Chapter XVI (3)

62 Large merchant-vessels have been constructed of steel, which is
stronger than iron, weight for weight; and consequently, in building
vessels of equal strength, a less weight and thickness is required.
It is said, that if the large Atlantic steamers of 3,500 tons and
upwards were built of steel, instead of iron, their displacement in
the water would be one-sixth less, and their carrying capacity
double. A steel troop-ship, accommodating about 1,000 persons and
drawing only two feet and a quarter of water, was constructed, in
1861, for use on the Lower Indus. She was taken out in pieces and
put together in India, the total weight of the steel employed being
only 270 tons, although she was 375 feet long, with a beam of 46
feet.

63 “The Fleet of the Future: Iron or Wood,” by J. Scott Russell,
F.R.S., &c.

64 Letter to the _Times_, Sept. 6th, 1875 (after the loss of the
_Vanguard_).

65 Parliamentary Paper, 1872. Reports of the Committee on Designs for
Ships of War &c.

_ 66 Ibid._

67 “Our Ironclad Ships.”

_ 68 Vide_ “The Mediterranean,” by Rear-Admiral Smyth. This is a
standard work on all scientific points connected with the
Mediterranean.

69 One of the earliest of the Moorish conquerors of Spain, who first
fortified the Rock.

_ 70 Vide_ page 16.

71 “History of Gibraltar and its Sieges,” by F. G. Stephens, with
photographic illustrations by J. H. Mann. The writer is much
indebted to this valuable work for information embodied in these
pages.

72 On more than one occasion such wrecks have happened, as, for
example, when a Danish vessel, laden with lemons, fell into the
hands of General Elliott’s garrison, then suffering fearfully with
scurvy, October 11th, 1780. A year before a storm cast a quantity of
drift-wood under the walls. “As fuel had long been a scarce article,
this supply was therefore considered as a miraculous interference of
Providence in our favour.” (_Vide_ Drinkwater’s “Gibraltar.”)

73 The Romans, however, sometimes employed red-hot bolts, which were
ejected from catapults.

74 Lopez de Ayala, “Historia de Gibraltar.”

75 “Memoirs of Sully,” bk. xx.

76 In a memorial presented to Philip V. after the capture, it was
stated that the garrison comprised “fewer than 300 men; a few poor
and raw peasants.” Other accounts range from 150 to 500.

77 “Journal of an Officer during the Siege.”

78 See _ante_, page 16.

79 Sayer’s “History of Gibraltar.”

80 Barrow’s “Life of Lord Howe.”

_ 81 Vide_ “Malta Sixty Years Ago,” by Admiral Shaw.

82 “The Crescent and the Cross.”

83 “Malta under the Phœnicians, Knights, and English,” by W. Tallack.

84 In contradistinction to the Red Cross Knights, or Templars, who,
though Crusaders, formed a purely military order.

85 The Order of the Knights of St. John exists now as a religious and
benevolent body—a shadow of its former self. There was a period when
the revenues of the Order were over £3,000,000 sterling. It still
exists, however, the head-quarters being at Ferrara in Italy. Recent
organisations, countenanced and supported by distinguished noblemen
and gentlemen for the relief of sufferers by war, and convalescents
in hospital in many parts of England, are in some sense under its
banner; H.R.H. the Prince of Wales is President of one of them—the
National Society for the Sick and Wounded in War. It had been
recommended by one writer, that gentlemen of the present day should
become members, and wear at evening entertainments a special dress
and decoration, and that there should also be _dames chevalières_,
with decorations also. He believes, of course, that this would
greatly aid the funds for those benevolent purposes.

86 For an elaborate, exhaustive disquisition on this subject, _vide_
“The Voyage and Shipwreck of St. Paul,” by James Smith.

87 The Suez Canal, and all appertaining thereto, is well described in
the following works:—“The Suez Canal,” by F. M. de Lesseps; “The
History of the Suez Canal,” by F. M. de Lesseps, translated by Sir
H. D. Wolff; “My Trip to the Suez Canal,” &c.

