Chapter XV: The National Park Service (2)

Whittaker, George. Diary 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900. Park Library.

PRINTED JOURNALS, DIARIES AND AUTOBIOGRAPHIES

Bradbury, John. _Travels in the Interior Of America, 1809, 1810, and
1811._ London: Sherwood Neeley, and Jones, 1819.

Carson, Kit. _Autobiography._ Chicago: Lakeside Press, 1935.

_Contributions_, Historical Society of Montana, I, II, III, IV, V.
Helena, Montana: Rocky Mountain Publishing Co., 1876.

Dunraven, The Earl of. _Hunting in the Yellowstone._ New York: The
Macmillan Co., 1925.

Egan, Howard. _Pioneering the West._ Egan Estate. Richmond, Utah.

Ferris, Warren A. _Life in the Rocky Mountains, 1830-35._ Salt Lake
City: Rocky Mountain Book Shop, 1940.

Folsom, David E. _The Folsom-Cook Exploration of the Upper Yellowstone._
St. Paul: H. L. Collins Co., 1894.

Gass, Patrick. _Journal._ Edited by James K. Hosmer, Chicago: A. C.
McClurg and Co., 1904.

Guie, Heister D. and McWhorter, L. V., editors. _Adventures in Geyser
Land_ by Frank D. Carpenter. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers,
1935.

Howard, General O. O. _Chief Joseph, His Pursuit and Capture._ Boston:
Lee and Shephard, 1881.

Jackson, William H. _Time Exposure._ New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons,
1940.

Kurz, Rudolph. _Journal._ Washington, D. C.: United States Government
Printing Office, 1937.

Langford, Nathaniel P. _The Discovery of Yellowstone Park 1870._ St.
Paul: J. E. Haynes Publisher, 1923.

Larocque, Francis Antoine. _Journal._ Sources of Northwest History, No.
20, University of Montana, Missoula.

McWhorter, Lucullus V. _Yellow Wolf: His Own Story._ Caldwell, Idaho:
Caxton Printers, 1940.

Norton, Harry J. _Wonderland Illustrated, or Horse Back Rides._ Virginia
City, Montana: Harry J. Norton, 1873.

Osmond, Mabel C. _Memories of a Trip Through Yellowstone National Park._
St. Louis, 1874.

Raftery, John H. _The Story of the Yellowstone._ Butte, Montana: McKee
Printing Co., 1912.

Ross, Alexander. _The Fur Hunters of the Far West._ London: Smith, Elder
& Co., 1855.

Russell, Osborne. _Journal of a Trapper, 1834-1843._ Boise, Idaho:
Syms-York Co., 1921.

Smith, Willard E. "An Excerpt from the Journal of Willard E. Smith,
1839-1840." Edited by J. Neilson Barry. _Annals of Wyoming_, Vol.
XV, No. 3, July, 1943.

Spalding, Elizabeth. _Memories of the West._ Portland, Oregon: March
Printing Co.

Stanley, Edwin J. _Rambles in Wonderland._ New York: D. Appleton & Co.,
1878.

Stuart, Granville. _Forty Years on the Frontier._ Cleveland, Ohio: A. H.
Clark, 1925.

Stuart, Robert. _The Discovery of the Oregon Trail._ New York: Charles
Scribner's Sons, 1935.

Synge, Georgina. _A Ride Through Wonderland._ London: Sampson Low,
Marston & Co., 1892.

Turrill, Gardner S. _A Tale of the Yellowstone._ Jefferson, Iowa: G. S.
Turrill Publishing Co., 1901.

Vaughn, Robert. _Then and Now._ Minneapolis: Tribune Printing Co., 1900.

Wingate, George W. _Through Yellowstone Park on Horseback._ New York: O.
Judd Co., 1886.

Wislizenus, F. A. _A Journey to the Rocky Mountains in 1839_. St. Louis,
Mo.: Missouri Historical Society, 1912.

ARTICLES IN MAGAZINES AND PERIODICALS

Baker, Ray S. "A Place of Marvels," _The Century Magazine_, LXVI
(August, 1903).

Bauer, C. Max. "Notes on Indian Occupancy," _Yellowstone Nature Notes_,
Vol. XII, No. 6 (June, 1935).

Bryce, James. "National Parks the Need for the Future," _The Outlook_,
CII (Dec. 14, 1912).

Cook, C. W. "Valley of the Upper Yellowstone," _Western Monthly_, IV
(July, 1870).

Cook, C. W. and Folsom, D. E. "Cook-Folsom Expedition to the Yellowstone
Region 1869," _Haynes Bulletin_, Jan., 1923.

Elmendorf, Dwight L. _The Mentor_, II (May 15, 1915).

Everts, Truman C. "Thirty Seven Days of Peril," _Scribner's Monthly_,
III (Nov., 1871).

Freeman, L. R. "Protect the Game in Yellowstone Park," _Recreation_, XV
(Dec. 1901).

Ghent, W. J. "A Sketch of John Colter," _Wyoming Annals_, Vol. X, No. 3
(July, 1938).

Gibbon, Colonel John. "The Battle of the Big Hole," _Harper's Weekly_
(Dec. 21, 1895).

Hague, Arnold. "Soaping Geysers," _Science_, XIII (May 17, 1889).

Hague, Arnold. "The Yellowstone National Park," _Scribner's_, XXXV (May,
1904).

Hayden, F. V. "More About the Yellowstone," _Scribner's Monthly_, III
(February, 1872).

Hayden, F. V. "The Yellowstone National Park," _American Journal of
Science_, III (March, 1872; April, 1872).

Haynes, Jack Ellis. "The Expedition of President Chester A. Arthur to
Yellowstone National Park in 1882," _Annals of Wyoming_ (January
1942.).

Heffelfinger, C. H. "The Man Who Turned Back," _The Washington
Historical Quarterly_, Vol. XXVI, No. 3 (July, 1935).

Hough, Emerson. "Forest and Stream's Yellowstone Park Game Exploration,"
_Forest and Stream_, XLIII (A series of thirteen articles in the
issues during the spring and summer of 1894).

Jackson, W. Turrentine. "The Creation of Yellowstone National Park,"
_The Mississippi Valley Historical Review_, Vol. XXIX, No. 2
(September, 1942).

Jackson, W. Turrentine. "The Cook-Folsom Exploration of the Upper
Yellowstone 1869," _The Pacific Northwest Quarterly_, XXXII, 1941.

Jagger, T. A. "Death Gulch, A Natural Bear Trap," _Popular Science_, LIV
(February, 1899).

Joseph, Chief. "Own Story," _North American Review_ (April, 1879).

Kearns, William E. "A Nez Percé Chief Revisits Yellowstone,"
_Yellowstone Nature Notes_, XII (July-August, 1935).

Knowlton, F. H. "The Tertiary Flowers of the Yellowstone National Park,"
_American Journal of Science_, No. 7 (July, 1896).

Knowlton, F. H. "The Standing Fossil Forests of the Yellowstone National
Park," _Plant World_, I (January, 1898).

Koch, P. "Discovery of the Yellowstone National Park," _Magazine of
American History_, II (June, 1884).

Langford, Nathaniel P. "The Ascent of Mount Hayden," _Scribner's
Monthly_, III (June, 1873).

Lewis, Henry H. "Managing a National Park," _The Outlook_, LXXIV
(August, 1903).

Lewis, Lucien M. "To the Old Stage Driver," _Overland Monthly_, LXIX
(July, 1917).

Linton, Edwin. "Overland Sounds in the Vicinity of Yellowstone Lake,"
_Science_, No. 561 (Nov. 3, 1893).

Muir, John. "The Yellowstone National Park," _The Atlantic Monthly_,
LXXXI (January, 1898; April, 1898).

Phillips, Paul C., editor. "The Battle of the Big Hole," _Sources of
Northwest History_, No. 8, University of Montana, Missoula.

Rollins, Alice W. "The Three Tetons," _Harper's_, LXXIV (May, 1887).

Russell, Carl P. "Rendezvous Period of American Fur Trade," _Oregon
Historical Quarterly_, XLII (March, 1941).

Russell, Carl P. "Scientists and Scientific Investigations in
Yellowstone National Park," Department of the Interior, 1933.

