Chapter XII: London from Mediæval to Modern Times (2)

[39] From an 'Anominalle Cronicle,' once belonging to St. Mary's Abbey, York. The original apparently has been lost, and the copy now existing is a late sixteenth-century manuscript of this portion of the Chronicle in the handwriting of Francis Thynne. It is now preserved in the British Museum (Stowe MS. 1047), and was one of the Duke of Buckingham's MSS. in the library at Stowe, Bucks, which came into the possession of the Earl of Ashburnham, and was sold by his son to the nation. It was published by Mr. G. M. Trevelyan in the _English Historical Review_, vol. xiii. (1898), p. 509. It is a curious circumstance, that it may be referred to as the 'Stowe MS.,' because it comes from the Stowe collection, or as the 'Stow MS.,' because it was used by the historian, John Stow.

[40] Trevelyan, p. 226.

[41] Trevelyan, p. 227.

[42] Trevelyan, p. 227.

[43] Trevelyan, p. 234.

[44] Trevelyan, p. 240.

[45] Stow's _Chronicle_, ed. 1615, p. 288.

[46] _English Historical Review_, xiii. p. 519.

[47] Stow's _Chronicle_, p. 288.

[48] _Second Part of King Henry VI._, act iv. sc. i

[49] _Three Fifteenth Century Chronicles_, ed. J. Gairdner (Camden Society), 1880, p. 94.

[50] Stow's _Chronicle_, ed. 1615, p. 391.

[51] Rendle and Norman's _Inns of Old Southwark_, 1888, p. 134.

[52] _Historical Collections of a Citizen of London_, ed. Gairdner (Camden Society), p. 191. The chief contents of this volume consist of the valuable 'Chronicle of William Gregory, Skinner' (1189-1469).

[53] _Ibid._, p. xxii.

[54] Vernon Text (A), ed. Skeat, pp. vi., 60.

[55] _Piers Plowman_ (Text C), ed. Skeat, pass. xvii. II. 286-296.

[56] There was another Cock Lane near Shoreditch (now Boundary Street), which may be the one connected with Langland.

[57] _Piers Plowman_, part iv. sect. ii. p. xliii.

[58] It is scarcely possible to keep within bounds one's enthusiasm for the magnificent edition of _Piers Plowman_, which Professor Skeat has placed in our hands. I feel, having watched the work from its inception in 1866, when 'Parallel Extracts from 29 Manuscripts' was published, that if the Early English Text Society had published nothing else it would have worthily justified its existence. The labour bestowed on the work by its editor is immense, and the result is that we have for the first time a perfect text of one of the most influential works in English literature, with all the illustrative notes necessary to exhibit its vast effect upon English history.

[59] Hoccleve's Works, vol. i. Minor Poems, ed. by F. J. Furnivall (Early English Text Society, Extra Series), p. 61, 1891. The editor has gathered much fresh material for the biography of Hoccleve.

[60] _Gower's Complete Works_, ed. G. C. Macaulay, Oxford, 1899, vol. i.

[61] Of these especial honour is due to Dr. Furnivall, who has for years sought ceaselessly and with the greatest success for documentary evidence of the facts of Chaucer's life.

[62] Chaucer at Aldgate, _Home Counties Magazine_, Oct. 1900, p. 259.

[63] Chaucer at Aldgate (_Folia Litteraria_, 1893, p. 87).

[64] _Folia Litteraria_, pp. 88, 89.

[65] _Folia Litteraria_, p. 100.

[66] _Scrope and Grosvenor Roll_, vol. i. p. 178 (translated from French).

[67] _See_ letter of Prof. J. W. Hales, _Athenæum_, Aug. 9, 1902, p. 190.

[68] The Tabard was one among many inns from which travellers started on their journeys along the road to Canterbury and to the seaports of the South. The whole of the buildings which Chaucer knew were burnt in the great Southwark fire of 1676.