88 M. de Lesseps acknowledges frankly that the English people were
always with him, and cites example after example—as in the case of
the then Mayor of Liverpool, who would not allow him to pay the
ordinary expenses of a meeting. He says: “While finding sympathy in
the commercial and lettered classes, I found heads of wood among the
politicians.” There were, however, many who supported him in all his
ideas, prominently among whom the present writer must place Richard
Cobden.

89 O. Ritt, “Histoire de l’Isthme de Suez.”

90 Exodus xiv. 21, _et seq._

91 “Life in China,” by William C. Milne, M.A.

92 The reader may have heard of mummies manufactured in Cairo for the
English market. The idol trade of Birmingham has often been stated
as a fact.

93 Readers who have seen Mr. Edouin’s impersonations of a Chinaman may
be assured that they are true to nature, and not burlesques. That
gentleman carefully studied the Chinese while engaged professionally
in San Francisco.

94 The Tycoon is nominated out of the members of three families having
hereditary rights. The princes or Daimios number three or four
hundred, many having enormous incomes and armies of retainers. The
Prince of Kangâ, for example, has £760,000 a year; the Prince of
Satsuma £487,000; and the Prince of Owari £402,900.

95 For further details concerning this most interesting people, _vide_
Dr. Robert Brown’s “Races of Mankind.”

_ 96 Vide_ “Nautical Magazine,” October, 1855.

97 Captain Scammon, detailed from the United States Revenue Service, to
take the post of Chief of Marine in the telegraph expedition on
which the writer served, made a series of soundings. For nearly two
_degrees_ (between latitudes 64° and 66° N.) the average depth is
under 19½ fathoms.

_ 98 Vide_ Washington Irving’s “Astoria;” also, Sir Edward Belcher’s
“Voyage of the _Sulphur_.”

99 “Our Tropical Possessions in Malayan India,” by John Cameron, Esq.

100 J. Thomson, “The Straits of Malacca, Indo-China, and China.”

101 It is stated that an old man, named Macgregor, had long before been
in the habit of bringing once a year to Sydney small pieces of gold,
which he always sold to a jeweller there, and also that a convict
had been whipped for having lumps of gold in his possession prior to
the above. Hargreaves’ claim rests both on the actual amount
discovered, and on his publishing the fact at once.

102 “The Australian Colonies: their Origin and Present Condition.”

103 In his work “Westward by Rail,” which contains a most reliable
account of California, its history and progress.

104 At the Cariboo mines, British Columbia, in 1863, there were 7,000
men on the various creeks. There were not over a dozen women there!

105 Excepting at San Francisco, the only docks worthy of the name on the
_whole_ Pacific coasts of America are those of England’s naval
station at Esquimalt.

106 Douglas pines have been measured in British Columbia which were
_forty-eight_ feet in circumference at their base, and therefore
about sixteen feet through. These magnificent trees are only second
in size to the “Big Trees” of California.

107 On many parts of the North-west Pacific coasts of America, from
Oregon northwards to Bering Straits, the salmon, in their season,
swarm so that a boat can hardly make a way through their “schools.”

_ 108 Harper’s Magazine_ (New York), April, 1869.

109 “Extracts from a Journal written on the Coasts of Chili, Peru, and
Mexico, &c.”

110 “The West Indies and the Spanish Main.”

111 “At Last: A Christmas in the West Indies.”

112 “Naval Chronicles,” vol. xii.

113 Other islands of the West Indies, as St. Thomas’s, which is a kind
of leading “junction” for mail steamers, and St. Domingo—so
intimately connected with the voyages of Columbus—will be mentioned
hereafter.

114 “Lands of the Slave and the Free,” by the Hon. Henry A. Murray.

115 “Historical and Statistical Account of Nova Scotia,” by Judge
Haliburton.

116 “To the Cape for Diamonds.” By Frederick Boyle.

117 “The Cruise of H.M. Ship _Galatea_.” By the Rev. John Milner, B.A.,
Chaplain, and Oswald W. Brierly.

