Chapter XXXII: Part III: Occupation and Development

The bibliography of this section would include all that has come before, and much from pamphlets, historical society publications, local histories, and records of anniversary celebrations, which would make too long a list of sources. There are no general works on this phase of the life of the Great Lakes. Archer B. Hulbert’s _Historic Highways of America_ (16 vols.) contains much that is of interest about roads to the lakes, especially in volumes 1, 2, 7, 8, 11, 12, and 14. J. F. Rhodes’ _History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850_ (7 vols.) has in its earlier volumes valuable references and accounts of happenings in its period. In general, however, one must turn to the local records and state histories.

L. P. Powell has gathered and edited two volumes entitled _Historic Towns of the Middle States_, and _Historic Towns of the Western States_. Seven suggestive books are: Parker’s _Rochester, A Story Historical_, and H. O’Reilly’s _Sketches of Rochester_; _The Niagara Book_, by W. D. Howells, N. S. Shaler, and others, and F. H. Severance’s _Old Trails on the Niagara Frontier_; Urann’s _Centennial History of Cleveland_; W. P. Strickland’s _Old Mackinaw_, 1860; and A. T. Andreas’ _History of Chicago_ (3 vols.).

The Buffalo Historical Collections have much material about the Erie Canal, as has W. W. Campbell’s _Life and Writings of De Witt Clinton_. J. L. Barton’s _Commerce of the Lakes and the Erie Canal_, William Norris’ _Map of the Railroads and Canals in the United States and Canada, August, 1834_, _Early Chicago Railroads, 1838_, and W. K. Ackerman’s _Early Illinois Railroads_, in _Fergus Historical Series_, No. 23, pp. 3–62, and a little book, _Instructions for Running Railroads_, 1862, are all good for the years of rapid development about the lakes. Two other books on railroads should be included: F. H. Spearman’s _The Strategy of Great Railroads_ and Mott’s _Between Ocean and Lakes_.

There are two contemporary lives of Stephen A. Douglas, one by J. W. Sheahan, published in 1860 for campaign purposes, and another, _The Life and Speeches of Stephen A. Douglas_, by a “Member of the Western Bar.” Allen Johnson has recently brought out a valuable life of this Illinois statesman. Nicolay and Hay’s _Abraham Lincoln, A History_ (10 vols.) is the standard work on Lincoln. J. W. Headley has written on _Confederate Operations in Canada and New York_, giving an intimate account of events in which he played an active part. F. J. Turner is the authority on the fur trade, which he has described in _The Character and Influence of the Indian Trade in Wisconsin_, Johns Hopkins Studies, Vol. IX.

_Gazetteers and Travels_

In the numerous guide-books and records of travellers of the past one hundred and twenty-five years is written most vividly the story of the Great Lakes. Each one of those we mention contributes something to the account of the region.

_Travels._ J. Carver’s _Travels through the Interior Parts of North America in 1766, 1767, 1768_; I. Weld’s _Travels, 1795–1797_; J. Harriott’s _Struggles through Life_, etc., 1796, ii, 97–149; Sutcliff’s _Travels, 1804, 1805, 1806_; John Melish’s _Travels in the United States in 1806 and 1807 and 1809, 1810, 1811_ (2 vols.); Schultz’ _Travels on an Inland Voyage_, 1807 and 1808; F. Hall’s _Travels in 1816 and 1817_; J. M. Duncan’s _Travels_, ii, 3–120; _Views of Society and Manners in America, 1818–1820_, pp. 125–181; H. R. Schoolcraft’s _Narrative Journal of Travels from Detroit Northwest in 1820_, which gives an official account of the Cass expedition; William Dalton’s _Travels_, 1821; P. Stansbury’s _Pedestrian Tour in 1821_, giving an account of a trip from Albany to Niagara; C. H. Wilson’s _The Wanderer in America_, 1823; T. L. McKenney’s _Sketches of a Tour to the Lakes_, which is very valuable; Basil Hall’s _Travels in North America in 1827 and 1828_, treating in vol. i of this region; Anne Royall’s _Black Book_, vol. i; John Fowler’s _Journal of a Tour in the State of New York in 1830–1831_. We come now to a set of travels which tell of the western lakes in particular and give a picture of their towns: _A Winter in the West, by a New Yorker_ (2 vols.), 1835; _Life on the Lakes_, telling of a Lake Superior trip in 1836 by the author of “Legends of a Log Cabin”; Bela Hubbard’s _Memorials of Half a Century_, also of a voyage to Lake Superior. J. L. Peyton’s _Over the Alleghanies and Across the Prairies_, 1848, and Captain Mackinnon’s _Atlantic and Trans-Atlantic Sketches_, i, 141–233, give vivid pictures of lake travel. Lillian Foster was in Chicago in 1860, and tells in _Wayside Glimpses_, pp. 200–224, her impressions of Douglas and the political situation. Margaret Fuller spent a _Summer on the Lakes in 1843_; Charles Dickens went to Niagara, which he describes in his _American Notes_, 1842, and Harriet Martineau wrote a _Retrospect of Western Travel_ (3 vols.), 1838, in which she devotes seventy pages of the first volume to a trip from Albany to Niagara. Two accounts of travel in Minnesota are E. S. Seymour’s _Sketches of Minnesota_, 1850, and C. C. Andrews’ _Minnesota and Dacotah_, 1857.

