Chapter LII: Appendix: VIII (1)

LINCOLN AND THE CHURCHES

By JOHN G. NICOLAY AND JOHN HAY

NOTE.--Some of the important material bearing upon Lincoln's religious convictions which was collected by Nicolay and Hay and published in the _Century Magazine_, has, through faulty indexing, been almost lost. The words "churches" and "religion" are not in the thick index in the tenth volume of their great work. Finding in the _Century Magazine_ for August, 1889, an important article on this subject, I searched in vain for any way of finding it in the book by means of the index, and two librarians, working in separate libraries, searched for it and reported to me that it was not in the book. I came to the conclusion that in the editing of the work for its publication in book form, the two former secretaries of the President had deemed some of this matter too personal for their title, "Abraham Lincoln: a History." But I have discovered the missing passage in the sixth volume, pages 314-342. Its testimony is in full accord with that subsequently given by Mr. Hay in the address delivered by him from Mr. Lincoln's old pew, which is printed in the volume of John Hay's addresses. The article in the _Century_ is so important that the first and last portions of it will justify reprinting here. The omitted portions relate to the relations of Mr. Lincoln and of the Government to particular churches or denominations.

W. E. B.

IN a conflict which was founded upon the quickened moral sense of the people it was not strange that the Government received the most earnest support from the churches. From one end of the loyal States to the other all the religious organizations, with few exceptions, moved by the double forces of patriotism and religion, ranged themselves upon the side of the Government against the rebellion. A large number of pulpits in the North had already taken their places as tribunes for the defense of popular freedom, and it was from them that, at the menace of war, the first cry of danger and of defiance rang out. Those ministers who had for years been denouncing the encroachments of slavery did not wait for any organized action on the part of their colleagues, but proclaimed at once in a thousand varying tones that peace was "a blessing worth fighting for." The more conservative churches were but little in the rear of the more advanced. Those who had counseled moderation and patience with the South on account of the divided responsibility for slavery which rested on both halves of the nation speedily felt the sense of release front the obligations of brotherhood when the South had repudiated and renounced them, and rallied to the support of the insulted flag with an earnestness not less ardent, and more steadily trustworthy, than that of the original antislavery clergy. As the war went on, and as every stage of it gave a clearer presage of the coming destruction of slavery, the deliverances of the churches became every day more and more decided in favor of the national cause and the downfall of human bondage. To detail the thousand ways in which the churches testified their support of the national cause, to give even an abstract of the countless expressions of loyalty which came from the different religious bodies of the country, would occupy many volumes; we can only refer briefly to a few of the more important utterances of some of the great religious societies.

In all the church conventions which met after the President's preliminary proclamation of the 22d of September, 1862, that act of liberation was greeted with the heartiest expressions of approval and support.

As the national authority began to be reëstablished throughout the States in rebellion, not the least embarrassing of the questions which generals in command were called upon to decide was that of the treatment of churches whose pastors were openly or covertly disloyal to the Union. There was no general plan adopted by the Government for such cases; in fact, it was impossible to formulate a policy which should meet so vast a variety of circumstances as presented themselves in the different regions of the South. The Board of Missions of the Methodist Church sent down some of their ablest ministers, with general authority to take charge of abandoned churches, and to establish in them their interrupted worship. The mission boards of other denominations took similar action, and the Secretary of War[75] gave general orders to the officers commanding the different departments to permit ministers of the gospel bearing the commission of these mission boards to exercise the functions of their office and to give them all the aid, countenance, and support which might be practicable. But before and after these orders there was much clashing between the military and the ecclesiastical authorities, which had its rise generally in the individual temperaments of the respective generals and priests. There was an instance in one place where a young officer rose in his pew and requested an Episcopal minister to read the prayer for the President of the United States, which he had omitted. Upon the minister's refusal the soldier advanced to the pulpit and led the preacher, loudly protesting, to the door, and then quietly returning to the altar himself read the prayer--not much, it is to be feared, to the edification of the congregation. General Butler arrested a clergyman in Norfolk, and placed him at hard labor on the public works for disloyalty in belief and action; but the President reversed this sentence and changed it to one of exclusion from the Union lines.[76] The Catholic Bishop of Natchez having refused to read the prescribed form of prayer for the President, and having protested in an able and temperate paper against the orders of the commanding general in this regard, the latter ordered him to be expelled from the Union lines, although the order was almost immediately rescinded. General Rosecrans issued an order[77] in Missouri requiring the members of religious convocations to give satisfactory evidence of their loyalty to the Government of the United States as a condition precedent to their assemblage and protection. In answer to the protestations which naturally resulted from this mandate he replied that it was given at the request of many loyal church members, both lay and clerical; that if he should permit all bodies claiming to be religious to meet without question, a convocation of Price's army, under the garb of religion, might assemble with impunity and plot treason. He claimed that there was no hardship in compelling the members of such assemblages to establish their loyalty by oath and certificate, and insisted that his order, while providing against public danger, really protected the purity and the freedom of religion.

In the course of these controversies between secessionist ministers and commanding generals an incident occurred which deserves a moment's notice, as it led to a clear and vigorous statement from Mr. Lincoln of his attitude in regard to these matters. During the year 1862 a somewhat bitter discussion arose between the Rev. Dr. McPheeters of the Vine Street Church in St. Louis and some of his congregation in regard to his supposed sympathies with the rebellion. Looking back upon the controversy from this distance of time it seems that rather hard measure was dealt to the parson; for although, from all the circumstances of the case, there appears little doubt that his feelings were strongly enlisted in the cause of the rebellion, he behaved with so much discretion that the principal offenses charged against him by his zealous parishioners were that he once baptized a small rebel by the name of Sterling Price, and that he would not declare himself in favor of the Union. The difference in his church grew continually more flagrant and was entertained by interminable letters and statements on both sides, until at last the provost-marshal intervened, ordering the arrest of Dr. McPheeters, excluding him from his pulpit, and taking the control of his church out of the hands of its trustees. This action gave rise to extended comment, not only in Missouri, but throughout the Union. The President, being informed of it, wrote[78] to General Curtis disapproving the act of the provost-marshal, saying, in a terse and vigorous phrase, which immediately obtained wide currency, "The United States Government must not, as by this order, undertake to run the churches. When an individual in a church, or out of it, becomes dangerous to the public interest he must be checked; but let the churches, as such, take care of themselves." But even this peremptory and unmistakable command did not put an end to the discussion. Taking the hands of the Government away from the preacher did not quench the dissensions in the church, nor restore the pastor to the position which he occupied before the war; and almost a year later some of the friends of Dr. McPheeters considered it necessary and proper to ask the intervention of the President to restore to him all his ecclesiastical privileges in addition to the civil rights which they admitted he already enjoyed. This the President, in a letter[79] of equal clearness and vigor, refused to do. "I have never interfered," he said, "nor thought of interfering, as to who shall, or shall not, preach in any church; nor have I knowingly or believingly tolerated anyone else to so interfere by my authority"; but he continues, "If, after all, what is now sought is to have me put Dr. McPheeters back over the heads of a majority of his own congregation, that too will be declined. I will not have control of any church on any side." The case finally ended by the exclusion of Dr. McPheeters from his pulpit by the order of the presbytery having ecclesiastical authority in the case.

