Chapter XII: Appendix

ELIZABETHAN GARDEN AT SHAKESPEARE'S
BIRTHPLACE

TWO reports made in the spring of 1920, one by Frederick C. Wellstood, secretary and librarian of the Trustees and Guardians of Shakespeare's Birthplace, and the other by Ernest Law, C.B., one of the trustees, will doubtless be of interest to the reader. They have been made available through the courtesy of Mr. Law.

Mr. Wellstood, writing on Easter, 1920, in his report says:

"The appeal of the Trustees and Guardians of Shakespeare's Birthplace, &c. issued three months ago, for gifts of Elizabethan plants and flowers, wherewith to stock his 'Great Garden' at Stratford-upon-Avon, has had a very gratifying response. The King and Queen, Queen Alexandra and the Prince of Wales, have graciously interested themselves in the project, and have given practical support by valuable contributions of old-fashioned roses and other flowers.

"From the gardens of all the Royal Palaces, which were known to Shakespeare, ample parcels of the same sorts of flowers as grew in them when he visited them have been forwarded to Stratford-upon-Avon. Thus, from Greenwich, where we know that he appeared as an actor before Queen Elizabeth at Christmas, 1594; from Windsor, where his Company performed before the same Queen--probably in "The Merry Wives of Windsor"--as well as from Frogmore, which that play proves his acquaintance with; from Hampton Court--out of the Old Tudor Garden, 'circum-mured with brick,' which he must have visited when he and his fellows of the 'King's Company of Actors' spent ten days there during the Christmastide of 1603-4, presenting six plays before King James and his Court--from the gardens of all these places large consignments of plants have reached Shakespeare's Garden.

"From Wilton, likewise, where Shakespeare and his Company first acted before King James, a large number of specimens of every plant and flower wanted by the Trustees, has been sent by the present owner--the lineal descendant of the one, and the kinsman and representative of the other, of the two 'most noble and incomparable Paire of Brethren, William Earle of Pembroke and Philip Earle of Montgomery ... who prosequuted the Author living with so much favor'--to quote the words of the famous 'First Folio,' which was dedicated to them.

"Similarly, from the gardens of other places, which Shakespeare must have known well, have come very welcome gifts, notably from Charlecote, close to Stratford--the beautiful home of the Lucys for 750 years, where Shakespeare is said when a youth to have poached the deer of Sir Thomas Lucy, who had him whipped for his offense--whence now comes a charming collection of the poet's favorite flowers from the direct lineal descendant and heiress of the original 'Justice Shallow.'

"The trustees have also received choice batches of old-fashioned flowers from the gardens of medieval Castles mentioned in the plays--Glamis and Cawdor, for instance--and some which were probably well known to Shakespeare, such as Berkeley Castle; and from the great Tudor houses also, which he knew well, at any rate by repute, such as Knole, Burghley House, and Cobham Hall. The owner of Cobham Hall sends specimens of the famous 'Cobham' Rose, known to have been grown in the garden there for four or five hundred years. From Esher Place also--the 'Aster House' of 'King Henry VIII'--come many beautiful flowers and herbs.

"The sentiment, which has prompted such generosity, has equally appealed to many possessors of more modern gardens; while the authorities of Kew Gardens, regarding the scheme as one of national concern, have cordially aided the Trustees both with counsel and with contributions.

"Last, but by no means least, are the many small gifts from quite small gardens, even of cottagers; while, in some ways, the most pleasing of all, are the subscriptions from school children of some of the poorest districts in the East End of London--for instance, of the Mansford Street Central, and Pritchard's Road Schools, Bethnal Green--for the purchase of favorite flowers of the dramatist, whose plays they have so often witnessed with delight at the 'Old Vic.' and elsewhere.

"Thus, effect has been given to a prime desire of the Trustees, that as large as possible a number of people in every section of the community should be associated with this tribute to Shakespeare's memory.

"Most of the plants needful to furnish forth Shakespeare's garden in the style of his own time have been forthcoming in sufficient quantities--yet there are some important gaps still to be supplied. These are:--Box, dwarf Box, both the ordinary and the 'Gilded' variety; Thrift; Thyme, the Golden and Glaucous, as well as the Wild; and that pretty herb, known under its simple old English name as 'Lavender Cotton.' Of all of these, thousands of plants are still needed. Similarly of Pinks, 'Streaked Gillyflowers'; 'Spike Lavender'; and of Pansies--'Love in Idleness,'--pale and dark 'purple with Love's wound.' Of 'Eglantine'--Sweet Briar--a few scores would be very welcome.

"Such shortages are mainly due to the large quantities of these plants required for the purpose of filling the intricate-patterned beds of the 'Curious Knotted Garden.' That kind of garden was an invariable adjunct to every house of importance in Shakespeare's time, and the Trustees are laying one out on what is believed to be the exact site of the poet's own 'knotted garden,' modeling it on the designs printed in the contemporary books on gardening--the designs being followed with a fidelity and completeness unattempted, it is believed, for two hundred and eighty years. At the same time, suggestions have naturally been sought in Bacon's famous Essay 'On Gardens.'..."

SHAKESPEARE'S GARDEN RESTORED

Mr. Law's report, which is dated "Shakespeare's Birthday, A. D. 1920," says:

"The project of laying out the ground attached to Shakespeare's home in his later years as an Elizabethan garden, to be stocked with all the old-fashioned flowers mentioned by him in his plays or well known in his time, first took practical shape last winter.

THE LONG BORDERS

"The first step was to lay out the long, narrow strip of ground by the side of the wall parallel with Chapel Lane as a border for summer and autumn flowers--hollyhocks, canterbury-bells, lupins, larkspurs, crown imperials, lilies, and so on. As a background for these--and also to hide the ugly, cast-iron railings that disfigure the top of the wall--there was planted a row of yew trees. This border of some 300 feet long has been treated in the formal fashion of the olden time ... being divided into compartments, separated by 'buttresses' supporting 'pillars' or 'columns' surmounted by 'balls.'

"On the path side the beds are edged with box--'dwarfe boxe, of excellent use to border up a knott or long beds in a garden.'

"The beds ranging with these, on the other side of the gravel walk, are at present entirely occupied with spring flowers--largely gifts, like the others, from contributors all over the kingdom. In the summer they will be furnished with the low-growing flowers known to the gardeners of the early years of James the First's reign--carnations, 'our streaked gillyvors,' pansies, stocks, fox-gloves, sweet-williams, snapdragons, and so on....

