Pie, Chocolate Custard 28
Pie, Cocoanut 28
Pie, Cranberry 28
Pie, Cream and Orange 28
Pie, Custard (Plain) 28
Pie, Custard, Apple 28
Pie, Custard, Peach 28
Pie, Gooseberry 28
Pie, Lemon Cream 28
Pie, Lemon Cream Meringue 28
Pie, Mince 28
Pie, Mince-meat 28
Pie, Paste for 27
Pie, Plum 29
Pie, Pumpkin 29
Pie, Rhubarb 29
Pie, Squash 29
Pies, Fruit 28
Pork and Beans 35
Pork Chops, with Tomato Gravy 35
Pork, Roast Leg of 36
Pork, Salt, Fried 35
Pork, Stuffing for 36
Potato Croquettes 40
Potatoes, Baked 40
Potatoes, Creamed 40
Potatoes, Fried 40
Potatoes, Fried, No. 2 40
Potatoes, Lyonnaise 40
Potatoes, Mashed 40
Poultry Gravy 36
Poultry Stuffing 36
Poultry, To Clean 36
Poultry, To Roast 36
Poultry, To Truss 36
Preserves, Amount Sugar to Quart 31
Preserving 31
Pudding, Apple (Boston) 24
Pudding, Apple (English) 24
Pudding, Apple, Tapioca 24
Pudding, Batter (Baked) 24
Pudding, Batter (Boiled) 24
Pudding, Batter (Fruit) 24
Pudding, Blackberry 24
Pudding, Blackberry, No. 2 24
Pudding, Cabinet 24
Pudding, Cherry 24
Pudding, Chocolate 24
Pudding, Cottage 24
Pudding, Cottage, No. 2 24
Pudding, Custard 25
Pudding, Fig 25
Pudding, Fine Peach 25
Pudding, Indian 25
Pudding, Lemon Suet 25
Pudding, Orange 25
Pudding, Peach Cottage 25
Pudding, Plum (Boston Baked) 24
Pudding, Plum (Royal Christmas) 25
Pudding, Plum, No. 2 25
Pudding, Poor Man’s 25
Pudding, Princess 25
Pudding, Raisin 25
Pudding, Rice 25
Pudding, Rice, No. 2 25
Pudding, Sago 26
Pudding, Sauces for 26
Pudding, Soufflé, Fruit 26
Pudding, Suet 26
Pudding, Tapioca 26
Pudding, Tapioca and Cocoanut 26
Pudding, Yorkshire 34
Puffs, German 7
Puffs, Yankee 7
Rarebit, Welsh 39
Rice, Boiled 40
Rolls, Breakfast 3
Rolls, Dinner 4
Rolls, French 4
Rolls, Fruit 4
Rolls, Graham 3
Rolls, Lunch 4
Rolls, Parker House 4
Rolls, Twist 4
Roly Poly, Raisin 25
Rusks 7
Salad, Celery 38
Salad, Chicken 38
Salad, Cucumber and Onion 38
Salad, Lobster 38
Salad, Potato 38
Salad, Potato and Egg 38
Salad, Salmon 38
Salad, Tomato 38
Sally Lunns, Royal 7
Salt Pork, Fried 35
Sauces for Meats and Fish 37
Allemande 37
Bechamel 37
Bread 37
Brown 37
Caper 37
Cream 37
Currant Jelly 38
Curry 37
Drawn Butter 37
Egg, for Fish 37
Hollandaise 38
Horse-radish 38
Italian Tomato 38
Maître d’Hôtel Butter 38
Mint 38
Mushroom 37
Olive 37
Piquante 37
Robert 37
Sharp Brown 37
Soubise 37
Spanish 37
Tartare 38
Thick White or Cream 37
Tomato 38
White 37
Sauces for Puddings 26
Brandy 26
Canned Fruit 26
Cream 26
Cream, Hygienic 26
Creamy 26
Currant Jelly 26
Currant Jelly, No. 2 26
Custard 26
Duchesse 26
Foaming 26
Golden 26
Hard 26
Lemon 26
Molasses 26
Orange 26
Peach 26
Rexford 26
Royal Wine 27
Sugar 27
Vanilla 27
Wine 27
Wine, No. 2 27
Sausages 35
Scallops in Batter 33
Scones, Scotch 7
Scotch Broth 31
Short Cake 21
Short Cake, No. 2 21
Short Cake, No. 3 21
Short Cake, No. 4 21
Short Cake, Apple 21
Short Cake, Banana 21
Short Cake, Blackberry 21
Short Cake, Canned Fruit 21
Short Cake, Cherry 21
Short Cake, Huckleberry 21
Short Cake, Individual 21
Short Cake, Peach 21
Short Cake, Raspberry 21
Short Cake, Strawberry 21
Slappers 7
Slaw, Cold 39
Snow, Apple 29
Snow Eggs 29
Soup, Bean 32
Soup, Clam 32
Soup, Consommé 31
Soup, Family 32
Soup, Mock Bisque 31
Soup, Ox-tail 32
Soup Stock 31
Soup, Tomato 31
Soups of Dried Peas or Beans 32
Soups With Pastes or Vegetables 31
Spiced Fruits 31
Squash, Stewed 40
Steak or Chops, Panned 34
Stew, Brown Beef 35
Stew, Brown Kidney 35
Stew, Irish 35
Stew, Oyster 33
Straws, Cheese 39
Stuffing for Geese and Ducks 36
Stuffing, Pork 36
Stuffing, Poultry 36
Stuffing, Poultry, Celery 36
Stuffing, Poultry, Chestnut 36
Stuffing, Poultry, Oyster 36
Stuffing, Tomatoes, Green Peppers, etc. 36
Stuffing, Veal 36
Sweetbreads 36
Tart, Peach 29
Tartlets 29
Tarts, Banbury 28
Tarts, Gooseberry, Currant, Apple, or any other Fruit 29
Tarts, Open Jam 29
Tarts, Sand 19
Tea 41
Tea, Beef 42
Tomato Catsup 41
Tomato Sauce 38
Tomatoes, Panned 40
Tomatoes, Stewed 40
Tomatoes, Stuffed 40
Tomatoes, Stuffing for 36
Triangles 20
Turnips, Mashed 40
Veal, Braised Shoulder 34
Veal Cutlets, Breaded 36
Veal Stuffing 36
Vegetables, Hints on Cooking 39
Vegetables, Ragout of 40
Waffles 8
Waffles, No. 2 8
Waffles, German 9
Waffles, Rice 9
Waffles, Soft 9
Waffles, Virginia 9
Walnut Catsup 41
Walnut Wafers 19
Wheels, Fruit 21
Wine Whey 42
Wonders 23
Yankee Puffs 7
Yorkshire Pudding 34