In this wise and salutary abstention from any interference with the churches, which was dictated by his own convictions as well as enjoined by the Constitution, the President did not always have the support of his subordinates. He had not only, as we have seen, to administer occasional rebukes to his over-zealous generals, but even in his own Cabinet he was sometimes compelled to overrule a disposition to abuse of authority in things spiritual. Several weeks after he had so clearly expressed himself in the McPheeters case, he found, to his amazement, that the Secretary of War had been giving orders virtually placing the army in certain places at the disposition of a Methodist bishop for the enforcement of his ecclesiastical decrees. He addressed to Mr. Stanton a note of measured censure,[80] which was followed by an order from the War Department explaining and modifying the more objectionable features of the former document. The Secretary explained that his action had no other intention than to furnish "a means of rallying the Methodist people in favor of the Union, in localities where the rebellion had disorganized and scattered them."[81] This explanation was not entirely satisfactory to the President, but he thought best to make no further public reference to the matter. Scarcely was this affair disposed of when a complaint was received from Memphis of some interference by the military with a church edifice there. Mr. Lincoln made upon the paper this peremptory indorsement: "If the military have military need of the church building, let them keep it; otherwise, let them get out of it, and leave it and its owners alone, except for the causes that justify the arrest of anyone."[82] Two months later the President, hearing of further complications in the case, made still another order, which even at the risk of wearying the reader we will give, from his own manuscript, as illustrating not only his conscientious desire that justice should be done, but also the exasperating obstacles he was continually compelled to surmount, in those troubled times, to accomplish, with all the vast powers at his disposition, this reasonable desire.

"I am now told that the military were not in possession of the building; and yet that in pretended execution of the above they, the military, put one set of men out of and another set into the building. This, if true, is most extraordinary. I say again, if there be no military need for the building, leave it alone, neither putting anyone in or out of it, except on finding someone preaching or practicing treason, in which case lay hands upon him, just as if he were doing the same thing in any other building, or in the streets or highways."[83]

He at last made himself understood and his orders respected; yet so widespread was the tendency of generals to meddle with matters beyond their jurisdiction, that it took three years of such vehement injunctions as these to teach them to keep their hands away from the clergy and the churches.

Lincoln had a profound respect for every form of sincere religious belief. He steadily refused to show favor to any particular denomination of Christians; and when General Grant issued an unjust and injurious order against the Jews, expelling them from his department, the President ordered it to be revoked the moment it was brought to his notice.[84]

He was a man of profound and intense religious feeling. We have no purpose of attempting to formulate his creed; we question if he himself ever did so. There have been swift witnesses who, judging from expressions uttered in his callow youth, have called him an atheist, and others who, with the most laudable intentions, have remembered improbable conversations which they bring forward to prove at once his orthodoxy and their own intimacy with him. But leaving aside these apocryphal evidences, we have only to look at his authentic public and private utterances to see how deep and strong in all the latter part of his life was the current of his religious thought and emotion. He continually invited and appreciated, at their highest value, the prayers of good people. The pressure of the tremendous problems by which he was surrounded; the awful moral significance of the conflict in which he was the chief combatant; the overwhelming sense of personal responsibility, which never left him for an hour--all contributed to produce, in a temperament naturally serious and predisposed to a spiritual view of life and conduct, a sense of reverent acceptance of the guidance of a Superior Power. From that morning when, standing amid the falling snowflakes on the railway car at Springfield, he asked the prayers of his neighbors in those touching phrases whose echo rose that night in invocations from thousands of family altars, to that memorable hour when on the steps of the Capitol he humbled himself before his Creator in the sublime words of the second inaugural, there is not an expression known to have come from his lips or his pen but proves that he held himself answerable in every act of his career to a more august tribunal than any on earth. The fact that he was not a communicant of any church, and that he was singularly reserved in regard to his personal religious life, gives only the greater force to these striking proofs of his profound reverence and faith.

In final substantiation of this assertion, we subjoin two papers from the hand of the President, one official and the other private, which bear within themselves the imprint of a sincere devotion and a steadfast reliance upon the power and benignity of an overruling Providence. The first is an order which he issued on the 16th of November, 1864, on the observance of Sunday:

"The President, Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy, desires and enjoins the orderly observance of the Sabbath by the officers and men in the military and naval service. The importance for man and beast of the prescribed weekly rest, the sacred rights of Christian soldiers and sailors, a becoming deference to the best sentiment of Christian people, and a due regard for the Divine will, demand that Sunday labor in the Army and Navy be reduced to the measure of strict necessity. The discipline and character of the national forces should not suffer, nor the cause they defend be imperiled, by the profanation of the day or name of the Most High. 'At this time of public distress [adopting the words of Washington in 1776] men may find enough to do in the service of their God and their country without abandoning themselves to vice and immorality.' The first General Order issued by the Father of his Country after the Declaration of Independence indicated the spirit in which our institutions were founded and should ever be defended. 'The General hopes and trusts that every officer and man will endeavor to live and act as becomes a Christian soldier, defending the dearest rights and liberties of his country.'"[85]

The date of this remarkable order leaves no possibility for the insinuation that it sprung from any political purpose, or intention. Mr. Lincoln had just been re-elected by an overwhelming majority; his party was everywhere triumphant; his own personal popularity was unbounded; there was no temptation to hypocrisy or deceit. There is no explanation of the order except that it was the offspring of sincere conviction. But if it may be said that this was, after all, an exoteric utterance, springing from those relations of religion and good government which the wisest rulers have always recognized in their intercourse with the people, we will give one other document, of which nothing of the sort can be said. It is a paper which Mr. Lincoln wrote in September, 1862, while his mind was burdened with the weightiest question of his life, the weightiest with which this century has had to grapple. Wearied with all the considerations of law and of expediency with which he had been struggling for two years, he retired within himself and tried to bring some order into his thoughts by rising above the wrangling of men and of parties, and pondering the relations of human government to the Divine. In this frame of mind, absolutely detached from any earthly considerations, he wrote this meditation. It has never been published. It was not written to be seen of men. It was penned in the awful sincerity of a perfectly honest soul trying to bring itself into closer communion with its Maker.

