Chapter VIII: Part 8

These questions received no answers from the learned correspondents of the most useful and omniscient of weekly papers. Personally, I much doubt Mr. Denman's suggested explanations of his highlander's curious implement. There is no evidence that a sergeant in the British army ever carried a cricket-bat-like implement either as a sign of office or to be used for disciplinary or punitive purposes like the canes of the German sergeants of long ago. It would seem to be more likely that this particular figure was of unusual, perhaps unique, make, and had some special local or individual significance, wherever or for whom it was first made and used, which has now been forgotten.

After the suppression of the Jacobite uprising of 1745, the English Government made war on Scottish nationality, and among other measures the wearing of the highland dress was forbidden by Parliament. On this occasion the following paragraph appeared in the newspapers of the time: "We hear that the dapper wooden Highlanders, who guard so heroically the doors of snuff-shops, intend to petition the Legislature, in order that they may be excused from complying with the Act of Parliament with regard to their change of dress: alledging that they have ever been faithful subjects to his Majesty, having constantly supplied his Guards with a pinch out of their Mulls when they marched by them, and so far from engaging in any Rebellion, that they have never entertained a rebellious thought; whence they humbly hope that they shall not be put to the expense of buying new cloaths." This is not a very humorous production, but at least it bears witness to the common occurrence in 1746 of the highlander's figure at the shops of snuff and tobacco-sellers.

The highlander, as he existed within living memory at many shop doors, and as he still exists at a few, was and is the survivor of many similar wooden figures as trade signs. The wooden figure of a negro or "Indian" with gilt loin-cloth and feathered head, has already been mentioned as an old tobacconist's sign. In early Georgian days a tobacconist named John Bowden, who dealt in all kinds of snuff, and also in "Aloe, Pigtail, and Wild Tobacco; with all sorts of perfumer's goods, wholesale and retail," traded at the sign of "The Highlander and Black Boy" in Threadneedle Street, London. At York, in this present year, 1914, I came upon a brightly painted wooden figure of Napoleon in full uniform and snuff-box in hand, standing at the door of a small tobacco-shop. Another class of sign or emblem was represented by the "wooden midshipman," which many of us have seen in Leadenhall Street, and which Dickens made famous in "Dombey and Son." Sometimes the wooden figure of a sailor stood outside public-houses with such signs as "The Jolly Sailor"; and a black doll was long a familiar token of the loathly shop kept by the tradesmen mysteriously known as Marine Store Dealers. Images of this kind sometimes stood at the door, or in many cases were placed on brackets or swung from the lintels.

Sir Walter Scott said that in London a Scotchman would walk half a mile farther to purchase his ounce of snuff where the sign of the Highlander announced a North Briton.

Dickens's little figure, which adorned old Sol Gills's shop, "thrust itself out above the pavement, right leg foremost," with shoe buckles and flapped waistcoat very much unlike the real thing, and "bore at its right eye the most offensively disproportionate piece of machinery." But this was only one of many "little timber midshipmen in obsolete naval uniforms, eternally employed outside the shop-doors of nautical instrument-makers in taking observations of the hackney-coaches." All have disappeared, together with the black dolls of the rag shops and many other old-time figures. A stray highlander or two, or other figure, may survive here and there; but with very few exceptions indeed, the once abundant tobacconists' signs have disappeared from our streets as completely as the emblems and tokens of other trades.