[69] Commune, p. 246. Further consideration is given to the condition of trade in London in the Middle Ages in chapter x.

[70] _Liber Custumarum_, ed. H. T. Riley, 1860, p. xxxvi.

[71] _Liber Custumarum_, p. cix.

[72] Inquis. 1 _Henr. V._, quoted by Riley, p. cix.

[73] Riley's _Memorials_, p. 306.

[74] Riley's _Memorials_, p. 376.

[75] _Riley's Memorials_, p. 648.

[76] _Ibid._, p. 215.

[77] _Ibid._, p. 219.

[78] _Ibid._, p. 220.

[79] Cal. Letter Book A, p. 187.

[80] Riley's _Memorials_, p. 509.

[81] _Chronicle of Mayors and Sheriffs_, pp. 146, 147, quoted in Cal. Letter Book C, p. 61 (note).

[82] Cal. Letter Book C, p. 133.

[83] _Ibid._, p. 95.

[84] Cal. Letter Book B, p. 219.

[85] Cal. Letter Book A, pp. 178, 179.

[86] Stow's _Chronicle_, p. 681.

[87] W. B. Rye's _England as seen by Foreigners_, 1865, pp. 9, 192.

[88] _Liber Custumarum_, ed. Riley, 1860, p. ciii.

[89] Round's _Geoffrey de Mandeville_, 1892, pp. 328-346.

[90] _Mediæval Military Architecture_, 1884, vol. ii. p. 204.

[91] _Mediæval Military Architecture_, 1884, vol. ii. p. 205.

[92] _Mediæval Military Architecture_, 1884, vol. ii. p. 253.

[93] _Mediæval Military Architecture_, vol. ii. p. 271.

[94] 'Geoffrey de Mandeville.'

[95] _London and the Kingdom_, vol. i. p. 53.

[96] Stow's _Chronicle_, p. 193.

[97] Longman's _Edward III._, vol. i. p. 179.

[98] Clark's _Mediæval Military Architecture_, vol. ii. p. 271.

[99] _Liber Custumarum_, pp. 407-409.

[100] Clark's _Mediæval Military Architecture_, vol. ii. p. 264.

[101] Riley's _Memorials_, p. 320.

[102] Stow's _Chronicle_, p. 896.

[103] Proclamation was made against playing at football in the fields near the city as early as 1314 during the mayoralty of Nicholas de Farndone, _Liber Memorandorum_ (preserved at Guildhall), folio 66 (quoted in Riley's _Memorials_, p. 571 (note)).

[104] Riley's _Memorials_, p. 561.

[105] _Ibid._, p. 571.

[106] Riley's _Memorials_, pp. 509-510.

[107] _Ibid._, p. 510 (note).

[108] Stow's _Chronicle_, p. 208.

[109] Riley's _Memorials_, pp. 105-107.

[110] Jessopp's _Coming of the Friars_, etc., 1889, p. 177.

[111] Stow's _Chronicle_, p. 264.

[112] Stow's _Survey of London_, ed. by Strype, 1754, vol. i. p. 303.

[113] Gregory's _Chronicle_ (_Historical Collections of a Citizen of London_, ed. J. Gairdner, Camden Society, 1876), p. 165. This _Chronicle_ contains a full description of the coronation and of the banquet in Westminster Hall.

[114] This description is taken from Fabyan's _Chronicle_. The speeches in the pageant were by Lydgate, who also wrote a long poem on the 'Coming of the King out of France to London.'

[115] The particulars respecting the sermon on Edward IV.'s title were obtained by Dr. J. Gairdner from a Latin Chronicle, printed by the Camden Society (_Three Fifteenth Century Chronicles_, 1880, pp. xxii. 173), as also his sitting in the royal seat (_sedes regalis_), which Dr. Gairdner supposes to be the King's Bench.

[116] Stow's _Chronicle_, p. 416.

[117] Information on London pageants can be obtained from a small octavo volume published by J. B. Nichols & Son in 1831, and from Nichols's _Progresses of Queen Elizabeth and James I._

[118] _Liber Custumarum_, p. 579.