THE WILD BANK OF HEATH

"At the eastern or lower end of the garden the aim has been to carry out, so far as the space available admits, Bacon's idea, expressed in his famous essay 'Of Gardens,' of a 'heath or desert, in the going forth, framed, as much as may be, to a natural wildness.' With this object, there has been thrown up an irregular bank, whereon have already been planted most of the flowers and herbs mentioned by Shakespeare in his writings; and where, it is hoped, every species known in his time will eventually find a place.

"In doing this the great natural philosopher's precepts have been faithfully followed, modified by hints derived from the greater poet. 'Some thickets,' says Bacon, 'I would have made only in sweetbriar (eglantine) and honeysuckle (woodbine); and the ground set with violets and primroses (oxlips); for these be sweet and prosper in the shade.' This has been done: and with wild thyme--many square yards of it--added, and also musk-roses--a few procured with great difficulty, so unaccountably neglected are they in our too-pretentious modern gardens--they will form here, in effect, Titania's Bower--

"I know a bank whereon the wild thyme blows,
Where oxlips and the nodding violet grows,
Quite over-canopied with luscious woodbine,
With sweet musk-roses and with eglantine.
There sleeps Titania some time of the night,
Lull'd in these flowers, with dances and delight.

"Bacon, of course, often witnessed the performances of Shakespeare's plays at Court, as well as in the public theaters; and reminiscent echoes of that beautiful passage were probably ringing in his ears when he penned the sentences quoted above.

"With passages in plays other than 'The Dream,' Bacon has also parallels. His essay happens to have been published exactly twelve months after the production of 'A Winter's Tale' at Court, and in his somewhat arid enumeration therein of the seasonal succession of flowering plants, we seem to hear echoes of those exquisite verses in Perdita's speeches--the most beautiful expression of the intimate love of flowers in all literature--

"... Daffodils,
That come before the swallow dares, and take
The winds of March with beauty; violets dim,
But sweeter than the lids of Juno's eyes,
Or Cytherea's breath; pale primroses,
That die unmarried ere they can behold
Bright Phœbus in his strength.

"'For March,' writes Bacon, 'there come violets, especially the single blue, which are the earliest ... and which, above all other flowers, yields the sweetest smell in the air; also the yellow daffodil.' 'Lilies of all sorts, the flowre-de-luce being one,' says Perdita. 'Flower-de-Luces, and lilies of all natures,' echoes Bacon.

"Near the Wild Bank later on there may, perhaps, be planted some of those specimens of the topiary art, which were so general in Jacobean gardens. Even Bacon would admit them into his 'Princely Garden.' 'Little low hedges (of box or yew),' he writes, 'round like welts, with some pretty pyramids, I like well, and in some places fair columns.' But he would confine them to geometric patterns: 'I, for my part, do not like images cut out in juniper or other garden stuff, they be for children.' But then Shakespeare had children and grandchildren; and, besides, many children of the present day will visit his garden, much taken, we may be sure, with such curious devices, and delighting in our simple sweet old English flowers--very few of them, it is to be hoped, serious little prigs, bursting with botany....

THE "KNOTT GARDEN"

"It is now necessary to say a few words about the 'Knott Garden'--an enclosure which, being an invariable adjunct to every house of importance in Shakespeare's time, is the most essential part of the reconstruction, on Elizabethan lines, of the ground about New Place. It need not, however, engage us long: for M. Forestier's beautiful drawing of it represents it as it is to be, better than any amount of wordy description.

"The whole is closely modeled on the designs and views shown in the contemporary books on gardening; and for every feature there is unimpeachable warrant. The enclosing palisade--a very favorite device of the Jacobean gardeners--of Warwickshire oak, cleft, is exactly copied from the one in the famous tapestry of the 'Seven Deadly Sins' at Hampton Court. And here again Bacon's advice has been useful: 'The garden is best to be square, encompassed on all four sides with a stately arched hedge, the arches on pillars of carpenter's work, of some 10 foot high, and 6 foot broad.' The 'tunnel,' or 'pleachéd bower, where honeysuckles, ripened by the sun, forbid the sun to enter'--follows ancient models, especially the one shown in the old contemporary picture in New Place Museum.

"The dwarf wall, of old-fashioned bricks--hand-made, sun-dried, sand-finished, with occasional 'flarers,' laid in the Tudor bond, with wide mortar joints--is based on similar ones, still extant, of the period. The balustrade is identical, in its smallest details, with one figured in Didymus Mountain's 'Gardener's Labyrinth,' published in 1577--a book Shakespeare must certainly have consulted when laying out his own Knott Garden. The paths are to be of old stone from Wilmcote, the home of Shakespeare's mother. The intricate, interlacing patterns of the Knott beds--'the Knottes so enknotted it cannot be expressed,' as Cavendish says of Wolsey's garden--are taken, one from Mountain's book; two from Gervase Markham's 'Country Housewife's Garden' (1613); and one from William Lawson's 'New Orchard and Garden' (1618); and they are composed, as enjoined by those authorities, of box, thrift, lavender-cotton, and thyme, with their inter-spaces filled in with flowers.

ROYAL ROSES FOR THE KNOTTED BEDS

"In one point the Trustees have been able to 'go one better' than Shakespeare in his own 'curious knotted garden'--to use his own expression in 'Love's Labour's Lost.' For neither King James, nor his Queen, Anne of Denmark, nor Henry Prince of Wales sent him--so far as we know--any flowers for his garden. On his 356th birthday, however, there will be planted four old-fashioned English rose-trees--one in the center of each of the four 'knotted' beds--from King George, Queen Mary, Queen Alexandra, and the Prince of Wales. Surely Shakespeare, could he have known it, would have been touched by this tribute!

"They will be planted by Lady Fairfax-Lucy, the heiress of Charlecote, and the direct lineal descendant of the Sir Thomas Lucy whose deer he is said to have poached, and who is supposed to have had him whipped for his offense, and who is believed to be satirized in the character of 'Justice Shallow.' This also might well have moved him!

"Here, in the restored 'Knott Garden,' as everywhere in the grounds about New Place, flowers--Shakespeare's Flowers--will clothe and wreathe and perfume everything, all else being merely devised to set them off--musk-roses, climbing-roses, crab-apples, wild cherries, clematis, honeysuckle, sweetbriar, and many more.