INDEX

Adams, Parson, 104-106

Addison, Joseph, 92, 94

"Aldermen," 89

Aldrich, Dr. of Oxford, 83, 84, 85

Alfred Club, 166

Althorp, Lord, 147

Amadas, Captain P., 13

Andrewes, Bishop, 22

Angelo, Henry, 121, 122, 144

Apothecaries, Society of, 90

Appleton family, 209

Arber, Edward, 12

Archer Collection, 237

Athenaeum Club, 139, 186

_Athenian Oracle, The_, 210

Atkinson, Canon, 231

Aubrey, John, 21, 23, 205

Austin, Alfred, 169

'Bacconist, 68

Balzac, H. de, 181, 182

Banks's Collection, 237, 242

Barclay, Dr. William, 52

Barlow, Bishop, 83

Barlow, Captain, 13

Barrow, Isaac, 83

Bates, Dr. George, 58

Bath, 90

Beaumont and Fletcher, 32

Bell, W.G., 45

Benson, Archbishop, 169

Blackburn, Archbishop, 227

Blackie, Prof. J.S., 188

Boyd-Carpenter, Bishop, 222

Bradley, Ben, 114

Brass pipe, 231

Briar-pipes, 163, 175, 176

Broadley, A.M., 246

Brooks's Club, 196

Brougham, Lord, 147

Brown, Tom, 91, 212

Browne, Isaac H., 112

Browning, Robert, 188

Brushfield, Dr., 15, 21, 61

Buckland, Frank, 188

Bull, Rev. W., 128-130

Burn, J.H., 66, 239

Burnet, Bishop, 83, 84

Burney, Frances, 121

Burney, Dr., 109

Burton, Robert, 26, 50

Burton, Thomas, 67

Butler, Samuel, 183

Byron, Lord, 141, 166

Calthorp, Lord, 147

Cambridge, 70, 95, 102, 132-134, 168, 171, 191, 225, 226

Camden, William, 45

Campbell, Thomas, 141

Carlyle, Thomas, 170, 188

Cecil, Sir Robert, 36

Chapman, George, 29, 42, 55

Charles I, 58, 63

Charles II, 70, 71

Cheroots, 138, 156

Chester, 89, 109

Chicago, 222

Chichester, 57

Chigwell, 54

Church, smoking in, 225-233

"Churchwardens," 89, 162-164, 170

Churchwardens' accounts, 47, 73, 226, 229

Cigarettes, 159, 179-183, 187, 189, 194, 195, 217-223

Cigars, 137-141, 144-148, 155-157, 159, 166, 169, 172, 179, 187, 194,
195, 218-222