Sedgwick, Henry D. "On Horse Back Through Yellowstone," _World's Work_,
VI (June, 1903).

Smith, George O. "The Nation's Playgrounds," _Review of Reviews_, XL
(July, 1909).

Staffer, Alvin P. and Porter, Charles W. "The National Park Service
Program of Conservation for Areas and Structures of National
Historical Significance," _The Mississippi Valley Historical
Review_, XXX, 1 (June, 1943).

Warner, Charles D. "The Yellowstone National Park," _Harper's_, XCIV
(January, 1897).

GOVERNMENT REPORTS AND PUBLICATIONS

Barlow, J. W. and Heap, D. P. _Report of Barlow and Heap 1871_.
Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1872.

_Congressional Globe._ 42 Congress, 2nd Session, 1871-72. Part I,
Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1872.

_Congressional Record._ 43 Congress, Session I, Washington, D.C.:
Government Printing Office, 1874.

_Laws and Regulations_ relating to the Yellowstone National Park,
Wyoming, by the Secretary of the Interior. Washington, D.C.:
Government Printing Office, 1908.

Ludlow, William. _Report to the War Department 1875._ Washington, D.C.,
1876.

Mather, Stephen T. "Report of the Director of the National Park
Service," _Report of the Department of Interior 1918_. Washington,
D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1918.

Norris, P. W. _Annual Report of the Superintendent of Yellowstone
National Park._ Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office,
1878, 1879, 1880, 1881.

_Reports of the Acting Superintendent of the Yellowstone National Park._
Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1885 to 1915.

_Reports of the Secretary of the Interior._ Washington, D.C.: Government
Printing Office, 1872 to 1941.

_Reports of the Superintendents of Yellowstone National Park._
Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1917 to 1943.

_Rules, Regulations and Instructions_ for the officers and enlisted men
of the United States Army, and of the scouts doing duty in the
Yellowstone National Park. Department of Interior, Washington,
D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1907.

Sherman, W. T. and Sheridan, P. H. _Reports of Inspection Made in the
Summer of 1877._ Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office,
1878.

_Yellowstone National Park Bulletins._ Department of the Interior,
Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1914, 1915, 1916,
1918, 1923, 1939, 1940, 1941.

SPECIAL BOOKS AND BULLETINS

Allen, Eugene T. and Day, Arthur L. _Hot Springs of the Yellowstone
National Park._ Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution, 1935.

Alter, J. Cecil. _James Bridger, Trapper, Frontiersman, Scout and
Guide._ Salt Lake City: Shepard Book Co., 1925.

Arnold, Ross R. _Indian Wars in Idaho._ Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton
Printers, 1929.

Bennett, Hugh H. "Thomas Jefferson Soil Conservationist." _U.S.
Department of Agriculture_, No. 548. Washington, D.C.: Government
Printing Office, 1944.

Catlin, George. _North American Indians_, I, II. Philadelphia: Leary
Stuart and Co., 1913.

Crampton, Louis C. _Early History of Yellowstone National Park and Its
Relations to National Park Policies._ Washington, D.C.: United
States Printing Office, 1923.

DeSmet, P. J. _Oregon Missions and Travels Over the Rocky Mountains._
New York: Edward Dreneger, 1847.

De Voto, Bernard. _Across the Wide Missouri._ Boston: Houghton Mifflin
Co., 1947.

Drew, Benjamin. _Souvenir List of Yellowstone Park Holdup Victims._ Park
Library, Mammoth, Wyoming.

Fee, Chester Anders. _Chief Joseph, the Biography of a Great Indian._
New York: Wilson-Erickson, 1936.

Freeman, Lewis R. _Down the Yellowstone._ New York: Dodd, Mead and Co.,
1922.

Goad, Edgar F. "Bandelier, Scholar of the Mesas." Washington, D.C.:
_Department of Interior Information Service_, 1940.

Haines, Francis. _Red Eagles of the Northwest._ Portland, Oregon: The
Scholastic Press, 1939.

Harris, Burton. _John Colter, His Years in the Rockies._ New York:
Charles Scribner's Sons, 1952.

Hebard, Grace R. and Brininstool, E. A. _The Bozeman Trail._ Cleveland,
Ohio: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1922.

Hemishunmeres, Mourning Dove. _Coyote Stories._ Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton
Printers, 1933.

Hornaday, William T. _Our Vanishing Wild Life._ New York: New York
Zoological Society, 1913.

Huth, Hans. Yosemite, _The Story of an Idea._ Reprint from the _Sierra
Club Bulletin_, March, 1948.

Kieley, James F. _A Brief History of the National Park Service._
Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Interior, 1940.

Lillard, Richard G. _The Great Forest._ New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1948.

Linderman, Frank B. _Blackfeet Indians._ St. Paul: Brown, Bigelow, 1935.

Lowie, Robert H. _The Crow Indians._ New York: Farrar and Rinehart,
1935.

Mickey, Karl B. _Man and Soil._ Chicago: International Harvester Co.,
1945.

Mulford, Walter. _Forest Influences._ New York: McGraw Hill Book Co.,
1948.

Neihardt, John G. _The Splendid Wayfaring._ New York: Macmillan Co.,
1920.

Norton, Harry J. _Wonderland, or Horseback Rides Through Yellowstone
National Park._ Virginia City, Montana, 1873.

Rees, John E. _Idaho, Its Meaning, Origin and Application._ Portland,
Oregon: Ivey Press, 1917.

Remington, Fredrick. _Pony Tracks._ New York: Harper and Bros., 1895.

Shields, G. O. _Battle of the Big Hole._ New York: Rand, McNally Co.,
1889.

Story, Isabelle F. _Glimpses of Our National Parks._ Washington, D.C.:
United States Printing Office, 1941.

Topping, E. S. _Chronicles of the Yellowstone._ St. Paul: Pioneer Press
Co., 1888.

Van Tassell, Chas. _Truthful Lies._ Bozeman, Montana, 1921.

Victor, Frances Fuller. _The River of the West._ Hartford, Conn.:
Columbian Book Co., 1871.

Vinton, Stallo. _John Colter, Discoverer of Yellowstone Park._ New York:
Edward Eberstadt, 1926.

Wagner, Glendolin and Allen, William. _Blankets and Moccasins._
Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers, 1933.

Wellman, Paul I. _The Trampling Herd._ New York: Carrick and Evans,
Inc., 1939.

GENERAL SECONDARY REFERENCES

Adams, James Truslow. _The Epic of America._ Boston: Little Brown and
Co., 1933.

Bancroft, H. H. _History of Washington, Montana and Idaho._ San
Francisco: The History Company, 1896.

Beal, M. D. _History of Southeastern Idaho._ Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton
Printers, 1942.

Brockett, L. P. _Our Western Empire._ San Francisco: William Garretson
and Co., 1881.

Chittenden, Hiram M. _The American Fur Trade._ New York: Press of the
Pioneers, 1935.

Chittenden, Hiram M. _Yellowstone National Park._ Palo Alto, California:
Stanford University Press, 1933.

Clark, Dan Elbert. _The West in American History._ New York: Thomas Y.
Crowell Co., 1937.

Driggs, Howard R. _Westward America._ New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons,
1942.

Gardiner, Dorothy. _West of the River._ New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co.,
1941.

Guptill, A. B. _Practical Guide to Yellowstone National Park._ St. Paul:
F. Jay Haynes and Bro., 1890.

Hafen, LeRoy, and Rister, Carl C. _Western America._ New York:
Prentice-Hall, 1941.

Haupt, Herman. _The Yellowstone National Park._ St. Paul: J. M.
Stoddart, 1883.

Haynes, Jack Ellis. _Haynes Guide._ St. Paul: Haynes, Inc., 1943.

Hockett, Homer Co. _Political and Social Growth of the United States
1492-1852._ New York: The Macmillan Co., 1933.

Irving, Washington. _Astoria._ New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.

Kipling, Rudyard. _American Notes._ Issued in several editions. One
chapter contains an account of a trip through Yellowstone in 1889.

Nevins, Allen. _Frémont: Pathmaker of the West._ New York: D. Appleton
Century Co., 1939.

Paxson, Frederick L. _The Last American Frontier._ New York: Macmillan
Co., 1922.

Sanders, Helen F. _History of Montana._ Chicago: The Lewis Publishing
Co., 1913.