"The will of God prevails. In great contests each party claims to act in accordance with the will of God. Both _may_ be and one _must_ be wrong. God cannot be _for_ and _against_ the same thing at the same time. In the present civil war it is quite possible that God's purpose is something different from the purpose of either party; and yet the human instrumentalities, working just as they do, are of the best adaptation to effect His purpose. I am almost ready to say that this is probably true; that God wills this contest, and wills that it shall not end yet. By His mere great power on the minds of the now contestants, He could have either _saved_ or _destroyed_ the Union without a human contest. Yet the contest began. And having begun, he could give the final victory to either side any day. Yet the contest proceeds."

The following brief address by Mr. Lincoln appears never to have been published. It was discovered, just as this book was going to press, by Mr. Jesse W. Weik, who hastened to send it to me. It is the shorthand report of a brief address delivered by Mr. Lincoln at a railroad junction near La Fayette, Indiana, a few hours after he had left Springfield on his way to Washington, Saturday, February 11, 1860.

W. H. B.

When I first came to the west some forty-four or forty-five years ago, at sundown you had completed a journey of some thirty miles, which you had commenced at sunrise; and you thought you had done well. Now, only six hours have elapsed since I left my home in Illinois, where I was surrounded by a large concourse of my fellow citizens, most all of whom I could recognize; and I find myself far from home, surrounded by the thousands I now see before me, who are strangers to me. Still we are bound together, I trust, in Christianity, civilization and patriotism, and are attached to our country and our whole country. While some of us may differ in political opinions, still we are all united in one feeling for the Union.

A CONDENSED BIBLIOGRAPHY

(The bibliographical notes which the author made while this work was in preparation reached a total of several thousand. From these he at first selected about five hundred titles, being practically a catalogue of his own Lincoln library, a list of books about Lincoln which he considered worth buying. But this also appeared much longer than was needed for the purposes of this book, and he has therefore prepared this shorter list of books bearing more directly upon the subject matter of this volume, and for the convenience of such readers as are unfamiliar with the literature of the subject he has added comments upon some of the books or articles.)

I. LINCOLN'S OWN WRITINGS AND SPEECHES

_Abraham Lincoln: Complete Works._ Edited by John G. Nicolay and John Hay. In Two Volumes. New York: The Century Company, 1894.

There is a larger edition in twelve volumes, with some additions, and there are two other notable collections, both of them good. No one of these, however, is entirely complete; and there are volumes such as "The Uncollected Letters of Lincoln" edited by Gilbert A. Tracy (Houghton Mifflin & Co., 1917) which supplement the "complete" works. Very nearly everything which the reader requires, however, is in the Nicolay and Hay work.

II. LIVES OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN

_Autobiography._ Facsimile Reproduction of Autobiographical Sketch written by Abraham Lincoln for Jesse W. Fell in 1860. Published by his daughters at Normal, Ill.

_The Autobiography of Abraham Lincoln._ Sketch furnished by him in 1860 to John Locke Scripps. New York: Francis D. Tandy Company, 1905.

This and the preceding item contain virtually all that Lincoln told the public about himself.

_Life of Abraham Lincoln._ By John Locke Scripps. 1860. Tribune Tract No. 6. Prepared from information given by Mr. Lincoln and read and approved by him before publication.

"_The Wigwam Edition._" The Life, Speeches and Public Services of Abraham Lincoln, Together with a Sketch of Hannibal Hamlin. New York: Rudd and Carleton, 1860.

It disputes with Scripps the honor of being the first printed life of Lincoln, and is of great interest as showing how little was known of Lincoln in 1860 apart from the sketch which he had himself prepared.

_Life of Abraham Lincoln._ By J. Q. Howard, Cincinnati: Anderson, Gates and Wright, 1860. With pictures of the Wigwam on the back and is as rare and desirable as the real "Wigwam Edition."

_Life of Abraham Lincoln_ (of Illinois). With a Condensed View of his Most Important Speeches; also a Sketch of the Life of Hannibal Hamlin (of Maine). Authentic edition. By J. H. Barrett. Cincinnati: Moore, Wilstach, Keyes & Co., 1860.

_Lives and Speeches of Abraham Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin._ Life of Lincoln by W. D. Howells. Life of Hamlin by John L. Hays. Columbus, Ohio: Follett, Foster and Company, 1860.

_The Life and Public Services of Hon. Abraham Lincoln_: to which is added a Biographical Sketch of Hon. Hannibal Hamlin by D. W. Bartlett. Authorized edition. New York: Derby & Jackson, 1860.

_Life and Public Services of Hon. Abraham Lincoln of Illinois and Hon. Hannibal Hamlin of Maine._ Boston: Thayer and Eldridge, 1860.

The above listed campaign biographies, all of them, except the Wigwam Edition, based directly or indirectly upon the information furnished first to Scripps, and then to other biographers, are all of remarkable interest as showing what was then available to make a biography out of, and what various biographers, under stress of the campaign and the enterprise of publishers, were able to make out of it.

A list might be added of the 1864 campaign biographies, but for the present purpose they are unimportant, as also are the first that followed his death.

_The Life of Abraham Lincoln._ By J. G. Holland. Springfield, Mass., published by Gurdon Bill, 1865. By far the best life of Lincoln published in the first few years after his death, and noted as containing the Bateman interview, which gave rise to the controversy concerning Lincoln's religion.

_Life and Public Services of Abraham Lincoln, Together With State Papers._ By Henry J. Raymond. To which are added anecdotes and reminiscences of Frank B. Carpenter. New York: Derby & Miller, 1865. At the time of publication this was the best life of Lincoln in its assembling of State Papers and important documents.

_The Life of Abraham Lincoln from His Birth to His Inauguration As President._ By Ward H. Lamon. Boston: James R. Osgood & Company, 1872. First attempt to give to the world the story of the "real" Lincoln and a conspicuous example of the fate a man may suffer at the hands of his friends. Invaluable in its material, but with shocking bad taste; and said by Herndon to have been written by Chauncey F. Black.

Brings the narrative down to the time of Lincoln's inauguration and was intended to have been followed by a second volume, but was received with such disfavor that the concluding volume was never issued.

_Recollections of Abraham Lincoln 1847-1865._ By Ward Hill Lamon. Edited by Dorothy Lamon. Chicago: A. C. McClurg and Company, 1895. Second Edition of the Same, with Memoir of Ward Hill Lamon by his daughter, Dorothy Lamon Teillard. Washington, D. C. Published by the editor, 1911.

_Herndon's Lincoln: The True Story of a Great Life. Etiam in minimis major._ The History and Personal Recollections of Abraham Lincoln. By William H. Herndon, for twenty years his friend and law partner; and Jesse William Weik, A.M. Chicago, New York and San Francisco: Belford, Clarke & Co., publishers. London: Henry J. Drane, Lovells Court, Paternoster Road. 3 volumes. 1889. Unexpurgated first edition.