"By next year, the Trustees expect to have some 200,000 individual plants--including, of course, the crocuses, 'bold oxlips,' 'nodding violets,' 'winking marybuds,' 'pale primroses,' and 'azured harebells,' on the wild bank and lawn--decking, in succession through the months, the ground whereon the poet trod, their millions of blossoms, with every breath of air doing reverence, waving banners of gorgeous hue, and flinging the incense of their delicious fragrance in homage to the memory of William Shakespeare."

INDEX

A

Absinthe, 246

Acacia, 35

Acanthus, 22

Aconite, 199, 248, 249

Aconitum napellus, 248

Adonis, 133

Adonis Flower, 136

Æneas, 261

Affectionate Shepherd, The, 49

Albion, 148

Aldine Press, 15

Aldrich, Thomas B., quoted, 163-164

Allen, Grant, quoted, 139-140

All's Well That Ends Well, 230, 237

Alleys, 59-61

Amadis, de Gaul, 4

Amarakos, 238

Amaranth, 22

Amaryllis, 166

Amiens, 257

Anemone, 22, 36, 80, 133-136, 303

Anemone purpurea striata stellata, 133

Anglo-Saxons, 6

Anglo-Saxons, gardens of, 6-7

Annunciation Lily, 165, 166, 267

Anne Page, 243

Anthemis nobilis, 244

Apothecary, 31

Appius and Virginia, quoted, 234

Aquilegia vulgaris, 137

Arbor, 20, 48-49, 281

Arbors, flowers for, 82

Arcadia, quoted, 28

Arches, 283

Architects, Elizabethan, 23

Ariel, 101

Arnold, Matthew, quoted, 189

Artemis, 247

Artemisia, 246

Assur-wood, 265

As You Like It, song from, 257

Attar of Rose, 159

Auricula, 22

Artichoke, 149

Arum, 209

Arum masculata, 209

Arviragus, 97

Asphodels, 113, 166

Autolycus, 109, 152

B

Babar, garden of, 19-20

Babar, quoted, 20

Bacchus, 259

Bachelor's Buttons, 22, 83

Bacon, Francis, 35, 56, 125, 148, 249

Bacon, Francis, quoted, 44-45, 55-56, 64-66, 285

Bagh-i-Vafa, 19-20

Banquetting-house, 63, 82

Barnfield, quoted, 49-50

Basil, 14

Bastard Daffodils, 110

Battle of Marathon, 236

Bay, Dwarf, 83

Bay, Red, 82

Bay-Tree, 17

Bear's ears, 80, 100

Bear's foot, 62

Beatrice, 49, 178

Beaufort House, 21

Beds, 20, 41, 42, 47-48

Bee-plants, 240-243

Bees, 240

Belides, 119

Bellis, 119

Bellis perennis, 118

Benedick, 49, 178

Ben Jonson, 29, 136

Ben Jonson, quoted, 249

Bion, quoted, 134

Birds, 10, 64, 69, 75, 287-288

Birds Eyen, 107

Blonde of Oxford, 4, 12

Bloom, quoted, 38-39, 208-209

Blue Flowers, 139, 140, 198, 250-252

Blue Helmet Flower, 199, 250-252

Blue Pipe Flower, 35

Boar's Head, 226

Boccaccio, 16

Borde, Andrew, 287

Border-plant, 245

Borders, 9, 78, 295-297

Botticelli, 93, 94, 219

Bottom the Weaver, 148, 257

Bowling Alleys, 67, 74, 281

Box, 264-266, 293, 297, 303

Box-tree, 15

Broom (genesta), 22, 143-144, 303

Browne, quoted, 47-48, 49, 122, 136

Browning, 236

Buckingham House, 21

Burleigh, Lord, gardens of, 27, 51, 33

Burns, 121

Buttercup, 132, 208, 232, 252

Buxus sempervirens, 264

C

Calendula, 192

Calendula officinalis, 189

Call-Me-to-You, 202

Caltha, 192

Camomile, 74, 295, 244-246, 303

Campions, 83

Cantabrigia Illustrata, 301

Canterbury Bells, 131

Cardamine pratensis, 130

Carew, Thomas, quoted, 98-99

Carnations, 30, 35, 53, 84-85, 181-189, 199, 298, 304-305

Carol, Boar's Head, 226

Carols, 255-256, 258

Carraway, 14

Carthaginian Apple, 218

Cary, Walter, 34

Caryophyllus, 182

Cecil, Sir Robert, 22

Celandine, Lesser, 132

Century Book of Gardening, 302

Cerberus, 249

Ceres, 116, 218

Chalcedonian Lily, 162

Chaucer, 12, 101, 119, 121, 181, 191, 256

Cheese Bowl, 203

Cher feu, 179

Chèvre feuille, 179

Chives, 14

Christmas, 225, 253-255

Christmas Carols, 255-256

Christmas Flower, 81

Circe, 228

Clematis, 49, 50, 82

Clemence Isaure, 127

Clove Gilliflower, 181

Clover, 18

Clovis, 174

Clown, 237, 264

Clyte, 194

Colin Clout, quoted, 191

Colonna, Francesco, 16

Colors, flower, 42-43, 139-140

Colors, blending of, 42-43, 46-48

Columbine, 14, 18, 84, 137-143, 232, 252, 305

Complete Gardener, The, 303

Conduits of Water, 10

Conserves, flower, 153, 187, 192, 226

Cook, E. T., quoted, 320-321

Cookery, flowers in, 14, 210, 235, 237, 241

Cordials, 187, 192

Cornflowers, 22

Corona Imperialis, 70

Corn Rose, 203

Countess of Bedford, Garden of, 56-59

Country Farm, quoted, 68, 69-72

Cowdry, 23

Cowslips, 22, 62, 73, 83, 99-100, 101-107, 306

Cowslip of Jerusalem, 14

Crispin de Passe, 301

Crocus, 79, 166, 306

Crow-bells, 209

Crow-flowers, 132, 207-209, 307

Crowfoot, 82, 209

Crowfoot, winter, 81

Crown Imperial, 36, 79, 167-172, 307

Crown of Thorns, 154

Cuckoo-buds, 132, 214

Cuckoo-flowers, 131, 132, 213-214, 308

Cuckoo-pint, 209, 214

Cuckoo-pintle, 209

Cuddle-Me-to-You, 202

Cuirs, 41, 290

Cupid, 159

Cupid's Flower, 202

Cyclamen, 81

Cymbeline, 98, 104, 136, 190

Cytissus scoparius, 142

D

Daffodil, Daffodils, 78-79, 109-118, 308

Daffodil (Pastoral), 113-115

Daffy-down-dilly, 113, 296

Daisy. Daisies, 7, 14, 22, 62, 84, 118-122, 207, 308

Damask Rose, 146, 147, 152-153

Dame Quickly, 102

Dandelions, 10

Deceased Maiden's Lover, quoted, 208

Delphinium, 197

De Nature Rerum, 7

Dial, 73. See Sun-dials

Diana, 160, 167, 247

Diana's Bud, 246-248, 309

Dianthus, 181

Dianthus Caryophyllus, 181

Dickens, quoted, 259

Didymus Mountain, 34, 68, 300

Didymus Mountain, quoted, 193-194, 278-280

Dobell, Sydney, quoted, 103

Dog Rose, 321

Don Armado, 138

Don Juan, 153

Door in Wall, 9, 13, 40

Dove-cote, 287

Dove-plant, 138

Drayton, Michael, quoted, 113-115, 201

Drosidae, 165-167

Druids, 261

Dryden, quoted, 121

Duke, 123

Duke of Burgundy, 103

Duke of York, 230

Dumain, 138

E

Edging, 297, 299

Edward III., 174

Eglantine, 49, 50, 74, 150-151, 178, 321

Egyptians, 134, 164, 172, 213

Elements of Architecture, 47

Elizabeth. See Queen Elizabeth

Elizabeth of Bohemia, 47

Elizabethan estates, 276

Elizabethan housewife, 53-55

Eliza, Queen of the Shepherds, 22

Ellacombe, quoted, 182-183

Elves, 243

Ely Place, gardens of, 155

Elysian Fields, 113, 116, 166, 172

Endive, 14

English flowers, 83-85

Enna, Fields of, 129

Eros, 159

Essay on Gardening (Bacon), 55

Euphues and His England, quoted, 30, 245

Europa, 129

Exeter Book, quoted, 6

F

Fair Maid of France, 214

Fair Maid of Kent, 184

Fairies, 45, 101. See Elves

Fairy Cups, 101

Fairy Flowers, 175, 239

Falernian wine, 160

Falls, 172

Falstaff, 51, 102, 201, 234, 244

Fancy Flamey, 201

Fanshaw, Sir Henry, garden of, 47

Fennel, 9, 14, 137, 234-236, 309

Fern. Ferns, 175-177, 309

Fern-seed, 175-177

Fidele, 97, 98, 136

Fiori di ogni mese, 192

Fitzherbert, 34

Five Points of Good Husbandry, 34

Flag, 81, 173, 310

Flemish Painters, Gardens of, 18

Fletcher, John, 108, 120

Fleur-de-lis, 166, 167, 173-174

Floramour, 82

Floral Games, 127

Flore et Blancheflore, 4

Flor di prima vera, 93, 94, 101

Flor di prima vera, gentile, 122

Flos Adonis, 136

Flos Africanus, 196

Flos Sanguineus, 199

Flower of Africa, 196

Flower of Ajax, 197

Flower of Bristow, 83

Flower fanciers, 33-37

Flower-gentile, 82

Flower de luce, 81, 172-174, 309-310

Flower-of-the-Sun, 82, 213

Flower of Tunis, 196

Flowers, 71-72, 296-297

Flowers, Anglo-Saxon, 7

Flowers, Care of, 37-38

Flowers, Colors of, 42-43, 139-140

Flowers, Church, 18

Flowers for decoration, 52

Flowers, English, 83-85

Flowers, Fad for, 24-25

Flowers, Fifteenth Century, 14

Flowers, funeral, 224, 225

Flowers, love of, 6

Flowers, Mediæval, 10, 14

Flowers, Medicinal, 8, 14, 31, 46, 53-55, 100, 125, 153, 156, 179,
187, 192, 226, 228, 229-230, 231, 235, 241,
244, 246, 247