Walgamott, C. S. _Six Decades Back._ Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers,
1936.

Yellowstone Park Scrap Books I, II, III. Park Library, Mammoth, Wyoming.

FOOTNOTES

[1]The forests are composed principally of conifers. Of these the
lodgepole pine predominates. It has a shallow root system, and as a
result the area is conspicuous by the amount of fallen timber.

[2]A frontiersman's characterization of the climate in the Park. The
statement is usually attributed to James Stuart.

[3]John E. Rees, _Idaho Chronology, Nomenclature, Bibliography_
(Portland, Oregon: Ivey Press, 1917), p. 61.

[4]Teton and Snowy ranges, although partly integrated with Yellowstone,
actually lie beyond the south and north borders respectively.

[5]The plateaus are Buffalo, Mirror, Two Ocean, Pitchstone, Madison, and
Central. The ranges are Gallatin, Washburn, and Absaroka. The ridges
include the Big Game, Chicken, Speciman, and Crowfoot. The Red
Mountains form a unit by themselves in the south-central area.

[6]These are Electric, Pollux, Atkins, and Eagle peaks, and Schurz and
Humphreys mountains.

[7]Warm River originates west of the Park, but Firehole is the best
example of a really warm river. It does not freeze over in
temperatures 50° below zero. There are literally thousands of hot
springs in Yellowstone. Dr. A. C. Peale estimated three thousand,
while Dr. Arnold Hague said the number probably exceeded twenty-five
hundred.

[8]Reference to this stream is made again in relation to the "Overland
Astorians" in Chapter II. See also, Dee Linford's "Wyoming Stream
Names," _Annals of Wyoming_, XV, 2 (April, 1943), 165-70.

[9]These sources are the Firehole and Gibbon, respectively.

[10]This is the lowest temperature ever recorded on an official United
States Weather Bureau thermometer in Continental United States.

[11]John E. Rees, _op. cit._, p. 61.

[12]Homer C. Hockett, _Political and Social Growth of the United States
1492-1852_ (New York: Macmillan Co., 1933), p. 368.

[13]_Ibid._, p. 369.

[14]_Ibid._, p. 371.

[15]Fridtjof Nansen, "The Norsemen in America," _The Geographical
Journal_, XXXVIII, 6 (Dec. 1911), 558.

[16]Reuben G. Thwaites, _Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark
Expedition 1804-1806_ (New York: Dodd Mead and Co., 1905), p. 262.
Clark reached Yellowstone River on July 15, 1806.

[17]Francis Antoine Larocque, _Journal_ (Sources of Northwest History
No. 20, University of Montana), p. 20. Dee Linford says the name
Yellowstone was used by David Thompson in 1798, but that Americans
did not learn about the river until about 1805. See "Wyoming Stream
Names," _Annals of Wyoming_, XV, 3 (July, 1943), 269.

[18]Patrick Gass, _Journal_ (Chicago: A. C. McClurg, 1904), p. 253. In
1832 a steamboat named the "Yellowstone" arrived at Fort Union.

[19]P. Koch, "Discovery of Yellowstone National Park," _Magazine of
American History_, II (June, 1884), 498.

[20]Just how far Coronado penetrated the Rockies is a disputed point. It
is certain that Verendrye reached Pierre, South Dakota. Some contend
that he came as far as the Little Bighorn River. It is probable that
some of Henry's men were free trappers, which accounts for the fact
that they split in groups when the fort was abandoned.

[21]Others to participate in this discovery were Milton Mangum, Clifford
Mangum, John T. Elliott, Budge Elliott, William Thornock, and David
Beal.

[22]Robert Stuart, _The Discovery of the Oregon Trail_ (New York:
Charles Scribner's Sons, 1935), p. CXXXVI. Etienne Provot and Thomas
Fitzpatrick have both been credited with the discovery of South
Pass. Certainly the latter's visit in 1824 marks the date of
effective discovery.

[23]W. J. Ghent, "A Sketch of John Colter," _Wyoming Annals_, X, 3
(July, 1938).

[24]Stallo Vinton, _John Colter, Discoverer of Yellowstone Park_ (New
York: Edward Eberstadt, 1926), p. 27.

[25]W. J. Ghent, _op. cit._ The copious journals of Lewis, Clark and
Sergeant Ordway make repeated mention of Colter, and Whitehouse
names him six times. Floyd does not mention him by name nor does
Gass, although the latter refers to him specifically.

[26]Reuben G. Thwaites, _op. cit._, V, 314.

[27]Stallo Vinton, _op. cit._, p. 24.

[28]_Ibid._, p. 43. Colter's strange behavior in turning back to the
wilderness after three successive starts toward home, is analyzed by
C. H. Heffelfinger in his article, "The Man Who Turned Back," _The
Washington Historical Quarterly_, XXVI, 3 (July, 1935).

[29]_Ibid._, p. 45. Lisa had a son named "Remon" for whom the fort was
named, but different documents bear the name Raymond, Manuel, and
Lisa.

[30]Judge Henry M. Brackenridge (1786-1871) was educated in Missouri and
Maryland. As a lawyer, he specialized in international affairs and
served as a federal judge in New Orleans. In 1810 he made a trip up
the Missouri in the company of Manuel Lisa. Six years later (1814)
Brackenridge's account of this journey was published. On page 91, of
_Views of Louisiana_, we find the first reference to Colter's
wilderness journey. Obviously the source of this information was
Manuel Lisa since he asked Colter to make the trip. That Colter
started on such a journey is indisputable. Where he went, what he
saw, and how he returned are matters of opinion. Brackenridge
confuses Colter's return from this trip with that of another one.

[31]_Ibid._, p. 91.

[32]John Colter's discovery of Yellowstone has caught the imagination of
many people. Probably a hundred authors have written about it. Each
one disagrees with the other, until poor Colter has been turned into
a human grasshopper, hopping around from place to place without
either rhyme or reason.

[33]Stallo Vinton, _op. cit._, p. 195.

[34]Some writers tell that an early winter overtook him, and he was
obliged to make snowshoes. This is probably an error. He undoubtedly
secured a horse from the Yep-pe Indians.

[35]This particular story is verified by the fact that members of the
Wilson Price Hunt Expedition called on Colter at his farm near St.
Louis to get information upon this specific point. See Reuben G.
Thwaites, "Bradbury's Travels in the Interior of America in the
years 1809-1811," _Early Western Travels_, 1748-1840, V, xliv.

[36]The Map of 1814 does not disclose anything unusual. It merely
designates "Boiling Spring" and "Hot Springs Brimstone," which were
widespread and general.

[37]Washington Irving, _The Adventures of Captain Bonneville_ (New York:
G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1843), p. 252. The first edition was entitled,
_Rocky Mountain Scenes and Adventures_.

[38]It is a remarkable thing that historical research has not more
satisfactorily probed the Colter problem. Obviously his journey is
so obscure as to warrant scientific investigation.

[39]Its legend reads: "A Map of Lewis and Clark's Track, Across the
Western Portion of North America, From the Mississippi to the
Pacific Ocean; By Order of the Executive of the United States in
1804, 5, 6. Copied by Samuel Lewis from the Original Drawing of Wm.
Clark."

[40]There are two fictitious lakes on the Map of 1814 of such grotesque
shape as to arouse one's skepticism. One of them has a shape that
resembles a gargoyle.

[41]The date of this communication was December 20, 1810.

[42]Colter's first sheet is readily identifiable, and part of another
sheet may be segregated with the use of imagination and
understanding.

[43]Many writers have failed to identify Gap and Sage as the same creek.
They also befuddle Wind and Shoshone rivers. There is no evidence
that Colter ever heard the name Bighorn River.

[44]The figure eight results from the fact that he went to the Yep-pe
camp, left it, came back, and left it again at the appropriate
angles.

[45]In 1941, Paul J. Shamp, a U.S. forester, reported the discovery of
numerous petrifications in the vicinity of Pass and Scatter creeks
in the Thorofare country. This is the line of Colter's route.

[46]Colter did not see Southeast Arm of Yellowstone Lake. He probably
supposed the Upper Yellowstone flowed into South Arm. Hence, his
conception of Yellowstone River would have been ten miles farther
west than it is. Neither could he have visualized the serpentine
character of Snake River, since he knew it at only one place.