[119] Riley's _Memorials_, p. 42.

[120] _See_ Mr. Riley's Introduction to the _Liber Custumarum_, pp. xlviii.-liv.

[121] _Liber Custumarum_, p. xxxii.

[122] Glossary to _Liber Custumarum_, p. 795.

[123] Riley's Introduction to _Liber Albus_, pp. lv., lvii.

[124] Introduction to _Liber Albus_, p. lviii.

[125] In the compilation of this chapter I am much indebted to the kindness of my friend Mr. D'Arcy Power, who has not only helped me with information from his own great knowledge of the history of surgery and medicine, but who also drew my attention to and lent me books and pamphlets of which I should otherwise have been ignorant.

[126] _Coming of the Friars_, London, 1889, p. 6.

[127] _A History of Epidemics in Britain_, 2 vols. 8vo, Cambridge, 1891-1894.

[128] _Medical Times and Gazette_, November 18, 1881, p. 601.

[129] _Progress of Medicine at St. Batholomew's Hospital_, 1888, p. 5.

[130] _See_ the _British Medical Journal_, 1902, vol. ii. p. 1176.

[131] In 'How Surgery became a Profession in London.' London, _Medical Magazine_, 1899.

[132] Dr. Poore has analysed the different points in Chaucer's description, and explained the various allusions of the statement that the doctor's line of study had little to do with the Bible. Dr. Poore writes: 'This line is frequently quoted to show that the scepticism with which doctors are often charged is of no modern growth. The point of the line is however to be found in the fact that Chaucer's doctor was certainly a priest, as were all the physicians of his time, and that the practice of medicine had drawn him away, somewhat unduly, perhaps, from the clerical profession, to which he also belonged.'--G.V. Poore, M.D. _London from the Sanitary and Medical Point of View_, 1889, p. 52.

[133] _Joannis Anglici praxis medica, Rosa Anglica dicta_ (Augsburg, 1595, lib. ii. p. 1050), quoted by J. J. Jusserand (_English Wayfaring Life in the Middle Ages_, 1901, p. 180), and by J. Flint South (_Craft of Surgery_, 1886, p. 29.)

[134] D'Arcy Power's _How Surgery became a Profession in London_ (1899), which valuable article contains a full account of the scheme.

[135] _Ibid._, p. 9.

[136] D'Arcy Power's _How Surgery became a Profession in London_, p. 9.

[137] _Ibid._, p. 1.

[138] He was born in 1307 (Sloane MS., No. 75).

[139] See _John Arderne and his Time_, by William Anderson, F.R.C.S., 1899 (reprinted from the _Lancet_, Oct. 23); J. F. South's _Memorials of the Craft of Surgery_, ed. by D'Arcy Power, M.A., F.R.C.S., 1886, pp. 30-45; also _London from the Sanitary and Medical Point of View_, by G. V. Poore, M.D., F.R.C.P., 1889, pp. 53-56.

[140] Riley's _Memorials_, p. 274.

[141] _How Surgery became a Profession in London_, pp. 3, 4.

[142] Riley's _Memorials_, p. 337.

[143] _Ibid._, p. 519.

[144] _Ibid._, p. 520.

[145] _How Surgery became a Profession in London_, p. 4.

[146] Riley's _Memorials_, p. 651.

[147] _How Surgery became a Profession in London_, pp. 2, 3.

[148] 'William Hobbes (appointed in 1461) was the first Serjeant Surgeon, a distinguished office which carried with it certain well-defined professional privileges. Thomas Morstede, William Bredewardyne, and John Harwe, who attended Henry V. in his French campaigns, did not receive this title, but are called simply "_Surgeons to the King_."'--D'Arcy Power, _The Serjeant Surgeons of England and their Office_ (_Janus_, 1900, p. 174).

[149] _How Surgery became a Profession in London_, pp. 11, 12.

