Chapter XVII: Appendix: D

POLITICAL SURVEY OF THE MOSLEM WORLD

Moslems under Christian Rule or Protection.

Great {_in Africa, 22,606,344_}
Britain {_in Asia, 67,871,767_} 90,478,111
France {_in Africa, 15,085,000_}
{_in Asia, 232,000_} 15,317,000
Germany, _in Africa_ 1,480,000
Italy, Portugal, Spain, _in Africa_ 1,825,000
United States, _in Asia_ 277,547
Nether- {_in Africa, 60,000_}
lands {_in Asia, 35,308,996_} 35,368,996
Russia, _in Europe and Asia_ 20,000,000
Europe 1,373,676
America 174,000
Abyssinia and Liberia 780,000
----------
Total under Christian Rule 167,074,330
===========

Under Moslem Rulers.

Turkey {_in Asia, 12,278,800_}
{_in Europe, 1,000,000_} 13,278,800
Afghanistan 6,000,000
Persia 4,500,000
Arabia 2,500,000
----------
Total under Moslem Rule 25,278,800
==========

Under Non-Christian Rulers other than Moslem.

Africa 203,005
Chinese Empire 8,421,000
Siam 300,000
Japan and Formosa 200
Tibet 28,600
----------
Total under Non-Christian and Non-Moslem Rulers 8,952,705
=========

NOTE.--The above figures have been taken from the Statistical Survey by Professor Westermann and Rev. S. M. Zwemer, D.D., given in _The Moslem World_, April 1914.

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INDEX

A

Abbas, uncle of Mohammed, 86

Abdallah, father of Mohammed, 2

Abdallah, fanatic follower of Mohammed, 76; breaker of sacred truce, 76, 77

Abdalrahman, Caliph, his confession, 117

Abdul Masih, Indian Christian, 176

Abdurahman Wad en Nejumi, follower of the Mahdi, 164; his death, 165, 166

Abd ul Muttalib, grandfather of Mohammed, 2, 3

Abu Bakr, first propagandist of Islam, 39, 40, 41; father of Ayesha, 59; in flight to Medina, 62-4; at death of Mohammed, 90; first Caliph, 40, 96, 100, 205

Abu Jahl, slain at Badr, 82, 83

Abu Talib, uncle of Mohammed, 4, 6, 7, 22; opposes Mohammed, 46; protects him, 47; death of, 58, 205

Abyssinia, a Christian kingdom, 12; shelters Moslem refugees, 55, 56

Aden, and Ion Keith-Falconer, 185, 205

Afghanistan, Moslems in, 99, 158

Africa (_see also under various divisions_), the 'pagan continent, ' 161; the problem of, 162; spread of Islam, 205

Akbar, Mogul Emperor, 157

Al Amin, a name for Mohammed, 17

Al Arkam, house of Mohammed, 48, 54

Al Caswa, Mohammed's favourite camel, 66, 68, 86

Alexandria, taken by Moslems, 109, 205

Ali, the Peter of Islam, 51, 52; adopted son of Mohammed, 52

Allah (see under _Creed_, _Islam_, _Teaching of Mohammed_)

Almsgiving, a Moslem ordinance, 70

Al Safa, 44

American Missions, Arabia, 205

Antioch, in Moslem power, 109

Arabia 'Land of the Desert, ' 1, 188; divided and idolatrous, 12, 13, 19; connection with sacred history, 20; civil war in, 79; united by Mohammed, 87; a Moslem military depôt, 102; its rapid development, 105; present degradation, 124; Ion Keith-Falconer's work and vision, 184-6, 205

Arabs, descent from Ishmael, 4; compared to wild ass, 5; truce and fairs of Ukaz, 18; germ of belief in one true God, 20, 21; common ancestry, 21; common tongue, 21

Arafat, Mount, scene of Mohammed's shepherd life, 4, 6

Armenia, Christians in, 121, 126, 146

Asia, the Moslem problem in, 175

Asia Minor, conquered in the eleventh century, 99; peasantry ruined, 120; under Moslem dominion, 160

Aurungzeb in India, 157

Awakening of the East, 153, 154, 196-8

Ayesha, betrothed to Mohammed, 59; established at Medina, 68; at Mohammed's death, 90

Azhar, Al, Moslem University in Cairo, 174, 175

B

Badr, on caravan route, 80; battle of, 80-4, 100, 205

Baghdad, seat of the Caliphs, 111, 205; home of learning, 111, 112, 117; palace described, 113; life of Caliphs in, 111, 116, 117