[47]Colter may have reached Chicken Ridge by Fishhawk, Mountain, or Lynx
creeks or via Falcon, Mink, or Crooked streams. It must be
remembered that this map sheet has been much messed up. It is
impossible to know what has been erased; yet, enough of Colter's map
remains to provide a logical basis for the above itinerary. It is
relatively unimportant which creeks he negotiated to reach Chicken
Ridge. The vitally important fact is that he drew a sketch of South
Arm from that angle which added to the Thumb makes an accurate map
of what a trapper would have seen of Yellowstone Lake.

[48]J. Neilson Barry has made the most intensive study of the Map of
1814. It is his opinion that Colter drew other map sheets besides
the one of the Buffalo Bill country. He also has hope that these
sheets may be discovered among the Lewis-Clark-Biddle papers.

[49]In E. Willard Smith's journal entry for December 20, 1839, there is
an item that suggests a possible clue to mystery of Colter's
petrified fish story: "There is a story told by an Arapahoe Chief of
a petrified buffalo standing in the lake ... in a perfect state of
preservation, and they worship it as a great medicine charm....
Nothing would induce this Indian to tell where this sacred buffalo
is to be found. Great presents were offered him in vain." It is
possible that Colter saw something he was not free to divulge. See
"An Excerpt From the Journal of Willard E. Smith," _Annals of
Wyoming_, XV, 3 (July, 1943), 287-97.

[50]John G. White, "A Souvenir of Wyoming," Vol. I, p. 56. This is a
fine work of research in manuscript. It was written in 1916. There
are five volumes in the Yellowstone Park library. The time of this
Indian episode was in the autumn of 1808.

[51]_Ibid._

[52]Upon the details of this episode, the three basic authorities on
this period of Western adventure, are in agreement. They are Henry
M. Brackenridge, _Views of Louisiana_; Thomas James, _Three Years
Among the Indians and Mexicans_; and John Bradbury, _Travels In the
Interior of America_.

[53]Concerning Colter's part in this battle, Henry M. Brackenridge
wrote, "On his return a party of Indians in whose company he
happened to be was attacked and he was lamed by a severe wound in
his leg; Notwithstanding which he returned to the establishment
entirely alone and without assistance." This incident is almost
invariably associated with Colter's return from the discovery of
Yellowstone Park. The error logically arises from the compressed
character of the Brackenridge narrative. Perhaps the facts were not
clear in his own mind. Actually he has confused two different
experiences.

[54]P. Koch, "The Discovery of Yellowstone National Park," _Magazine of
American History_, II (June, 1884), 499.

[55]Hiram M. Chittenden, _Yellowstone National Park_ (Palo Alto:
Stanford University Press, 1933), pp. 22-31.

[56]Frank Triplett, "Colter's Race for Life," _Conquering the
Wilderness_, No. 16, Chapter 10, Washington State College Library;
Pullman, Washington. This plant is also called "ground-apple." It is
an edible root found in that region.

[57]W. J. Ghent, _op. cit._, p. 113.

[58]John G. White, "A Souvenir of Wyoming," I, 28. This fact is affirmed
by James in his _Three Years Among the Indians and Mexicans_.

[59]W. J. Ghent, _op. cit._, p. 115.

[60]Stallo Vinton, _op. cit._, p. 110.

[61]W. J. Ghent, _op. cit._, p. 115. The evidence is not conclusive as
to whether or not Colter gave his account to Bradbury and
Brackenridge in person. It is certain that he had personal dealings
with Thomas James, and it is certain that he spent a half day in
conversation with members of Hunt's party on May 18, 1811. See
"Robert Stuart's Narratives" in Philip Ashton Rollin's _The
Discovery of the Oregon Trail_ (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons,
1935), p. CV.

[62]_Ibid._, p. 66. It should be pointed out that Colter did not say
"everywhere."

[63]Rudolph Kurz, _Journal_ (Washington, D. C.: United States Government
Printing Office, 1937), p. 37.

[64]Frank B. Linderman, _Blackfeet Indians_ (St. Paul: Brown, Bigelow,
1935), p. 9.

[65]_Ibid._, p. 12.

[66]Elizabeth Spalding, _Memories of The West_ (Portland, Oregon: March
Printing Company), p. 78.

[67]Robert Vaughn, _Then and Now_ (Minneapolis, Minnesota: Tribune
Printing Co., 1900), p. 197.

[68]Mourning Dove, _Coyote Stories_ (Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers,
1933). p. 46.

[69]Rudolph Kurz, _op. cit._, p. 154.

[70]_Ibid._, p. 34.

[71]Alexander Ross, _The Fur Hunters of The Far West_ (London: Smith,
Elder & Co., 1855), p. 249.

[72]H. M. Chittenden, _The American Fur Trade_ (New York: Press of the
Pioneers, 1935), II, 877.

[73]P. Koch, "The Discovery of Yellowstone National Park," _Magazine of
American History, II_ (June, 1884), 497.

[74]Helen F. Sanders, _History of Montana_ (Chicago: Lewis Publishing
Co., 1913), I, 681.

[75]_Contributions_, Historical Society of Montana (Helena, Montana:
Rocky Mountain Publishing Co., 1876), I, 168.

[76]Indian reservations nearest the Park are the Crow at Hardin,
Montana; Shoshone, Fort Washakie, Wyoming; and Bannock, Fort Hall,
Idaho. Other agencies are located at Fort Peck, Poplar, Tongue
River, and Lame Deer, all in Montana. The Blackfeet and Flathead
reservations are near Glacier Park.

[77]Alexander Ross, _op. cit._, p. 48.

[78]John G. Neihardt, _The Splendid Wayfaring_ (New York: Macmillan
Company, 1920), pp. 265-6.

[79]Alexander Ross, _op. cit._, pp. 228-9.

[80]Francis Fuller Victor, _The River of the West_ (Hartford: Columbian
Book Co., 1871), pp. 64-5.

[81]Cecil Alter, _James Bridger, Trapper, Frontiersman, Scout and Guide_
(Salt Lake City: Shepard Book Co., 1925), p. 355.

[82]Helen F. Sanders, _op. cit._, p. 141.

[83]Earl of Dunraven, _Hunting in the Yellowstone_ (New York: Macmillan
Co., 1925), pp. 184-5.

[84]Frances Fuller Victor, _op. cit._, p. 238.

[85]F. A. Wislizenus, _A Journey To The Rocky Mountains In 1839_, (St.
Louis: Missouri Historical Society, 1912), pp. 87-8.

[86]Alexander Ross, _op. cit._, II, 236.

[87]C. Max Bauer, "Notes on Indian Occupancy," _Yellowstone Nature
Notes_. XII, 6 (June, 1935), 1.

[88]P. W. Norris, _Annual Report 1879_ (Washington D. C.: Government
Printing Office, 1880), p. 10.

[89]P. W. Norris, _Annual Report 1880_, p. 605.

[90]Some of these places were specifically listed: Bunsen Peak, Willow
Creek, Stinking Water Pass east of Yellowstone Lake, Barlow Fork of
Snake River, Bridgers Lake, and, the best one of all, three miles
below Mary Lake. See _Fifth Annual Report 1881_, p. 36.

[91]P. W. Norris, _Fifth Annual Report 1881_, pp. 32-8.

[92]_Ibid._, p. 38.

[93]P. W. Norris, _Annual Report 1878_, p. 982.

[94]Experienced rangers who have reported these finds to the author
include David deL. Condon, Lee L. Coleman, John W. Jay, John Bauman,
Rudolf L. Grimm, Wayne Replogle, Lowell G. Biddulph, George Marler,
and William Sanborn.

[95]William E. Kearns, "A Nez Percé Chief Revisits Yellowstone,"
_Yellowstone Nature Notes_, XII (June-July, 1935), 41.

[96]Edwin Linton, _Science_, No. 561 (Nov. 3, 1893), pp. 244-5.

Mr. Linton and Prof. S. A. Forbes heard the sounds upon two
occasions. Each gave a scientific presentation. Elwood Hofer, Dave
Rhodes, and F. H. Bradley have written accounts of similar
experiences.

[97]_Report of the Secretary of the Interior_ (Washington: Government
Printing Office, Nov. 30, 1880), p. 573.

