Chapter XIV: Appendix: Translations of the Phæstos Disk

Two translations of the Phæstos disk have been put forward. The first is by Professor George Hempl, of Stanford University, U.S.A., and appeared in _Harper's Magazine_ for January, 1911, under the title, 'The Solving of an Ancient Riddle.' The second, by Miss F. Melian Stawell, of Newnham College, appeared in the _Burlington Magazine_ of April, 1911, under the title, 'An Interpretation of the Phaistos Disk.'

Both are characterized by considerable ingenuity; but the trouble is that they do not agree in the very least. Professor Hempl maintains that the disk is the record of a dedication of oxen at a shrine in Phæstos, in atonement of a robbery perpetrated by Cretan sea-rovers on some shrine of the great goddess in Asia Minor. Miss Stawell, on the other hand, believes that the disk is the matrix for casting a pair of cymbals, and that the inscription is the invocation which the worshippers had to chant to the goddess.

A comparison of portions of the two renderings will at least show that certainty can scarcely be said to have been reached. Professor Hempl thus renders the opening lines of Face A:

'Lo, Xipho the prophetess dedicates spoils from a spoiler of the prophetess. Zeus, guard us. In silence put aside the most dainty portions of the still unroasted animal. Athene Minerva, be gracious. Silence! The victims have been put to death. Silence!'

Compare Miss Stawell's translation of the same lines:

'Lady, 0 hearken! Cunning one! Ah, Queen! I will sing, Lady, oh, thou must deliver! Divine One, mighty Queen! Divine One, Giver of Rain! Lady, Mistress, Come! Lady, be gracious! Goddess, be merciful! Behold, Lady, I call on thee with the clash! Athena, behold, Warrior! Help! Lady, come! Lady--keep silence, I sacrifice--Lady, come!'

INDEX

A

Aahmes, founder of Eighteenth Dynasty, 147 Abnub, 82, 155, 203 Abydos: First Dynasty graves at, 142, 191; Twelfth Dynasty grave at, 150, 199 Achæans: position of, in Homeric poems, 23; manners of, 26; invasion of Greece, 62; influence of, on Cretan customs, 178; conquest of Mycenæ, 182; modifications of Minoan religion by, 247 Achilles: arms of, 27; shield of, 27, 28, 58, 74 Ægean, 13 Ægeus, King of Athens, 10-13 Agamemnon, Tomb of, 37, 42, 43, 45, 46 Agriculture, Minoan, 226 Aigaios, Mount, 136 Aithra, mother of Theseus, 11 Akhenaten, 163, 173, 174, 185, 208 Alabastron of Khyan, 93 Alcinous, Palace of, 25, 26, 47, 49, 56 Altar: in Dictæan Cave, 137; at Shaft-Graves, 251 Amaltheia, 7, 111 Amenemhat III., 150; Labyrinth of, 150-155; pyramid of, 47; cylinders of, 199 Amenhotep, II., 174 Amenhotep III., 158, 162, 173, 174, 184, 185, 208 Amen-Ra, statuette of, in Dictæan Cave, 137 Amor, Amorites, 165 Amorgos, 193 Anatolia, 6; Minoan settlements in, 184 Androgeos, son of Minos, 10 Andromache, 24, 41 Aniconic worship, 245, 246 Aphrodite: aspect of Cretan goddess, 104, 122; identified with Minoan goddess, 247 Aqayuasha invade Egypt, 164 Archon, the King, 108 Argives, 166 Argolid: place of, in Greek history, 22; conquest of, by Achæans, 182 Ariadne, 3, 179; flees with Theseus and deserted by him, 13; Choros of, at Knossos, 103; title of Cretan goddess, 104, 122 Aristides, 'The Unjust,' 240 Armour: Homeric, 26-28, 61; Mycenæan, 61 Army, Minoan, 225, 226 Arrows, deposits of, at Knossos, 110, 225 Artemis Dictynna, aspect of Cretan goddess, 122, 247 Asia, community of religious conceptions between Crete and, 141 Athens: conquered by Minos, 10, 170; place in Homeric poems, 21 Atlantis, Plato's legend of, 257-259 Atreus, Treasury of, 43, 46-48 Axos, 166