_Abraham Lincoln: The True Story of a Great Life._ By William H. Herndon and Jesse W. Weik, with an introduction by Horace White. In two volumes. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1892.

_Abraham Lincoln: A History._ By John G. Nicolay and John Hay. In ten volumes. New York: The Century Co., 1890. First edition.

_A Short Life of Abraham Lincoln._ Condensed from Nicolay and Hay's _Abraham Lincoln: A History_. By John G. Nicolay. New York: The Century Co., 1906.

_Personal Traits of Abraham Lincoln._ By Helen Nicolay. New York: The Century Company, 1912.

_Abraham Lincoln._ By John T. Morse, Jr. In two volumes. American Statesman Series. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin & Co., 1893. In many respects the best short life of Lincoln.

_The Early Life of Abraham Lincoln._ Containing many unpublished documents and unpublished reminiscences of Lincoln's early friends. By Ida M. Tarbell, assisted by J. McCan Davis. New York: S. S. McClure Co., Limited, 1896.

_The Life of Abraham Lincoln._ Drawn from original sources. By Ida M. Tarbell. Two volumes. New York: The Doubleday & McClure Co., 1900.

_Abraham Lincoln._ An Essay. By Carl Schurz. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin & Co., 1891.

_Lincoln the Leader: and Genius for Expression._ By Richard Watson Gilder. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin & Co., 1909.

_Abraham Lincoln: The People's Leader in the Struggle for National Existence._ By George Haven Putnam, Litt.D. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1909.

_Lincoln, Master of Men: A Study in Character._ By Alonzo Rothchild. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1906.

_Honest Abe: A Study in Integrity._ By Alonzo Rothchild. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1917.

_Abraham Lincoln._ By Rose Strunsky. New York: Macmillan Company, 1914.

_Abraham Lincoln._ By Noah Brooks. Centennial Edition. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1888.

_Abraham Lincoln._ By Henry Bryan Binns. London: J. M. Dent & Co., 1907.

_Abraham Lincoln._ By Lord Charnworth (Godfrey Rathbone Benson). Henry Holt and Company, 1907.

_Latest Light on Lincoln, and War Time Memories._ By Ervin Chapman, D.D., LL.D. New York: Fleming H. Revell Company, 1917.

_The Everyday Life of Abraham Lincoln._ By Frances Fisher Browne. Chicago: Browne & Howell Co., 1913. New and thoroughly revised edition.

_The True Abraham Lincoln._ By William Eleroy Curtis. Philadelphia and London: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1903.

_Abraham Lincoln: The Man of the People._ By Norman Hapgood. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1899.

_Sketch of the Life of Abraham Lincoln._ Compiled in most part from the History of Abraham Lincoln and the overthrow of slavery. By Isaac N. Arnold. New York: John D. Bachelder, 1869.

_The Life of Abraham Lincoln._ By Isaac N. Arnold. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co., 1901. Twelfth edition, 1916.

_Abraham Lincoln: The True Story of a Great Life._ By William O. Stoddard, one of President Lincoln's private secretaries during the War of the Rebellion. Revised edition. New York: Fords, Howard & Hulbert, 1896.

_Abraham Lincoln._ By Charles Carleton Coffin. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1893.

III. EARLY ILLINOIS HISTORY

_A. W. Snyder in Illinois 1817-1842._ Virginia, Illinois: E. Needham, 1906.

_Illinois in 1818._ By Solon Justus Buck. Illinois Centennial Commission, Springfield, 1917.

_The Centennial History of Illinois._ Vol. II. _The Frontier State, 1818-1848._ By Theodore Calvin Pease. Published by the Illinois Centennial Commission, 1918, Springfield, Illinois.

_The Lincoln Illinois Country._ By Daniel Kilham Dodge. _The Independent._

_Pioneering: An Article on Lincoln and Herndon._ By C. H. Dall. _Atlantic Monthly_, April, 1867.

_Lincoln and Salem: Pioneers of Mason and Menard Counties._ By T. G. Onstott. Published by the author, Forest City, Illinois, 1902.

_Illinois._ An address delivered before the faculty and students of the University of Illinois on Illinois Day, 1911, by Clark E. Carr. Illinois University Press, December 6, 1911.

_The Illini: A Story of the Prairies._ By Clark E. Carr. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co. Issued 1904; eighth edition, 1916.

_My Day and Generation._ By Clark E. Carr. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co., 1908.

_Illinois: Travel and Description, 1765-1865._ By Solon Justus Buck. Springfield, Ill. Published by trustees Illinois State Historical Library, 1914.

IV. LINCOLN'S YOUTH

_Lincoln's Boyhood._ By Eleanor Atkinson. The Narrative of an Interview with Dennis Hanks in 1889. _American Magazine_, February, 1908.

_In the Boyhood of Lincoln._ By Hezekiah Butterworth. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1892.

_The Boy Lincoln._ By W. O. Stoddard. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1905.

_The Pioneer Boy._ By William M. Thayer. Boston: Walker and Wise Company, 1863.

_Abraham Lincoln, the Boy and the Man._ By James Morgan. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1907.

_The Education of Lincoln._ By Hamilton W. Mabie. _The Outlook_, February 20, 1904.

_Lincoln's Self-Education._ By Hamilton Wright Mabie. _The Chautauquan_, April, 1900.

_Lincoln's Alma Mater._ By Eleanor Atkinson. _Harper's_, May, 1913.

V. LINCOLN'S LOVE AFFAIRS AND DOMESTIC RELATIONS

_Abraham Lincoln; Miss Ann Rutledge; New Salem; Pioneering; The Poem._ A lecture delivered in the old Sangamon court house, November, 1866, by William H. Herndon, Springfield, Ill. H. E. Barker, 1916. Edition limited to 150 copies.

_Lincoln's Love Story._ By Eleanor Atkinson. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1909.

_Abraham Lincoln in His Relations to Women._ By Julien Gordon. _The Cosmopolitan_, December, 1894.

_Lincoln's Marriage._ Newspaper interview with Mrs. Frances Wallace, September 2, 1895. Privately printed by H. E. Barker, Springfield, 1917. Edition limited to 75 copies. Denies that more than one date was ever set for the Lincoln wedding.

_The Truth About Mrs. Lincoln._ By Howard Glyndon. _The Independent_, August 10, 1882.

_Lincoln's Home Life in Washington._ By Leslie J. Perry. _Harper's_, February, 1897.

VI. EPOCHS AND ASPECTS OF THE LIFE OF LINCOLN

_Personal Recollections of Abraham Lincoln._ By Henry B. Rankin. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1916.

_Abraham Lincoln._ By H. C. Whitney. _The Arena_, April, 1898. Contains some valuable reminiscences not in his book.

_Life on the Circuit with Lincoln._ By Major Henry C. Whitney. Boston: Estes and Lauriat, 1892.