[150] _Annals of the Barber Surgeons of London_, by Sidney Young. London, 1890.

[151] _Ibid._, p. 245.

[152] London, 1885.

[153] Dr. Norman Moore has printed the Cottonian MS. Life of Rahere in the _Bartholomew Hospital Reports_, vol. xxi., and copious extracts from the MS. had previously been given by Mr. J. Saunders in his articles on St. Bartholomew's in Knight's _London_, vol. ii.

[154] _Progress of Medicine_, 1888, p. 21.

[155] These documents are printed in the Appendix to _Memoranda relating to the Royal Hospitals of London_, 1836, pp. 1-49.

[156] Reprinted in Dr. Furnivall's edition of Thomas Vicary's _Anatomie of the Bodie of Man_, E. E. T. S., 1888, pp. 289-336.

[157] 'The Physicians and Surgeons of St. Bartholomew's Hospital before the time of Harvey,' St. Bartholomew's Hospital Reports, vol. xviii., 1882, pp. 333-338.

[158] 'The Serjeant-Surgeons of England and their Office,' by D'Arcy Power (_British Medical Journal_, 1900, vol. i. p. 583).

[159] The manuscript is dated 1392, but the handwriting of the copy used by Dr. Payne is of a much later date. Dr. Payne says that the _Anatomy_ of Vicary is absolutely that of the fourteenth century, without any correction or addition to bring it up to the standard of his own day, 'On an unpublished English Anatomical Treatise of the fourteenth century, and its relation to the _Anatomy_ of Thomas Vicary' (_British Medical Journal_, 25th January 1896, p. 208).

[160] _A History of Epidemics in Britain_, by Charles Creighton, M.D., 1891, vol. i. pp. 97, 98.

[161] _Ibid._, p. 106.

[162] Creighton, vol. i. p. 97.

[163] _England in the Fifteenth Century_, 1888, p. 208 (note).

[164] Creighton, vol. i. p. 105.

[165] _Quarterly Review_, No. 388, p. 540.

[166] _Epidemics in Britain_, vol. i. p. 119. _See_ also _The Great Pestilence_, by F. A. Gasquet, D.D., O.S.B., London, 1893.

[167] Riley's Introduction to _Liber Albus_, p. liv.

[168] Jessopp's _Coming of the Friars_.

[169] Riley's _Memorials_, p. 219 (note).

[170] _Ibid._, p. 240 (note).

[171] _A History of Epidemics in Britain_, vol. i. p. 202.

[172] _Ibid._, p. 228.

[173] Creighton, vol. i. pp. 313, 314.

[174] _Anatomie of the Bodie of Man_, ed. Furnivall, App. 161.

[175] _Ibid._, pp. 163, 164.

[176] _Calendar of State Papers_, Venetian, vii. 749.

[177] Creighton, vol. i. p. 316.

[178] Vicary, App. iii. p. 166.

[179] Mr. Power refers me to the fact that isolated cases of plague and local epidemics occurred long after the Great Fire.

[180] In a broadside referring to '_The Plague of London_, printed by Peter Cole, at the printing office in Cornhill, near the Royal Exchange, 1665,' the number of deaths from plague in 1603, 1625 and 1636 are given as follows:--1603, 30,561 persons; 1625, 35,403; and 1636, 10,400. The numbers in 1593 are given as above.

[181] Mr Pearce gives some interesting facts in his _Annals of Christ's Hospital_ (p. 207) respecting the effects of the plague in 1603 and 1665 on the condition of the Blue Coat School. During 1665 no more than 32 children of the total number of 260 in the house died of all diseases, although the neighbourhood was severely visited.

[182] Creighton, vol. i. p. 265.

[183] Creighton, p. 270.

[184] _Progress of Medicine_, 1888, p. 24.

[185] Creighton, vol. i. p. 44.

[186] _London (Ancient and Modern) from the Sanitary and Medical Point of View_, by G. V. Poore, M.D., F.R.C.P., 1889, p. 114.