[98]Frederick Bottler discovered a trapper's cabin at the head of
Antelope Creek in 1878. The advanced decay of its timbers indicated
that it was forty or fifty years old. See P. W. Norris, _Annual
Report 1880_, p. 606.

[99]_Niles Weekly Register_, Third Series, IX, 6 (Oct. 6, 1827), p. 90.
Also, _Yellowstone Nature Notes_, XXI, 5 (Sept.-Oct., 1947), p. 52.
Sweet Lake is now known as Bear Lake, Idaho.

[100]P. W. Norris, _Annual Report 1878_, p. 987. Smith was killed by a
band of Comanches in 1831, when leading a caravan across the
Cimarron Desert toward Santa Fe.

[101]Meek's experience was published by Mrs. Frances Fuller Victor in
_The River of the West_ (Hartford, Conn.: Columbian Book Co., 1871),
pp. 75-7.

[102]Warren A. Ferris, _Life in the Rocky Mountains 1830-35_ (Salt Lake
City: Rocky Mountain Book Shop, 1940), pp. 204-6.

[103]Osborne Russell, _Journal of a Trapper, 1834-1843_ (Boise, Idaho:
Syms-York Co., 1921), p. 32.

[104]Helen F. Sanders, _op. cit._, p. 657.

Mr. Ducharme, Joe Power, L'Humphrie, Louis Anderson, and Jim and
John Baker were members of this group. Remains of horses have been
found on this battleground.

[105]J. Cecil Alter, _James Bridger_, p. 107.

[106]Walter W. DeLacy, "A Trip Up the South Fork of Snake River,"
_Contributions_, Historical Society of Montana, I, 132.

[107]James Stuart, "The Yellowstone Expedition of 1863," _Ibid._, I,
191.

Montana mineral production vaulted to $18,000,000 by 1865.
Thereafter a gradual decline began, but a strong revival came in the
eighties when deep mining of silver and copper ore bodies proved
profitable. The combined mineral output in 1889 was $41,000,000.

[108]P. Koch, "The Discovery of Yellowstone National Park," _Magazine of
American History_, II, 511.

[109]E. S. Topping, _Chronicles of the Yellowstone_ (St. Paul: Pioneer
Press Co., 1888), p. 44.

[110]P. W. Norris, _Annual Report 1880_, p. 7. Miller Creek was named
for Adam Miller's retreat in this instance.

[111]Grace R. Hebard and E. A. Brininstool, _The Bozeman Trail_
(Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1922), II, 229.

[112]Robert Vaughn, _Then and Now_, p. 165.

[113]Hebard and Brininstool, _op. cit._, II, 229.

[114]_Ibid._, p. 230.

[115]_Ibid._, p. 244.

[116]Anonymous. The quotations used in the Bridger stories represent the
author's organization of existing folk lore. Some of these stories
and others are given in H. M. Chittenden's _Yellowstone National
Park_.

[117]John G. White, "Souvenir," I, 134.

[118]Hiram M. Chittenden, _op. cit._, pp. 39-40.

[119]Hebard and Brininstool, _op. cit._, II, p. 243.

[120]This information was obtained by the author from Jesse M. Matlock,
formerly Mrs. William Peterson and Mabel M. White, an adopted
daughter, in an interview at Salmon City, June 7, 1943. The latter
remembers hearing Mr. Peterson express regret that the
Folsom-Cook-Peterson Expedition was not given more recognition for
its discovery. Mr. Peterson died in 1918.

[121]C. W. Cook and D. E. Folsom, "Cook-Folsom Expedition to the
Yellowstone Region 1869," _Haynes Bulletin_ (Jan. 1923).

[122]C. W. Cook, "Remarks of C. W. Cook, Last Survivor of the Original
Explorers of the Yellowstone Park Region," Yellowstone Park Library,
Mammoth, Wyoming. Two sons of Cornelius Hedges were present at the
celebration which was sponsored by The National Editorial
Association.

[123]W. T. Jackson, "The Cook-Folsom Exploration of the Upper
Yellowstone 1869," _The Pacific Northwest Quarterly_, XXXII (1941),
320-21.

[124]Hiram M. Chittenden, _Yellowstone National Park_, p. 60.

[125]Nathaniel P. Langford, _The Discovery of Yellowstone Park 1870_
(St. Paul, Minn.: J. E. Haynes, 1923), p. 80.

[126]Louis C. Crampton, _Early History of Yellowstone National Park and
Its Relations to National Park Policies_ (Washington, D. C.: United
States Government Printing Office, 1923), p. 14.

[127]Yellowstone Park Scrap Book, I, 33. Park Library, Mammoth, Wyoming.

[128]L. P. Brockett, _Our Western Empire_ (San Francisco: William
Garretson and Co., 1881), p. 1247.

[129]_Ibid._, p. 1243.

[130]Cornelius Hedges, "Yellowstone Lake," Crampton's _Early History_,
p. 110.

[131]Truman C. Everts, "Thirty Seven Days of Peril," _Scribner's
Monthly_, III (Nov. 1871), 1-17.

[132]Cornelius Hedges, "Journal," _Contributions_, Montana Historical
Society, V, 387.

[133]Nathaniel P. Langford, _op. cit._, p. 158.

[134]Gustavus C. Doane, "Report Upon the Yellowstone Expedition,"
Crampton's _Early History_, p. 138.

[135]Henry D. Washburn, "The Yellowstone Expedition," _Ibid._, p. 96.

[136]Rudyard Kipling, _American Notes_, p. 159.

[137]L. P. Brockett, _op. cit._, p. 1254.

[138]F. V. Hayden, _American Journal of Science_, III (March, 1872),
174.

[139]Arnold Hague, "The Yellowstone National Park," _Scribner's
Magazine_, XXXV (May, 1904), 519.

[140]W. Turrentine Jackson, "The Creation of Yellowstone Park," _The
Mississippi Valley Historical Review_ XXIX, 2 (September, 1942),
189-90.

[141]N. P. Langford, Preface to "The Folsom-Cook Exploration of the
Upper Yellowstone in the Year 1869," _Contributions_, Historical
Society of Montana, V (1904), 312.

[142]Truman C. Everts, _op. cit._, p. 16.

[143]H. M. Chittenden, _Yellowstone National Park_, p. 69.

[144]_Ibid._, p. 70.

[145]Louis C. Crampton, _Early History of Yellowstone_, p. 25.

[146]F. V. Hayden, "More About the Yellowstone," _Scribner's Monthly_,
III, 4 (February, 1872), 389. This article contains a summary of the
Hayden Expedition.

[147]H. M. Chittenden, _op. cit._, p. 71.

[148]In Dr. Hayden's "Brief Statement of the History of the National
Park," which he forwarded to the Secretary of the Interior, Carl
Schurz, on February 21, 1878, the following appeared: "I beg
permission to state here, that so far as I know, I originated the
idea of the park, prepared the maps, designating the boundaries, and
in connection with the Hon. W. H. Claggett [sic], then Delegate from
Montana Territory, wrote the law as it now stands.... It is now
acknowledged all over the civilized world that the existence of the
National Park, by law, is due solely to my exertions during the
sessions of 1871 and 1872." _House Executive Documents_, Forty-fifth
Congress, Second Session, 1877-78, XVII, No. 75, 3. For this item
credit is given by the author to W. Turrentine Jackson; see "The
Creation of Yellowstone National Park," _The Mississippi Valley
Historical Review_, University of Iowa, XXIX, 2 (Sept. 1942), 199.

[149]_Congressional Globe_, Forty-second Congress, Second Session,
1871-72, Part I, p. 520.

[150]_Ibid._, p. 697.

[151]W. T. Jackson, _op. cit._, p. 203.

[152]_Ibid._, pp. 204-5.

[153]Louis C. Crampton, _op. cit._, p. 31.

[154]Senator George G. Vest, a strong friend of Yellowstone, once
referred to Mr. Dawes as the father of the Park, "for he drew the
law of designation." If not the actual scribe, he was certainly the
advocate of the principles involved. See L. C. Crampton, _op. cit._,
p. 32.

[155]John Muir, _The Atlantic Monthly_, LXXXI (April, 1898), 509.