_Lincoln and Herndon._ By Joseph Fort Newton. Cedar Rapids, Iowa: The Torch Press, 1910.

_Lincoln in Myth and in Fact._ By Dorothy Lamon Teillard. _World's Work_, February, 1911.

_Six Months in the White House._ By Frank B. Carpenter. New York: Hurd & Houghton, 1866. First edition.

_The Inner Life of Abraham Lincoln: Six Months at the White House._ By Frank B. Carpenter. New York: Hurd & Houghton, 1867.

_Lincoln and Seward._ By Gideon Welles. New York: Sheldon & Co., 1874.

_Diary of Gideon Welles._ _Atlantic Monthly_, 1909.

_Greeley on Lincoln and Mr. Greeley's Letters._ Edited by Joel Benton. New York: The Baker & Taylor Co., 1893.

_Lincoln at Gettysburg._ By Clark E. Carr. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co., 1906.

_Gettysburg and Lincoln._ By Henry Sweetser Burrage. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1906.

_Lincoln's Gettysburg Address._ By Orton H. Carmichael. New York: The Abingdon Press, 1917.

_Fiftieth Anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg._ Report of the Commission on the Gettysburg Reunion. Harrisburg, Pa., 1915.

_Recollections of Lincoln._ By James Grant Wilson, with facsimiles of the Gettysburg and Second Inaugural Addresses. _Putnam's Magazine_, February, 1909.

_The Gettysburg Address with Facsimile of the Manuscript._ By John G. Nicolay. _Century Magazine_, 1894.

_Lincoln's Gettysburg Address._ By Prof. Philip M. Bikle and Rev. H. C. Holloway. _Lutheran Church Work_, February 10, 1916.

_Variations in the Reports of the Gettysburg Address._ By W. H. Lambert, _The Century Magazine_, February, 1894.

_Gettysburg._ By Elsie Singmaster. Boston: Houghton & Mifflin Co., 1913.

_Lincoln at Gettysburg._ Address delivered before the Illinois State Historical Society at Springfield, Ill., January 25, 1906. By Clark E. Carr.

_Lincoln's Masterpiece._ By Isaac Markens. Published by the author, 274 W. 140th Street, New York.

_The Perfect Tribute._ By Mary Raymond Shipman Andrews. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1907.

_Revised Report of the Select Committee on the Soldiers' National Cemetery._ Together with the Accompanying Documents as Reported to the House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Harrisburg: Hornsby, Singerly & Myers, State Printers, 1865.

VII. THE DEATH OF LINCOLN

_The Death of Lincoln._ By Clara E. Laughlin. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1909.

_The Assassination of Lincoln._ By David Miller Dewitt. New York: The Century Co., 1909.

_The Assassination of Lincoln: A History of the Great Conspiracy._ By T. M. Harris, a member of the commission that tried the conspirators. Boston: American Citizen Co., 1892.

_Assassination of Lincoln._ By Osborn H. Oldroyd. Washington D. C., 1901.

_Through Five Administrations._ By William H. Crook. Lincoln's Bodyguard. New York: Harper & Brother, 1910.

_Lincoln's Last Day._ By William H. Crook. _Harper's_, September, 1907.

VIII. ANTHOLOGIES

_The Lincoln Memorial: Album-Immortelles._ Collected and edited by Osborn H. Oldroyd. New York: G. W. Carleton & Co., 1882.

_Poetical Tributes to the Memory of Abraham Lincoln._ Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1865.

_The Poets' Lincoln: Tributes in Verse to the Martyred President._ Selected by Osborn H. Oldroyd. Washington, D. C.: Published by the editor at "The House Where Lincoln Died," 1915.

_The Praise of Lincoln: An Anthology._ Collected and arranged by A. Dallas Williams. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1911.

_The Book of Lincoln._ Compiled by Mary Wright Davis. New York: George H. Doran Company, 1919.

IX. LINCOLN'S LITERARY STYLE

_Abraham Lincoln As a Man of Letters._ By Luther Emerson Robinson, M.A. Chicago: The Reilly & Britton Co., 1918.

_Lincoln's Literary Experiments._ By John G. Nicolay. With a lecture and verses hitherto unpublished. _Century Magazine_, April, 1894.

_The Evolution of Lincoln's Literary Style._ By Prof. Daniel Kilham Dodge. Champaign and Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1900.

X. THE RELIGION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN

_Religious Views of Abraham Lincoln._ Compiled and published by Orrin Henry Pennell. The R. M. Scranton Co., Alliance, Ohio, 1899.

_Brief Analysis of Lincoln's Character._ By W. H. Herndon. A letter to J. E. Remsburg, September 10, 1887. Privately printed by H. E. Barker, Springfield, Ill. Edition limited to 50 copies.

_A Card and a Correction._ A Broadside on Lincoln's religion. By W. H. Herndon. Privately printed by H. E. Barker, Springfield, Ill. Edition limited to 75 copies.

_Abraham Lincoln the Christian._ By William J. Johnson. New York and Cincinnati: The Abingdon Press, 1913.

_The Later Life and Religious Sentiments of Abraham Lincoln._ By Rev. James A. Reed. _Scribner's Monthly_, 1873, pp. 333-344.

_Lincoln's Religious Belief._ By B. F. Irwin. Article in the Illinois _State Journal_ of May 16, 1874. Manuscript copy.

_More Testimony._ Letter from Hon. William Reid, U. S. Consul at Dundee, Scotland. Article in Portland _Oregonian_, March 4, 1874. Copied in Illinois _State Journal_. Manuscript copy.

_Abraham Lincoln's Religion._ By Madison C. Peters. Boston: Richard G. Badger, The Gorham Press, 1909.

_Lincoln and the Church._ Article by John G. Nicolay and John Hay in _Century_, August, 1889.

_The Record of a Quaker Conscience._ By Cyrus Pringle. New York: Macmillan Company, 1918 (_Lincoln and the Quakers_).

_The Conversion of Lincoln._ By Rev. Edward L. Watson, New York, _Christian Advocate_, November 11, 1909.

_The Religious Beliefs of Abraham Lincoln._ By R. C. Roper. Article in _The Open Court_.

_Lincoln's Religious Faith and Principles._ By Thomas D. Logan, D.D. _The Interior_, February 11, 1909.

_Abraham Lincoln._ Address delivered in Springfield, February 12, 1909, and reported in, the Springfield _Evening Record_ of that date by Rev. Thomas D. Logan, D.D.

_Lincoln Defamers Refuted._ By Henry B. Rankin. Broadside issued for the Lincoln Day celebration at Old Salem, February 12, 1919, with author's corrections and accompanying autograph letters.