118 Alluding to the previous visit of Prince Alfred when a midshipman.

119 “The Settler’s Guide to the Cape of Good Hope,” &c., by Mr. Irons.

120 “The Autobiography of a Seaman.” By Thomas, tenth Earl of Dundonald,
G.C.B., Admiral of the Red, &c. &c.

121 “Medical Life in the Navy.”

_ 122 The Naval Chronicle_, vol. xiii. (1806).

123 Her tonnage being no doubt calculated by what is known as O. M. (old
measurement), and which was used up to a late date in England, her
actual capacity must have been considerably greater.

124 “The Eventful History of the Mutiny and Piratical Seizure of H.M.S.
_Bounty_: Its Causes and Consequences.”

125 “Voyage Round the World,” by G. Hamilton.

126 “A Missionary Voyage to the Southern Pacific”

_ 127 The Annual Register_, 1789. The account above presented is derived
from that source, and from the standard works of Yonge and James.

128 The curious in such matters will find this poem translated by Heeren
in his work entitled “Asiatic Nations.”

129 (The late) W. S. Lindsay, M.P., &c., “The History of Merchant
Shipping.”

130 “The British Admirals: with an Introductory View of the Naval
History of England.”

131 Charnock: “History of Marine Architecture.”

132 It has been clearly shown that a large vessel which had been built
by Henry VII. bore the same name. The above was a successor,
probably built after the first had become unfit for service.

133 Sir William Monson: Churchill’s “Collection of Voyages.”

134 Hakluyt.

135 “Historia General.”

136 Camden. Balboa, the discoverer of the Pacific, had expressed the
same feelings in almost the same locality.

137 Whenever the South Seas are mentioned in these early records, they
must he understood to mean the South Pacific, and, indeed, sometimes
portions of the North Pacific. The title still clings to the
Polynesian Islands.

138 Burney’s “Voyages.”

139 Narrative of Chaplain Fletcher, quoted by Burney.

140 Various authorities cited by Southey.

141 The various slanders thrown on Drake’s name in connection with this
occurrence seem to have had no foundation in fact. Some of his
enemies averred that he sailed from England with instructions from
the Earl of Leicester to get rid of Doughtie at the first
opportunity, because the latter had reported that Essex had been
poisoned by the former’s means. But Drake appears to have been
really attached to him.

142 Fuller’s “Holy State.”

143 Narrative of Captain Hayes (owner of the _Golden Hinde_) printed in
Hakluyt’s “Collection.”

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE

The illustrations have been moved so that they do not break up paragraphs and are near the text they illustrate.

Several illustrations which were missing from the List of Illustrations have been added to it. They can be identified by the missing page numbers in the list.

The following changes have been made to the text:

page 10, period and quote mark added after “came”
page 13, “be” added before “interesting”
page 42, “Shakspeare” changed to “Shakespeare”
page 44, quote mark added before “manned”
page 50, quote mark added after “immediately.”
page 59, quote mark removed after “steam.”
page 60, period changed to comma after “survivors”
page 63, quote mark added after “water;”
page 101, “It” changed to “Its”
page 117, comma changed to colon after “Drawbacks”
page 119, period added after “O”
page 123, “It” changed to “Its”
page 129, “Portugese” changed to “Portuguese”
page 136, “via” changed to “viâ”
page 146, quote mark removed after “elsewhere.”
page 147, “interspered” changed to “interspersed”
page 155, comma changed to closing parenthesis after “Australia”
page 159, comma changed to period after “creeks”
page 175, colon added after “Bermuda”
page 181, “sweatmeats” changed to “sweetmeats”
page 189, comma added after “too”
page 219, period added after “tons”
page 236, “broad” changed to “board”
page 277, quote mark added after “benevolence,”
page 282, quote mark added after “England,”
page 293, period added after “up”
page 302, quote mark added after “complement,”
page 313, quote mark added after “blood.”
page 317, quote mark removed before “Two”

Differences between the table of contents and the chapter summaries have not been corrected. Neither have variations in hyphenation been normalized.