B

Babylonia, relations with Crete, 139-142 Bacchylides, legend of Theseus and the ring of Minos, 13 Basilica, origin of, 108 Bathroom of Queen's Megaron, 95 Beak-jugs=schnabelkanne, _q.v._ Beehive chamber at Knossos, 113, 114 Beehive tombs: at Mycenæ, 46-48, 56; at Orchomenos, 48, 56; at Phæstos, 229 Bliss finds Minoan pottery at Telles-Safi, 167 Boghaz-Keui, treaty between Hittites and Egyptians discovered at, 162 Bosanquet, Mr.: Minoan purple, 133; marine decoration, 204 Boxer Vase, the, 124, 169, 172, 204 Boxing, Minoan, 103 Breasted, H., Egyptian chronology, 148 Britomartis, 122 Bronze, use of, for weapons, 27, 60, 228 Browne, H., 'Homeric Study,' 30-32, 62 Bucchero: deposit of, at Knossos, 66, 189, 191; at Abydos, 142, 143 Bügelkanne=stirrup-vases, _q.v._ Bull: fresco of, at Tiryns, 49, 90; at Knossos, 66; relief of, at Knossos, 77, 78, 172; fresco, 88, 89 Bull-god, 105, 252, 253 Bull-grappling, 88-91, 257, 258 Bunarbashi, supposed site of Troy, 38 Burial, 58-60 Burrows, Professor: quoted, 88, 98, 99, 108, 109, 122, 174, 177; Minoan art in Egypt, 185 Button seals, 143, 194 Byblos, Wen-Amon at, 186

C

Callimachus, character of Cretans, 8 Carians expelled by Minos, 9 Carpenter, tools of, 221, 222 Chariots, 225 Cherethites=Cretans, 168 Chieftain Vase, the, 125, 126, 172, 204, 213 Choros built by Dædalus at Knossos, 14 Chronology, Egyptian and Minoan, 147 _et seq._ Cilicia, 229 Circle-Graves=Shaft-Graves, 43-46, 172, 205; steles of, 182; altars at, 251 Cists in Temple Repositories, 105 Colonnades, Hall of, 85 Cooking utensils, 218 Copper: export of, 223; use of, in beaten work, 229 Corinth in Homeric poems, 21 Cornaro describes ruins at Knossos, 63 Court: Western, Knossos, 66, 83, 84; Central, Knossos, 68, 70, 85; of the Olive Spout, 88 Cremation, 58-60 Critias, the, legend of Atlantis, 257-259 Cross in Snake Goddess shrine, 107 Cuirass. See Armour Cuneiform, 81, 142 Cup-Bearer: Fresco of, 67, 68, 173, 206; dress of, 213, 214 Currelly, Mr., 124, 133, 236 Curtius on Treasury of Atreus, 48 Cyclades, 9; influence on Minoan art, 193 Cyprus, 51, 157; Minoan civilization in, 145, 185; export of copper, 223

D

Dædalus, 3; builds Labyrinth, 10, 14; flees to Sicily, 14, 15; makes Choros at Knossos, 103 Daggers from Shaft-Graves, 57, 58 Dahshur, Egyptian jewellery from 229 Danaos, King of Argos and Rhodes 166 Danauna=Danaoi invade Egypt, 165, 166 Dancing, Minoan, 103 Dancing-girls, fresco of, 220 Danubian civilization, 181, 182 David, 167, 168 Dawkins, Mr., 126 Dead, disposal of, 58-60, 178 Decimal system, Minoan, 238 Deir-el-Bahri: Eleventh Dynasty temple at, 154; Hatshepsut's temple at, 160; tomb of Senmut, 160 Demeter identified with Minoan goddess, 247 Determinatives in Minoan writing, 235, 240 Diana, of Ephesus, 111 Dictæan Cave, 7, 8, 64, 70, 136, 137, 247, 254 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 136 Dionysos, 252 Disc, hieroglyphic, of Phæstos, 121, 241, 242 Dolphin Fresco, 224 Dor, 187 Dorian (Dorians): conquest, 2, 4, 33, 62; invasion of Crete, 178, 210 Dörpfeld, Professor, discovers Sixth City of Troy, 40, 41, 50, 51 Double Axe, 246; pillars of, at Knossos, 70; emblem of Divinity, 70; of Zeus of Labraunda, 70; at Gournia, 130; in Dictæan Cave, 137; on sarcophagus, 250; Hall of the, 86, 120; in shrines at Knossos, 100, 105 Drainage: at Knossos, 98, 99; at Hagia Triada, 129 Dress: of Minoan women, 73; of men, 74, 213-216 Dungeons of Knossos, 90, 91, 104 Dynasties, Egyptian: First, date of, 148; Third, 146; Fifth, 146; Sixth, 143, 149; Twelfth, 148, 150-155, 199; Thirteenth, 200; Seventeenth, 158, 200; Eighteenth, 158-163; Nineteenth, 163