_Abraham Lincoln's Cardinal Traits: A Study in Ethics, with an Epilogue Addressed to Theologians._ By C. S. Beardslee. Boston: Richard G. Badger, The Gorham Press, 1914.

_Abraham Lincoln: His Religion._ By Robert N. Reeves. Chicago: N. D.

_The Religion of Abraham Lincoln._ By George A. Thayer. Cincinnati: 1909.

_Abraham Lincoln the Preacher's Teacher._ By William J. Hutchins. Lecture in volume on "The Preacher's Ideals and Inspirations." New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1917.

_Essay on Lincoln: Was He An Inspired Prophet?_ By Milton R. Scott. Published by the author, Newark, Ohio, 1906.

_Abraham Lincoln._ By Charles Henry Fowler, late bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Leading oration in volume of "Patriotic Orations." New York: Eaton & Mains, 1910.

_Lincoln's Use of the Bible._ By S. Trevena Jackson. New York: The Abingdon Press, 1909.

_The Agnosticism of Abraham Lincoln._ By Lyman Abbott. _The Outlook_, November 17, 1906.

_Lincoln's Faith._ By John Hay. Address given from President Lincoln's pew in the New York Avenue Church, November 16, 1902. In John Hay's addresses.

_The Religious Opinions and Life of Abraham Lincoln._ By the Rev. William H. Bates, D.D., Washington, D. C., 1914.

_Abraham Lincoln: A Lecture._ By Robert G. Ingersoll. New York: C. P. Farrell, 1895.

_The Religion of Abraham Lincoln._ Correspondence between General Charles H. T. Collis and Colonel Robert G. Ingersoll. With Appendix, containing interesting anecdotes by Major-General Daniel E. Sickles and Hon. Oliver S. Munsell. New York: G. H. Dillingham Company, 1890.

_Fifty Years in the Church of Rome._ By Father Chiniquy. 42nd edition. Chicago: The Craig Press, 1892. Contains interesting account of Lincoln's service as Father Chiniquy's attorney and of interviews at the White House.

_Abraham Lincoln: Was He a Christian?_ By James E. Remsburg. Extended chapter in "Six Historical Americans." New York: The Truth Seeker Co. Extended argument to prove that Lincoln was and continued to be an infidel.

_Was Abraham Lincoln a Spiritualist?_ By Mrs. Nettie Colburn Maynard. Philadelphia: Rufus C. Hartranft, 1891. Contains extraordinary claims of revelations made to Lincoln while in the White House by a trance medium.

_Sir Oliver Lodge Is Right: Spirit Communication a Fact._ By Grace Garrett Durand. Privately printed, Lake Forest, Ill., 1917. Contains alleged revelations from Abraham Lincoln.

_Abraham Lincoln a Practical Mystic._ By Frances Grierson. New York: The John Lane Co., 1918.

_The Abraham Lincoln Myth._ By Bocardo Bramantip (Oliver Prince Buel). New York: The Mascot Publishing Co., 1894. A reprint from _The Catholic World_ of November and December, 1893, intended as a satire upon the Higher Criticism. Apparently suggested by the famous essay "Historical Doubts Concerning the Existence of Napoleon Bonaparte."

_The Mythifying Theory; or, Abraham Lincoln a Myth._ By D. B. Turney. Metropolis, Ill. B. O. Jones, Book and Job Printer, 1872. Photostat from copy in Library of Congress, Washington, D. C.

XI. LINCOLN AND TEMPERANCE.

_Lincoln's First Address Delivered in Springfield_, February 22, 1842. The Union Signal.

_A Discourse on the Bottle: Its Evils and Its Remedy._ By Rev. James Smith. Sermon delivered in the First Presbyterian Church, Springfield, January 23, 1853. Reprinted 1892. A surprisingly straightforward plea for legislative prohibition, printed at the request of a committee who heard it, among them being Abraham Lincoln.

_Lincoln a Temperance Man._ By Howard H. Russell. _The Interior_, February 11, 1909.

_The Lincoln Legion._ By Howard H. Russell, Westerville, Ohio, 1913.

_Lincoln and Temperance._ By Rev. Thomas D. Logan. _The Advance_, February 11, 1909.

XII. LINCOLN AND SLAVERY

_History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America._ By Henry Wilson, 3 vols. Third edition. Boston: James R. Osgood & Co., 1875.

_Lincoln and Slavery._ By Albert E. Pillsbury. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1913.

_Abraham Lincoln: The Evolution of His Emancipation Policy._ By Paul Selby. Chicago Historical Society, 1909.

_Anti-Slavery History: State and Nation._ By Austin Willey. Portland, Maine: Hoyt, Fogg & Donham, 1886.

_The Dred Scott Decision._ New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1857.

_The Martyrdom of Elijah P. Lovejoy._ By H. Tanner. Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1881.

_Dedication of Lovejoy Monument, November 8, 1897._ Alton, Ill.: Charles Holden, 1897.

_The Underground Railroad._ By William M. Cockrum. Oakland City, Ind.: J. W. Cockrum Printing Co., 1915.

_Lincoln, Grant, and the Freedmen._ By John Eaton. New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1907.

_The Negro a Beast._ By Charles Carroll. American Book and Bible House, St. Louis, 1900.

_The Journal of Negro History._ Washington, D. C., 4 volumes to date.

_The History of Abraham Lincoln and the Overthrow of Slavery._ By Isaac N. Arnold. Chicago: Clarke & Co., 1866.

XIII. ATTACKS ON THE CHARACTER OF LINCOLN

_The Real Lincoln._ From the testimony of his contemporaries. By Charles L. C. Minor, M.A., LL.D. Second edition, revised and enlarged. Richmond, Va.: Everett Waddey Co., 1904. A vicious assault on the integrity of Lincoln.

_Facts and Falsehoods Concerning the War on the South, 1861-1865._ By George Edmonds [Mrs. Elizabeth (Avery) Merriwether]. Memphis, Tenn. For sale by A. R. Taylor & Co., 1904. Displays the most diligent effort in the compilation of items derogatory to Lincoln and the North, but is manifestly dependent upon second authorities and in some cases shows marked ignorance of the original sources cited. Quotes freely from an imaginary edition of Herndon, alleged to have been published in 1866 and suppressed.

_Abraham Lincoln: An Address Delivered Before R. E. Lee Camp, No. 1, Confederate Veterans at Richmond, Virginia, October 29, 1909._ By Hon. Geo. L. Christian. Second edition. Richmond: L. H. Jenkins, Publisher. Based upon the historical data in Minor's _Real Lincoln_ and Edmonds' _Facts and Falsehoods_.

_Crimes of the Civil War and Curse of the Funding System._ By Henry Clay Dean. Baltimore: J. Wesley Smith & Brother, 1869. Excessively scarce and most pronounced of its kind of literature. Denounces Lincoln as a tyrant, murderer, and inhuman monster and lauds the act of assassination by John Wilkes Booth.