_The cuts on this page represent utensils used in the various kinds of baking, and are referred to in the Receipts according to numbers._

=DO NOT BUY BAKING POWDER LOOSE OR IN BULK.=—(What is meant by loose is weighed out in any quantity asked for.) All examinations made by Boards of Health, Government Chemists, and others, prove loose powders are, almost without exception, made from alum, and at a cost of about one tenth of what a pure Cream Tartar powder, like the “ROYAL” Baking Powder, can be made for. The argument that the consumer will save, in the purchase of such poisonous stuff, the cost of can, label, etc., is used simply to enable the seller to make a larger profit in selling an alum bulk, or loose, powder at the expense of the unsuspecting consumer, than can be made by selling the absolutely pure “ROYAL” brand. Remember this, and insist on getting the “ROYAL” in cans.

Do not buy alum baking powders under any circumstances.

GENERAL DIRECTIONS

MUST BE CAREFULLY READ BY EVERY ONE USING THIS BOOK

HINTS ON BAKING.—To achieve perfect success, the cook must use discrimination and care. Some flour requires more water, or milk, than others; so that the quantity may have to be varied to make dough of a proper consistency. Different bakings will vary as to time and heat required, and should, therefore, be examined occasionally. To ascertain whether the bread is sufficiently done in the center of the loaf or cake, thrust a clean straw or long thin splinter into it. If done, there will be no dough on it when drawn out. Measure the flour, and _be careful to mix with it the baking powder in a dry state, and before sifting_. You can always substitute water for milk, or milk for water; butter for lard, or lard for butter. The number of eggs may be increased or diminished, or, in plainer cake, etc., dispensed with entirely. Where fewer eggs are used than directed, always use a little more baking powder. _Never use sour milk._

When about to cut new bread or cake, heat the knife very hot; this will prevent its crumbling.

CAKE BAKING.—For a plain cake made with one pound of flour, Royal Baking Powder, etc., the time to be allowed in baking would be from 40 to 50 minutes; at the outside not more than 1 hour. Very rich cakes, in which butter and eggs predominate, take, of course, very much longer time to bake, a pound cake taking from 1½ to 2 hours, and a bride’s cake 3½. On no account should an oven be too hot when the cake is put in—that is, hot enough to brown at once; if so, in 5 minutes the whole outside will be burned and the interior will stand little chance of being baked. The old plan of feeling the handle of the oven door to test the heat is not always successful; it is better to sprinkle a little flour inside and shut the door for about 3 minutes; if at the end of that time it is of a rich light brown, the cake may be put in, but if burned the heat must be lessened.

In baking loaf cake, remember that unless you place a piece of paper over for protection at first, a top crust will be formed at once that prevents the raising. When cake is well raised, remove the paper for browning on top.

ADVICE TO THE COOK.—Great cleanliness, as well as care and attention, are required from a cook. Keep your hands _very_ clean; try to prevent your nails from getting black or discolored; don’t “scatter” in your kitchen; clean up as you go; put cold water into each saucepan or stewpan as you finish using it. Dry your saucepans before you put them on the shelf. Scour tins with good mineral soap and rinse thoroughly in hot water. In cleaning a frying-pan, scour the _outside_ as well as the inside. In cleaning greasy utensils, such as the soup-pot and frying-pan, wipe off the worst of the grease with soft paper (which can be burned), then soak in warm water to which soap-powder or a little ammonia has been added, finishing with mineral soap. Wash your pudding-cloths, _scald_, and hang them to dry directly after using them; air them before you put them away, or they will be musty; keep in dry place. Be careful not to use a knife that has cut onions till it has been cleaned. Keep sink and sink-brush very clean; be careful never to throw anything but water down sink. Do not throw cabbage water down it; throw it away out of doors; its smell is very bad. Never have sticky plates or dishes; use very hot water for washing them; when greasy, change it. Take care that you look at the meat the butcher brings, to see that it is good. Let there be no waste in the kitchen.

Bread and Rolls

Bread was first made without leaven, heavy and solid. Then yeast was discovered, and yeast-risen bread came into use throughout the civilized world. Finally baking powder was devised, the most healthful, economical, and convenient of all leavening or lightening agents.

Yeast is a living plant. Mixed with the dough it causes fermentation and destruction of a part of the flour, and this produces carbonic-acid gas. The bubbles of this gas become entangled in the dough, swelling it up and making it spongy. In this process, however, a part of the most nutritious elements of the flour (estimated at ten per cent.) is destroyed in producing the leavening gas; there is always danger of sour dough, and there is a delay of many hours for the sponge to rise.

Perfect bread is that in which wheat is transposed into an available food without loss of any of its valuable properties.