Balkans, Islam in, 99

Baluchistan, a Moslem state, 158

Bedouin, desert life, 3, 5, 64

Bible, unknown to Mohammed, 9; translated into Arabic and Hindustani, 172, 176; read by Imad-ud-Din, 180

Bilâl the first muezzin, 69; calls from the Kaaba, 86

Bishop Tugwell, in West Africa, 171, 205

Black Stone, described, 11; brought by Gabriel, 11; re-laid under Mohammed's direction, 26-9; revered to-day, 154

Blood Feuds in Arabia, 13, 15, 16

Bokhara, struggles against Islam, 110; a Moslem stronghold, 158

Bosworth Smith, quoted, 120, 121

Bugia, place of Raymund Lull's death, 146

Buhaira, a Christian monk, 8

Byzantium (see also _Constantinople_), besieged by Moslem armies, 31; opposed to science, 112

C

Caliph, Abu Bakr, the first, 40, 100, 205; Omar, the second, 100, 205; at Damascus, 111; at Baghdad, 111, 112; life described, 111-13; Abdalrahman quoted, 117; date of, 205

Caravan, Mohammed joins, 7; Mohammed conducts for Khadîjah, 22, 23; attacked by Moslems, 74-6; at gorge of Nakhla, 76-8; at Badr, 79

Carthage conquered, 109

Central Asia, Moslems in, 119, 154, 158, 205

Challenge of Islam, 134, 140, 192

Character of Mohammed, developed by desert life, 6; not courageous, 16; as a citizen, 17, 18, 31; in face of opposition, 47, 48; lack of foresight, 66; stolid patience, 68; as a conqueror, 82-6

Characteristics of Mohammed, meditation, 3, 6, 34; personal appearance, 16, 17; appearance during visitations, 41, 42; mannerisms, 48, 49; in his last days, 89, 90

Charles Martel repulses Saracens, 105, 205

China, Islam reaches in eleventh century, 99, 205; Moslems in, 156

Christ, teaching of, compared with that of Mohammed, 136-40

Christendom finds new centres, 109

Christian churches conquered by Moslems, in Syria, 87, 109, 140, 205; in North Africa, 109; in Mesopotamia, 109; in Egypt, 109, 205; in Spain, 109; in Constantinople, 109, 205; in Bokhara, 109, 158; threatened by Moslems in Livingstonia, 100, 170; in Nyassaland, 100, 170; in Uganda, 100, 170

Christians, seem to Mohammed men of learning, 7, 8; teaching of, in Mohammed's day, 9, 10

Church Missionary Society, in Uganda, 170; in Hausaland, 171-4

Commission of the Christian Church, 194

Constantinople (see also under _Byzantium_) conquered by Moslem Turks, 109, 205; under Moslem rule, 120, 121; political centre of Islam, 159, 160

Converts to Islam, Khadîjah, 37; Abu Bakr, 40; Zaid, 40; Ali, 51-2; Omar, 52-4; Abdallah, 76

Creed of Mohammed, 32, 39, 67, 101, 107, 156, 158, 179

Crete, visited by Raymund Lull, 146

Crusade, the new Crusade of Love, 150

Crusades, good and bad points, 140, 141; a mistake, 147; date of, 205

D

_Daily Telegraph_ and Stanley, 170

Damascus, former seat of Caliphs, 111

Davidson, Professor, quoted, 30

Death, the Moslem view of, 103

Desert, influence of, on thought, 6; scene of legends, 7

Dutch East Indies, Moslems in, 155; Missions in, 182

E

East Indies, Islam in, 155; Missions in, 182

Education, of Mohammed, 4; in Moslem schools, 108; Baghdad, a centre of, 111, 112, 117; of Imad-ud-Din, 177-80; in Al Azhar, 174, 175

Egypt, 99, 109, 114, 161; date of Moslem conquest, 99, 205

Europe in thirteenth century, 142

Extent of Islam, 31, 32, 39, 69, 70, 99, 111, 114, 125-6, 154, 189

F

Fairs in Arabia, 14, 18

Fakirs in India, 177

Freeman, Professor, quoted, 120

Friday service, the first, 65; a Moslem institution, 68, 108

G

Gabriel, bringer of Black Stone, 11; first appearance to Mohammed, 35, 36; suras inspired by, 42, 93; fights at Badr, 81

Ghenghis Khan, see _Jenghis Khan_

Gierku, a Christian outpost, 172

God, Moslem idea of (see under _Creed_, _Islam_, _Teaching of Mohammed_)

