Chapter V: Part 5

_Section 2._ Except as authorized by this Act, every person
who shall perform, encourage, assist in, or otherwise promote
the performance of either of the operations described in
Section 1 of this Act, for the purpose of destroying the
power to procreate the human species; or any person who shall
knowingly permit either of such operations to be performed
upon such person--unless the same be a medical
necessity--shall be fined not more than one thousand dollars,
or imprisoned in the State prison not more than five years,
or both.

These States are to be commended in the highest possible terms for their enlightened action in this direction. Who can say how many families of Jukes and Zeros have already been inhibited by this simple and humane means? "Could such a law be enforced in the whole United States, less than four generations would eliminate nine tenths of the crime, insanity and sickness of the present generation in our land. Asylums, prisons and hospitals would decrease, and the problems of the unemployed, the indigent old, and the hopelessly degenerate would cease to trouble civilization."

And yet probably for years to come those mental states and conditions of servitude graciously termed "conservatism" will continue to insure an undiminished horde of these unfortunates. The situation here is interestingly analogous to that in connection with certain of the infectious diseases. Concerning the eradication of typhoid fever, to mention a single concrete example, competent authorities declare that we now possess all of the information necessary to make typhoid fever as obsolete in civilized communities as is cholera or smallpox. "The average third-year medical student knows enough about typhoid fever to be able to stamp it out if he were endowed with absolute power." "Typhoid fever has passed beyond the catalogue of diseases; it is a crime." Our knowledge of the causes of many of the conditions leading to gross physical and mental defect and criminality has progressed already to such a point that we could if we would eradicate them in large proportion from our civilization. The great horde of defectives, once in the world, have the right to live and to enjoy as best they may whatever freedom is compatible with the lives and freedom of the other members of society. They have not the right to produce and reproduce more of their kind for a too generous and too blindly "charitable" society to contend against. The greater crime consists in allowing the hereditary criminal to be born.

A well-known British alienist, Tredgold, after pointing out that the duty of medical science is to fight and relieve disease in every shape and form, adds: "That if social science does not keep pace with medical science in this matter the end will be national disaster. In other words, I would lay it down as a general principle that as soon as a nation reaches that stage of civilization in which medical knowledge and humanitarian sentiment operate to prolong the existence of the unfit, then it becomes imperative upon that nation to devise such social laws as will insure that these unfit do not propagate their kind.

"For, mark you, it is not as if these degenerates mated solely amongst themselves. Were that so, it is possible that, even in spite of the physician, the accumulated morbidity would become so powerful as to work out its own salvation by bringing about the sterility and extinction of its victims. The danger lies in the fact that these degenerates mate with the _healthy_ members of the community and thereby constantly drag fresh blood into the vortex of disease and lower the general vigour of the nation."

Such a practice as vasectomy then represents nicely the eugenic aim of allowing the individual, who is himself never to be blamed for his hereditary constitution, the greatest possible personal freedom and liberty, of allowing full play of sympathy for the individual, and at the same time of exercising the greatest sympathy to society in prohibiting the hereditary criminal from procreating a long line of descendants endowed as badly as he himself was through no fault of his own, but through the gross neglect of society.

Another quotation from Pearson: "To-day we feed our criminals up, and we feed up our insane, we let both out of the prison or asylum 'reformed' or 'cured,' as the case may be, only after a few months to return to State supervision, leaving behind them the germs of a new generation of deteriorants. The average number of crimes due to the convicts in his Majesty's prisons to-day is ten apiece. We cannot reform the criminal, nor cure the insane from the standpoint of heredity; the taint varies not with their mental or moral conduct. These are the products of the somatic cells; the disease lies deeper in their germinal constitution. Education for the criminal, fresh air for the tuberculous, rest and food for the neurotic--these are excellent, they may bring control, sound lungs, and sanity to the individual; but they will not save the offspring from the need of like treatment, nor from the danger of collapse when the time of strain comes. They cannot make a nation sound in mind and body, they merely screen degeneracy behind a throng of arrested degenerates. Our highly developed human sympathy will no longer allow us to watch the State purify itself by the aid of crude natural selection. We see pain and suffering only to relieve it, without inquiry as to the moral character of the sufferer or as to his national or racial value. And this is right--no man is responsible for his own being; and nature and nurture, over which he had no control, have made him the being he is, good or evil. But here science steps in, crying: Let the reprieve be accepted, but next remind the social conscience of its duty to the race ... let there be no heritage if you would build up and preserve a virile and efficient people. Here, I hold, we reach the kernel of the truth which the science of eugenics has at present revealed."