Flowers, Norman, 7

Flowers, perfumes of, 43

Flowers, outlandish, 24, 32, 78-83

Flowers, seasonable, 64-68

Flowers, Tudor, 22

Flowers, wedding, 221, 225

Flowers, in wine, 129, 181, 248

Fœniculum vulgare, 234

Forest of Arden, 256

Forthrights, 41, 42, 86

Fountain of Love, 10

Fountains, 42, 63, 285-287

Franklyn's Tale, quoted, 12

Frantic Foolish Cowslip, 107

French cowslip, 80

French marigold, 196

Freya, 130, 261

Friar, 225

Friar's Cowl, 209

Fritillaria imperialis, 167

Fruits, 8, 9, 21, 65, 73

Fruit-trees, 21

G

Gadshill, 175

Garden, Babar's, 19

Garden books, 35

Garden, Burleigh's, 34

Garden, Countess of Bedford's, 56-59

Garden, Curious Knotted, 41

Garden of Delight, 3-5, 8-10, 168, 199

Garden of Eden, 222

Garden, Earl of Salisbury's, 35

Garden, Elizabethan, 23-29, 31, 40-52, 86, 88-89

Garden, Sir Henry Fanshaw's, 47

Garden of Fidelity, 19, 20

Garden, Fifteenth Century, 15-18

Garden, Gerard's, 34

Garden, Hackney, 35-36

Garden, Hampton Court Palace, 274

Garden, Henry VIII.'s, 20, 21

Garden, Hatfield, 35

Garden, Havering-atte-Bower, 26

Garden, Herb, 72

Garden, House, 281

Garden, Italian Renaissance, 15-18

Garden, Kenilworth, 275

Garden, Kitchen, 31

Garden, lay-out (small), 41, 70, 277

Garden, lay-out (stately), 41, 70, 271-276

Garden, Long Acre, garden at, 32

Garden, Mediæval, 11-13

Garden, Moor Park, 56-59

Garden, Nosegay, 71

Garden, Novelties, 20

Garden, Parkinson's, 32

Garden, pleasant flowers, 31

Garden, pleasures, 29

Garden, Small, 3-5

Garden, Terraced, 276

Garden, Theobald's, 27, 34, 39, 51, 301

Garden, Tuggie's, 35

Garden, Uses of, 52

Garden, Wolsey's, 20

Garden, Zouche's, 35-36

Gardens, Anglo-Saxon, 6-7

Gardens, Burleigh's, 27, 33, 34, 39, 51, 301

Gardens, Flemish painters, 18

Gardens, Indian, 18

Gardens, Italian painters, 18

Gardens, Ladies in, 13, 14

Gardens, Lay-out of, 76-77

Gardens, Locked, 13

Gardens, Mogul Emperors, 18-19

Gardens, Nonsuch Palace, 21, 273-274

Gardens, Norman, 7

Gardens, Rennaissance influence, 38-39

Gardens, Roman, 6

Gardens, Sixteenth Century, 20

Gardens, Tudor, 21, 23-29

Garlands. See Wreaths

Garofalo, Il, 187

Garth, 6-7

Gaskell, Mrs., quoted, 149

Gate, 40, 280

Gazebo, 281

Gentlemen's Magazine, quoted, 88-89

Gerade. See Gerard

Gerard, 33-34, 51, 109, 162, 218, 248

Gerard, Garden of, 34

Gerard, quoted, 128, 133, 168, 187, 201, 230, 231

George Gisze, 53

Germander, 62, 78

Gethsemane, Garden of, 170

Giardino segreto, 15

Gilliflowers, 7, 21, 22, 30, 35, 83, 84, 184, 186-187, 199, 296

Gilliflowers, names of, 184

Gladiolus, 166

Golden Apple, 219, 221

Golden Bough, 261

Gold Flower, 191, 192

Golds, 14

Gardener, business, 66-67

Gardener's Labyrinth, quoted, 34, 193-194, 278-280, 295, 299, 300

Gosse, Edmund, quoted, 156

Googe, Barnaby, 35

Great Harwich, 184, 185

Greek myths, 97, 115, 119, 129, 130, 134, 164, 174, 194, 213, 218-219,
221, 228, 234, 238, 259, 264