E

Egypt: relations of, with Crete, 139; chronology of, 147 _et seq._ Electrum, 229 Enkomi, 51 Epeus, 103 Erman Egyptian chronology, 148 Ethiopia, King of, obliged to slay himself at command of priests, 254 Europa, mother of Minos, 7, 8, 136 Euryalus, 103 Evans, A. J., 1, 2; purchases hill of Kephala, 64, 65; discoveries at Knossos, 65-116; derivation of Labyrinth, 71; on relief of bull's head, 77, 78; on tablets of Knossos, 79, 80; drains at Knossos, 99; bull's head _rhyton_, 113; restoration of Queen's Megaron, 115; 'Scripta Minoa' quoted, 121; excavations at Zafer Papoura, 134; at Isopata, 135; Minoan chronology, 149; first destruction of Knossos, 171; date of sack of Knossos, 174; growth of Cretan legends, 179, 180; classification of Minoan periods, 190; origin of spiral, 194; decline of Minoan oil-trade, 222; Minoan writing, 232, 233, 235, 236, 237-238, 239, 240

F

Fetish shrine at Knossos, 111, 237, 245 Fibula, use of, in late Minoan III., 178 Fig-tree, 227 Figurines: ivory, at Knossos, 96; faïence, 105, 106, 156; banjo, 193 Flute on Hagia Triada sarcophagus, 127, 128 Fortifications: of Knossos, 74, 75, 76; of Tiryns and Mycenæ, 75, 138 Fresco (Frescoes): bull at Tiryns, 49; at Knossos, 66; Procession at Knossos, 66; Cup-Bearer, 67, 68, 173, 206; of Throne Room, 71, 72; Blue Boy, 73, 90, 172, 202; miniature, 73, 74, 172, 173, 206; toreador, 88, 89; bird, 95, 220; dancing-girls, 220; Dolphin, 224. Frieze (Friezes): at Tiryns, 49, 56; at Knossos, 56

G

Gallery, the Long, 68-70 Gaming Board, the King's, Knossos, 87, 88, 204 Garstang, Professor, Kamares vase at Abydos, 150, 199 Gath=Tell-es-Safi, _q.v._ Gaza, 10 Gezer, Minoan pottery at, 140 Gilliéron, M., reconstruction of relief, 93 God, Minoan: insignificance of, 247; identified with Zeus, 247 Goddess: seal-impression of, 94; Dove Goddess, 100, 107, 245; Snake, 105-107, 130, 156, 245; Minoan supreme deity, 244; representations of, 245, 246; identified with Greek goddesses, 246, 247 Gold: abundance of, in Shaft-Graves, 44, 45 ; absence of, at Knossos, 77 Goldsmith's work at Mokhlos, 134 Gortyna, stele of, 182 Gournia: Minoan houses at, 97, 130, 131, 216; shrine at, 107, 130, 245; Minoan town, 129-132; sack of, 131; stirrup-vases at, 205; furnace near, 228; linear script at, 236 Grote denies historicity of Greek legends, 3, 17