Royal Baking Powder is now largely used in place of yeast to leaven bread. It does precisely the same work—that is, swells up the dough and makes it porous and spongy. But the process is not destructive: the baking powder by itself produces the leavening gas. No part of the flour is decomposed or destroyed. Moreover, there is no mixing or kneading with the hands, no setting of sponge overnight, as the loaf is mixed and ready for the oven at once. Bread thus made cannot sour, but will retain its moisture and freshness, and may be eaten while hot or fresh without distress even by persons of delicate digestion.

The ease with which Royal Baking Powder bread is made, its cleanliness and healthfulness, have caused it to supersede yeast bread with many of the best pastry cooks.

In making this bread the materials and utensils should be brought together before the mixing of the dough is begun. The fire must be looked to so as to secure a steady, moderate heat. Remember to mix the flour and Royal Baking Powder together before sifting, and sift thoroughly before wetting.

=Royal Baking Powder Bread.=—1 quart flour, 1 teaspoon salt, ½ teaspoon sugar, 2 heaping teaspoons Royal Baking Powder,* ½ medium-sized cold boiled potato, and water. Sift together thoroughly flour, salt, sugar, and baking powder; rub in the potato; add sufficient water to mix smoothly and rapidly into a stiff dough, about the consistency of cake batter: about a pint of water to a quart of flour will be required—more or less according to the brand and quality of the flour used. Do not make a stiff dough as in yeast bread. Put the dough into a greased pan 4½ by 8 inches, and 4 inches deep, filling about half full. The loaf will rise to fill the pan when baked. Bake in very hot oven about 45 minutes, placing paper over first 15 minutes’ baking, to prevent crusting too soon on top. Bake immediately after mixing.

* Perfect success can be had only with the Royal Baking Powder.

=Household Bread.=—Sift twice together 1 quart of flour, 1 teaspoon salt, 2 heaping teaspoons Royal Baking Powder. Make a well in the center; add gradually sufficient cold liquid—water, milk, or equal quantities of each—to mix to a stiff batter or soft dough; this will require about 1 pint of liquid. Turn at once into a greased loaf-pan (fig. XII), smooth the top with a knife dipped in melted butter, and bake immediately in a moderate oven about 1 hour. When done take from the pan, moisten with the hand dipped in cold water, wrap in bread-cloth till cold.

=Graham Unfermented Bread.=—1½ pints Graham flour, ½ pint flour, 1 tablespoon sugar, 1 teaspoon salt, 2 teaspoons Royal Baking Powder, 1¼ pints milk, or equal parts milk and water. Sift together Graham flour, flour, sugar, salt, and powder; add the milk, or milk and water; mix rapidly into soft dough, which put into greased tin (fig. XII). Bake in rather hot oven about 40 minutes. Protect loaf with paper first 15 minutes.

=Brown Bread.=—1 pint Indian corn meal, 1 pint rye flour, 1 teaspoon brown sugar, 1 teaspoon salt, 2 teaspoons Royal Baking Powder, 1 tablespoon butter or lard, ¾ pint milk. Sift together corn meal, rye flour, sugar, salt, and powder. Rub in the shortening; add the milk, and mix the whole into a batter. Put into greased tin (fig. XII), and bake about 40 minutes in rather hot oven. Protect at first with paper.

=Brown Bread, 2.=—Mix together 3 cups Graham flour, 1 cup wheat flour, 2 teaspoons Royal Baking Powder, 1 teaspoon salt; rub in 1 tablespoon butter or other shortening. Beat 3 eggs; add 1 cup milk and 1 tablespoon molasses; stir into dry mixture. Add more milk if needed to make a drop batter. Put into a greased loaf-pan (fig. XII), smooth with knife dipped in cold water. Bake about 1 hour in moderate oven.

=Boston Brown Bread.=—½ pint flour, 1 pint Indian corn meal, ½ pint rye flour, 2 potatoes, 1 teaspoon salt, 1 tablespoon brown sugar, 2 teaspoons Royal Baking Powder, ½ pint water. Sift flour, corn meal, rye flour, sugar, salt, and baking powder together thoroughly. Peel, wash, and boil well 2 mealy potatoes, rub them through a sieve, diluting with water. When this is quite cold use it to mix flour, etc., into a batter. Pour into well-greased mold (fig. VI) having a cover. Place it in saucepan half full of boiling water, where the loaf will simmer 1 hour, without water getting into it. Remove it, then take off cover, finish by baking in fairly hot oven about 30 minutes.

=Boston Brown Bread, 2.=—1 cup corn meal, 2 heaping cups rye meal, 1 teaspoon salt, ½ teaspoon soda, 1 teaspoon Royal Baking Powder, 1 cup molasses. Mix dry ingredients; add molasses and 1 pint warm water; beat smooth. Pour at once into greased mold (fig. VI) with cover, steam or boil 3 hours. Uncover, set in oven 10 minutes.

=Boston Brown Bread, 3.=—2 cups yellow Indian corn meal, 1 cup rye meal, 1 cup flour, 2 cups milk, 1 cup molasses, ½ teaspoon salt, 3 teaspoons Royal Baking Powder. Mix well together, pour into greased brown-bread mold, steam 4 hours. Dry off 10 minutes in moderate oven.

=Norwegian Bread (for Dyspeptics).=—1 pint barley meal, ½ pint Graham flour, ½ pint flour, 1 teaspoon salt, 2 teaspoons Royal Baking Powder, 1 pint milk. Sift together barley meal, Graham flour, flour, salt, and powder; mix into firm batter with the milk; pour into greased tin (fig. XII), bake in moderate oven about 40 minutes. Cover with paper 20 minutes.