Clarendon, Earl of, 59

Clark, John Willis, 171, 191

Club snuff-box, 187

Clubs, 139, 165, 166, 186, 187, 196, 197

Coffee-houses, 81, 91-95

Cogers' Hall, 107, 159, 160

Coke, Mr., of Norfolk, 147

Coleridge, S.T., 123, 142, 143

Collins, Mortimer, 220

Collins, Wilkie, 204

Colton, Rev. C.C., 139

Coltsfoot, 43

Commons, House of, 34, 66, 146, 198

_Connoisseur_, The, 100, 101

Cooper, Sir Astley, 167

Cooper, T.P., 79

Cork, Earl of, 22

Cornwall, 210

Coverley, Sir Roger de, 93

Cowper, William, 128-131

Cox, G.V., 131, 132

Creighton, Bishop Mandell, 183

Croker, J.W., 139

Cromwell, Oliver, 58, 63, 72

Cromwell, Richard, 67

Crowe, Rev. W., 103

Cruikshank, George, 19, 150

Cullum, Sir John, 80

Cuming, H. Syer, 78

"Cutties," 162, 164

Dahomey, King of, 221

Dalmahoy, Thomas, 60

D'Anvers, A., 95

D'Aumale, Duc, 187

Deacon, 53

Defoe, Daniel, 78

Dekker, T., 27, 28, 30, 31, 34, 39, 51, 238

Denison, Archdeacon, 131, 132, 141

Denman, Arthur, 246

Derby, 75, 114

Devonshire, 211

Devonshire, Duke of, 185

Dickens, Charles, 150-153, 155, 161, 180, 218, 219, 249

Disney, John, 227

Ditchfield, P.H., 228

Dixon, Hepworth, 21

Dodsley's "Collection," 112, 213

"Dog and Duck, The," 122

Dryden, John, 84

Dublin, 214

Durham House, Strand, 20, 21

Eachard, John, 70

Earle, Bishop, 25, 39

Earle, Mrs. A.M., 65

Edward VII, 187, 189

Eldon, Lord, 147

Eliot, John, 66

Elizabeth, Queen, 50, 205

Ely, 89

Ember-tongs, 41

Essex, Earl of, 35

Eton, 77

Evelyn, John, 58, 73, 96

Exeter, 46

Fairholt, F.W., 52, 180

Farmer, Dr., 133

Fielding, Henry, 101, 106, 117

Fiennes, Celia, 210

Fitz-Boodle, George, 157

Fleet parsons, 240

Fox, George, 86

Furniss, Harry, 159, 165

Gale, Walter, 101

Garbutt, Jane, 216

Garrick, David, 106, 120

Garrick Club, 165, 187

Garth, Sir Samuel, 86

Gillray, James, 121

Gladstone, W.E., 189

Glapthorne, George, 209

Godley, A.D., 103

Goldsmith, Oliver, 120

Gonzales' "Voyage," 109

Goodyear, Joseph, 19

Granger, J., 83

Gray, Thomas, 102

Greenaway Manor House, 20

Gronow, Captain, 134, 167

Grosley's "Travels," 122

Grunning, Henry, 133

Hall, Bishop, 25

Hall, Robert, 228

Handel, G.F., 109

Harcourt, Sir William, 189

Hariot, Thomas, 15, 16, 20

Harrison, William, 14

Hastings, Squire, 35

Hawkins, Sir John, 14

Hawstead Place, 80

Hayes Barton, 20

Hayes, Middlesex, 231

Hayne, John, 61

Hearne, Thomas, 75, 77, 110

Hemstridge, 18

Hentzner, 32

Herbert of Cherbury, Lord, 35

Highlander, wooden, 244-248

Hobbes, Thomas, 85

Hogarth, William, 115-117, 125, 239

Holiday, Barten, 56

Holtzendorff, Franz von, 160-162

Hone, William, 19

Hook, Theodore, 197

Howell, James, 75

Hyndman, H.M., 180

Inderwick, tobacconist, 162

Innocent XII, Pope, 225

Iron pipes, 230, 231

Islington, Old Pied Bull at, 19

James I, 13, 14, 34, 37, 50, 62, 75, 206, 225

James, John, 131

Jeffreys, Lord Chief Justice, 73

Jekyll, Miss G., 41, 148

Jessopp, Dr. A., 86

Johnson, Dr., 119, 120

Jollie, Thomas, 74

Jonson, Ben, 27, 29, 30, 31, 42, 43, 48, 207

Jorevin, Monsieur, 211

Keene, Charles, 168

Kingsley, Charles, 169

Knight, Joseph, 170

Koet, Captain, 12

Lamb, Charles, 142-144

Lambeth Palace, 70

Lancaster, 233

Lane, Ralph, 13

Lang, Andrew, 181

Larwood, J., 242, 243

Le Blanc, Abbe, 110

Leslie, Sir James, 60

Licences, 45, 46, 60

Lilly, the Astrologer, 71

Liviez, Monsieur, 122

Livingstone, Matthew, 60

Lockhart, J.G., 141

Lockyer, Sir Norman, 187

Long, Sir Henry, 19

Lord Mayor's Show, 73

Lords, House of, 36

Lovat, Lord, 107

Lucas, E.V., 245

Lucknow, Siege of, 174

Lutterworth, 169

Lyte's "Dodoens," 43

Lytton, Lord, 176

Macaulay, Lord, 146

MacMichael, J.H., 237

Malet, Colonel H., 163

Marlborough Club, 187

Marston, John, 55, 207

"Mashers," 182

Medicinal smoking, 12, 16, 36, 37, 50, 53-56, 75-78

Methwold, Suffolk, 88

Middleton, Captain W., 12

Millais, Sir John, 187

Milo, tobacconist, 162, 163

Milton, John, 63

Milverton, 47

Misson's "Travels," 211

Molly, Pheasy, 236

Monk, General, 71