H

Haa-ab-ra, 169 Hagia Triada: Boxer _rhyton_, 103; villa at, 122; artistic work, 122, 203; vases of, 123-126; sarcophagus, of, 127-129; sanitation of, 129; sack of, 175, 176; bee-hive tomb at, 192; dress on fresco from, 215; linear script at, 235, 236 Hagios Onouphrios, deposita at, 192 Halbherr, Professor: work at Phæstos, 118; discovery of copper at Hagia Triada, 223 Hall of Colonnades, Knossos, 85; of Double Axes, Knossos, 86 Hall, H. R., 155; origin of spiral, 48, 143, 193; sea-route to Egypt, 145; on Labyrinth, 153; Keftiu in tomb of Rekh-ma-ra, 161; identification of Uashasha, 166; Minoan influence on Egyptian art, 185 Hall, Miss, origin of spiral, 193 Harrison, Miss J., on the Minotaur legend, 252 Harvester Vase, the, 124, 125, 129, 172, 204, 213, 226 Hatshepsut, 158, 160, 208, 223 Hawara, Labyrinth at, 150-155 Hawes, Mrs.: carpenters' tools at Gournia, 222; discoveries at Gournia, 97, 107, 129, 130; sack of Knossos, 174 Hector, 41; slays Periphetes, 61; shield of, 61 Helmet. See Armour Hephæstos makes arms of Achilles, 27, 28 Hera identified with Minoan goddess, 247 Herakleids, return of, 2 Her-hor, 186, 187 Herodotus: on sea-power of Minos, 9, 76, 256; Labyrinth at Hawara, 151, 152; Greek settlement in Crete, 180 Hesiod: legend of Kronos, 111, 136 Hieroglyphics: Minoan, 64, 78; Egyptian and Hittite, 64, 80, 81 Hilprecht, 141 Hissarlik, site of Troy, 37, 51 Hittites: Treaty with Egypt, 162; absorbed in advance of sea-peoples, 164 Hogarth, D. G.: quoted, 20; duration of Mycenæan civilization, 51, 52; on bull's head _rhyton_, 113; excavations at Zakro, 133, 224; at Dictæan Cave, 136, 137; Greek settlement in Crete, 180; geometric vases of Iron Age, 183, 184; Minoan craftsmanship, 207 Homeric civilization, 21-33; houses, 25, 55; crafts in, 56-58; disposal of dead, 58 Homeric poems, 20; geography of, 54; houses in, 25, 55; crafts in, 56-58 'Horns of consecration,' 94, 95, 100, 130, 246, 249, 250 Horse on seal-impression at Knossos, 112 Houses: Minoan, 97, 216-218; at Gournia, 130, 131; fabric of, 217 Hyksos, 93, 94, 155, 157, 200, 203 Hyria, foundation of, 15

I

Ialysos, Late Minoan III. work at, 209 Icarus, son of Dædalus, 14 Ida, Mount, 92; Kamares cave on, 197 Idæan Cave, 7; bronzes of, 183, 184 Idomeneus in Iliad, 22 Illahun, 97 Imadua, tomb of, 163 Incised ornament, 189, 192, 193 Iron: use of for weapons, 27, 60; in Late Minoan III., 178 Irus, 103 Isopata, royal tomb at, 135, 136, 156, 203 Ittai, Captain of David's bodyguard, 168

J

Jacob, sacred pillar of, at Bethel, 246 Jade, white, discovered at Troy, 140 Juktas, Mount: tomb of Zeus on, 7, 63; springs on, 110

K

Kahun: Twelfth Dynasty town at, 116; papyrus, 148; Kamares ware at, 150, 199 Kairatos River, 76, 176 Kalochærinos, excavations at Knossos, 64 Kamares ware, 92, 118, 120, 137, 150, 172, 197-199 Kamikos besieged by Minos, 15 Kaphtor=Crete and Kefti, 166 Karnak, 151 Kaselles at Knossos, 69 Keftiu, the, 158-163, 259 Kephala, site of Palace of Knossos, 64, 65 Kerkuon slain by Theseus, 11 Khyan: alabastron of, 93, 157, 203; lion of, 157 King, Minoan, relation to religion, 248, 251-255 Kokalos, King of Kamikos, 14 Klytemnestra, Treasury of, 48 Knossos, 5; in Iliad, 22; Palace of, 63-116; ruins at, 63, 64; Neolithic remains at, 66; fortifications of, 74, 75; sack of, 86; Royal Villa, 107-109; Minoan road, 110; Little Palace, 110-113; beehive chamber, 113, 114; Queen's Megaron, 115, 116; sack of, 173-176; reoccupation of, 176, 177, 210; first sack of, 199 Kouphonisi. See Leuke Kronos, 6, 7, 111 Kuanos, 25, 49, 56, 58