Dr. F. V. Hayden's tribute to Congress is equal to John Muir's.
Hayden said, "That our legislators, at a time when public opinion is
so strong against appropriating the public domain for any purpose,
however laudable, should reserve for the benefit and instruction of
the people a tract of 3,575 square miles, is an act that should
cause universal satisfaction through the land. This noble deed may
be regarded as a tribute from our legislators to science, and the
gratitude of the nation, and of men of science in all parts of the
world, is due them for this munificent donation." See "The
Yellowstone National Park," _American Journal_, III (April, 1872),
295-96.

[156]_Congressional Globe_, p. 697.

[157]George Catlin, _North American Indians_ (Philadelphia: 1913), II,
290.

[158]This refers to Chief Joseph's retreat which is described in Chapter
XI.

[159]Alexander Ross, _The Fur Hunters of the Far West_, p. 257.

[160]Ulrich B. Phillips, "Lectures On Early America," a series of
lectures given in Berkeley, Calif., 1932.

[161]Robert Vaughn, _Then and Now_, p. 156.

[162]_Ibid._, p. 295.

[163]James Stuart, _Contributions_, Montana Historical Society, I, 154.

[164]Edgar F. Goad, "Bandelier, Scholar of the Mesas" (Washington, D.
C.: Department of Interior Information Service, 1940), p. 13.

[165]Alexander Ross, _op. cit._, p. 183.

[166]LeRoy R. Hafen and Carl C. Rister, _Western America_ (New York:
Prentice-Hall, 1941), p. 6.

[167]The most notorious foreigners to regale themselves among western
American adventure scenes were Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied,
Sir George Gore of Ireland, and the Earl of Dunraven.

Maximilian spent the summer of 1833 on the upper Missouri. He was a
shabby, toothless man, but of first-rate scientific ability. It is
said that his accounts, together with Bodmer's paintings, constitute
an important record of the period.

Sir George Gore was a millionaire who spent two years in the West.
He left a saga of ruthless slaughter and camp-life prodigality in
his wake. His parting gesture was the destruction, by fire, of all
the wagons, harness, saddles, and similar equipment. This was done
to spite the Missouri Fur Company because of their exorbitant river
transportation charges.

In 1871 the Grand Duke Alexis of Russia hunted bison on the Nebraska
plains.

[168]_Ibid._, p. 572.

[169]Granville Stuart, _Forty Years on the Frontier_, edited by Paul C.
Phillips (Cleveland: 1925), II, 104. This view was expressed by
Representative James A. Garfield. See _Congressional Record_,
Forty-third Congress, First Session, 1874, pp. 2107-9.

[170]Warren A. Ferris, _op. cit._, p. 244.

[171]_Ibid._, pp. 204-6.

[172]Dan E. Clark, _The West in American History_ (New York: Thomas Y.
Crowell Co., 1937), p. 573.

[173]Fredrick L. Paxson, _Recent American History of the United States_
(Boston: Prentice-Hall Co., 1937), p. 28.

[174]LeRoy R. Hafen and Carl G. Rister, _op. cit._, p. 528.

[175]D. J. Louck, "Journal," State Historian's file, Laramie, Wyoming.

[176]Helen F. Sanders, _op. cit._, p. 313.

[177]Howard R. Briggs, _Westward America_ (New York: G. P. Putnam's
Sons, 1942), p. 276.

[178]_Ibid._, pp. 279-80. In 1862, Granville Stuart collected a herd and
drove them to Bannock. Conrad Kohrs had a butcher shop there at that
time.

[179]Dorothy Gardiner, _West of the River_ (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell
Co., 1941), p. 319.

Forts were located chiefly with an eye to the protection of travel.
Some of the principal ones--Cook, on Judith River, Montana; Reno;
Phil Kearney; C. F. Smith; and Casper in Wyoming--were built in
1866. D. A. Russell near Cheyenne, Fort Shaw on Sun River, and Fort
Buford were established in 1867. Fort Laramie was built in 1849;
Fort Bridger, in 1858; Fort Stambaugh at South Pass, 1869; Fort
Steele on North Platte Crossing, 1868; and Fort Assiniboine near
Havre, 1879.

[180]Granville Stuart, _op. cit._ Other prominent stockmen were C. D.
Duncan, Robert Coburn, N. J. Dovenspeck, Amos Snyder, Adolf Baro, W.
C. and G. P. Burnett, Pat Dunlevy, James Dempsey, Chas. Ranges,
Edward Regan, N. W. McCaulley, and F. E. Lawrence.

[181]Dan E. Clark, _op. cit._, p. 596.

[182]Helen F. Sanders, _op. cit._, p. 316.

[183]Nathaniel P. Langford, _The Discovery of Yellowstone Park_, p. 181.

[184]Cornelius Hedges, _Contributions_, Montana Historical Society, V,
391.

[185]Dan E. Clark, _op. cit._, p. 625.

[186]Chief Joseph, "Chief Joseph's Own Story," as told by him on his
trip to Washington, D. C., p. 3.

[187]Francis Haines, _Red Eagles of the Northwest_ (Portland, Ore.: The
Scholastic Press, 1939), p. 234.

[188]_Ibid._, p. 238.

[189]Chief Joseph, _op. cit._, p. 9.

[190]Helen A. Howard and Dan L. McGrath, _War Chief Joseph_ (Caldwell,
Idaho: The Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1941), p. 145.

[191]Chester Anders Fee, _Chief Joseph, the Biography of a Great Indian_
(New York: Wilson-Erickson, 1936), p. 168.

[192]Francis Haines, _op. cit._, p. 262.

[193]Helen F. Sanders, _op. cit._, p. 268.

[194]_Ibid._, p. 282.

[195]W. T. Sherman, _Reports of Inspection Made in the Summer of 1877_
(Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1878), p. 34.

[196]Heister D. Guie and L. V. McWhorter, editors, _Adventures in Geyser
Land_, by Frank D. Carpenter (Caldwell, Idaho: The Caxton Printers,
Ltd., 1935), p. 279.

George F. Cowan was born in Ohio in 1842. He was with the first
volunteers during the Civil War. He attained the rank of Sergeant.
At this time he was one of Montana's leading attorneys.

[197]Chester A. Fee, _op. cit._, p. 218.

[198]Francis Haines, _op. cit._, p. 287.

[199]Heister Guie and L. V. McWhorter, _op. cit._, p. 223.

[200]Edwin J. Stanley, _Rambles in Wonderland_ (New York: D. Appleton
and Co., 1878), p. 166.

[201]Chester A. Fee, _op. cit._, p. 223.

[202]Heister D. Guie and L. V. McWhorter, _op. cit._, p. 225.

George F. Cowan's experiences were so peculiar that one is puzzled
to know whether he was the most lucky or unlucky of men. A train of
incidents followed his suffering in the Park. Near Fort Ellis the
neck yoke broke, and the Cowan party was thrown out of the carriage.
At Bozeman, when Mr. Arnold was dressing Cowan's wounds in the hotel
room, the bedstead gave way and down went the injured man.

[203]Andrew J. Weikert, "Journal of a Tour Through Yellowstone National
Park in August and September 1877," _Contributions_, Historical
Society of Montana, IV (1900), 185-99.

[204]H. M. Chittenden, _Yellowstone National Park_, p. 142. Stewart was
relieved of $260.00 and a watch.

[205]_Ibid._, p. 143.

[206]Heister D. Guie and L. V. McWhorter, _op. cit._, pp. 194-5.

Near the top of Mt. Everts, and toward its southern end, there is a
cliff formed by an ancient flow of lava. Upon a flat space, at the
foot of the cliff, one may find an inscription that reads, "Ben
Stone 1877."

[207]_Ibid._, p. 145.

[208]O. O. Howard, _Chief Joseph, His Pursuit and Capture_ (Boston: Lee
and Shephard, 1881), p. 243.

[209]Helen A. Howard and Dan L. McGrath, _op. cit._, p. 258.

[210]_Ibid._, pp. 260-1.

[211]Chester A. Fee, _op. cit._, pp. 248-9.

[212]Helen A. Howard and Dan L. McGrath, _op. cit._, pp. 271-2.

[213]This was Joseph's understanding, as revealed in all subsequent
statements.

[214]Chester A. Fee, _op. cit._, pp. 262-3.

[215]_Ibid._, p. 270.

[216]_Ibid._, p. 272.

[217]Helen A. Howard and Dan L. McGrath, _op. cit._, p. 183.