Grete Herbal, 34

Guillaume de Lorris, 8

Guirlande de Julie, 171

Gunpowder, 249

Gustavus Adolphus, 171

Grumio, 51

Gyllofre. See Gilliflowers

H

Hackney, garden at, 35-36

Haggard, Rider, quoted, 135-136

Hakluyt, quoted, 149, 152

Hamlet, 119, 137, 207

Hampton Court Palace, 20, 51

Hampton Court Palace, gardens, 274

Hampton Court Palace, Fountain, 286

Hampton Court Palace, Mount, 282

Handful of Pleasant Delights, quoted, 127-128, 225, 232

Hanging Gardens of Babylon, 5

Harebell, 136-137, 207, 266, 310

Harleian Mss., 11

Harpocrates, 159

Harrison, William, quoted, 24

Hatfield, garden, 35-36

Hathaway, Ann, 3

Havering-atte-Bower, garden, 26

Heartsease, 84, 202

Heath, 59, 62

Hebrews, 164

Hecate, 249

Hedera Helix, 257

Hedges, 40, 59, 63, 77, 293

Helena, 98

Heliotrope, 194

Henry II., 7

Henry V., 103

Henry VIII., garden, 20, 21, 274

Hentzner, Paul, quoted, 27-28, 285-287

Hepatica, 81

Hercules, 249

Herrick, quoted, 265-266

Herba leonis, 139

Herba Marguerita, 122

Herba Sanctæ Mariæ, 234

Herb of Grace, 48, 229-230, 237

Herb garden, 72

Herb Trinity, 201

Herbal, Gerard's, 34-35

Herbal, Great, 26

Herbals, 25-26

Herbals, List of, 34-35

Herbs, 14, 22, 46, 52, 72

Herbs, farsing, 241

Herbs, pot, 7

Herbs, medicinal, 8

Herbstrewer, 52

Hermia, 98

Hero, 49, 178

Hill, Thomas, 34, 68

Holbein, 53

Hole, Dean, quoted, 151

Holly, 253-257, 311

Holly, song, 257

Hollyhock, 22, 85

Homer, 228

Honey of Mount Hymettus, 240

Honeysuckle, 7, 49, 50, 82, 293, 311

Hood, quoted, 158

Horse-blobs, 132

Hortorum Viridariorumque, 301

Hortus Floridus, 301

Hulfeere, 256

Hungary water, 226

Huon of Bordeaux, 4

Hyacinth, 79, 136, 166

Hybla, 240

Hymen, 213

Hypernotomachia, 15

Hyssop, 78

I

Italian painters, gardens of, 18

Ilex aquifolium, 253

Imogen, 98, 136

Importation of flowers, 24-25

Iris, 22, 172, 309-310

Iris pseudacorus, 172

Ironmongers, Worshipful Company of, 37

Isaiah, quoted, 265

Ivy, 255-256, 257-260, 311

Ivy Green, The, 259-260

J

Jabberwocky, 289

Jachimo, 104

Jacinth, 136

Jack-an-Apes-on-Horseback, 84, 107

Jack-in-the-Pulpit, 209, 315

James I., 51

Jami, quoted, 159

Jars, 41, 284-285

Jasmine, 22, 82

Jessica, 86

Jesus Christ, legend, 171

Jews, 217

Joan's Silver Pin, 203

John de Garlande, quoted, 8

Johnny-Jump-Ups, 200, 201, 203

Johnson's Gardeners Dictionary, 302

Jonquil, 115

Juliet, 86, 215

July flowers, 187, 189

Juno's Rose, 162

Junquilia, 110

Jupiter, 160

K

Kate Greenaway, 40

Katharine of Aragon, 218

Keeler, Harriet L., quoted, 140-141

Kenilworth, 29

Kenilworth, garden of, 39, 275

Keats, quoted, 148, 196

Kingcups, 132

King Eteocles, 219

King Henry IV., 175, 234, 244, 248

King Henry VI., 155, 174

King John, 123

King Lear, 213

King Richard II., 230

Kiss-Me-at-the-Garden-Gate, 202

Kiss-Me-Quick, 202

Knight's Spur, 197

Knots, 20, 41, 46, 63, 78, 298-301

Knotted Garden, Curious, 41

L

Labyrinth, 41, 51

Ladies, skill in cookery, 14

Ladies, skill in simples, 14

Lady's Bower, 49, 82

Lady-Smocks, 130-133, 214, 311

Laertes, 234

Lamb, Charles, quoted, 288

Landor, quoted, 179

Laneham, Robert, quoted, 275

Lark's claws, 197

Lark's heels, 84, 197

Larkspur, 81, 197-200, 252, 312

Lark's toes, 197

Lavender, 22, 231-233, 237, 312

Lavender Spica, 231

Law, Ernest, quoted, 274, 338-345

Lawson, William, 35, 73

Lawson, William, quoted, 245, 296, 297, 299-300

Leate, Nicholas, 33, 36, 37

Lee, Vernon, quoted, 15-18

Leicester, Earl of, 29, 275

Leminius, Dr., quoted, 52-53

Lent Lily, 115

Lete, Nicholas. See Leate

Levant Company, 36

Lewis Carroll, 287

Liébault, John, 68

Lilac, 35

Lily. Lilies, 7, 8, 14, 18, 22, 78, 79, 160-167

Lily, Annunciation, 313-315

Lily Conally, 22, 71, 161, 314

Lily, Lent, 115

Lily Madonna, 165, 167

Lily Martagon, 36, 79, 162-163

Lily, Scarlet Martagon, 162

Lily Tiger, 163

Lily-of-the-Valley, 22, 71, 161, 314

Lilium album, 162

Lilium candidum, 161

Lilium convallium, 62

Lilium Perticum, 170

Liverwort, 81