It is also a part of eugenic practice to oppose vigorously and unmistakably any social practice leading to the reduction in the reproductivity of the desirable and valuable elements of society. There is to be included here for censure a long list of customs and practices, from the enforced celibacy of the Church to the horror of horrors--warfare. A moment's reflection will suggest many reprehensible practices of this kind more or less current in certain classes or communities. The requirement of nonmarriage on the part of women teachers--persons of tested and demonstrated ability, is a very general practice of decidedly noneugenic character. In Great Britain more than 75,000 nurses, all of whom must have passed physical examination, are cut off from reproduction by the same requirement of nonmarriage. Many less striking but all too common practices have the final effect of forbidding marriage to the healthy, physically or mentally capable, helpful, classes. "Help wanted. Must be unencumbered."

More vigorously and more unmistakably does the Eugenist discourage anything that leads to matings of the unfit and, above all, to their reproduction. Many countries, from Servia to the Argentine Republic, have statutes forbidding the marriage of the insane, idiots, deaf and dumb, certain classes of criminals, and persons afflicted with certain contagious diseases. It is to be hoped that these laws are enforced with greater effectiveness than that with which our own less stringent laws of similar character are administered. After all, it is the reproduction of these persons that should be limited, and among many of these classes the fact of nonmarriage would provide not the slightest barrier to reproduction.

It is unfortunately true, but true none the less, that there are current forms of so-called philanthropy which, by relieving defective parents of the care of their defective offspring, thus encourage them in the production of more defective offspring; and so the flames are fed. Relief is the smallest part of the problem. Any condition which leads to the multiplication of the innately defective and dependent classes must be sternly opposed. No matter how benign the guise of any form of relief or charity, if it encourages or permits even indirectly the free reproduction of these classes, it must be resolutely opposed and soon abandoned. "It is not enough to preach with horror and indignation against normal parents who restrict their families. Equal reprobation should be the lot of those who, with inherited insanity, feeble-mindedness, or disease, bring children into the world to perpetuate their infirmities. It should not be overlooked that the realization of the power of limiting the birth rate, while it has produced untold harm, when applied blindly and in accordance with individual caprice, may become an instrument for good if it extends to the worst stocks, while the better stocks once more undertake their natural duties."

Practical Eugenics need not be limited to its philanthropic and legislative aspects. There are other social mechanisms which could be used to encourage the multiplication of the fitter, abler families. In Munich, under the enlightened leadership of Dr. Alfred Ploetz, a society for the study and promotion of social and racial hygiene (Internationale Gesellschaft fuer Rassen-Hygiene) has made a most excellent and significant beginning. This society is doing much not only to collect data and investigate scientifically problems within its field, but also to spread widely the facts of racial integrity. Its members agree, among other things, to undergo thorough medical examination prior to marriage as to their fitness for that state and agree to abstain from marriage, or at least from parenthood, if found to be unfit.

Much can be done by suggestion and suasion regarding the choice of mates and the rearing of large families. When one touches upon this subject he is pretty likely to be met with the objection that the selection of mates is so largely an impulsive, emotional affair that it is quite beyond control. "Marriages," they say, "are made in heaven." But when we consider the number that can scarcely be said to be completed there the statement seems open to some question. As a matter of fact, it is perfectly clear, as Galton, Ellis, and others have shown, that all peoples, from the Kaffir and the Dyak to the Hindu and the modern European or American, are surrounded with restrictions in marriage often of the greatest stringency. And yet, since these are matters of established social custom, even of religious observance, we submit almost without knowing it.