L

Labrys: name of Double Axe, 70; derivation of Labyrinth, 71, 100 Labyrinth, 3, 10, 11, 13, 14, 18; derivation of name, 71, 153; beehive chamber, Knossos, 114; Minoan and Egyptian Labyrinths, 150-155 Lamp, stone, in Royal Villa, 108, 221 Lang, Mr. A., Minoan swords, 135 Layard, 140 Legends of Crete, 6-18 Leuke, deposit of purple shell at, 133 Libation table: of Dictæan Cave, 64, 236, 251; of Palaikastro, 236 Light-wells, 217, 220 Linear Script: Class A, 202, 204, 234-236; Class B, 205, 207, 236, 238 Lion Gate, 42-43, 94, 100, 246 Loin-cloth, 213 Loom-weights, 228; at Gournia, 131 Lotus, Minoan use of, 204 Lucian, 136 Lucretius, 136 Luqsor, 151 Lycian pirates, 184 Lyre on Hagia Triada sarcophagus, 127, 128 Lyttos, 136

M

Macalister finds Minoan pottery at Tell-es-Safi, 167 Mackenzie, Dr.: decay of Minoan art, 177; naturalism in Minoan art, 196, 201; character of Minoan religion, 248, 249; Minoan bathrooms, 252 Magazines at Knossos, 68, 69 Mahler, Egyptian chronology, 148 Manetho, history of, 147 Manolis, 68 Mecca, 111 Medinet Habu, reliefs at, 121, 164, 165, 181 Mediterranean race, 212 Megara conquered by Minos, 10, 170 Megaron: Queen's, 95, 115, 116, 220, 221; of Phæstos, 120 Melos, 51, 193 Menelaus, 15, 23; Palace of, 25 Mentuhotep Neb-hapet-Ra, Temple of, 78, 154 Merenptah, 164 Meriones in Iliad, 22 Messara Valley, 117 Metal-working: Homeric and Mycenæan, 56-58; at Knossos, 109 Meyer, Egyptian chronology, 148 Middle Kingdom of Egypt, 82, 93, 94, 150-155 Minoa, 10, 15 Minoan culture: date of beginning of, 147-149; periods of--Early Minoan I., Middle Minoan II., 149, 150-155; Middle Minoan III., 155-157; Late Minoan I., 158; Late Minoan III., pottery of, in Palestine, 167; Middle Minoan II., catastrophe at close of, 170; Early Minoan I., 190, 191; Early Minoan II., 191, 192; Early Minoan III., 192-194; Middle Minoan I., 194-197; Middle Minoan II., 197-200; Middle Minoan III., 200-203; Late Minoan I., 203-205; Late Minoan II., 205-208; Late Minoan III., 208-210; wide diffusion of products of, 209 Minoans: physical characteristics, 211-213; dress, 213-216; houses of, 216-218 Minos: legends of, 3-18; birth of, 7; association with Zeus, 8, 253; Sea-King, 9; conquers Megara and Athens, 10; pursues Dædalus, 14; death of, 15; and Zeus, 105, 136; laws of, 136 Minotaur, 3, 10, 49, 258; relation of legend to Minoan religion, 256 Minyas, Treasury of, 48 Mitanni, 185 Mokhlos: excavations at, 40; necropolis at, 133, 134, 143; gold ring from, 223 Mortars, 227 Mosso, 112, 120; drainage at Hagia Triada, 129; Minoan democracy, 230; Minoan bath rooms, 252 Mother: the Great, at Rome, 111; Anatolian, 122; Minoan, 244-247 Mouliana, tombs at, 59 Murex, 133, 222 Murray, Professor: name of Minos, 8; worship of bull-god in Crete, 253 Mycenæ, 1, 5; in Homeric poems, 22; Lion Gate of, 42, 43; Treasuries of, 42, 43, 46-48; Shaft-Graves, 43-46 Mycenæan civilization, 5, 6; extent of, 50, 51; duration of, 51, 52; inspiration of, 52-54; relation to Homeric civilization, 54-62; crafts of, 56-58; disposal of dead, 58-60 Myres, Mr. J. L.: discovery of Kamares ware, 92, 197; figurines at Petsofa, 132

N

Naturalism, development of, 196, 201 Nausicaa, 24, 26 Naville, excavations at Deir-el-Bahri, 78 Necho, fleet of, circumnavigates Africa, 259 Neolithic Period at Knossos, 188-190 Nestor, 22; cup of, 56 Niffur, 1; drainage at, 141 Nimrûd, carved ivories at, 140