Lobel, Mathias de, 36

Lobelia, 36

Locker-Lampson, 46

Locker-Lampson, quoted, 181

Loggan, David, 301

London Pride, 188, 189, 298

London Tufts, 189

Long Acre, garden at, 32

Long Purples, 207, 209-210, 315

Longueville, 138

Love-in-Idleness, 200, 202, 247

Love's Labour's Lost, 41, 118, 133, 145

Lords-and-Ladies, 209, 210

Lorenzo, 86

Louis VII., 174

Lucrece, 118

Luini, 141

Lupton, quoted, 190

Lychnis Flos cuculi, 213

Lyly, John, quoted, 30, 245

Lyte, quoted, 100, 190, 226

M

Madame Plantier, 320

Madonna of the Melagrana, 219

Madonna of the Rose, 160

Madonna of the Rose Bush, 160

Madonna of the Rose Garden, 160

Madonna of the Rose Hedge, 160

Madonna Lily, 165, 167

Maiden's Blush, 320

Maison Rustique, La, 68

Mallows, 14

Malvolio, 86, 264

Marathon, 235

Margaret of Orleans, 195

Marguerite, 121, 122

Margueritons, 122

Maria, 86, 264

Marigold. Marigolds, 7, 8, 22, 82-84, 189-196, 315-316

Marina, 124

Marjoram, 14, 22, 236-239, 316

Markham, Gervase, 68, 69

Markham, Gervase, quoted, 50, 299

Marshall, William, 34

Martagon Lily, 36, 162-163

Martagons, 79

Marvel of Peru, 35, 82

Mary-buds, 190

Maske of Flowers, 325-330

Maudelyn, 121

Maudlin, 121

Mausoleum of Artemisia, 248

May flower, 131

May Lady, masque of, 23

May weed, 136

Mazes, 41, 50-51, 74, 300

Meadow cress, 131

Measure for Measure, 220

Meet-Me-at-the-Garden-Gate, 202

Melissa officinalis, 243

Menthe, 234

Menthe de Notre Dame, 234

Merry Wives of Windsor, 102, 174, 243

Mezerion, 64, 63

Middleton and Rowley, quoted, 191

Midsummer Daisy, 121

Midsummer Night, 175-176, 200

Midsummer Night's Dream, 98, 101, 102, 108, 247, 257

Milton, 201, 237

Milton, quoted, 98, 120

Mint. Mints, 9, 14, 22, 233-236, 317

Mistletoe, 261-264

Mistletoe Bough, 261, 262

Mistress Ford, 103

Mogul Emperors, gardens of, 18-19

Mohammed, 115

Mohammedans, quotation from, 129

Moly, 228

Monk's Cane, 250

Monk's hood, 197, 199, 232, 248-252, 317

Montacute, 281

Montacute, lay-out of, 272-273

Montausier, Duc de, 171

Moon, 160

Moon daisy, 121

Moor Park, garden at, 56-59

More the Merrier, quoted, 245

More, Sir Thomas, quoted, 21, 48, 224

Mort de Garin, La, 12

Mounts, 20, 73, 282

Much Ado About Nothing, 153, 178

Mugwort, 248

Musk Rose, 44, 45, 73, 148-150, 320

Myrtle, 160, 219-223

Myrtus latifolia, 219

N

Narcissus, 22, 115

Narcissus pseudo narcissus, 109

Nash, 259

Nasturtium, 81, 318

Nasturtium Indicum, 199

Neckan, Alexander, quoted, 78

Nettle red, 14

Nettles, 207

New Orchard and Garden, 35

New Orchard and Garden, quoted, 72-73, 75, 245

Noisette, 321

Nonesuch, 83

Nonesuch Palace, fountain at, 286

Nonesuch Palace, gardens of, 21, 39

Nonesuch Palace, lay-out of, 273-274

Nonesuch orange color, 32

Nosegay, 43, 128, 199, 232, 236

Nosegay garden, 71

Norman Castle, 183

Norman Kings, gardens of, 7

O

Oberon, 45, 175, 200, 247

Oceanides, 174

Œdipus Coloneus, 116

Oleander, 82

Olivia, garden of, 86, 264

Ophelia, 119, 121, 124, 137, 200, 207, 208, 214, 224, 230, 234

Orange-trees 20

Orchard, 8, 31, 51, 73, 74, 75

Order of Genest, 144

Orchis mascula, 209

Orris root, 81, 173

Ort-garth, 6

Orto, 16

Othello, 203

Our Lady's flowers, 130

Outlandish flowers, 24, 32, 78-83

Ovid, quoted, 250

Ox-eye daisy, 121

Oxlip. Oxlips, 107-108, 318

Oxonia Illustrata, 301

P

Pæstum, 159

Palsieworts, 107

Pansy, names of, 202

Pansy. Pansies, 22, 84, 200-203, 298, 318

Papaver somniferum, 203

Paquerette, 121, 122

Paradisi in Sole, 32, 35, 83

Pasque flowers, 135

Paralyses, 99

Paralysis vulgare pratensis, 101

Paris, 219, 221

Parkinson, John, 31, 32, 35, 75, 151, 156, 196

Parkinson, garden of, 32-33

Parkinson, quoted, 38, 75-78, 80, 81, 82-83, 84-85, 99-100, 106-107,
109-111, 121-122, 134-135, 137, 138, 146-147,
149-150, 150-151, 152-153, 161, 162-163, 168-170,
173, 183, 185, 186, 186-187, 188, 192-193, 197-198,
199, 203, 211, 214, 215-216, 220, 227, 229,
231-232, 235, 238, 240-241, 242, 243-244, 245-246,
250-252, 321