=Oatmeal Bread.=—½ pint oatmeal, 1½ pints flour, ½ teaspoon salt, 3 teaspoons Royal Baking Powder, ¾ pint milk. Boil oatmeal in 1½ pints salted water 1 hour; add milk; set aside until cold. Then place in bowl, sift together flour, salt, and powder, and add. Mix smoothly and deftly. Bake in greased tin (fig. XII) about 45 minutes, protected with paper 20 minutes.

=Peculiars.=—1 pint flour, sifted with 1 teaspoon Royal Baking Powder and a little salt; add 1 egg; mix with 1 pint sweet milk, beat well to a batter, and bake quickly in buttered gem-pans already hot.

=Pennsylvania Brown Bread.=—Mix well together 1 quart Graham flour, 1 pint Indian corn meal, 2 scant teaspoons salt, 2 scant teaspoons Royal Baking Powder. Dissolve 1 scant teaspoon soda in 1 teaspoon boiling water; mix with 1 cup molasses. To the dry ingredients add 1 quart cold water, then the molasses. Beat 1 minute, pour into 2 well-greased molds, steam or boil 4 hours. Dry off on pan in moderate oven 10 minutes.

=Graham Lunch Bread.=—1½ pints Graham flour, ½ pint flour, 1 tablespoon sugar, 1 teaspoon salt, 2 teaspoons Royal Baking Powder, ¾ pint milk. Sift together Graham flour, flour, sugar, salt, and powder; add the milk; mix into smooth dough that can be easily handled. Flour the board, turn out dough, give it a quick, vigorous additional kneading to complete its smoothness; then divide into four large pieces, which form into long loaves, lay them just touching in a square shallow cake-pan (fig. XIII), wash them over with milk. Bake in rather hot oven 30 minutes. When removing from oven rub them over with a little butter on a clean piece of linen.

=Corn Bread (New Orleans).=—1½ pints Indian corn meal, ½ pint flour, 1 tablespoon sugar, 1 teaspoon salt, 2 heaping teaspoons Royal Baking Powder, 1 tablespoon butter or lard, 1¼ pints milk, 2 eggs. Sift together corn meal, flour, sugar, salt, and powder; rub in the shortening, add eggs (beaten) and the milk; mix into a moderately stiff batter; pour from bowl into shallow cake-pan (fig. XIII). Bake in rather hot oven 30 minutes.

=St. Charles Corn Bread.=—Beat 2 eggs, add 1 pint milk, 1 pint Indian corn meal, 1 tablespoon melted butter, 1 teaspoon salt, 1 teaspoon Royal Baking Powder. Beat hard 2 minutes, pour into greased pan (fig. XIII), bake about 30 minutes in hot oven.

=Loaf Corn Bread.=—Scald 1 pint milk; dissolve in it 1 tablespoon butter, ½ cup sugar, 1 teaspoon salt. While on fire sift in sufficient Indian corn meal to make a thick mush, cook 5 minutes, and set away till cold; add 3 beaten eggs, 2 cups flour mixed with 2 teaspoons Royal Baking Powder, and turn into greased loaf-pan. Bake about 2 hours in moderate oven, and serve hot.

=Nonpareil Corn Bread.=—2 heaping cups Indian corn meal, 1 cup flour, 2½ cups milk, 1 tablespoon lard, 2 tablespoons sugar, 2 teaspoons Royal Baking Powder, 1 teaspoon salt. Beat 2 eggs, whites and yolks separately. Sift together dry ingredients, melt lard. Mix all together, beat hard 1 minute, turn into greased shallow pan, and bake about ½ hour in hot oven.

=Spider Corn Bread.=—Beat 2 eggs with 2 tablespoons sugar. Add 1 pint milk, 1 teaspoon salt, 1⅓ cup Indian corn meal, ⅓ cup flour, 1 teaspoon Royal Baking Powder. In a spider melt 2 tablespoons butter; turn so as to grease sides. Pour in batter, add 1 cup milk, but do not stir. Bake about 30 minutes in hot oven. When done it should have a streak of custard through the middle.

=Rice and Indian Bread.=—Beat 3 eggs very light; add 1 pint milk, 2 cups white Indian corn meal, 1 cup cold boiled rice, 2 tablespoons melted butter, ½ teaspoon salt, 2 teaspoons Royal Baking Powder, ½ cup more milk. Beat hard, bake in shallow greased pan in hot oven.

=Delicate Graham Bread (for Invalids).=—1 pint Graham flour, 1 pint flour, 1 teaspoon sugar, 1 of salt, 2 of Royal Baking Powder. Sift all well together, rejecting coarse bran left in sieve; add 1½ pints milk. Mix quickly into smooth, soft dough. Bake in 2 small greased tins (fig. XII) 25 minutes. Protect with paper 10 minutes.

=Entire Wheat Bread.=—1 quart entire wheat flour, 1 teaspoon salt, 1 teaspoon sugar, 2 teaspoons Royal Baking Powder. Sift all well together; add sufficient liquid (water, milk, or equal quantities of each) to mix to a very thick batter or soft dough. Turn at once into a greased loaf-pan (fig. XII), smooth with knife dipped in cold water, and bake about 1 hour in moderate oven.

=Rye Bread.=—1 pint rye flour, ½ pint Indian corn meal, ½ pint wheat flour, 1 teaspoon sugar, 1 teaspoon salt, 2 teaspoons Royal Baking Powder, 1 tablespoon butter or lard, ¾ pint milk. Sift together rye flour, corn meal, flour, sugar, salt, and powder; rub in the shortening; add milk. Mix into smooth batter. Pour into well-greased tin (fig. XII), bake in moderate oven about 45 minutes. Protect loaf with paper first 20 minutes.

=Mush Bread.=—1 pint milk cooked in a double boiler, with sufficient Indian corn meal to make a thick mush. Cook 1 hour; add 1 tablespoon butter; stir, let cool; add 3 eggs, whites and yolks beaten separately, 1 cup flour, ½ teaspoon salt, 1 teaspoon Royal Baking Powder. Turn into shallow greased pan, bake 40 minutes in moderate oven.