[218]Chester A. Fee, _op. cit._, p. 287.

[219]The Hayden and other government expeditions did quite a lot of
trail work in an informal manner. That is to say, they had large
parties and considerable baggage. In order to get through the forest
quite a lot of trail building became necessary.

[220]Jack E. Haynes, "The Expedition of President Chester A. Arthur to
Yellowstone National Park in 1883," _Annals of Wyoming_, January,
1942, p. 2.

[221]J. J. Leclercq, _La Terre des Marveilles_. An excerpt containing
this story is in Mercer Cook's _Portraits of Americans_ (New York:
D. C. Heath and Co., 1939), pp. 47-8.

[222]John Muir, _The Atlantic Monthly_, LXXXI (Jan. 1898), 15.

Edwin J. Stanley's _Rambles in Wonderland_ describes conditions as
of that time.

[223]P. W. Norris, _Annual Report 1880_, p. 584. See also Elno's "The
Lord of Hard Luck," _Dillon Examiner_, June 12, 1940.

[224]Heister D. Guie and L. V. McWhorter, _Adventures in Geyser Land_,
p. 71.

Texas Jack served as a guide for the Earl of Dunraven in 1874.

[225]Jones Bros. and McGill of Cody and Hougan and Phillips of Salt Lake
City, along with many others, conducted tours varying in duration
and cost. The fee varied from five to ten dollars a day per person.

[226]C. S. Walgamott, _Reminiscences_ (Twin Falls, Idaho, 1926), II, 78.

[227]John Muir, _The Atlantic Monthly_, LXXXI (April, 1898), 515.

[228]Alice W. Rollins, "The Three Tetons," _Harper's_, LXXIV (May,
1887), 876.

[229]_Ibid._

[230]Rudyard Kipling, _American Notes_, p. 126. "Buckskin Charley" was
Charles Marble; Yankee Jim's name was James George; Hofer's name was
Thomas Elwood Hofer.

[231]Yellowstone Park Scrap Book, II, 52. There are three volumes of
newspaper and magazine clippings in the Park Library at Mammoth,
Wyoming.

[232]_Ibid._, pp. 60, 123. See also I, 33, and III, 33.

[233]Alice W. Rollins, _op. cit._, p. 74.

[234]Silas S. Huntley was the guiding mind of the organization from 1892
to 1901, when H. W. Child succeeded to the management, which he held
until 1917. E. W. Bach was an active partner.

[235]The transportation setup as of 1914: Yellowstone Park
Transportation Company, Gardiner, Round Trip $25.00; Yellowstone
Western Stage Company, Yellowstone, Montana, $20.00; Holm
Transportation Company, Cody, Wyoming, five days $25.00; Wylie
Permanent Camping Company maintains permanent camps and operates a
line from Gardiner, also West Yellowstone and Camp Cody (East Gate).
The camps: Swan Lake Basin, Riverside, Upper Geyser Basin, Outlet of
Lake, Grand Canyon, Camp Cody and Tower Falls. Lunch stations at
Gibbon Geyser Basin and Thumb. Six day tour $40.00.

[236]Yellowstone Park Scrap Book, III, 20. Also Henry D. Sedgwick, Jr.,
"On Horse Back Through Yellowstone," _World's Work_, VI (June,
1903). Two of Yancey's buildings are still standing.

[237]Scrap Book, II, 4.

[238]_Report of the Secretary of the Interior 1884_, I, 73.

[239]A corrupt and incompetent concern called The Improvement Company
started a hotel in Mammoth. In 1884 this firm attempted to secure
private ownership of land in important localities through
Congressional action. When the move failed the firm went under. Its
interests were bought by the Yellowstone Park Association which was
financed by the Northern Pacific Railway.

[240]The Norris Hotel was replaced by a camp hotel and eating house,
which served until 1900, when a new one was completed. The hotel at
Old Faithful had not been profitable and was not replaced until
1903, when Old Faithful Inn was built.

[241]J. E. Rickards, ex-Governor of Montana, to the editor of _The Salt
Lake Tribune_, July 17, 1897.

[242]Scrap Book, II, 56.

[243]_Report of the Department of the Interior 1907_, p. 533. The Boat
Company charged three dollars for a ride from Thumb to Lake Fishing
Bridge.

[244]Henry D. Sedgwick, _op. cit._, p. 3572.

[245]Scrap Book, I, 61.

[246]_Ibid._, Captain George S. Anderson earnestly prophesied that there
would not be a square mile of forest left standing in six months if
railroads were permitted to enter.

[247]Charles D. Warner, "Yellowstone National Park," _Harper's_, XCIV
(January, 1897), 323.

[248]_Annual Report 1907._ Several wells had to be dug between Norris
and Canyon.

[249]Horace M. Albright, _Park Service Bulletin_, April 14, 1934, p. 46.

[250]Lucien M. Lewis, "To the Old Stage Driver," _Overland Monthly_,
LXIX (July, 1917), 52.

[251]Yellowstone Park Automobile Regulations for the Season of 1916.
Department of the Interior _Bulletin_. Here is an example of the
procedure:

SCHEDULE A
Gardiner to Norris Miles Not earlier than Not later than
Leave Gardiner Entrance 0 6:00 A.M. 6:30 A.M.
Arrive Mammoth Hot Springs 5 6:20 7:00
Leave Mammoth Hot Springs 0 6:45 7:15
Leave 8 Mile Post 8 8:00
Arrive Norris 20 8:30 9:00

Schedule B was for the P.M.

Bicyclists were also closely regulated. Upon meeting a team the
rider was required to stop and stand between his cycle and the team.
He could not pass a team from the rear without a signal.

People on horseback were expected to observe every precaution in
passing teams of all sorts.

[252]_Reports of the Department of the Interior 1917_, p. 812.

[253]Chas. Van Tassell, _Truthful Lies_ (Bozeman, Montana, 1921).

[254]_Reports of the Secretary of the Interior 1936_, p. 132. The firms
combined in this consolidation were The Yellowstone Park Hotel Co.,
The Yellowstone Park Transportation Co., The Yellowstone Park Lodge
and Camps Co., and The Yellowstone Park Boat Company.

[255]_Ibid._, 1939, p. 300.

[256]There are two service stations in Old Faithful Camp. Some people
complain because they cannot get their favorite gasoline. However,
it would be both unsightly and impractical to allow each company a
half-dozen representatives. There are no pumps at all at Madison and
Norris stations.

[257]_Park Service Bulletin_, Nov., 1936, p. 12.

[258]Richard G. Lillard, _The Great Forest_ (New York: Alfred A. Knopf,
1948), p. 32.

[259]_Ibid._, p. 68.

[260]_Ibid._, p. 9.

[261]Hans Huth, _Yosemite, the Story of an Idea_. Reprint from the
_Sierra Club Bulletin_, March 1948, p. 48.

[262]Richard G. Lillard, _op. cit._, p. 85.

[263]Richard G. Lillard, _op. cit._, p. 256.

[264]Hugh H. Bennett, "Thomas Jefferson Soil Conservationist," U. S.
Department of Agriculture, No. 548 (1944).

[265]Karl B. Mickey, _Man and Soil_ (Chicago: International Harvester
Co., 1945), p. 17.

[266]Hans Huth, _op. cit._, p. 73.

[267]George Catlin, _The Manners, Customs, and Conditions of the North
American Indians_ (London, 1841), I, 262.

[268]Hans Huth, _op. cit._, p. 52.

[269]Walter Mulford, _Forest Influences_ (New York: McGraw Hill Book
Co., 1948), p. 15.

[270]Hans Huth, _op. cit._, p. 68.

[271]_Ibid._, p. 69.

[272]_Ibid._

[273]Hans Huth said Frederick Law Olmstead admitted failure in his
attempt to discover the origin of public parks in this country. He
attributed it to "a spontaneous movement of that sort which we
conveniently refer to as the genius of our civilization." _Ibid._,
p. 60.

[274]Richard G. Lillard, _op. cit._, p. 260.

[275]This agency was later transferred to the Department of Agriculture.

[276]Richard G. Lillard, _op. cit._, p. 264.

[277]_Ibid._, p. 270.