Governments and Missions, 151, 163

H

Hadesi, or town-dweller, 6, 21

Hagar, and Well of Zemzem, 2; supposed aid in rebuilding Kaaba, 12

Hall Caine, quoted on Morocco, 123

Hanîfahs, reformers in Mecca, 30

Hausa, convert, 172, 173; states, 171; Mission, 205

Hawazin tribe, fights Koreish, 15, 16; conquered, 79-84

Hegira, or Flight to Medina, 62-5, 205

Henry Martyn, his life, 175, 176, 205; his sole convert, 176, 182; the secret of his faith, 196

Hindus compared with Moslems, 157, 158

Hira, Mount, scene of Mohammed's first 'revelation, ' 34

Hobal, tribal god of the Koreish, 11

I

Imad-ud-Din, his autobiography, 177-82; his self-sacrifice, 181, 205

India, spread of Islam into, 99; Moslem invaders, 156, 157; Moslem rulers, 157; Henry Martyn goes to, 175, 205; Moslem converts to Christianity in, 177

Influence of Mohammed, enthusiasm of first converts, 70; strengthened by institution of brotherhood, 71; character reproduced in followers, 91; magic of his name, 92, 93; partly due to smallness of demands, 104, 105

Inspiration, Mohammed's, 33; Mohammed three years without, 38; Mohammed's claim to, 42, 50, 51; Moslem view of, 93

Ion Keith-Falconer, his life, 184-86; his death, 185, 186, 203; the source of his devotion, 196

Isaiah, quoted, 190, 191

Islam (see also under _Challenge_, _Extent_, and _Spread_), at first a secret society, 40; slow initial progress, 40; early converts, 40, 41, 70; its doctrines not new, 43; a persecuted sect, 47, 55; House of Al Arkam, home of, 48; its religious observances, 68-70; state after Mohammed's death, 96; does not examine motives, 104, 111, 130; simplicity of, 104; failure to raise men, 104, 105, 114, 136; its fruits to-day, 105, 118-126; signs of awakening, 197; its propaganda, 163, 164; denies the Golden Age, 191, 192; internal decay, 188-90

J

Jenghis Khan, 157, 205

Jerusalem, used as centre of Moslem worship, 69, 73; conquered by Moslems, 111; sacred places in Moslem hands, 140

JESUS, and Mohammed, 132, 136, 140, 160, 193

Jethro, and Arabia, 20

Jews, on the road to Syria, 8; in Medina, 71; Mohammed seeks alliance with, 71, 72; hostility of Islam to, 71; Mohammed breaks with, 73; subjugated, 87, 109

Jihâd, or Holy War, a Moslem duty, 70, 102

Job, and Arabia, 20

John, Saint, quoted, 191

K

Kaaba, description of, 11; legendary history of, 12; destroyed and rebuilt, 27-9; secret of Mecca's greatness, 45; Mohammed removes idols from, 86; consecrated as centre of Islam, 86, 154

Kano, 171

Kashmir, Islam in, 99, 157

Khadîjah, Mohammed's employer, 22, 23; wooing of, 23-5; marriage to Mohammed, 21, 25, 205; cousin of Warakah, 25; comforts Mohammed, 36; tests the spirits, 37; death of, 58, 205

Khâlid, on death, 103

Kinana, the ancestors of the Koreish, 15

Korân quoted, 34, 35, 37, 38, 50, 51, 57, 128; how compiled, 42; delivered by Gabriel, 42, 93; fifty-third sura retracted, 57, 58; suras collected, 93; Moslem view of inspiration, 93; the law of the land, 108; teachers appointed, 108; influence in Arabia, 124; names of God in, 127, 128; Moslem commentator on, 128; its teaching on prayer, 130, 131

Koreish, the premier tribe of Arabia, 2; Hobal, their tribal god, 11; at war with Hawazin tribe, 14-16; relay the Black Stone, 27-9; infuriated by Mohammed's teaching, 44-6; persecutors of first Moslems, 55, 56; defeated at Badr, 80-4; besieged Medina, 84; re-instated as guardians of Kaaba, 86