Moore, Rev. Giles, 72, 209

Morris, William, 188

Munby, A.J., 175

Muratt, B.L. de, 91

Neem-leaves, 175

Nevill, Lady Dorothy, 160, 180, 185, 201

Nevill, Ralph, 186

Newcastle, Marquis of, 58

New England, 47, 64-66

Newton, Sir Isaac, 85

Newton, Rev. John, 128

Nicot, Jean, 12

North, Lord, 86

North Elmham, Norfolk, 73

Norwich, 47, 73

_Notes and Queries_, 149, 246, 247

Oliphant, L., 180, 181

Ouida, 181, 217

Oxford, 37, 95, 102-104, 110, 131, 172

Palgrave, F.T., 132, 158

Parr, Dr., 125-127, 144, 227

Paul, Herbert, 183

Penn, William, 80, 87

Pennant, T., 12

Penzance, 18

Pepys, Samuel, 77, 96

Petersham, Lord, 134

Philips, John, 84, 85, 112

Picnic Society, 122

Plague, The, and tobacco, 75-78

Plague-pipes, 78

Pope, Alexander, 94

Porson, Richard, 127, 132

Powys, Captain Richard, 120

Price, F.G. Hilton, 241

Price, Captain Thomas, 12

Prideaux, Colonel W.F., 163, 164

Prince Regent, the, 134

Prior, Matthew, 94

Pryme, A. de la, 64, 95

Pryme, George, 132

Prynne, William, 206

_Punch_, 166, 173, 183, 220

Puritans and tobacco, 47, 64

Quakers and tobacco, 86-88, 111, 215

Quilp, 155

Railway travelling, 173, 184, 221

Raleigh, Sir Walter, 13-23, 205

Ram Alley, 45, 46

Rasps, 214, 244

Reynolds, Sir Joshua, 120

Rich, Barnaby, 18, 43

Ritchie, Lady, 168

Robertson, T.W., 170

Rossetti, D.G., 188

Rossetti, W.M., 170

Rowlands, Samuel, 69

Rowlandson, Thomas, 121

Ruskin, John, 188, 189

Sage, David, 19

St. Bride's, Fleet Street, 73

St. Dunstan's, Fleet Street, 45

St. Paul's Cathedral, 27, 48

Salvation Army, 202

Scotland, 60, 61

Scott, Sir Walter, 140, 141, 229

Sebright MSS., 12

Serjeant's Inn, 45

Shadwell, Thomas, 81

Shakespeare, William, 21, 56

Sidgwick, Arthur, 189

Sion College, 108, 135

Skinners' Company, 89

Smoking-rooms, 80, 81, 146, 159, 160-162, 165, 166

Smollett, Tobias, 175

Snuff-taking, 96, 97, 107, 108, 112, 113, 128, 134, 215, 244

Soldiers and smoking, 174

Sorbiere, S. de, 80, 90

South Wraxall, 19

_Spectator_, The, 91-93, 213, 241

Spedding, James, 168

Spenser, Edmund, 56

Stanhope, Charles, 134

Stapley, Richard, 72

Steele, Sir R., 94

Steinmetz, A., 166

Stephen, J.K., 191

Stephens, F.G., 239

Sterne, Laurence, 104

Stevenson, R.L., 200

Stone parlours, 81

Stowell, Lord, 147

Sumner, Dr., of Harrow, 125

Sussex, H.R.H. the Duke of, 147

Sussex story, a, 203

Swift, Dean, 107, 214

Swinburne, A.C., 188

Sylvester, Joshua, 54, 206

Tarlton, Richard, 17

Taxi-cabs, 198

Tennyson, Alfred Lord, 132, 168-170, 187, 189

Thackeray, W.M., 84, 139, 147, 154, 157-159, 165, 167, 168, 171

Theatres, smoking in, 30-32

Thoresby, Ralph, 22, 92

Thornbury, Walter, 20

Tiltyard, The, Whitehall, 49

Tobacco as disinfectant, 226

Tobacco-boxes, 26, 71, 72, 88, 124, 128, 132, 148

Tobacco-boxes, automatic, 148-150

Tobacco-duty, 62

Tobacco, kinds of, 27, 62, 73, 239

Tobacco-pipe-makers, Society of, 44, 78

Tobacco-pipes, 11, 14, 22, 23, 29, 32, 40, 57, 63, 79, 148, 163, 175

Tobacco prices, 29, 41, 61-63, 72, 73, 109

Tobacco sellers, 33, 39-48, 63

Tobacco-tongs, 26, 41, 63

Tobacconists' signs, 235-249

Townley's "High Life below Stairs," 111

Travellers' Club, 197

Turk's Head, Gerrard Street, 122

Twain, Mark, 203

Urban VIII, Pope, 225

Venner, Tobias, 51

Victoria, Queen, 160, 187, 221

Vienna, 145

Wallace Collection, 22

Walpole, Horace, 102

Walpole, Sir Robert, 114

Walton, Izaak, 55, 86

Ward, Ned, 91

Warton, Thomas, 102, 103

Week-ends, 100

Wellington, Duke of, 156, 202

Wesley, John, 108, 131

Wesley, Samuel, 108

Western, Squire, 101

White's Club, 165, 186

William III, 83, 84

Willis, N.P., 145

Wilson, Dr. Andrew, 202, 203

Winstanley, William, 71

Wither, George, 64

Wiveliscombe, 47

Women and tobacco smoke, 29, 32, 113, 157-168, 184, 205-223

Worcester, 211

_World_, The, 101, 104, 111

Wotton, Sir Henry, 55

Youghal, 20, 22

PRINTED AT
THE BALLANTYNE PRESS
LONDON

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End of Project Gutenberg's The Social History of Smoking, by G. L. Apperson