=Rice Bread.=—1 cup cold boiled rice, 1 cup white Indian corn meal, 1 cup wheat flour, 1 teaspoon Royal Baking Powder, 2 eggs, ½ teaspoon salt, 1 tablespoon melted butter, 1 cup milk. Mix the dry ingredients; add beaten eggs mixed with milk and the melted butter. Pour into shallow greased pans. Bake 30 minutes in a moderate oven.

=Hominy Bread.=—Mix together 1 pint soft-boiled hominy, 1 teaspoon salt, 2 tablespoons melted butter, 4 beaten eggs, 2 cups milk. Mix together 1 cup flour, 2 teaspoons Royal Baking Powder; add to batter, with more flour if needed to mix to a drop batter. Beat hard, bake in a shallow pan in very hot oven.

=Graham Rolls.=—1 pint Graham flour, 1 pint wheat flour, 1 teaspoon salt, 2 teaspoons Royal Baking Powder, 1 tablespoon butter or lard, ¾ pint milk. Sift together Graham flour, flour, salt, and powder; rub in the shortening; add milk, and mix the whole into smooth dough that can be handled—not _too_ soft; flour board, turn it out, and form into rolls shape and size of large fingers. Lay them on baking-sheet (fig. XIV) so that they will not touch. Wash their surfaces with soft brush (fig. XI) dipped in milk to glaze them. Bake in hot oven from 10 to 12 minutes.

=Breakfast Rolls.=—1½ pints flour, ½ pint Indian corn meal (white), 1 teaspoon salt, 2 teaspoons Royal Baking Powder, 1 tablespoon butter or lard, ¾ pint milk. Sift together flour, corn meal, salt, and powder; rub in shortening; add the milk, mix smoothly into rather firmer dough than usual. Flour the board, turn out the dough, give it 1 or 2 turns to complete its smoothness. Divide it, thus prepared, into pieces size of an egg; again divide these in half, which roll out under the hand until they are long and half the size of one’s little finger. Lay on greased baking-tin (fig. XIV) so that they do not touch, wash them over with milk. Bake in _hot oven_ 7 or 8 minutes.

=Lunch Rolls.=—1 quart flour, 1 teaspoon salt, 2 teaspoons Royal Baking Powder, 1 tablespoon butter or lard, 1 pint milk. Sift together flour, salt, and powder; rub in the shortening; add milk, mix to a smooth dough to be easily handled. Flour the board, turn out dough, give 1 or 2 quick kneadings to give it smoothness. Roll out little over ½ inch thick, cut out with round cutter about 2½ inches in diameter; lay them on greased baking-tin (fig. XIV), just touching (in rows evenly), wash over with milk, bake in fairly hot oven 25 minutes. Wash them over again with milk when taken from oven.

=Twist Rolls.=—Prepare dough as for lunch rolls. Cut in pieces size of egg. Roll each with hands into plain roll tapering at ends and 5 inches long. Lay 3 together; begin in middle and braid to end; turn over and braid opposite end. Mold and twist all the pieces of dough in the same way. Lay well apart on flat greased pans. Brush with milk, bake golden brown in very hot oven.

=Dinner Rolls.=—Prepare dough as for lunch rolls, but slightly stiffer. Knead and roll out quite thin. Cut in strips 3 inches wide. Roll strips up very tight; they should not be too thick. Lay well apart on greased flat pans, brush with milk, and bake in very hot oven.

=French Rolls.=—Make dough as for lunch rolls. Knead on board. Divide into pieces size of an egg. Form each into a short, thick, tapering roll. Put together by twos, side by side, pinching ends together a little. Place on flat greased pans. Brush with milk. Bake in very hot oven.

=Parker House Rolls.=—Prepare firm dough as for dinner rolls. Knead and roll out ½ inch thick. Cut into 3-inch circles. Press pencil down across middle of each; rub edges with soft butter. Double each, lay 1 inch apart on flat greased pans. Brush with milk, and bake in hot oven.

=Fruit Rolls.=—Mix together 1 quart flour, 1 teaspoon salt, 2 tablespoons sugar, 2 teaspoons Royal Baking Powder; rub in 2 tablespoons butter. Cut fine ¼ pound citron, seed and halve ¼ pound raisins. Mix fruit evenly with dry ingredients, make to a firm dough with milk. Knead on board for a moment, divide into pieces size of egg, make into long rolls, lay 1 inch apart on flat greased pans, brush with milk. Bake in a very hot oven.

Hot Biscuits, Cakes, and Muffins

Experienced housekeepers agree that breakfast is difficult to cater for. Even the appetite ordinarily easy to satisfy is likely to be captious when approaching the first meal of the day. Every article of food upon the breakfast-table, therefore, should be perfect—the coffee as clear as amber, the bacon white and crisp, the biscuits flaky, tender, delicious.

As a nation we approve of hot-breads, and most of all at the breakfast-table. And while we eat and enjoy them, we have the satisfaction of knowing that American methods and American cookery have made them healthful as well as appetizing and nutritious.

And of all the breakfast foods, nothing is so appetizing, so appetite-whetting, so always dependable, so satisfying, as the light, flaky, hot biscuit, with a crisp, brown crust, just from the oven, broken apart without use of knife, and spread with butter; or, to top off the meal, with honey, jam, or marmalade.

The very simplicity of the methods of making and the familiar, every-day use of this little hot bread-morsel have, however, sometimes led to lack of care in its preparation, so that we too seldom find it in perfection upon our tables.