_Confederate Echoes._ By A. T. Goodloe. Publishing House M. E. Church, South, Nashville, Tenn., 1907.

_Lincoln the Rebel Candidate._ Democratic Campaign Pamphlet of 1864. Photostat from original in New York Public Library.

XIV. LECTURES, ADDRESSES, AND REMINISCENCES

_Abraham Lincoln._ An address by Hon. Newton Bateman, LL.D. Galesburg, Ill.: The Cadmus Club, 1909.

_Abraham Lincoln: An Oration._ Delivered on Washington's Birthday, 1891, by William Goodell Frost. Oberlin News, 1891.

_Abraham Lincoln: An Oration._ By John E. Burton. Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, 1903.

_Abraham Lincoln: An Address._ By Frederick A. Noble. Chicago, February 12, 1901.

_Abraham Lincoln: An Essay._ By Joseph Fort Newton. The Torch Press, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, 1910.

_The Mystery of Lincoln._ By Robert E. Knowles. _The Independent._

_The Making of Lincoln._ Editorial in _The Outlook_, February 13, 1909.

_Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln._ By Distinguished Men of His Time. Collected and edited by Allen Thorndike Rice. New York: _The North American Review_, 1888. Separate articles by thirty-three distinguished contemporaries of Lincoln.

_Abraham Lincoln: Tributes from His Associates._ Edited by William Hayes Ward. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1895. Forty-five chapters by soldiers, statesmen, and citizens who had known Lincoln.

_Sermons Preached in Boston on the Death of Abraham Lincoln, Together with the Funeral Service in the East Room of the Executive Mansion in Washington._ Boston: J. E. Tilton & Co., 1865.

_Our Martyred President: Lincoln Memorial Addresses._ The Abingdon Press, 1915. A reprint of the original edition containing sermons by New York ministers, together with the orations of George Bancroft, Bishop Simpson, and Richard S. Storrs.

_Memorial Addresses on the Life and Character of Abraham Lincoln in the House of Representatives, February 12, 1866._ By George Bancroft. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1866.

_Abraham Lincoln, by Some Men Who Knew Him._ Edited by Isaac N. Phillips, Bloomington, Ill., Pantagraph Co., 1910.

_Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln; and a Visit to California._ By Joshua Fry Speed, Louisville, 1884.

_Eulogy of Abraham Lincoln._ By Henry Champion Deming. Before the General Assembly of Connecticut, Hartford, June 8, 1865. Hartford: A. N. Clark & Co., State printers, 1865.

_Abraham Lincoln._ An address before the Lincoln League Club of Chicago, in the Auditorium, February 12, 1895. By Henry Watterson.

_Lincoln._ By Isaac Newton Phillips. Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of Illinois. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co., 1910.

_The Message of the President to Congress._ First message of Andrew Johnson following the assassination of Lincoln, Washington, 1865.

_The Promises of the Declaration of Independence. Eulogy on Abraham Lincoln._ By Charles Sumner. Boston: J. E. Farwell & Co., 1865.

_Abraham Lincoln._ By Joseph H. Choate. New York: T. Y. Crowell & Co., 1901.

_Abraham Lincoln Today._ By William Charles Langdon, Edmund J. James, and Captain Fernand Baldensperger. University of Illinois Press, 1918.

_Abraham Lincoln and Boston Corbett._ With personal recollections of each. _John Wilkes Booth and Jefferson Davis._ A true story of their capture. By Berkeley Byron Johnson. Waltham, Mass.: Privately printed, 1914.

_Abraham Lincoln._ By Phillips Brooks. A sermon preached in Philadelphia, April 23, 1865.

_Abraham Lincoln._ By S. Parkes Cadman. Address before the New York Republican Club.

_Some Impressions of Lincoln._ By E. S. Nadal. _Scribner's_, 1906.

_Life and Principles of Abraham Lincoln._ By Hon. Schuyler Colfax. Philadelphia, 1865.

_The Voice of the Rod._ Funeral sermon by the Rev. P. D. Gurley, D.D. Washington, 1865.

_Abraham Lincoln and the London Punch._ By William S. Walsh. New York: Moffat, Yard & Co., 1909.

_Lincoln and Men of Wartime._ By A. K. McClure. Philadelphia: The Times Publishing Co., 1892.

_Recollections of President Lincoln and His Administration._ By L. E. Chittenden. New York: Harper & Brother, 1891.

_Personal Reminiscences Including Lincoln and Others._ By L. E. Chittenden. New York: Richmond, Croscup & Co., 1893.

_Personal Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln._ By Thomas Lowry. Privately printed, Minneapolis, 1910.

_The Footsteps of Lincoln._ By J. T. Hobson. Dayton, Ohio: The Otterbein Press, 1909.

_The Master and His Servant._ A comparison of the incidents of Lincoln's life with that of Jesus. By J. T. Hobson. United Brethren Publishing House, Dayton, Ohio, 1913.

_The Picture and the Men._ Compiled by Fred B. Perkins. A. J. Johnson, New York, 1867.

_Inside the White House in War Times._ By William O. Stoddard. New York: Charles L. Webster & Co., 1890.

_Behind the Scenes._ By Elizabeth Keckley. New York: G. W. Carleton & Co., 1868.

_Behind the Seams._ By a Nigger Woman Who Took in Work for Mrs. Lincoln and Mrs. Davis. New York: The National News Company, 1868. A satire on Mrs. Keckley's _Behind the Scenes_. Photostat of copy in Library of Congress.

XV. BOOKS WHICH INFLUENCED LINCOLN

_The Holy Bible._

_The Elementary Spelling Book._ By Noah Webster. New York: D. Appleton & Co.

_The Life of George Washington with Curious Anecdotes._ By W. R. Weems. Philadelphia: Joseph Allen, 1844.

_Pilgrim's Progress._ By John Bunyan. London: Ward, Lock & Co. Reprint with curious old cuts.

_Æsop's Fables._ Old edition with curious cuts. Title page missing.

_The English Reader._ By Lindley Murray. New York: Collins & Co., 1832.

_The Christian's Defence._ Containing a fair statement and impartial examination of the leading objections, urged by infidels against the antiquity, genuineness, credibility, and inspiration of the Holy Scriptures; enriched with copious extracts from learned authors. Two volumes in one. Volume I, The Old Testament, pp. 312; Volume II, The New Testament, pp. 364. Cincinnati: J. A. James, 1843.

_Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation._ London: George Rutledge & Sons, 1890. American agents, E. P. Dutton & Co., New York. Reprint of the first edition, issued in 1844.

Second American edition of the same, with an introduction by Rev. George B. Cheever, D.D. New York: Wiley & Putnam, 1845.