[278]_Ibid._ National Legislation Executive Almanac in Brief:

1876--$2,000.00, appropriated to employ a competent man to
investigate timber conditions in the United States.
June 30, 1886--Act creating Division of Forestry in Department of
Agriculture.
March 3, 1891--President authorized to establish Forest Reserves;
Yellowstone Park Timberland Reserve proclaimed by President
Harrison on March 30, 1891.
June 4, 1897--Present National Forest Act passed.
July 1, 1901--Division of Forestry becomes Bureau of Forestry.
February 1, 1905--Bureau of Forestry becomes Forest Service.
March 1, 1911--Weeks Law passed.
April 11, 1921--Snell Bill introduced in Congress.
May 2, 1921--Capper Bill introduced in Congress.
June 7, 1924--Clarke-McNary Bill signed by President.
April 30, 1928--McNary-Woodruff Act signed by President.
May 22, 1928--McSweeney-McNary Act signed by President.
Jan. 1, 1931--Creation of the Timber Conservation Board.
1937--The Norris-Doxey Act.
1944--The Cooperative Sustained Yield Act.

Other Acts closely related to the Forestry program include, Civilian
Conservation Corps, the Agricultural Adjustment Administration,
Public Works Administration, Taylor Grazing Control Act, Farm
Security Act, and Tennessee Valley Authority.

[279]"National Parks and National Forests," a statement by the National
Park Service, Department of the Interior and the Forest Service,
Department of Agriculture.

[280]Earl of Dunraven, _op. cit._, p. 34.

[281]William T. Hornaday, _Our Vanishing Wild Life_ (New York: New York
Zoological Society, 1913), p. 2.

[282]_Ibid._, p. 63.

[283]Earl of Dunraven, _op. cit._, p. 6.

[284]_Ibid._, p. 15.

[285]Extinct species include: great auk, Pallas's cormorant, Labrador
duck, Eskimo curlew, passenger pigeon, Carolina parakeet,
yellow-winged green parrot, heath hen, whooping crane, upland
plover. Other effective wild life conservation advocates were Dr.
Theodore S. Palmer, Edward H. Forbush, T. Gilbert Pearson, John B.
Burnham, and William T. Hornaday.

[286]Earl of Dunraven, _op. cit._, p. 181.

[287]_Ibid._, pp. 182-3.

[288]Nathaniel P. Langford, "The Ascent of Mount Hayden," _Scribner's
Monthly_, III (June, 1873), 133-40. The author does not necessarily
imply that Langford reached the summit.

The author has possession of a part of Mr. Leigh's diary, numerous
dictations, and items relative to "Beaver Dick."

[289]F. H. Knowlton, "The Tertiary Flowers of the Yellowstone National
Park," _The American Journal of Science_, No. 7 (July, 1896).

[290]Chittenden says that Norris Geyser Basin was discovered from the
top of Bunsen Peak in 1872. E. S. Topping and Dwight Woodruff saw a
large column of steam ascending far to the south. They made an
investigation and reported their find. The next day Mr. and Mrs. H.
H. Stone, of Bozeman, Montana, visited the basin. Mrs. Stone was one
of the first white women to enter the Park. Perhaps she was the
first excepting certain members of earlier missionary parties.

[291]N. P. Langford's Diary, Second Trip To Yellowstone 1872. MS. in
Yellowstone Park Library, Mammoth, Wyoming. Dr. Hayden and his
co-workers returned in 1878. In this investigation they made
detailed reports upon many hot springs and geysers. The season's
study, richly embellished with engravings and colored plates, was
published in Hayden's _Report_ in 1883.

[292]Lewis R. Freeman, _Down the Yellowstone_ (New York: Dodd, Mead and
Co., 1922), p. 57.

[293]P. W. Norris, _Annual Report 1880_, p. 7.

[294]R. Kipling, _American Notes_, p. 174. Also see T. A. Jagger's
article, "Death Gulch, A Natural Bear Trap," _Popular Science_, LIV
(February, 1899), 5-6.

[295]Jack Ellis Haynes states that A. F. Norris, C. M. Stephens, and J.
Davis spent the winter of 1879-80 in the headquarters building at
Mammoth.

[296]William Ludlow, _Report to the War Department 1875_, pp. 36-7. Mr.
Ludlow made a reconnaissance from Carrol, Montana to Yellowstone
Park and returned.

[297]Yellowstone Scrap Book, II, pp. 37, 56.

[298]_Report of the Secretary of the Interior 1884_, II (Washington, D.
C.: Government Printing Office, 1885), p. 565.

[299]_Ibid._, 1889, III, p. 133.

[300]Some of these territorial officials, known in local parlance as
"rabbit catchers," formed an alliance with the assistant
superintendent. By this means the latter shared, as informers, the
fines levied by themselves. H. M. Chittenden, _op. cit._, p. 113.

[301]_Ibid._, p. 134. See also _Report_ for 1906, p. 522 and _The
Independent_, Butte, Montana, Nov., 1895.

[302]H. M. Chittenden, _op. cit._, p. 114.

[303]_Report of the Secretary of the Interior_, II, 873.

[304]_Report of the Secretary of the Interior_, III (1889), 134.

[305]_Ibid._, p. 133.

[306]Henry H. Lewis, "Managing a National Park," _The Outlook_, LXXIV
(August, 1903), 1037.

[307]_Report of the Secretary of the Interior 1889_, III, 129.

[308]_Ibid._, p. 130.

[309]Jack Ellis Haynes, _Haynes Guide_, p. 160.

[310]Emerson Hough, "Yellowstone Park Game Exploration," _Forest and
Stream_, XLIII, Nos. 8-12. A series of articles covering this
exploration appeared in each issue from March until August 25, 1894.

[311]T. J. Patterson, Yellowstone Park Scrap Book, I, 124.

[312]S. B. M. Young's _Annual Report 1897_, p. 779.

[313]Benjamin Drew, _Souvenir List_, Mammoth, Wyoming. One of the
victims was struck over the head with the Winchester; whereas a
Chicago lady was able to get a snapshot of the desperado. Rewards
offered aggregated $1,100.00.

[314]Heister D. Guie and L. V. McWhorter, _Adventures in Geyser Land_,
p. 64. Also Earl of Dunraven, _op. cit._, p. 206.

[315]Frederick Remington, _Pony Tracks_ (New York: Harper and Bros.,
1895), p. 192.

[316]Arnold Hague, "Soaping Geysers," _Science_, XIII (May 17, 1889),
384. Dr. Arnold Hague and John H. Renshawe of the Geological Survey
studied the Park in 1883.

[317]John Muir, "The Yellowstone National Park," _The Atlantic Monthly_,
LXXXI (April, 1898), 520.

[318]Land in the reserves adjacent to the Park yield 30¢ per acre from
lumbering and 50¢ for grazing; whereas the water storage value alone
is $12.50. Then, too, there are extensive agricultural improvements
contingent upon the water supply. These would approximate $30.00 per
forest acre. Statement made to the author by range supervisor, Faber
Eaton, on August 9, 1943.

[319]_Annual Report of the Acting Superintendent 1894_, p. 661.

[320]There have been exceptions to the rule. Certain animals have been
classed as predators at given times and thinned out.

[321]The average sagebrusher (camper) considers bears as an unmitigated
nuisance. Because of them, he must exercise vigilance at all times
or his food will be carried away.

[322]_Reports of the Department of the Interior 1918_, p. 827.

Strong demands were also made to open the Park for sheep grazing.

[323]_Report of the Secretary of the Interior 1938_, p. 6.

[324]Yellowstone Scrap Book, I, 57.

[325]_Ibid._

[326]_Report of the Acting Superintendent of Yellowstone National Park
1895_, p. 824.

[327]These stations were located at Norris, Riverside, Fountain, Upper
Geyser Basin, Thumb, Snake River, Lake Sylvan Pass, Soda Butte,
Tower Falls, Fort Yellowstone, and Gardiner.

[328]There are more than thirty of these journals in the Park Library at
Mammoth, Wyoming.

[329]Yellowstone Scrap Book, II, 105.

[330]R. Kipling, _op. cit._, p. 153.

[331]John Muir, _op. cit._, April, 1898, p. 510.

[332]Charles D. Warner, "Yellowstone National Park," _Harper's_, XCIV
(January, 1897), 94.

[333]_Annual Report 1894_, p. 133.