It is the object of this chapter to stimulate an interest in and awaken a love for this most healthful and economical of our purely American foods, so that it will be found, as it deserves to be, a prominent part of every day’s food in every household.

With a basis of flour, salt, and Royal Baking Powder, we can add other ingredients to vary and enrich the cakes and biscuits generally known to the housewife, and produce in almost endless variety breakfast and luncheon foods that shall be dainty and delicious or substantial and hearty.

Are eggs scarce and high, does too much shortening disagree with some member of the family, Royal Baking Powder permits the lessening of both or either of these ingredients, without impairing the delicacy or digestibility of the finished biscuit.

Royal Baking Powder is pure and healthful, and its use in excess can produce no harm; yet for cooking results it is best to be guided by the quantity specified in the receipts. Baking powder could be added until a dry, powdery biscuit resulted.

The mixing of the baking powder, flour, and other dry ingredients should be thorough. This is imperative if a delicate, evenly leavened biscuit is wanted. The other ingredients can then be added, following the special directions as given in each receipt.

In using shortening for biscuits, especially through the winter season, with some limitation, good, sweet home-made lard may take the place of butter. Butter will color slightly yellow; lard will whiten the biscuits. This substitution will not do when considerable shortening is called for, as in cake; but in receipts where the quantity does not exceed 2 ounces or tablespoons to the quart of flour, butter may, in the majority of cases, be replaced by lard without impairing the taste.

Biscuits are mixed to a soft dough, which is turned out, patted down or rolled to a proper thickness, and then cut out and baked. From long experience it has been found that the result is much better and the food more digestible when the finished biscuit is small and not too thick. The scientific reason for this is that the oven heat necessary for biscuit, if they are made very large, will brown the outside before the center is as thoroughly baked as it ought to be. The dough should be rolled out until ½ inch thick; the biscuits should be of medium size,—2 inches or less across,—and placed slightly apart in the pans. A favorite cutter of expert biscuit-makers is the open end (not the cover) of a ¼-pound Royal Baking Powder can. A good oven heat will bake the biscuit perfectly in from 15 to 20 minutes, and even a dyspeptic can eat them without fear of consequences. The biscuit may, of course, be made thicker or thinner, as more or less of the soft inside part may be preferred, but the time of baking must be regulated accordingly.

The same directions will apply to hot baking powder breads made with a batter. If baked in a sheet the batter should rarely be more than an inch deep in the pan, sometimes less; if in cups or molds they should not be more than ⅔ full. This allows the heat to penetrate the mixture quickly; the moisture and heat start the baking powder into life; each tiny grain of the powder acts on the materials surrounding it; the dough or batter expands, then is stiffened by the heat, and all the starch grains are thoroughly and evenly cooked.

=Royal Hot Biscuit.=—1 quart flour, 1 teaspoon salt, 2 teaspoons Royal Baking Powder, 1 tablespoon lard or butter, 1 pint sweet milk, cold (never use sour milk); use cold water when milk cannot be obtained. Sift together flour, salt, and powder; rub in shortening; add milk; form into smooth, consistent dough. Flour the board, turn out dough, roll out to thickness of ½ inch, cut with small round cutter; lay them close together on greased baking-tin; bake in good hot oven. Old biscuit can be made fresh by moistening and placing in oven until heated through.

=Breakfast Biscuit.=—Take 1 quart sweet milk, ½ cup melted butter, a little salt, 2 teaspoons Royal Baking Powder, flour enough to make a stiff batter; do not knead into dough, but drop into buttered tins from a spoon; bake in a hot oven—unless it is hot they will not be light and tender.

=Emergency Biscuit.=—2 cups flour, ½ teaspoon salt, 1 teaspoon Royal Baking Powder; mix and sift; rub in 1 tablespoon butter. Mix to a thick batter with milk, drop by small spoonfuls on greased pans, and bake in quick oven.

=Egg Biscuit.=—Mix and sift well together 1 pint flour, ½ teaspoon salt, 1 teaspoon sugar, 1 teaspoon Royal Baking Powder. Beat 1 egg, add ½ cup milk, stir into dry mixture, adding more milk if necessary to mix to soft dough. Turn out on board, knead for a moment, cut into circles, place 1 inch apart on greased pans. Brush with little beaten egg, and bake in very hot oven.

=Sandwich Biscuit.=—Sift together 1 pint flour, ⅓ teaspoon salt, 1 teaspoon Royal Baking Powder. Rub in 1 heaping tablespoon butter. Mix to a soft dough with milk. Roll out ⅜ inch thick. Cut into rounds. On ½ of the rounds spread a little soft butter, add a thick layer of finely chopped and seasoned cold meat; cover with remaining rounds and press together. Brush tops with milk, place 1 inch apart on greased pans, and bake in hot oven.

=Nut Biscuit.=—Sift together 2 cups flour, ½ teaspoon salt, 1 heaping teaspoon Royal Baking Powder. Rub in 1 heaping tablespoon butter, add 1 cup ground or very finely chopped nuts—English walnuts, hickory nuts, or almonds—and 2 tablespoons sugar; mix to a soft dough with milk. Mold with the hands into small balls, place well apart on greased pans, brush each with milk, put a pinch of chopped nuts on top, and bake in hot oven.

=Diamonds.=—Prepare dough as for Royal biscuit. Knead and roll out ½ inch thick. Cut in strips 2 inches wide, then cut strips into diamonds; place on greased pans 1 inch apart, brush with milk, and bake in very hot oven.

=Royal Muffins.=—Beat 3 eggs, add 1 pint milk, ½ teaspoon salt, 1 teaspoon sugar, and sufficient flour to make a drop batter—about 3 cups—into which has been thoroughly sifted 2 teaspoons Royal Baking Powder. Beat hard for 1 minute, fill greased muffin-cups or -pans ⅔ full, bake in hot oven about 20 minutes.