That results can be really accomplished in this direction and by this method is clearly shown by the history of the Jewish people, and by the Roman Catholics, among whom there are distinctly fewer divorces and childless marriages than among Protestants. In many countries and communities the organized Church still exercises an immense influence over the whole subject of marriage: the Church could easily become a powerful factor in eugenic practice. Such a control can and should be given eugenic direction by the establishment of a more discriminative attitude, looking toward a reduction in the reproductivity of the dependent or defective as well as to the increased reproductivity of the valuable and able. In all of the discussion of "race suicide" and the value to the State of the large family, how seldom do we hear any mention of quality! To plan the organization and conduct of a State without regulating and controlling the quality of its membership is like adopting plans and elevations for a costly building without making any specifications as to materials.

In concrete eugenic practice it seems probable that most can be accomplished for the present by striving to limit the multiplication of the undesirable, dependent, or dangerous elements of the social group. There can be less uncertainty here. The social organization has already marked certain kinds of individuals as unfit and unworthy, whose liberty must be limited in many directions for the social welfare. This aspect of the matter can be put upon a dollars and cents basis very clearly, and this is apparently the only relation that affects a good many people. Why should the able and worthy and thrifty members of society be compelled to pay, as they are in this country alone, $100,000,000 annually, not to mention the vast sums voluntarily contributed toward "charitable" purposes, for the support of the criminal and pauper and defective classes who themselves contribute nothing of value and whose very existence is evidence of criminal disregard of the right of every individual to be well born, into a healthy and sane life? The only answer, if it be an answer, is--because the competent are willing to foot the bill. Millions for tribute but not one cent for defense. And yet a penny's worth of defense outweighs a million's worth of cure.

In the practice of Eugenics the greatest caution must be exercised. All eugenic practice must be tested by the most careful and scrutinizing scientific methods. Mendelian heredity gives a different answer from Job's to his own query: "Who can bring a clean thing out of an unclean?" It also makes clear how it may often happen that it needs but three generations to go from Fifth Avenue to the Bowery, and back again. Many so-called criminals may be anachronisms, some only modificationally bad. But there are many cases, many practices, regarding which there can be no doubt: the Eugenist says, treat these, and let the doubtful cases alone until as a result of the increase of knowledge there is no doubt. And while it is easy to say that we _believe_ the criminal or the insane are the products of a wrong environment, it is also easy to say that we believe they are not. What the Eugenist demands is _knowledge_, then belief, and action based thereon.

Finally, the eugenic program calls for the spread of the facts, far and wide, through all classes of society. Bring forcibly before the people the facts of human heredity. Teach them to understand the force of the eugenic ideal of good breeding. "The prevalent opinion that almost anybody is good enough to marry is chiefly due to the fact that in this case, cause and effect, marriage and the feebleness of offspring, are so distant from each other that the near-sighted eye does not distinctly perceive the connection between them." By education we must produce first of all a thoughtfulness in the community regarding the racial responsibilities of marriage and reproduction. Human beings are frequently rational creatures; placing before them clear and truthful ideas regarding fit and unfit matings cannot fail of an ultimate effect. "The virtue of repetition, the summation of suggestion, which sells pills and pickles, which makes Free Trade or Tariff Reform a national issue, this force operating as a slight but persistent influence when linked to eugenic proposals will in a few years' time make these proposals a living force to the common man." By talking and teaching, in season and out, the community will be compelled to think on these things; they will be forced into the public conscience and the pressure of public opinion will rise for the eugenic and against the noneugenic ideals of mating and the rearing of families. And the rest will come in due season and more effective and permanent results will follow than are likely to come from any amount of premature legislation. As Galton writes: "The enlightenment of the individual is a necessary preamble to practical Eugenics, but social opinion by praise or blame constantly influences individual conduct." "Public opinion is commonly far in advance of private morality, because society as a whole keenly appreciates acts that tend to its advantage, and condemns those that do not. It applauds acts of heroism that perhaps not one of the applauders would be disposed to emulate." "The first and main point is to secure the general intellectual acceptance of Eugenics as a hopeful and most important study. Then let its principles work into the heart of the nation, who will gradually give practical effect to them in ways that we may not wholly foresee."