Third edition of the same, with an Appendix, containing an extended review from the _North British Review_ of July, 1845. New York: Wiley & Putnam, 1845.

_Explanations._ A sequel to _Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation_. By the author of that work. New York: Wiley & Putnam, 1846. From and after the sixth edition the explanations were added as a supplement to regular editions of _Vestiges_. The author's name, Robert Chambers, was not given in any edition of the _Vestiges_ until the twelfth, which appeared after his death.

INDEX

Abbatt, William, 235.

Abbott, F. E., letter of Herndon to, 142, 337, 344.

Abbott, Lyman, on Lincoln's religion, 228-231.

Abolitionist, Lincoln not at beginning, 257;
how he became one, 268.

_Advance_, editorial in, 181.

Agnostic, Lincoln said to have been an, 226, 229.

Akers, Rev. Peter, anti-slavery preacher, 241.

Anthon, Prof. Charles, 184.

Antietam, Battle of, 269.

Arnold, Hon. I. N., 122, 315, 331, 334.

Astronomy, Lincoln's knowledge of, 33.

Atheist, Lincoln was not, 225.

Atkinson, Eleanor, interview with Dennis Hanks, 38.

_Atlantic Monthly_, 281-282.

Atonement as ground for universal salvation, 153.

Bale, Abraham, Baptist preacher, 55.

Baptists, in frontier communities, 34-45;
Lincoln family essentially Baptist, 50.

Barrett, J. H., author of _Life of Lincoln_, 25.

Bartlett, D. W., author of _Life of Lincoln_, 25.

Bartlett, Truman H., correspondence with Herndon, 264-267.

Bateman, Newton, superintendent of Public Instruction in Illinois;
his interview with Lincoln, 20;
outline of life and service, 114-115;
Holland's story of the interview, 114 _seq.;_
controversy with Herndon, 121 _seq._;
virtually repudiates Holland interview, 123;
corrects Lincoln's grammar, 124;
his lecture on Lincoln, 125;
what Lincoln probably said to him, 126;
extract from lecture on Lincoln, 303, 328-329.

Baxter, Richard, Lincoln's quotation, 289.

Bayley, T. H., 263.

Beecher, Edward, 67.

Beecher, Henry Ward, 198-201, 288.

Beecher, Mrs. Henry Ward, author of an honest but incredible story,
201.

Bible, Lincoln's use of, 93;
his lecture on, 159, 354;
gift of colored people, 217, 276;
knowledge of, 261-262.

Bibliography, 368-390.

Binns, Henry B., English biographer, 237.

Biology, Lincoln's knowledge of, 170.

Bishop, William, address on Lincoln, 160 _seq._

Black, Chauncey F., alleged author of Lamon's "Life of Lincoln," 26,
129.

Black, J. C., 315.

Books, read by Lincoln in youth, 47;
read few in later years, 166.

Boyd, Lucinda, quoted, 39.

Brodie, Sir Benjamin, 170.

Brooks, Noah, 327.

Browning, O. H., 249.

Browning, Mrs. O. H., 53.

Bryan Hall meeting, 268.

Buck, Solon J., on early Illinois, 57.

Buckle, Henry T., author of "History of Civilization," 29.

Burns, Robert, Lincoln's familiarity with, 150, 166, 263.

"Burnt Book," Lincoln's, 146, 148, 152 _seq._, 320, 341, 346-347.

Burton, John E., 184, 208.

Bushnell, Horace, author of "Christian Nurture," 50, 288.

Butterworth, Hezekiah, 49.

Byron, Lincoln's use of, 263.

Calhoun, John, loaned Lincoln books on surveying, 54.

Calvinism, a permanent influence in life of Lincoln, 171, 197, 271.

Carman, Dr. L. D., 242.

Carpenter, Frank B., painter of Emancipation picture, 206, 276, 281,
285, 328, 334.

Carr, Clark E., on Lincoln, 104-105.

Cartwright, Peter, pioneer preacher, 55;
candidate against Lincoln, 61;
career, 63, 345.

Case, Lizzie York, "There is no Unbelief," 290.

Catholic, Lincoln not a, 231.

Chambers, Robert, author of "Vestiges of Creation," 166-171.

Channing, William E., Lincoln reads, 175-178, 288.

Chapman, Ervin, "Latest Light on Lincoln," 48;
on the Beecher incident, 199, 275, 286.

Chase, Salmon P., account of Emancipation Proclamation, 283-284.

Chiniquy, Rev. Charles, 188-197.

Chittenden, L. E., 188-197.

"Christian's Defence," _see_ Smith, James.

_Christian Advocate_, 241.

_Christian Leader_, 183.

_Christian Register_, 183.

Church, Lincoln's esteem for, 240;
why he did not join, 244 _seq._

Churches, Lincoln and the, 377.

Cogdal, Isaac, on Lincoln's religion, 139, 287, 348-349.

Colfax, Schuyler, 95.

Collum, Shelby M., 67.

Congregational ministers, petition and delegation to influence
Emancipation Proclamation, 268-269.

Cooper Union Address, 73, 262.

Crawford, Andrew, teacher of Lincoln, 31, 33, 46.

Creed, Lincoln did not formulate, 291;
quotations used as basis of, 292-299;
compiled from his own utterances, 300.

Davis, David, on Lincoln's religion, 133, 248-249.

Deming, Henry C., address on Lincoln, 93-94, 244, 330.

Dempster, Rev. John, 268.

Dickens, Charles, Lincoln's use of, 263.

Disciples, so-called Campbellite church, 38.

Dodge, Daniel Kilham, 261-262, 270.

Dorsey, Abel W., teacher of Lincoln, 31.

Douglas, Fred, 247.

Douglas, Stephen A., 61, 73, 76, 104, 161, 263, 359.

Douthit, Rev. Jasper, 238.

Downey, David G., 199.

Dreams, Lincoln believed in, 233-236.

Dresser, Rev. Charles, 106.

_Edinburgh Review_, 167.

Edwards, Matilda, 52.

Edwards, Ninian W., 76;
testifies as to Lincoln's changed views, 164, 324, 359.

Elkin, David, preaches at Nancy Lincoln's funeral, 34, 39, 41.

Ellsworth, Col. Elmer, 128;
Lincoln's letter to his parents, 292.

Emancipation Proclamation, evolution of, 268-270, 281-286.

English, Dr. J. B., 184.

Farewell Address at Springfield, 84, 303-306.

Fell, Jesse W., Lincoln writes biographical sketch for, 236;
presents Lincoln books of Channing and Parker, 175, 321.

Ford, Governor Thomas, on frontier preachers, 58-59;
on "Long Nine," 82.

Fowler, Bishop Charles H., 103; 111 _seq._, 242, 253.

Freemason, Lincoln not a, 242.

Free-will Baptist, Thomas Lincoln not a, 37-38.