Chapter XVI: The "Map" Stamp of 1898

Shortly after Great Britain adopted penny postage for internal use in 1840 postal reformers began to dream of Ocean Penny Postage, and although universal penny postage is not yet an accomplished fact it is within reasonable distance of being so. A great step in this direction was made in 1898 when at an Imperial Convention on Postal Rates held in London the mother country and various colonies agreed to adopt the rate of one penny per half ounce on letters sent to or from Britain or one another. The following extract from the London _Standard_ for July 13th shows in an interesting manner how far the movement had then progressed:--

We are authorised by the Postmaster-General to state that, as the
result of the Imperial Conference on Postal Rates, it has been
agreed, on the proposal of the Representative of the Dominion of
Canada, that letter postage of one penny per half-ounce should be
established between the United Kingdom, Canada, Newfoundland, the
Cape Colony, Natal, and such of the Crown Colonies as may, after
communication with, and approval of, Her Majesty's Government, be
willing to adopt it. The date on which the reduction will come into
effect will be announced later on. The question of a uniform
reduced rate for the whole Empire was carefully considered; but it
was not found possible to fix upon a rate acceptable to all the
Governments concerned. A resolution was therefore adopted, leaving
it to those parts of the Empire which were prepared for penny
postage to make the necessary arrangements among themselves.

Since then other portions of the British Empire have fallen into line and the ties binding the English speaking peoples have been further strengthened by the adoption of penny postage between the United States and Great Britain as well as with many of her Colonies.

Elihu Burritt, the "learned blacksmith" of New Britain, Connecticut, was one of the earliest advocates of Ocean Penny Postage and late in 1848 he issued a pamphlet setting forth his views on the subject. Exactly fifty years later Imperial Penny Postage was inaugurated though it was on a much broader and more liberal basis than Burritt had dared to hope in his fondest imaginings.

Canada, as will be noted from the preceding extract, was the leader in the movement for Imperial Penny Postage and marked the culmination of its ambitious plans by issuing a special two cents stamp. Mr. Mulock, the then Postmaster-General of the Dominion, was responsible for the idea of issuing a special stamp as well as the sponsor for its design. The new stamp was first mentioned by the Ottawa correspondent of the _Outlook_ as follows:--

Mr. Mulock, the Postmaster-General, has chosen the new inaugurating
stamp. It is in the form of a miniature map of the world
distinguishing British possessions and illustrating the relative
vastness of the Empire, in which Canada, of course, plays a
prominent part.

In commenting on this paragraph the _Philatelic Record_, for December, 1898, stated "A poster stamp even of the large plaster type, which 'distinguishes British possessions and illustrates the vastness of the Empire', will indeed be a _multum in parvo_, and probably the less said the better in anticipation of the realisation of such an apparently absurd idea for a design on such a small engraving as a postage stamp needs to be."

The _Ottawa Evening Journal_ gave further particulars about the forthcoming stamp, viz.:--

The new Imperial Penny Postage Stamp, to be used between Great
Britain and a number of her colonies after Christmas Day next, has
been designed by the Postmaster-General and ready to be issued. It
is not to be a special issue, but will take its place among the
regular issues. When Mr. Mulock was in Britain he was surprised to
notice that the great mass of the people did not appreciate the
value or the greatness of the British possessions abroad. This was
especially true of Canada. The idea, therefore, suggested itself to
him when he was considering a new stamp, to prepare something that
would show the dimensions of Greater Britain compared with all
other countries. Mr. Mulock asked for some designs from a few
artists when he came back to Canada, but they did not meet with his
views, and he roughly sketched out something himself and passed it
over to an artist to have it touched up.

The feature of the new stamp is a neatly executed map in miniature
of the world, showing the British possessions as compared with all
other countries. The empire is distinguished from the possessions
of the other powers by being in red. Surmounting this map is a
representation of the crown, underneath which is a bunch of oak and
maple leaves, symbolizing the unity of the Mother Country and
Canada. At the upper edge of the stamp are the words "Canada
Postage" in a neat letter. Underneath the map is placed "Xmas,
1898", so that the date of the inauguration of Imperial Penny
Postage shall be a matter of record. On the lower corners are the
figures "2," indicating the denomination of the stamp, and at the
lower edge is this suggestive passage taken from the works of one
of our patriotic poets: "We hold a vaster Empire than has been."
Mr. Mulock will be able to claim the credit of giving the public
the cheapest map of the world ever issued. The size of the stamp is
about the same as the Jubilee issue.

The printing of the new stamps began on December 1st, both the Governor-General and Postmaster-General being present while the first sheets were run off the presses. Although it was originally intended to issue the stamp on Christmas Day it was actually placed on sale quite early in the month as explained in the following extract from the WEEKLY:

_Ottawa_, Dec. 5th.--It having been stated in some newspapers that
the new two-cent Imperial stamp would not become available until
Christmas Day, inquiry made at the Post Office Department today to
ascertain the truth of this statement elicits the fact that,
although it was the original intention of the department that the
new stamp should not come into use until the 25th inst., the demand
from the public for it has become so pressing that the department
has decided to issue it at once, and permit its immediate use to
the extent of its face value for all postage purposes. In other
words, as soon as it reaches the public it may, if preferred by the
purchaser, be used instead of the ordinary two-cent stamp. The
two-cent inter-Imperial rate does not, of course, come into effect
until Christmas Day.