=Boston Muffins.=—1½ pints flour, ½ pint Indian corn meal, 1 tablespoon sugar, 1 teaspoon salt, 2 teaspoons Royal Baking Powder, 1 tablespoon butter, 3 eggs, and 1 pint (full measure) milk, 1 teaspoon extract cinnamon (which may be omitted without detriment). Sift together flour, corn meal, sugar, salt, and powder; rub in butter or lard; add eggs, beaten, milk, and extract cinnamon. Mix into batter a little stiffer than ordinary griddle cake batter. Have griddle heated regularly all over; grease it, lay on it muffin-rings, also greased; half fill them with batter. As soon as risen to tops of rings, turn them over gently with cake-turner; bake nice brown on either side. They should bake in 7 or 8 minutes.

=French Muffins.=—1½ pints flour, 1 cup honey, ½ teaspoon salt, 2 teaspoons Royal Baking Powder, 2 tablespoons butter, 3 eggs, and little over ½ pint milk or thin cream. Sift together flour, salt, and powder; rub in butter, cold; add beaten eggs, milk or thin cream, and honey. Mix smoothly into batter as for pound cake; about ½ fill sponge-cake tins, cold and fully greased, and bake in good steady oven 7 or 8 minutes.

=Rice Muffins.=—2 cups cold boiled rice, 1 pint flour, 1 teaspoon salt, 1 tablespoon sugar, 1½ teaspoons Royal Baking Powder, ½ pint milk, 3 eggs. Dilute rice, made free from lumps, with milk and beaten eggs; sift together flour, sugar, salt, and powder; add to rice preparation, mix into smooth, rather firm batter; muffin-pans (fig. VII) to be cold and well greased, then fill ⅔; bake in hot oven 15 minutes.

=Hominy Muffins.=—Same as rice muffins, substituting 1 cup boiled hominy for the rice.

=Royal Sally-Lunn Muffins.=—1 quart flour, 1 tablespoon sugar, 1 teaspoon salt, 2 teaspoons Royal Baking Powder, 1 tablespoon butter or lard, 1 egg, 1¼ pints milk. Sift together flour, sugar, salt, and powder; rub in shortening; add egg, beaten, and milk; mix into rather firm batter; muffin-pans to be cold and well greased, then fill ⅔. Bake in hot oven 15 minutes.

=Rye Muffins.=—1 pint rye flour, ½ pint corn meal, ½ pint flour, 1 teaspoon sugar, 1 teaspoon salt, 3 teaspoons Royal Baking Powder, 1 tablespoon butter, 2 eggs, 1 pint milk. Sift together rye flour, corn meal, flour, sugar, salt, and powder; rub in butter; add beaten eggs, and milk; mix into smooth, rather firm batter; muffin-pans to be cold and well greased, then fill ⅔. Bake in hot oven 15 minutes.

=Royal Corn Muffins.=—1 pint Indian corn meal, 1 pint flour, 1 tablespoon sugar, 1 teaspoon salt, 2 teaspoons Royal Baking Powder, 1 tablespoon butter or lard, 2 eggs, 1 pint milk. Sift together corn meal, flour, sugar, salt, and powder; rub in the shortening, add eggs, beaten, and milk; mix into batter of consistence of cup cake; muffin-pans to be cold and well greased, then fill ⅔. Bake in hot oven 15 minutes.

=English Muffins.=—1 quart flour, ½ teaspoon sugar, 1 teaspoon salt, 2 large teaspoons Royal Baking Powder, 1¼ pints milk. Sift together flour, sugar, salt, and powder; add milk, and mix into smooth batter trifle stiffer than for griddle cakes. Have griddle heated regularly all over, grease it, and lay on muffin-rings (fig. XVII); half fill them, and when risen well up to top of rings, turn over gently with cake-turner. They should not be too brown—just a buff color. When all cooked, pull each open in half, toast delicately, butter well, serve on folded napkin, piled high and very hot.

=Mountain Muffins.=—Pour 1¼ cups scalding milk on 1 cup white Indian corn meal; cover; let stand 10 minutes; add 1 cup cold boiled rice; mix; add 1 cup flour mixed with 3 teaspoons Royal Baking Powder, 2 tablespoons sugar, 1 teaspoon salt, 2 well-beaten eggs, 2 tablespoons melted butter. Beat hard; bake in greased muffin-pans in hot oven.

=Berry Muffins.=—1 pint flour, ¼ teaspoon salt, 2 tablespoons melted butter, ¼ cup sugar, 2 small teaspoons Royal Baking Powder, 1 egg, 1 cup milk, 1 cup berries. Mix as for plain muffins; add berries last, dusting them with a little flour. Bake in muffin-pans in hot oven.

=Graham Muffins.=—1 quart Graham flour, 1 tablespoon brown sugar, 1 teaspoon salt, 2 teaspoons Royal Baking Powder, 1 egg, 1 pint milk. Sift together Graham flour, sugar, salt, and powder; add beaten egg and milk; mix into batter like pound cake; muffin-pans (fig. VII), well greased, ⅔ full; bake in hot oven 15 minutes.

=Oatmeal Muffins.=—1 cup oatmeal, 1½ pints flour, 1 teaspoon salt, 2 teaspoons Royal Baking Powder, 1 tablespoon lard, 2 eggs, 1 pint milk. Sift together oatmeal, flour, salt, and powder; rub in lard cold, add beaten eggs and milk; mix smoothly into batter rather thinner than cup cake; fill muffin-pans (fig. VII) ⅔ full; bake in good hot oven 15 minutes.

=Potato Muffins.=—Boil and mash 3 potatoes; add 1 teaspoon salt, 1 tablespoon butter; beat well. Add 2 beaten eggs, ½ cup milk, flour to make a drop batter, and 1 teaspoon Royal Baking Powder. Bake on hot greased griddle in greased rings.