In this educational part of the eugenic program, and particularly in the encouragement of research directed toward the solution of eugenic problems and the establishment of eugenic practices, there lies one of the greatest opportunities ever opened to the philanthropist. The genuine philanthropist is he who would at this moment make possible the rapid solution of many of the still baffling problems of human heredity and who would help to spread and teach the gospel of true racial integrity. But while it has been easy to interest philanthropists in the relief of social disorders, few can be interested in the causes at work which make the necessity for relief seem so imperative.

The patient unraveler of the Jukes family history has said, "I am informed that $28,000 was raised in two days to purchase a rare collection of antique jewelry and bronze recently discovered in classic ground forty feet below the _debris_. I do not hear of as many pence being offered to fathom the _debris_ of our civilization--however rich the yield!" Possibly one reason for this neglect or omission has heretofore been the lack of evidence that real results could be accomplished in this field. Now that it is so obvious that we have a real foundation of fact from which to work we may expect soon some degree of recognition of the supreme importance of the need for investigation in subjects allied to Eugenics, and of devotion to eugenic aims.

"Whether or no the importance of the issues at stake comes to be recognized fully by the nation at large, individuals and families have it in their power to act on the knowledge they have acquired.... When once more the importance of good birth comes to be recognized in a new sense, ... it will be understood to be more important to marry into a family with a good hereditary record of physical, mental, and moral qualities than it ever has been considered to be allied to one with sixteen quarterings." "Families in which good and noble qualities of mind and body have become hereditary form a natural aristocracy, and, if such families take pride in recording their pedigrees, marry among themselves, and establish a predominant fertility, they can assure success and position to the majority of their descendants in any political future. They can become the guardians and trustees of a sound inborn heritage, which, incorruptible and undefiled, they can preserve in purity and vigour throughout whatever period of ignorance and decay may be in store for the nation at large. Neglect to hand on undimmed the priceless germinal qualities which such families possess, can be regarded only as the betrayal of a sacred trust....

"We look, then, for a day in the near future, when, in some circles at any rate, a comparison of scientific pedigrees will replace, or at all events precede, the discussion of settlements in the preliminaries to a marriage; when birth and good-breeding (in its wide sense), character and ability will be the qualities most prized in the choice of mates; when a bad ancestral strain likely to reappear in succeeding generations will suppress an incipient passion as effectually as it is now cured by a deficiency of education or a superfluity of accent." (Whetham.)

As matters are at present it is all too often the case that marriage is _followed_ by the disclosure or discovery of a family history of sterility, or criminality, or insanity. In a truly enlightened society the failure to make known such conditions in the antecedents to a marriage will be regarded as evidence of the greatest moral obliquity, if not of criminal misdemeanor.

The wise and honored founder of Eugenics looks forward to the inclusion of eugenic ideals as a factor in religion. "Eugenics," Galton writes, "strengthens the sense of social duty in so many important particulars that the conclusions derived from its study ought to find a welcome home in every tolerant religion." "Eugenic belief extends the function of philanthropy to future generations; it renders its action more pervading than hitherto, by dealing with families and societies in their entirety; and it enforces the importance of the marriage covenant, by directing serious attention to the probable quality of the future offspring. It strongly forbids all forms of sentimental charity that are harmful to the race, while it eagerly seeks opportunity for acts of personal kindness as some equivalent to the loss of what it forbids. It brings the tie of kinship into prominence, and strongly encourages love and interest in family and race. In brief, eugenics is a virile creed, full of hopefulness, and appealing to many of the noblest feelings of our nature."

And Whetham adds: "Hitherto the development of our race has been unconscious, and we have been allowed no responsibility for its right course. Now, in the fulness of time ... we are treated as children no more, and the conscious fashioning of the human race is given into our hands. Let us put away childish things, stand up with open eyes, and face our responsibilities."

INDEX

INDEX

Ability, heredity of, 146, 147.
heredity and pedigrees of, 176-181.

Acquired characteristics, relation of, to heredity, 199-207.

Adaptedness, 200-202.

Albinism, and order of birth, 125, 126.
heredity of, 142.