[187] _Ibid._, p. 31.

[188] Creighton, vol. i. p. 323.

[189] Stow's Chronicle, p. 212.

[190] Riley's _Memorials_, p. 67.

[191] Rymer's _Foedera_, vol. iii. p. 411.

[192] Creighton, vol. i. pp. 323, 324.

[193] Creighton, vol. i. p. 324.

[194] Riley's Introduction to _Liber Albus_, p. xl.

[195] Cal. Letter Book A.

[196] Riley's Introduction to _Liber Albus_, p. xli.

[197] Mr. Round conjectures that the 'Gosfregth Portirefan' of the Conqueror's Charter was the first Geoffrey de Mandeville.--_Geoffrey de Mandeville, a Study of the Anarchy_, 1892, p. 439.

[198] 'The acceptance of this view will at once dispose of the alleged disappearance of the portreeve, with the difficulties it has always presented, and the conjectures to which it has given rise. The style of the "portreeve" indeed disappears, but his office does not. In the person of the Norman vicecomes it preserves an unbroken existence. Geoffrey de Mandeville steps, as sheriff, into the shoes of Ansgar, the portreeve.'--_Geoffrey de Mandeville_, p. 354.

[199] _Constitutional History_, chap, xi., note to par. 131.

[200] _Select Charters_, Oxford, 1884, p. 107.

[201] _Geoffrey de Mandeville_, 1892, p. 372

[202] _Geoffrey de Mandeville_, p. 373.

[203] _Constitutional History_, chap. xiii. par 165.

[204] _Ancient Charters prior to_ 1200, edited by J. H. Round. Part I, p. 27, 1888 (Pipe Roll Society).

[205] _The Commune of London_, p. 98.

[206] Round's _Commune of London_, pp. 223, 224.

[207] 'A London Municipal Collection of the Reign of John,' part i., _English Historical Review_, July 1902, p. 480.

[208] 'Nunc primum in sibi indulta conjuratione, regno regem deesse cognovit Londonia, quam nec rex ipse Ricardus, nec prædecessor et pater ejus Henricus pro mille millibus marcarum argenti fieri permississet.'--_Richard of Devizes_, p. 416 (_Commune of London_, p. 223)

[209] Bishop Stubbs's _Historical Introductions_, pp. 200-309.

[210] _The Commune of London_, p. 224. The Beffroi of France was the symbol and pledge of independence. So was the bell-tower of St. Paul's, which is styled in documents _berefridum_ or campanile, p. 234.

[211] _The Commune of London_, p. 225.

[212] _The Commune of London_, p. 228.

[213] _Ibid._, p. 228.

[214] 1193. 'Sacramentum Commune tempore regis Ricardi quando detentus erat Alemaniam' (Add. MS., No. 14,252, f. 112 d.), 1205-1206. 'Sacramentum xxiiij factum anno regni regis Johannis viiº.' (Add. MS., No. 14,252, f. 110).--(_The Commune of London_, 1899, pp. 235-237.)

[215] _Commune of London_, p. 240.

[216] A curious point is that formerly the Leges Britolii were supposed to relate to Bristol, and the great English port obtained credit which it did not deserve.

[217] 'The Laws of Breteuil [Britolium],' _English Historical Review_, xv. (1900), pp. 73, 302, 496, 754.

[218] The seal is figured in '_Rotuli Curiæ Regis_. Rolls and Records of the Court held before the King's Justiciars or Justices, ed. by Sir Francis Palgrave,' vol. i., 1835 (plate 1), and is here reproduced.

[219] _Constitutional History_, chap. xiii. sec. 165.

[220] Cal. Letter Book B, p. 244.

[221] Cal. Letter Book A, pp. 89, 209.

[222] Rymer's _Foedera_, vol. i. pt. ii. p. 892.

[223] Cal. Letter Book C, pp. 27, 212, 213.