O

Odysseus, 22; palace of, 25; versatility of, 26; brooch of, 56; defeats Irus, 103 Olive-oil, export of, 222 Olive Press, Room of the, 222 Olive Spout, Court of the, 88 Olive-tree, 227 Olympiad, First, 2, 52 Opening the mouth, Egyptian funerary ceremony, 128, 251 Orchomenos, 5; in Homeric poems 22, Treasury of Minyas, 48

P

Palace, Homeric, 25, 55 Palace, the Little, 111 Palaikastro, 124; Minoan town at, 132; deposit of purple shell at, 133; houses at, 216, 217; Linear Script at, 236 Papyrus: Turin, 148; Kahun, 148; Golenischeff, 186 Pashley describes ruins at Knossos, 63 Pasiphae, wife of Minos, 10, 18, 252 Paul, St., Epistle to Titus, 8 Pausanias, on Tomb of Agamemnon, 37, 42, 43 Pelasgi, 161, 167 Pelethites=Philistines, 168 Peloponnese, 6 Pen, the, used in Minoan writing, 241 Penelope, 24 Pepy, statue of, 113 Percentages on Minoan tablets, 238 Perdix slain by Dædalus, 14 Periphetes slain by Hector, 61 Pernier, Dr., stele at Gortyna, 182; work at Phrestos, 118 Perrot, M., Minoan writing, 233 Petrie, Professor: discovers Ægean remains in Egypt, 51; plan of Egyptian town, 97; Egyptian Sed Festival, 255; identification of Zakkaru, 166; Egyptian chronology, 194, 199; Minoan pottery at Abydos, 142, 191; sea-route between Crete and Egypt, 144, 145; Egyptian chronology, 148; Kamares ware at Kahun, 150 Petsofa: figurines, 126, 132, 195, 213, 215; votive offerings at, 168 Phæstos, 5; in Homeric poems, 117; discovery of Palace, 118; Theatral Area, 118, 119; destruction of palace, 119; staircase, 120; Megaron, 120; Central Court, 120; hieroglyphic disc, 121, 122; lords of, destroy Knossos, 171; sack of, 175, 176; earliest buildings at, 197; first sack of Knossos, 200; beehive tombs at, 229; Linear Script at, 236 Philistines: on reliefs at Medinet Habu, 121; invade Egypt, 165, 166, 186; settle in Palestine, 166-169 Phnicians: relation to Minoan culture, 53; invention of alphabet, 64; writing, 81, 243; purple dye of, 132, 133; not the Keftiu, 159 Phylakopi, 51; Linear Script at, 236 Pictographs: beginnings of, 194; decline of, 202, 204; development of, 234 Pillars, sacred, 70, 246 Piracy in Homeric poems, 22 Pithoi, 64, 69, 202, 206 Pits. See Dungeons Plato, legend of Atlantis, 257-259 Pliny, Labyrinth of Hawara, 152 Plutarch, story of Theseus, 103 Polychrome ware, 104, 132, 172; beginnings of, 194, 195; development of, 197-199 Polycrates, sea-power of, 9 Polyphemus, 22 Porcelain plaques on chest, 97 Portico: southern, Knossos, 68; western, 66, 83, 84 Potter's wheel, introduction of, 193 Præsians, account of Greek settlement in Crete, 180 Præsos, 15 Priam, Palace of, 25, 39; Treasure of, 38, 39, 40, 41 Priestesses (Priests) in Minoan religion, 251 Procession, Corridor of the, Knossos, 67 Proclus, portraits of men of Atlantis in Egypt, 259 Procrustes slain by Theseus, 11 Psamtek I., 152, 169 Psychro, 136 Pulosathu = Philistines, _q.v._ Punt, Egyptian voyages to, 146 Purple, 133, 222