Krapf, and his chain of Missions, 171

L

Lagos, Islam reaches, 100, 163, 164

Lâ ilāha iliâ 'llâhu, 39

Lât and Uzza, 45, 57, 86

Legends, concerning Mohammed's youth, 10; Black Stone, 11; Hegira, 63

Livingstone, found by Stanley, 168; his influence on Missions, 152, 162, 205

Livingstonia, Church threatened in, 100, 171; Mission at, 170

M

Magistrates appointed by Moslems, 108

Mahdi, fall of, 205

Mahmoud of Ghazni in India, 157, 205

Mahmoud, Sultan, his reforms, 120, 121

Mallams in Hausaland, 172, 173

Marriage of Mohammed, 21, 25, 205; after Khadîjah's death with Zainab, 88

Martel, Charles, repulses Saracens, 105, 205

Martyn, Henry, 175, 176, 182, 196, 205

Mecca, site of, 2; its idolatry and riches, 30, 45; prayer towards, 69, 155, 158, 161; pilgrimage to, 70, 85, 193; caravan trade attacked, 74-8, 79, 80; pivot of Arabia, 85; conquered by Mohammed, 85, 205; influence in Arabia, 125; evil influence to-day, 155

Medina, Moslem converts from, 61; flight of Mohammed to, 62-4; the City of the Prophet, 64; establishment of Islam in, 66, 67; besieged by Koreish, 84

Mesopotamia, Moslems in, 109

Michael the Angel, fights at Badr, 81

Miller, Dr. Walter, quoted, 172-74

Mogul Empire in India, 157, 205

Mohammed (see also under _Character_, _Characteristics_, _Influence_, _Khadîjah_, _Teaching_, _Motives_), birth and parentage, 2, 205; early childhood, 3, 4; shepherd life, 5; first caravan journey, 7; takes part in tribal war, 14-16; love and wooing, 21-5; marriage with Khadîjah, 21, 25, 205; relays Black Stone, 27-9; first 'revelation, ' 34-6, 205; public avowal to Meccans, 43-5; dwells in house of Al Arkam as a Prophet, 48, 49; marriage to Saudah and Ayesha, 59, 68; expedition to Taif, 59, 87; disciples from Medina, 61, 62; the Hegira, 62-5, 205; incites to caravan robbery, 74, 76; defeats Koreish at Badr, 80-4, 205; captures Mecca, 85, 205; marries Zainab, 88; his death, 90, 91, 105, 205

Mongols, in Central Asia, 205

Morocco, Moslem misrule in, 123, 124; Hall Caine on, 123; Joseph Thompson on, 124

Moscow, reached by Islam, 140

Moses, 20

Moslems, as conquerors, 87, 96-100; in India compared with Hindus, 157, 158

Moslem conquests, some reasons for, 100-7

Moslem faith, summarized, 192, 193

Moslem population, distribution of, 206

Moslem world, political survey, 207

Mosque, the first, 68; Mosque of Omar, 108; to be accompanied by school, 112; beside Pagan temple in West Africa, 161

Mothanna, a Moslem general, 103

Motives appealed to by Mohammed, 49; love of happiness, 52; love of plunder, 74, 77, 78, 80, 83, 102, 103; conviction concerning One God, 101; joys of Paradise, 102, 103; patriotism of the Arab, 105, 106

Muezzin, Bilâl, the first, 69; calls from Kaaba, 86

N

Nakhla, gorge of, 76

Nigeria, 162, 205

Nile Valley, Moslems in, 100

North Africa, conquered by Moslems, 99, 140, 161

North Africa Mission founded, 205

Nyassaland, Church in, 100, 170

O

Omar, conversion of, 52-4; suggests call to prayer, 69; present at Mohammed's death, 90; second Caliph, 100; Mosque of, 108

Ottoman dynasty, date of, 205

P

Palestine, conquered, 99; under Moslem rule, 160, 161, 205

Paradise of the Moslems, 78, 102-4, 133

Patriotism appealed to by Mohammed, 21, 105, 106

Paul, Saint, quoted, 195, 196

Persia, Chosroes, king of, 99; conquered by Moslems, 99, 205; battle against, 99, 103; Zoroastrians easily converted, 108; Moslem rule in, 119, 121, 159; a traveller's impression of, 122-3; sects of the Shiahs in, 122; lack of communication, 122; moral rottenness, 123; present condition, 159; Henry Martyn in, 175, 205; Medical Missions in, 182, 183; Christian converts in, 182-84; Reform party in, 205

Pilgrimage, Arabian custom, 4, 6, 12, 45, 85; instituted by Mohammed, 70, 193

Plassey, battle of, 205

Pledge of Acaba, 61, 62

'Pledge of Women, ' the, 61

Political survey of Moslem World, 207

Population, Moslem, distribution of, 125, 206

Prayer, Mohammed retires for, 34; to Uzza and Lât, 45; Mohammed's prayer for Omar's conversion, 54; five stated times of, 69, 179; call to, instituted, 69; call to, sounded from Kaaba, 86; for Mohammed, a Moslem duty, 92; Mohammed's teaching on, 130, 131, 138; of Raymund Lull, 148