Alcoholism, heritable effects of, 203-207.

American Breeders' Association, 15, 196.

Andalusian fowl, heredity of color in, 81-83.

Angio-neurotic oedema, pedigree of, 168, 170.

Aristotle, 18.

Bagatelle board, to illustrate variability, 58-60.

Bateson, William, 81, 100.

Bentley, Madison, quoted, 19.

Biffen, R. H., 133.

Biology, and Sociology, 8, 35-45.
eugenic applications of, 38-40, 49 _et seq._

Biometric Laboratory, 14.

Bio-Sociology, 8.

Birth rate, and social status, 116-123.
decreasing, in England, 122.

Boies, abstract of Winship's data of Edwards family, 187, 188.

Booth, classification of London population, 70.

Brachydactylism, heredity of, 142.
pedigree of, 150-153.

Cataract, heredity of, 143.
pedigree of, 157, 159.

Cephalic index, heredity of, 140, 144.

Chance, law of, 56-58.

Child labor laws, effect of, 211, 212.

Chorea, Huntington's, heredity of, 143.
pedigree of, 160, 165.

Church, influence and opportunities of, 231.

Civic worth, variability of, 70.

Coefficient of correlation, 110, 111.

Coefficient of correlation
between birth rate and social status, 117.
positive and negative, 111-113.
significance of, 111.

Coefficient of heredity, 109.
human, 140.

Coefficient of variability, 62, 63.
human, 69.

Color blindness, heredity of, 142.

Connecticut, vasectomy statute of, 220-222.

Conservation of human protoplasm, 136.

Correlation, 103, 104.
coefficient of, 110, 111.
social status and birth rate, 116-123.

Cousin marriage, regulation of, 154, 155.

Criminality, and order of birth, 125, 126.
increase in, 29.

Darwin, pedigree of, 181, 183.
quoted, 6, 184.

Data, need for and collection of, 192.

Davenport, quoted, 192-195.

Deaf, United States census of, 34.

Deaf and dumb, United States census of, 34.

Deaf-mutism, heredity of, 143.

Deaf-mutism, pedigree of, 160, 167.

Defect, and order of birth, 123-126.

Defectives, number of, in Great Britain, 31.
United States census of, 34.

Dependents, United States census of, 34.

Determiners, absence of, 143.
in germ, 54.
in Mendelian heredity, 88-95.

Development of the individual, 51.
as a form of reaction, 52, 53.

_Die Familie Zero_, 184-187.

Differential fertility, 113-121.

Dominance, in Mendelian heredity, 84.
irregular and incomplete, 87.

Dominant characteristics, 85.

Drapers' Company, 14.

Dugdale, account of "Jukes" family, 182-184.
quoted, 236, 237.

Education, 20, 71.
heritable effects of, 200.

Edwards, Jonathan, descendants of, 187, 188.

Elderton, quoted, 209-211.

Employer's liability laws, effects of, 211.

England, falling birth rate in, 122.
number of defectives in, 31, 32.

Environment, effects of, 197-207.

Eugenics, aims of, 5, 42-45, 114, 123.
as a factor in religion, 239, 240.
definition of, 3.
encouragement of ideals of, 234-240.
history of, 10-13.
objections to, 191.
practice of, 215-234.
program of, 189-240.

Eugenics Committee of American Breeders' Association, 15, 196.

Eugenics Education Society, 14.

Eugenics Laboratory, 14.

Eugenics Record Office, 15.

_Eugenics Review_, 14.

External conditions, effects of, 199-203.

Eye color, heredity of, 140, 142, 143.

Fabian Society, 122.

_Familie Zero_, 184-187.

Family histories. _See_ Pedigrees.

Feeble-minded, in Great Britain, 32.
in United States, 34.

Feeble-mindedness, pedigree of, 162-169.

Fellows of the Royal Society, mental heredity in, 145, 146.

Fertility, and social status, 116-123.
differential (selective), 113, 121.
in normal and pathological stocks, 115.
of various classes, 120, 121.

Fluctuation, 56.

Forearm, heredity in length of, 140.