Q

Querns, Minoan, 227

R

Rahotep, statue of, 113 Ramesseum, 151 Ramses II., Treaty with Hittites, 162 Ramses III.: reliefs of, 121, 181; victory over sea-peoples, 164-166 Rekh-ma-ra, tomb of, 160-162, 207, 208, 214, 223, 259 Religion, Minoan: supreme goddess in, 244, 245; representations of goddess, 245-246; identification of, with Greek goddesses, 246, 247; Minoan god identified with Zeus, 247; absence of temples, 248; family worship, 248; shrines 249, 250; sacrifice and ritual, 250, 251; place of King in, 251-255 Rhea, 6, 7, 111, 122, 136; identified with Minoan goddess, 247 Rhiphæan Mountains, 3 Rhodes, Late Minoan III. work in, 209 _Rhyton_: from Hagia Triada, 103; bull's head, from Knossos, 113 Ripple ornament, 190 Road, Minoan at Knossos, 110 Rosetta Stone, 80, 162

S

Sack of Knossos, 86 Sacrifice in Minoan worship, 250, 252 Sagalassians=Shakalsha (?), 166 Sahura, King of Fifth Dynasty, 146 Sais, legend of Atlantis at, 257-259 Salamis, late Mycenæan graves at, 59 Samson, 167 Sarcophagus, the, Hagia Triada, 127-129, 213, 250, 251 Sardinia relics of Minoan civilization, 51 Sardinians, 212 Sat-Hathor, 155 Scæan Gate, 39 Schliemann, 1, 2, 5; youth of, 34-36; excavates ancient Troy, 38-41, 227; Mycenæ, 42-48; discovers Shaft-Graves, 43-46; excavates Treasury of Atreus, 46-48; excavates at Orchomenos, 48; at Tiryns, 48, 49; considers excavations at Knossos, 64 Schnabelkanne, 39, 192 Script, Minoan, 64, 78-81; Linear, at Gournia, 131 Sculptor's workshop, 86, 87 Scylla betrays Megara, 10 Seager, excavations at Mokhlos, 40, 133, 134, 143 Seal-impressions at Zakro, 133 Seals: Minoan, 143; button, 143 Sea-power: of Minos, 9, 76; of Knossos, 76, 77 Seats, Minoan, 102 Sebek-user, statuette of, 82, 93, 155, 156, 203 'Sed' Festival in Egypt, 255 Sen-mut, tomb of, 160-162, 207, 208, 259 Senusert (Usertsen), II., III., 150; III., 199 Shakalsha invade Egypt, 165, 166 Shield. See Armour Ships: Minoan, 112, 223; Egyptian, 144 Shoes, Minoan, 213, 214 Shrines: at Gournia, 130, 131, 250; at Knossos, 249, 250, 252 Sicilians, 212 Sicily, 10; relics of Minoan civilization in, 51, 184 Sickles, 226 Sikels=Shakalsha (?), 166 Sinnis slain by Theseus, 11 Sistrum on Harvester Vase, 125 Sitia, 214 Snake Goddess, 105-107, 245, 250; dress of votaress of, 215 Sneferu, King of Third Dynasty, 146 Socrates, 17 Solon, legend of Atlantis, 257-259 Spain, relics of Minoan civilization in, 51, 184, 210 Sparta in Homeric poems, 21 Spratt describes ruins at Knossos 63 Spiral, origin of, 48, 143, 144, 193, 194 Staircase: at Knossos, 85, 86; at Phæstos, 120 Steles of Shaft-Graves, 43 Stillman, 64 Stirrup vases: at Knossos, 81, 108; at Zafer Papoura, 134; tomb of Ramses III., 163; at Gournia and Hagia Triada, 205, 210; prevalence of, in Late Minoan III., 210 'Stoa Basilike,' 108 Suffixes in Minoan Script, 235 Swords: in Shaft-Graves, 44; iron, 60; bronze, at Zafer Papoura, 134, 135; iron, in Late Minoan III., 178; bronze, in Late Minoan I., 204; from Zafer Papoura, 206