=Royal Egg Muffins.=—1 quart flour, 1 tablespoon sugar, 1 teaspoon salt, 1 large tablespoon butter, 2 teaspoons Royal Baking Powder, 3 eggs, 1¼ pints milk. Sift together flour, sugar, salt, and powder; rub in the butter; add the beaten eggs and milk; mix quickly into a smooth batter, a little firmer than for griddle cakes; ⅔ fill cold, carefully greased muffin-pans (fig. VII); bake in hot oven 15 minutes.

=Sweet Muffins.=—1 cup sugar, 1 egg, 1 tablespoon melted butter, 1 pint sweet milk, 3 cups flour, 2 teaspoons Royal Baking Powder, 1 teaspoon salt. Mix and sift dry ingredients; add milk and beaten egg and butter. Beat hard, bake in greased muffin-pans.

=Butter Cakes.=—Mix 1 quart flour, 1 teaspoon salt, 2 teaspoons Royal Baking Powder. Rub in 3 tablespoons butter. Mix to a soft dough with milk, roll out ¾ inch thick, cut in round cakes. Lay on a moderately hot greased griddle, and when pale brown turn and brown on other side. Tear open, butter liberally, and send to table.

=Gems.=—1 pint flour, 1 teaspoon Royal Baking Powder, ½ teaspoon salt, 1 teaspoon sugar, 3 teaspoons melted butter, 1 cup milk, 3 eggs, whites and yolks beaten separately. Mix as for muffins, adding beaten whites last; bake in hot, well-greased iron gem-pans.

=Royal Graham Gems.=—1½ pints Graham flour, ½ pint Indian corn meal, 1 teaspoon salt, 2 teaspoons Royal Baking Powder, 1¼ pints milk. Sift together Graham flour, corn meal, salt, and powder. Add the milk, and mix into a moderately stiff batter. ½ fill cold gem-pans (fig. X), well greased. Bake in a solid hot oven 10 to 12 minutes.

=Rice Gems.=—1 egg, 1 cup milk, 1 cup cold boiled rice, 1 cup flour, 1 teaspoon Royal Baking Powder, ¼ teaspoon salt, 1 tablespoon melted butter. Mix as for plain gems, and bake in hot oven in gem-pans.

=Apple Gems.=—Chop fine 4 sour apples, add 1 beaten egg, 2 tablespoons molasses, 1½ cups Indian corn meal, 1½ cups flour, ½ teaspoon salt, 2 teaspoons Royal Baking Powder. Add sufficient milk to make thick drop batter, and bake in hot greased gem-pans.

=Crumpets.=—Melt 1 heaping tablespoon lard; add 2 beaten eggs and 1½ cups milk. Beat well, add 1 teaspoon salt, 2 teaspoons sugar, 3 teaspoons Royal Baking Powder sifted with 2½ cups flour. Crumpet-rings are larger than muffin-rings. Put greased rings on hot greased griddle; fill ⅔ full with batter. Turn when half done.

=London Crumpets.=—1½ pints flour, ½ teaspoon salt, 1 teaspoon sugar, 2 teaspoons Royal Baking Powder, 1 egg, nearly a pint milk and cream in equal parts, 1 teaspoon extract cinnamon. Sift together flour, salt, sugar, and powder; add beaten egg, milk, cream, and extract; mix into rather firm batter; half fill large greased muffin-rings (fig. XVII) on hot, well-greased griddle. Bake on one side of them only. Serve hot with cottage cheese.

=Rice Crumpets.=—3 eggs, 1½ cups milk, 1 cup cold boiled rice, 1 tablespoon melted butter, 1 cup Indian corn meal, ½ cup flour, 2 teaspoons Royal Baking Powder, ½ teaspoon salt. Mix in order named, and bake in crumpet-rings on hot greased griddle.

=Hominy Crumpets.=—1 scant cup boiled hominy, 2 cups milk, 1 tablespoon sugar, 1 teaspoon salt, 2 tablespoons melted butter, enough flour to make thin drop batter, with 2 teaspoons Royal Baking Powder sifted into the first cup. Bake as directed for plain crumpets.

=Bannocks.=—Scald 2 cups Indian corn meal with just enough boiling water to moisten. Cover; let stand 30 minutes; add 4 beaten eggs, 2 cups milk, 1 teaspoon salt, 2 tablespoons melted butter, 1 cup flour, 1 teaspoon Royal Baking Powder. Bake in greased shallow pans in hot oven.

=Slappers.=—Put 2 cups Indian corn meal in bowl with ½ teaspoon salt and 2 tablespoons butter. Pour on slowly sufficient boiling water to thoroughly moisten without being sloppy. Cover; let stand for some hours or overnight. Add 3 well-beaten eggs, 1 cup milk, and 1 cup wheat flour, the first half-cupful of flour being mixed with 2 teaspoons Royal Baking Powder, to make a very thick drop batter. Drop by spoonfuls on a hot greased griddle, cook slowly till brown, turn and brown other side.

=Scotch Scones.=—1 quart flour, 1 teaspoon sugar, ½ teaspoon salt, 2 teaspoons Royal Baking Powder, 1 large tablespoon lard, 2 eggs, nearly 1 pint milk. Sift together flour, sugar, salt, and powder; rub in lard cold; add beaten eggs and milk; mix into dough smooth and just consistent enough to handle. Flour the board, turn out dough, give it one or two quick kneadings to complete its smoothness; roll it out with rolling-pin to ⅛ inch in thickness, cut with sharp knife into squares larger than soda crackers, fold each in half to form three-cornered pieces. Bake on hot griddle 8 or 10 minutes; brown on both sides.