Chapter I: Front Matter

THE RURAL LIFE PROBLEM OF THE UNITED STATES

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK · BOSTON · CHICAGO DALLAS · SAN FRANCISCO

MACMILLAN & CO., LIMITED LONDON · BOMBAY · CALCUTTA MELBOURNE

THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LTD. TORONTO

THE RURAL LIFE PROBLEM OF THE UNITED STATES

NOTES OF AN IRISH OBSERVER BY SIR HORACE PLUNKETT

New York THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1919

_All rights reserved_

COPYRIGHT, 1910,

BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.

Set up and electrotyped. Published May, 1910. Reprinted October, 1910; January, 1911; October, 1912; September, 1913; January, 1917.

Norwood Press J. S. Cushing Co.--Berwick & Smith Co. Norwood, Mass., U.S.A.

PREFATORY NOTE

The thoughts contained in the following pages relate to one side of the life of a country which has been to me, as to many Irishmen, a second home. They are offered in friendly recognition of kindness I cannot hope to repay, received largely as a student of American social and economic problems, from public-spirited Americans who, I know, will appreciate most highly any slight service to their country.

The substance of the book appeared in five articles contributed to the New York _Outlook_ under the title "Conservation and Rural Life." Several American friends, deeply interested in the Rural Life problem, asked me to republish the series. In doing so, I have felt that I ought to present a more comprehensive view of my subject than either the space allowed or the more casual publication demanded.

I have to thank the editors of the _Outlook_ for the generous hospitality of their columns, and for full freedom to republish what belongs to them.

HORACE PLUNKETT.

THE PLUNKETT HOUSE, DUBLIN, April, 1910.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I

THE SUBJECT AND THE POINT OF VIEW

PAGE The subject defined--A reconstruction of rural life in English-speaking communities essential to the progress of Western civilisation--A movement for a new rural civilisation to be proposed--The author's point of view derived from thirty years of Irish and American experience--The physical contrast and moral resemblances in the Irish and American rural problems--Mr. Roosevelt's interest in this aspect of the question--His Conservation and Country Life policies 1

CHAPTER II

THE LAUNCHING OF TWO ROOSEVELT POLICIES

The sane emotionalism of American public opinion--Gifford Pinchot as the Apostle of Conservation--His test of national efficiency--Mr. James J. Hill's notable pronouncements upon the wastage of natural resources--The evolution of the Conservation policy--Historical and present causes of national extravagance--The Conference of Governors and their pronouncement upon Conservation--Mr. Roosevelt's Country Life policy--His estimate of the lasting importance of the Conservation and Country Life ideas--The popularity of the Conservation policy and the lack of interest in the Country Life policy--The Country Life Commission's inquiries and the reality of the problem--The need and opportunity for reconstruction of rural life 17

CHAPTER III

THE ORIGIN AND CONSEQUENCES OF RURAL NEGLECT

The origin of rural neglect in English-speaking countries traced to the Industrial Revolution in England--Effect of modern economic changes upon the mutual relations of town and country populations--Respects in which the old relations ought to be restored--Three economic reasons for the study of rural conditions--The social consequences of rural neglect--The political importance of rustic experience to reënforce urban intelligence in modern democracies--The analogue of the European exodus in the United States--The moral aspects of rural neglect--The danger to national efficiency of sacrificing agricultural to commercial and industrial interests--The happy circumstance of Mr. Roosevelt's interest in rural well-being 35

CHAPTER IV

THE INNER LIFE OF THE AMERICAN FARMER

Reasons why the rural problem resulting from urban predominance exists only in English-speaking countries--Neglect of farmer more easily excused in the United States than elsewhere owing to his apparent prosperity--Country Life Commission's pronouncement on rural backwardness--Why the matter must be taken up by the towns--A survey of American rural life--The problem economically and sociologically considered in the Middle West--Causes and character of rural backwardness in the Southern States--The boll-weevil and the hookworm as illustrations of unconcern for the well-being of rural communities--The problem in the New England States not typically American--The progressive attitude of some communities in the Far West in rural reform 57

CHAPTER V

THE WEAK SPOT IN AMERICAN RURAL ECONOMY

The three elements of a rural existence--Mr. Roosevelt's formula: "Better farming, better business, better living"--A comparative analysis of urban and rural business methods shows that herein lies chief cause of rural backwardness--Reasons why farmers fail to adopt methods of combination--A description of the coöperative system in its application to agriculture--The introduction and development of agricultural coöperation in Ireland--The Raiffeisen Credit Association successful in poorest Irish districts--Summary of coöperative achievement by Irish farmers--British imitation of Irish agricultural organising methods--A criticism of American farmers' organisations--Lack of combination for business purposes the cause of political impotence--Urgent need for a reorganisation of American agriculture upon coöperative lines 83

CHAPTER VI

THE WAY TO BETTER FARMING AND BETTER LIVING

The retarded application of science to agriculture and neglect of agricultural education--Present progress in agricultural education--Full benefit of education must await coöperative organisation--Connection between coöperation and social progress--Mr. Roosevelt on the cause and cure of rural discontent--Two views upon the principles of rural betterment--The part coöperation is playing in Irish rural society--General observations on town and country pleasures--The social necessity for a redirection of rural education--The rural labour problem--The position of women in farm life--The reason why the remedy for rural backwardness must come from without--The paradox of the problem 117