Prisoners, treatment by Mohammed, 82, 83

R

Ramadân, Mohammedan retires for, 34; a Moslem fast, 70, 108

Raymund Lull, his life-work, 142-47, 205; quoted, 143, 144, 148; his death, 146; his motto, 147; secret of his life, 196

Reform Movement, of Sultan Mahmoud, a farce, 120, 121; in Turkey to-day, in Persia to-day, 205

Rejeb, truce of, broken, 76-8

'Revelations' of Mohammed, 35, 41, 205

Revolution, Turkey's bloodless, 205

S

Sakîneh a Persian Christian, 182, 183

Saracens in Spain, 110

Saudah, married by Mohammed, 59; established at Medina, 68

Shah Jehan, in India, 157

Sheba, Queen of, 20

Shiahs, Moslem sects in Persia, 122

Siberia, 159

Sierra Leone, Islam reaches, 100

Soudan, Moslems in, 99, 205

South Africa, threatened by Islam, 100, 171

Spain, Moslems in, 99, 112, 140, 205; marks of Moslem influence in, 112; end of Moslem rule, 205

Speer, Robert E., on Persia, 122-3

Spread of Islam, in 7th century, 99, 111, 205; in 11th century, 99, 205; in 18th and 19th centuries, 99, 205; to-day, 100, 162; in South and West Africa, 100, 162, 171; in Nigeria, 162

Stanley, finds Livingstone, 168; letter to _Daily Telegraph_, 169, 170

Sultan Mahmoud, his so-called reforms, 120, 121

'Sword of God, ' 101

Syria, visited by Mohammed, 7; conquered by Moslems, 87, 99, 205

Syrian Church, preaching in Arabia, 8; degradation of, 8, 9; deserted by whole tribes, 109; Jerusalem and Antioch conquered, 109, 111; Damascus, Bethlehem, Nazareth, Olivet, now Moslem, 160, 161

T

Taif, Mohammed's expedition to, 59; subdued, 87

Teachings of Mohammed, his master-truth, 38, 44; his creed, 39, 67; not new, 43; described by his followers in Abyssinia, 56; sometimes retracted, 57, 58, 89; as shown by the 'Pledge of Women, ' 61; on religious observances, 68-71; caravan raids sanctioned, 74-8; loses its earnestness, 88; its scope, 88, 89, 93, 94; God is great, 127; God is not love, 127-9; Allah is Will, 128; on man, 129-31; on prayer, 130, 131; on woman, 131-3; on Paradise, 133, 134; compared with the teaching of Christ, 132, 136-40

Thompson, Joseph, on Morocco, 124

Timur (or Timerlane) in India, 157, 205

Tours, battle of, 105, 205

Truce of Rejeb, broken, 76-8

Tugwell, Bishop, in West Africa, 171, 205

Turkestan, a Moslem stronghold, 99, 158

Turkish Empire, misrule of, 120; a Moslem power, 120, 159, 160; character of its capital, 121

Tûr, Mount, Mohammed concealed in, 63

U

Uganda, Church in, threatened by Islam, 100; founded after Stanley's message, 170; statistics of, 170

Ugba, Moslem general, 106, 107

Ukaz, fairs of, incident at, 15; their influence in Arabia, 18, 19

Universities' Mission to Central Africa, 170

Utba, colloquy of Mohammed with, 49-51

Uzza and Lât, gods of Mecca, 45, 57; destroyed, 86

V

Vienna, Moslems defeated before, 203

Viziers appointed, 108

W

Wad en Nejumi, follower of the Mahdi, 164; his death, 165, 166

Warakah, a cousin of Khadîjah, 25, 30; opinion on Mohammed's 'revelations, ' 36, 37

Washings, a Moslem religious duty, 68

Wingate, Sir Reginald, describes a Moslem foe, 164-6

Woman, teaching of Mohammed on, 24, 131-3, 138

X

Xavier, Francis, 149, 205

Y

Yathreb (see _Medina_)

Z

Zaid, Khadîjah's slave, 40; husband of Zainab, 88; present at Mohammed's death, 90; collects suras, 93

Zainab, married to Mohammed, 88

Zanzibar, 161; cathedral on site of slave market, 170

Zaria, 173

Zemzem, well of, 2, 4

Zoroastrians, at Fair of Ukaz, 19; converted to Islam, 108, 159

Zwemer, Dr., quoted, 92, 93

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