[224] _Constitutional History_, chap. xxi. sec. 486.

[225] Sharpe, _London and the Kingdom_, vol. i. p. 158.

[226] Letter Book F, fo. 44. Riley's Introduction to _Liber Albus_, 1859, pp. xcviii., xcix. (note).

[227] This church was destroyed in the Great Fire, and rebuilt after the designs of Sir C. Wren. It was cleared away in 1831 to make way for the approaches to the new London Bridge.

[228] Stubbs, _Constitutional History_, chap. xxi. sec. 487.

[229] Statutes at Large, ed. 1762, ii. 257.

[230] Riley's _Memorials_, pp. 473, 474.

[231] Riley's _Memorials_, pp. 415, 416.

[232] _Rotuli Parl._ iii. 227.

[233] Riley's _Memorials_, p. 494.

[234] _Ibid._, p. 526.

[235] Cal. Letter Book A, p. 64.

[236] _Constitutional History_, chap. xxi. sec. 488.

[237] See Jewitt and Hope's _Corporation Plate_, 1895, vol. ii., pp. 446, 463.

[238] Riley's _Memorials_, pp. 604, 605.

[239] _Historical Collections of a Citizen of London_, 1876, pp. 222, 223.

[240] _London and the Kingdom_, i. 69. 'Cives vero Lundonie servierunt de pincernaria, et Cives Wintonie de Coquina.'--Roger de Hoveden, Bodl. Laud., MS. 582, fo. 52. (_See_ Wickham Legg's _English Coronation Records_, 1901, p. 50).

[241] 'Andrew the Mayor came to serve as butler with 360 cups, on the ground that the City of London is bound to serve in butlery to help the great butler (just as the City of Winchester serves in the kitchen to help the steward). The King said that no one ought to serve by right except Master Michael Belet, so the Mayor gave way and served the two bishops on the King's right hand. '_De Servitiis magnatum in die Coronationis Regis et Reginæ_, Red Book of the Exchequer, ed. by Hubert Hall, pt. ii., 1896, pp. 755-760 (Rolls Series). The germ of the Court of Claims will be found in this MS. _See_ also Wickham Legg's _English Coronation Records_, 1901, pp. 60, 63.

[242] _English Coronation Records_, 1901, pp. 140, 159.

[243] _London and the Kingdom_, i. 275.

[244] 'Dinner being concluded, the Lord Mayor and twelve principal citizens of London, as assistants to the Chief Butler of England, accompanied by the King's cupbearer and assistant, presented to His Majesty wine in a gold cup; and the King having drank thereof, returned the gold cup to the Lord Mayor as his fee.'--L. G. Wickham Legg, _English Coronation Records_, 1901, p. 361.

[245] The Petition of the Mayor and Commonalty and Citizens of London, containing their claims fully set forth, is printed in _Coronation of King Edward VII. The Court of Claims. Cases and Evidence_, by G. Woods Wollaston, London, 1903, p. 52.

[246] _Constitutional History_, iii. 587.

[247] Cal. Letter Book C, p. 32.

[248] Riley's _Memorials_, p. 41.

[249] _Ibid._, p. 46.

[250] _Ibid._, p. 78.

[251] _Liber Albus_, trans. by Riley, p. 291.

[252] _Liber Albus_, p. 276.

[253] _The Aldermen of Cripplegate Ward_, by John James Baddeley, 1901, p. I (Calendar of Letter Book A, pp. 209, 226).

[254] Cal. Letter Book C, pp. 11, 12.

[255] In 1711 a return was made to the practice of nominating two persons only, followed in 1714 by 'an Act for reviving the ancient manner of electing aldermen'(13 Anne), which restored to the 'inhabitants their ancient rights and privileges of choosing one person only to be their alderman.' These particulars respecting the election of aldermen are taken from _The Aldermen of Cripplegate Ward_, from 1276 to 1900, by Mr. Deputy John James Baddeley, who has collected in his valuable book a considerable amount of fresh information on the office of aldermen, etc.