Under date of December 7th the Canadian correspondent of the _Weekly Philatelic Era_ refers to the actual issue of the stamp, viz.:--

The new Imperial stamps referred to in past numbers of the _Era_
were issued this morning, and although the new Imperial rate does
not come into effect until Xmas-day, and they bear that
inscription, they are receivable for ordinary postage now.

The general design has already been described, but it may be well
to say that the stamps are printed in three colors. The frame is in
black with white letters, the seas are in a pale blue, or rather a
lavender, and the British possessions are in a bright red. The map
of the world is on Mercator's projection, which magnifies high
latitudes; consequently the Dominion of Canada, which occupies the
middle of the upper part of the stamp, looks bigger than all the
other British possessions put together. The border of the stamp is
of cable pattern and measures 32 mm. in width by 22-1/2 in height.
The stamp is printed on medium, machine-wove, white paper, similar
to that used for the Jubilee and subsequent Canadian issues, and is
perforated 12.

The design is well-known to all our readers and as it has already been extensively dissected in the above quotations, further comment is hardly necessary. The new stamps naturally caused lots of criticism on account of their somewhat bombastic legend "We hold a vaster Empire than has been". This was taken from the jubilee ode written by Sir Lewis Morris on the occasion of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee, the last stanza of which reads as follows:--

We love not war, but only peace,
Yet never shall our England's power decrease!
Whoever guides our helm of state,
Let all men know it, England shall be great!
We hold a vaster empire than has been!
Nigh half the race of man is subject to our Queen!
Nigh half the wide, wide earth is ours in fee!
And where her rule comes all are free.
And therefore 'tis, O Queen, than we,
Knit fast in bonds of temperate liberty,
Rejoice today, and make our solemn jubilee!

The stamps were printed in the usual sheet arrangement of one hundred, arranged in ten horizontal rows of ten. The black portion was printed from line-engraved plates but the colored portions were, apparently, printed by lithography. Consequently, three operations were necessary before the stamps were completed and, as may readily be understood, a three color process in such a small compass made exact register a matter of difficulty. Thus on many stamps portions of the Empire are found much out of place, sometimes wandering into the sea and sometimes encroaching in an altogether too familiar manner on their neighbours. The new stamps came in for much criticism, of which the following extract from the _Monthly Journal_ for January, 1899, is a fair sample:--

It is not quite an occasion for captious criticism, and when we get
a beautiful colored map of the world for a penny perhaps we ought
not to criticise; but we cannot think that the design is a very
appropriate one for a postage stamp. The blobs of red are not
always quite correctly placed; we have even heard of cases in which
a little irregularity of "register" has resulted in the annexation
of the greater part of the United States, while England invaded
France, and the Cape of Good Hope went out to sea!

The Canadian newspapers are not quite happy about it, but that is
natural, as they are to pay extra postage in future to make up any
deficiency in the budget caused by the reduction in the Imperial
rate; we hear that even a Ministerial organ at Ontario complains
that the new stamp is too large to lick and too small for wall
paper! Some people are never satisfied.

The color chosen for the sea portion of the map was lavender at first, but as this was not considered altogether appropriate it was soon afterwards changed to sea-green. In addition to these two tints it also comes in a very pronounced blue.

The line-engraved plates from which the black portion of the design was printed have four marginal imprints consisting of AMERICAN BANK NOTE CO. OTTAWA in Roman capitals 1/2 mm. high, the whole inscription being 29 mm. long. These are placed above the third and eighth stamps of the top row and below the corresponding stamps of the bottom row. In addition a plate number, in hair-line figures about 4 mm. high, is shown above the division between the two central stamps of the top row, these figures being placed higher on the margin than the imprints. Mr. Howes tells us that plates 1, 2, 3, and 5 are known but that plate 4 does not seem to have been recorded though, presumably, it exists. All four plates are known with the lavender sea and this is known to indicate the first printings, it would appear that all the plates were at press together.

The late Mr. H. L. Ewen wrote an exhaustive article on the numerous varieties of this stamp but as most of these were simply due to errors of register their philatelic importance is slight. One variety, however, which is constant is worthy of note. In this two small dots representing two islands in mid-pacific are shown side by side instead of one above the other as on the normal stamps. Mr. Ewen also referred to a slight retouching of one of the plates, viz.:--

Readers will have noted that the stamps are each surrounded by what
appears to be a rope. On the sheet of plate 3 before us, the outer
edge of this rope on the stamps at the end of each row (right hand
side of each sheet) has worn away and has been replaced by a
straight line engraved on the plate, except on stamp No. 80, which
still shows the very defective nature of the rope.

Mr. Howes states that the stamp, with all three colors for the sea, is known imperforate.

How many were issued is not known for certain as these Imperial stamps were reckoned together with the ordinary 2c in the postal accounts but according to the _London Philatelist_ the total issue was about sixteen millions. In concluding this chapter we have only to add that the cost of manufacturing the stamps, on account of the three processes necessary, was the relatively high one of 45 cents per thousand.

_Reference List._

Xmas, 1898. Engraved and Printed by the American Bank Note Co.,
Ottawa. Unwatermarked. Perf. 12.

68. 2c black, lavender and red, Scott's No. 82 69. 2c black, green and red. 70. 2c black, blue and red, Scott's No. 83.