Fowl, color heredity in Andalusian, 81-83.

Functional modification, non-inheritance of, 199-207.

Galton, Sir Francis, illustrations of variability, 58, 63.
in history of Eugenics, 9-13.
on mental heredity, 144-146.
pedigree of, 181-183.
quoted, 5, 44, 45, 236, 239, 240.

Gametic coupling, 100.

Germ, relation of, to adult structure, 50.

Germ cells, relation of, to Mendel's law, 88-94.

Goddard, account of feeble-minded family, 162-169.

Great Britain, number of defectives, etc., 31, 32.

Greece, 9, 10.

Guinea-pig, heredity of color in, 84-87.

Haemophilia, heredity of, 143.

Hair color and curliness, heredity of, 140, 142.

Harrow, mental heredity in students of, 147.

Head measurements, heredity of, 140.

Heredity, coefficient of, 109, 140.
definition of, 77.
human, 137-188.
Mendelian formula of, 80-102.
in human traits, 142.
need for studies in, 212, 213.
of acquired characters (modifications), 199-207.
psychic characters, 143-147.
relation of, to Eugenics, 78, 79.
statistical formula of, 80, 102-113.

Heron, David,
birth rate, and net fertility of social classes, 116, 119-121.

Homicides, number of, in United States, 30.

Huntington's chorea, heredity of, 143.
pedigree of, 160, 165.

Idiots, statistics of, 32.

Imbeciles, statistics of, 32.

Imbecility, heredity of, 143.

Immunity, relation of, to heredity of disease, 168-173.

Index of variability, 62.

Indiana, vasectomy statute of, 218, 219.

Infection, heredity of, diseases and defects due to, 168-173.

Infertility, pedigree of, 174, 175.

Inheritance. _See_ Heredity.

Insane, statistics of, 31-34.

Insanity, and order of birth, 124-126.
associated with alcoholism, 205, 206.

_Internationale Gesellschaft fuer Rassen-Hygiene_, 230.

Jennings, 66.

Johannsen, 66.

Jordan, David Starr, quoted, 209.

Joerger, _Die Familie Zero_, 184-187.

"Jukes" family, 182-184.

Keratosis, heredity of, 142.

Lankester, Sir E. Ray, "Kingdom of Man," 21-24.
quoted, 7.

_L'Elite_, 10.

Lobster claw, heredity of, 155.
pedigree of, 155, 157.

London, number of children in, 122.
university of, 14.

Man's place in Nature, 6, 7.

Marriage, antecedents to, 238, 239.
restrictions in, 228-232.

Mediocrity, 61.

Mendel, Gregor, 83, 84.

Mendelian formula of heredity, 80-102.

Mendelism and eugenic practice, 97, 233.

Mendel's law, and unit characters, 95-99.
characteristics inherited according to, 98, 99.
human, 142, 143.
complications of, 100.
present limitations of, 100-102.

Mental ability, pedigrees of, 176-181.

Mental defect, heredity of, 147, 160, 165, 162-169.

Mental traits, heredity of, 143-147.

Models, illustrating variability and variation, 59, 63-64.

Murders, number of, 30.

Mutation, 63-66.

National Association of British and Irish Millers, 133.

Natural selection, 21-23, 45.

Nettleship, pedigree of night blindness, 158-163.

Night blindness, heredity of, 143.
pedigrees of, 157, 158, 161, 163.

Normal frequency curve, 56-60.

Nurture, 17, 76.

Oedema, pedigree of angio-neurotic, 168-170.

Ohio Institution for the Feeble-Minded, superintendent quoted, 33.

Oneida community, 10.

Ontogeny, 51.

Ooephorectomy (ooephorotomy), 218-222.

Order of birth and pathological defect, 123-126.

Oxford, mental heredity in graduates of, 146, 147.

Paupers, United States census of, 34.

Pearson, Karl, 14, 27, 36.
heredity in school children, 143, 144.
quoted, 127-130, 216-218, 225-227.

Pedigrees of ability, 176-181.