Parsley, 14

Paths, 9, 294

Peacock, 288

Pensée, 200

Penshurst, 292

Pensioners, 102

Peony. Peonies, 22, 85

Peony, Roman, 14

Perdita, 3, 72, 86, 98, 108, 111, 129, 160, 162, 167, 168, 172, 181,
190, 225, 231, 233, 237, 242

Perennials, 46

Perfume, 43, 44, 45, 46, 153, 231, 232, 239, 244.
See Scent.

Pericles, 124

Periwinkle, 7, 22, 62

Persian Lily, 170

Peruvian Sunflower, 196

Petruchio, 52

Petty Mullins, 107

Pheasant's Eye, 117

Pheidippides, 236

Phoradendron, 263

Phosphorescent flowers, 199

Pickwick Papers, 259

Picotee, 182

Pink. Pinks, 18, 85, 187-189

Pinks, names of, 188

Pink of My John, 202

Pinkster, 187

Pipe tree, 82

Plantagenesta, 143-144

Plantagenets, The, 144

Plashing, 50

Pleached alley, 50, 292

Pleaching, 50

Pleasance, 4, 11

Pliny, 134, 148, 176, 181, 218, 234, 259

Pliny, garden of, 6

Pliny, quoted, 234-235

Pluto, 218, 234, 249, 264

Poet's Hyacinth, 197

Poet's Narcissus, 117-118

Poison, 249-250

Polyanthus, 107

Pomegranate, 35, 215-219, 319

Pomegranate-trees, 20

Poppy. Poppies, 14, 22, 84, 203-206, 319

Portia, 87

Potpourri, 156, 324

Prickly Coral Tree, 83

Primerolles, 101

Primevera, 93

Primrose. Primroses, 21, 22, 30, 62, 73, 83, 93-101, 319

Primula eliator, 107

Primula veris, 122

Primula vulgaris, 93

Prior, Dr., quoted, 100-101

Proserpine, 116, 123, 129, 218, 234

Prospero, 268

Pseudo narcissus, 110

Pteris aquilina, 175

Puck, 101, 144, 200, 247

Pulsatillas, 135

Punica, 215, 218

Pyracantha, 77, 83

Q

Queen Elizabeth, 22, 102

Queen Elizabeth, gardens of, 26

R

Ragged Robin, 214, 208

Rails for beds, 20

Rambouillet, Julie de, 171

Ranunculus, 17, 82, 198, 208, 266

Rape of Lucrece, 118, 191

Rapin, quoted, 119, 221, 224-228, 238-239

Renaissance, Influence on English Gardens, 38-39

Richard Cœur de Lion, quoted, 12

Richmond Green, 245

Richmond Palace, Garden of, 26

Rimmon, 217

Rocket, 22

Rock-garden, 302

Roman de Berte, 12

Roman de la Rose, 4, 8-9, 19

Romans, 4-13

Romaunt of the Rose, 4, 8-9, 19

Romeo, 86, 248

Romeo and Juliet, 31, 225, 248

Rosarubie, 136

Rosa alba, 147-148

Rosa Anglica alba, 147

Rosa Anglica rubra, 146

Rosa canina, 153

Rosa centifolia, 151, 159

Rosa damascene, 152

Rosa eglanteria, 150

Rosa Junonis, 162

Rosa Moschata, 148

Rosa versicolor, 154

Rosary, 160

Rose. Roses, 7, 8, 10, 14, 18, 21, 22, 30, 49, 50, 73, 78, 145-160,
293, 319-322

Rose canker, 153

Rose, damask, 146, 147, 152-153, 160, 297

Rose, dog, 153

Rose, Hundred Leaf, 151-152

Rose, musk, 44, 45, 73, 148-150, 320

Rose, Provençal, 151-152

Rose, red, 146-147
white, 147-148, 160
variegated, 154-155
yellow, 156
yellow, double, 37
York and Lancaster, 154-155

Rose of Sharon, 115

Rose-water, 156, 159

Rosemary, 14, 22, 48, 72, 74, 241, 322

Rosmarinus officinalis, 224

Roxburgh Ballad, quoted, 222

Rue, 14, 72, 225-228, 322

Rushes, 52

Ruskin, quoted, 158, 165-167, 203-204

Ruta graveolus, 228

S

Sable Flag, 35

Sable Flower, 81

Saffron, 14, 210

Saffron Crocus, 210

Saffron flowers, 79

Saffron Hill, 212

Saffron lily, 115

Saffron Walden, 212

Sage, 14

Salads, 237

Salisbury, Earl of, garden of, 35

Sappho, 157

Satureia, 242

Saturnalia, 253

Savory, 237, 242, 322

Scent, 72, 55, 106, 108, 124, 125, 126, 128, 153, 156, 159, 161, 193,
199, 227, 232, 237, 239, 241, 245, 264.
See Perfume

Scilla nutans, 136, 207

Seats, garden, 284

Seeds, 67-68, 278-279

Sejanus, 249

Semele, 259

Serving-man's Joy, 230

Seven Gifts of the Holy Spirit, 18, 142

Shallow, 51

Shakespeare, 3, 33, 41, 43, 80, 94, 98, 101, 103, 104, 109, 111, 118,
123, 124, 125, 132, 133, 143, 145, 148, 153, 157, 162,
172, 174, 178, 203, 207-208, 215, 219, 230, 248, 256,
257, 264