T

Tablets, clay, of Knossos, 78-81, 110, 238 _et seq._ Tahuti, 69 Tahutmes III., 158, 161, 208 Tahutmes IV., 174 Talent, Babylonian, at Knossos and Hagia Triada, 141 Tarentum, Late Minoan work at 209 Telemachus, 22, 23 Tell-el-Amarna: tablets of, 79; capital of Akhenaten, 163; Minoan pottery at, 185 Tell-es-Safi, Minoan pottery at, 140, 167 Temple repositories, 104-107, 172, 200 Temples: Egyptian, 25; absence of, in Minoan religion, 248 Terpander, invention of lyre, 128 Teumman, 225 Theatral Area: Knossos, 100-104; Phæstos, 101, 197 Thera, Linear Script at, 236 Theseus, 3, 9; adventures of, 11; vanquishes Minotaur, 12, 13; marries and deserts Ariadne, 13; brings up ring of Minos, 13, 256 Throne, palace of Knossos, 72 Throne Room: decorations of, 72; _impluvium_ in, 72; date of, 206 Thucydides on sea-power of Minos, 9, 76, 256 Timæus, the, legend of Atlantis, 257-259 Tiryns, 1, 5; in Homeric poems, 22; wall of, 49; frieze, 49; fresco of bull, 49 Tomb paintings, Egyptian, 74 Tools, carpenters' and smiths', at Gournia, 131, 221, 222 Torcello, Late Minoan work at, 209 Toreadors, 88-91; figurines of, 96 Trees, sacred, 245 Trickle ornament, 202, 203 Troy, I; siege of, 22; site of, 37; First City, 38; Second City, 39, 40, 140; Sixth City, 40, 41, 51 Tsountas, 50 Tyi, Queen, 185

U

Uashasha invade Egypt, 165, 166

V

Vaphio cups, 51, 109, 123, 161, 229 Vases: stone, at Knossos, 81, 86, 143; stirrup, 81, 108, 134; Kamares, 92; stone, at Mokhlos, 134, 143; at Isopata, 136 Vases à Étrier=stirrup vases, _q.v._ Vasiliki, mottled ware of, 192 Venetian occupation, 63 Villa, Royal, at Knossos, 107-109, 246 Vine, 227 Virgil, 136

W

Water-lily cup, 198 Weaving, 227, 228 Wen-Amon, adventures of, 186, 187 Windows, 217 Women, position of, in Homeric poems, 24 Writing: beginnings of, in Ægean area, 80, 81; Phnician, 81; Minoan, 234-243

Z

Zafer Papoura, swords from, 206 Zakkaru invade Egypt, 165, 166, 186, 187 Zakro: lotus vase from, 204; seals at, 133, 205, 224; houses at, 216; Minoan town at, 133; pottery at, 133; Zakkaru from, 166, 187; Linear Script at, 236 Zakru pirates, 187 Zeus: birth of, marriage of, to Europa, death and burial of, 7, 8; association with Minos, 8, 105, 136; Double Axe emblem, 70; of Labraunda, 70; fetish idol of, 111; associations with Dictæan Cave, 136, 247; identified with Minoan god, 247

THE END

KEY TO NUMBERS

1. Northern Entrance and Portico.
2. Bastion and Guard-House.
3. Northern Piazza.
4. Room of the Flower Gatherer.
5. Room with Stirrup Vases, Walled Pit beneath.
6. Ante room to Throne Room.
7, 7. Throne Room with Tank.
8. Temple Repositories.
9, 9. East and West Pillar-Rooms.
10. Court of the Altar.
11. South Propylæum.
12. Corridor of the Cup Bearer.
13. Corridor of the Procession.
14. West Portico.
15. Long Gallery with Magazines on West Side.
16. North-West House with Bronze Vessels.
17. Northern Bath.
18. Deposit of Pictographic Tablets.
19. North-Eastern Magazines.
20. Corridor of the Draught-Board.
21. Room of the Olive Press.
22. Great Staircase.
23, 23. Hall of the Colonnades, with Light-Well.
24, 24, 24. Hall of the Double Axes, with Light-Well.
25, 25, 25, 25. Queen's Megaron, with Light-Wells.
26. Deposit of Ivory Figurines.
27, 27. Built Drains.
28. Court of the Sanctuary.
29. South-East House with Pillar-Room.
30. Court of the Oil-Spout.
31. Magazines with large Pithoi.
32. East Bastion.
33. Early Buildings, partly in continuous use.
34. Sculptor's Workshop (on upper floor).
A. Altar-Base in Central Court.
B. Shrine of the Snake Goddess.
C, D. Altar-Bases in West Court.
E. Shrine of Dove Goddess and Double Axes.
F. Altar-Base in Court of the Sanctuary.
G. Altar Base in Court of the Altar.

PLAN ACCOMPANYING 'THE SEA-KINGS OF CRETE' BY THE REV. JAMES BAIKIE, F.R.A.S. (A. AND C. BLACK, LONDON.)]