[256] _Liber Albus_, translated by H. T. Riley, 1861, p. 29.

[257] Sharpe's _London and the Kingdom_, vol. i. p. 217.

[258] Riley's _Memorials_, p. 655.

[259] Cal. Letter Book A, p. 76. By the Local Government Act of 1888 the citizens of London were deprived of all right of jurisdiction over the county of Middlesex, which had been expressly granted by various charters.

[260] _Liber Albus_, English translation, p. 399.

[261] _The Aldermen of Cripplegate Ward_, 1900, p. 235.

[262] Mr. Baddeley continues the account of the changes in the mode of election up to the present time: 'From 1642 to 1651 the Mayor's claim to elect a sheriff was always contested. For the year 1652 and for some years afterwards the Mayor neither nominated nor elected a sheriff, but in 1662, when he would have elected one Bludworth as sheriff, the commonalty claimed their right, although they accepted the Mayor's nominee. The prerogative thus claimed by the Mayor, although frequently challenged, was exercised for the most part by subsequent Mayors down to 1674, when exception was taken to William Roberts, whom the Mayor had formally nominated (according to a custom which is said to have arisen in the time of Elizabeth) by drinking to him at a public banquet. In the following year and for some years later the Mayor exercised his prerogative of electing one of the sheriffs without opposition. In 1703 an Act was passed declaring the right of election of sheriffs to be in the liverymen of the several companies of the city in Common Hall assembled.' It was, however, lawful for the Lord Mayor to nominate for the office. 'By an Act of 1748 the Lord Mayor might continue to nominate to the extent of nine persons in the whole.' By an Act of Common Council in 1878 the right of election to the office of sheriff was vested in the liverymen of the several companies of the city in Common Hall assembled. The Lord Mayor nominating one or more freemen (not exceeding three in the whole) for the shrievalty.

[263] _The Aldermen of Cripplegate Ward_, by J. J. Baddeley, 1900, p. 218.

[264] Letter Book F, f. 206.

[265] Letter Book H, f. 46b (Baddeley's _Aldermen of Cripplegate Ward_, p. 215).

[266] _Corporation Plate and Insignia of Office of the Cities and Towns of England and Wales_, by Llewellyn Jewitt, ed. and completed by W. H. St. John Hope, 1895, vol. ii. p. 122.

[267] _Corporation Plate and Insignia of Office of the Cities and Towns of England and Wales_, p. 120.

[268] _Archæologia_, vol. v. pp. 211-213.

[269] See _Liber Custumarum_ (Rolls Series), Introduction, p. lxxvi.

[270] Cal. Letter Book C, p. 71.

[271] Cal. Letter Book A, p. 222.

[272] _Dugdale's Baronage_, i. 220.

[273] Riley's _Memorials_, p. 178.

[274] Riley's _Memorials_, p. 236.

[275] _Ibid._, p. 178.

[276] Cal. Letter Book A, p. 161.

[277] _Calendar of Charter Rolls_, vol. i. 1903, p. 163.

[278] _Liber Custumarum_ (Rolls Series), vol i. p. 243.

[279] Calendars: Letter Book A, p. 128; Letter Book C, p. 116.

[280] Letter Book C, p. 157 (note).

[281] Letter Book B, pp. vi., xi.

[282] Riley's _Memorials_, p. 650.

[283] _Corporation Plate and Insignia of Office of the Cities and Towns of England and Wales_, by Llewellyn Jewitt, ed. by W. H. St. John Hope, 1895, vol. ii, pp. 100, 109.

[284] _Ibid._, p. 91.

[285] Round's _Commune of London_, p. 246.

[286] _Calender of Documents preserved in France_, ed. by J. Horace Round, 1899, p. 502.

[287] No woollen cloth was allowed to be dyed black except with woad. See _Liber Custumarum_, Introd., pp. xl., xliii., quoted in Letter