Shakespeare, quoted, 44, 45, 49, 51, 97, 98, 101, 103, 108, 109, 111,
118, 120, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 129, 131, 132,
135, 136, 137, 143, 145, 155, 161, 174, 175, 178,
190, 191, 207, 225, 230, 231, 237, 239, 244, 247,
257, 258

Shelley, quoted, 124, 158, 161

Shepherd's Calendar, 181, 182

Sidney, Philip, 23

Sidney, Philip, quoted, 28

Simples, 14

Sir Andrew Aguecheek, 86, 264

Sir Toby Belch, 86, 264

Sir John Lubbock, 139

Skeat, 106

Smilax, 213

Snapdragon. Snapdragons, 22, 84

Soil, 278

Solomon, quoted, 18

Sonnet, XCIX, 125, 237

Sonnet, LIV, 157

Sops-in-Wine, 30, 182, 183

Sops-in-Wine, yellow, 36

Sophocles, quoted, 116

Sorcery, plants associated with, 176, 177, 179, 228, 247

Sowbread, 81

Spanish Gipsy, 191

Spenser, Edmund, 48, 143, 224

Spenser, Edmund, quoted, 22-23, 50, 181-182, 191

Sphinx, 172

Spinks, 131

Sports, 37

St. Barnabas, 214

St. Catharine, 219

St. Clotilde, 174

St. Dominick, 160

St. Francis de Sales, quoted, 126, 194

St. John the Baptist, 176, 267

St. John's Eve, 175

Stage-Setting, elaborate, 327

Star of Bethlehem, 166

Stevens, Charles, 68

Still-room, 54

Stock gilliflowers, 22

Strand, gardens in, 33

Strawberry. Strawberries, 18, 62

Strawberry leaves, 44

Strewing, 52

Strewing-plants, 225, 233

Summer's Last Will and Testament, 259

Sun-dials, 21, 274, 286, 288-289, 292

Sun-flower, 7, 196

Sun, flowers associated with, 190, 226, 230

Surflet, Richard, 68, 226

Sweet Balm, 243-244, 323

Sweetbrier, 62, 150-151, 321

Sweet Johns, 30, 85, 188, 189

Sweet Marjoram, 238

Sweet-williams, 21, 22, 62, 85, 188, 189, 298, 323

Sylva, 249

Symbolism, 19

Symbols, floral, 18, 19

Syringa, 82

T

Taming of the Shrew, 52

Tamora, 264

Tempest, 144, 258

Temple garden, 155

Temple, Sir William, quoted, 56-59

Tennyson, quoted, 103, 209

Terrace, 39, 40, 272-273, 289-292

Thaxter, Celia, quoted, 180, 204-206

Theobald's garden, 27, 33, 39, 51, 301

Thomas, H. H., quoted, 278, 282-284, 294, 295, 315

Thornbury, quoted, 53-55

Thorpe, John, 23

Three-Faces-Under-a-Hood, 201

Thrift, 78, 295, 298

Thyme, 14, 45, 62, 233, 239-241, 295, 323

Thymus serpyllum, 239

Tiger lilies, 163

Tisio, Benvenuto, 187

Titania, 45, 49, 101, 102, 108, 123, 148, 178, 200, 239, 247, 257

Titus Andronicus 264

Tools, gardener's, 8

Topiary work, 15, 39, 48

Tradescant, John, 35, 110, 216

Traveris, Peter, 34

Tricolor, 201

Trinity (clover), 18

Trouvères, 3, 11

Twelfth Night, 44, 86, 123

Two Noble Kinsmen, 94, 108, 120, 197, 239

Tubs, 284-285

Tudor mansions, 23

Tuggie, Mistress, 35

Tuggie, Ralph, 33, 35

Tuggie, Ralph, gardens of, 184

Tuggie, carnation named for, 184

Tuggy. See Tuggie

Tulips, 80

Turkey cocks, 149

Turk's Cap, 36, 162

Turner, William, Dean of Wells, 26, 34

Turner, William, quoted, 176-177, 250

Tusser, Thomas, 34

Tusser, Thomas, quoted, 100, 211, 258

Tussie Mussie, 43, 199

U

Ulysses, 228

Underworld, 116, 218, 264

Urns, 41

V

Vases, 41, 284-285

Vegetables, 7

Venus, 119, 133, 159, 160, 219, 221, 234, 238

Venus and Adonis, 133

Vermouth, 248

Viola odorata, 122

Viola tricolor, 200

Violet. Violets, 7, 8, 10, 14, 18, 21, 22, 30, 62, 73, 84, 122-129,
158, 178, 323

Virgil, 261

Virgin, flowers associated with, 130, 160, 164, 190, 234

Viscum album, 261

Vredeman de Vries, 301

W

Wake Robin, 209, 210

Walks, 41

Wall, 19, 40

Wall flowers, 22, 83

Walpole, Horace, 56

Wanstead, 23

Ware Park, 47

Warden pies, 210

Wars of the Roses, 38

Water-lilies, 166

Watson, Forbes, quoted, 95-97, 104-106, 108, 116-118, 126, 158-159,
171, 212

Whitehill, Fountain at, 286

Windflower, 80, 133

Windsor Castle, 243

Wine, flowers in, 129, 181, 248

Winter cherry, 22

Winter's Tale, 98, 108, 109, 111, 123, 152, 190, 225, 237

Wither, George, quoted, 195

Wolfsbane, 81, 248, 250

Wolsey Cardinal, 274

Wolsey, Cardinal, garden of, 20

Woodbine, 50, 73, 74, 178

Wordsworth, 132

Wordsworth, quoted, 112

Wormwood, 8, 248

Wotton, Sir Henry, quoted, 47, 158, 276

Wreaths and garlands, 13, 128, 181, 221, 234, 265

Y

Yellow Rose of Constantinople, 37

Yellow Lark's heels, 199

York and Lancaster rose, 154

York and Lancaster song, 155

Z

Zouche, Lord, garden of, 35-36

Transcribers Notes:

Italics are shown thus: _sloping_.

Small capitals have been capitalised.

Archaic and variable spelling has been preserved.

Variations in hyphenation and compound words have been preserved.

Obvious typos were silently corrected.

Katharine of Arragon was corrected to Katharine of
Aragon in the Index.

Rosemarinus was corrected to Rosmarinus and placed accordingly
in the index.

End of Project Gutenberg's The Shakespeare Garden, by Esther Singleton