Pedigrees of angio-neurotic oedema, 168, 170.
of brachydactylism, 150-153.
of cataract, 157, 159.
of deaf-mutism, 160, 167.
of feeble-mindedness, 162-169.
of Huntington's chorea, 160, 165.
of infertility, 174, 175.
of lobster claw or split hand, 155-157.
of night blindness, 157-163.
of polydactylism, 155, 156.
of tuberculosis, 168-171.

Plato, 3, 9.

Ploetz, Dr. Alfred, 230.

Poellman, family described by, 181.

Polydactylism, heredity of, 142.
pedigree of, 155, 156.

Population, of Europe and North America, 25, 26.

Practice of Eugenics, 192-240.

Prisoners, number of, in United States, 29, 30.

Probability, law of, 56-59.

Pure bred, 97.

Pure line, 67, 72.

Recessive characteristics, 85.

Regression, 105-108.

Regression line, 106, 107.

Rentoul, statistics of defectives, 31.

Rentoul's operation, 218-222.

Research, in the eugenic program, and need for, 196-215.

Restrictions in marriage, 154, 155, 230, 231.

Royal Society, mental heredity in Fellows of, 145, 146.

School children, heredity in, 143, 144.

Schuster, on mental heredity, 146, 147.

Scottish Commission, statistics of insane, 31.

Selective fertility, 113-122.

Sex limited heredity, 100.

Size of family, 114, 115.
and relative proportion of defectives, 126.

Social practices, investigation of, 207-212.
opposed to Eugenics, 227, 228.

Social status, and birth rate, 116-123.

Social variation, 75.

Society for social and racial hygiene (Munich), 230.

Sociological Society, 12.

Sociology, aims of, 35, 42.
and Biology, 8, 35-45.

Span, heredity of, 140.

Species, relation of, to pure line, 66.

Split hand. _See_ Lobster claw.

Sports, 65.

Standard deviation, 62.

Statistical formula of heredity, 80, 81, 102-113.

Stature, heredity of, 140.
of mothers, 56, 57.

Sterilization, eugenic value of, 222-225.
statutes permitting, 218-223.

"Studies in National Deterioration," 14.

Symbols used in pedigrees, 149.

Syndactylism, heredity of, 142.

Theognis, 3.

Thomson, 40.

"Treasury of Human Inheritance," 196.
symbols used by, 148-150.

Tredgold, quoted, 224, 225.

Tuberculosis, and order of birth, 124, 125.
associated with alcoholism, 204.
pedigree of pulmonary, 168, 171.

Typhoid fever, eradication of, 223.

Unit characters, 53.
list of, 98, 99.

Unit characters, relation of, to Mendel's law, 95-99.

United States Census Reports, statistics of defectives, etc., 28-34.

University of London, 14.

Variability, 56-63.
measure (coefficient) of, 61-63.
of human traits, 69, 70.

Variation, 55-70.
and modification, 75.
application of, in Eugenics, 70-77.
distinguished from variability, 63, 64.

Vasectomy, 218-225.
Connecticut statute permitting, 220-222.
Indiana statute permitting, 218, 219.

Wallace, Alfred Russell, 6.

Warbasse, quoted, 195.

Webb, Sidney, 122.

Wheat, new varieties of, 133, 134.

Whetham, quoted, 35, 74, 75, 229, 237-239, 240.

Winship, data regarding Edwards family, 187, 188.

Woods, heredity in royalty, 145.

_Zero, Die Familie_, 184-187.

TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES

1. Passages in italics are surrounded by _underscores_.

2. Illustration captions are indicated by =caption=.

3. Images and tables have been moved from the middle of a paragraph to the closest paragraph break.

4. Figure 17 is missing from the scanned pages even though there is no break in the continuity of page numbers.

5. The word oedema uses an oe ligature in the original.

6. The following misprints have been corrected:
"stattistical" corrected to "statistical" (page 81)
Removed stray bracket in "second parent)" (page 93)
Added period at end of abbreviation "N.S.W" (page 115)
"conditons" corrected to "conditions" (page 245)

7. Other than the corrections listed above, printer's inconsistencies in spelling, punctuation, hyphenation, and ligature usage have been retained.