_Gazetteers and Guides_ (arranged alphabetically). S. R. Brown’s _The Western Gazetteer_, 1817; E. Dana’s _Description of the Bounty Lands of Illinois in 1819_, and _Geographical Sketches on the Western Country_, 1819; William Darby’s _Emigrants’ Guide to the Western and Southwestern States and Territories_, 1818; G. M. Davison’s _The Fashionable Tour_, with several successive editions under the title, _The Traveller’s Guide_, 1830–1840; J. Disturnell’s _The Western Traveller_, 1844, and _A Trip through the Lakes of North America_, 1857; T. Dwight’s _The Northern Traveller_; A. D. Jones’ _Illinois and the West_, 1838, which is especially good on pioneer conditions; John Melish’s _Geographical Description of the United States_, _Information and Advice to Emigrants_, and _Traveller’s Directory_, 1815–1826; S. A. Mitchell’s _Illinois in 1837_; J. M. Peck’s _Gazetteer of Illinois_, _Guide for Emigrants_, and _New Guide for Emigrants to the West_, 1831–1848; J. C. Smith’s _The Western Tourist_, 1840, and Steele’s _Western Guide-Books_, 1830–1840; H. Spofford’s _Pocket Guide of the State of New York_, 1824; H. S. Tanner’s _The American Traveller_ (8th ed., 1842); and George Temple’s _The American Tourist’s Pocket Companion_, 1812.

INDEX

Adrian, 276, 285.

Albany, 91, 102, 228, 232, 237, 242, 248, 252, 256, 259.

Allouez, Father Claude, 41;
address to Indians, 45–47.

American Fur Company, 338.

Anderson, Robert, 207.

André, Father Louis, 41.

Astor, John Jacob, 338, 357.

Barclay, Commodore,
in command of British fleet on Lake Erie, 182, 183;
defeated by Perry, 184–187.

Battles,
Niagara, 108–111;
Bloody Run, 129, 130;
Fallen Timbers, 160, 161;
Tippecanoe, 166;
River Raisin, 180, 181;
Lake Erie, 183–187;
The Thames, 188, 189;
Chippewa Creek, 189;
Lundy’s Lane, 189;
Wisconsin Heights, 210, 211;
Bad Axe, 211.

Beall, John Yates, Confederate agent on the lakes, 322–326, 328, 329.

Bibliography, 385–391.

Black Hawk,
appearance and early career, 201–203;
his war, 205–212;
his eastern trip, 212–214.

Black Rock, 181, 182, 254.

Boone, Daniel, at Detroit, 152.

Brébeuf, Father Jean,
Jesuit missionary to Hurons, 25–37;
founder of mission, 25;
life among Indians, 25–33;
killed by Iroquois, 37.

Brock, Gen. Isaac, captures Detroit for British, 168–172.

Brulé, Étienne, first white man to see Lake Huron, 10, 14.

Buffalo,
founded, 220, 221;
in 1811, 246, 247;
terminus of Erie Canal,
254–256, 260;
in 1840, 266–269;
lumber market, 345, 346;
first steamboat launched at, 360;
grain elevators, 370;
rapid growth, 374, 375.

Buffalo roads, 229, 230.

Cadillac, La Mothe,
founder of Detroit, 88–98;
character, 88;
at Mackinac, 88;
at Detroit, 89–98.

Cadillac, Madame, 96.

Campbell, Capt., 124, 126.

Camp Douglas, 319–322, 326.

Canals,
Welland, 5, 283;
Hennepin, 6;
Rock River, 224;
Pennsylvania and Erie, 272, 284;
Ohio and Erie, 273, 283, 284;
Wabash and Erie, 276, 284;
Miami, 284;
Erie, _see under_ Erie;
“Soo,” _see under_ Sault Ste. Marie.

Cass, Lewis,
in War of 1812, 170;
governor of Michigan territory, 191–200;
early life, 192;
management of the territory, 193–196;
dealings with Indians, 196–200;
at Duluth, 200, 224, 225.

Champlain, Samuel de,
on Lake Huron, 10, 14;
early career, 12, 13;
among the Hurons, 14–23;
his writings, 23, 24.

Chicago,
military post, 166;
massacre at, 172–177;
under Governor Cass, 193, 198, 200;
town begun, 222, 223;
in 1840, 266, 275–279;
Lincoln and Douglas in, 299–316;
in Civil War, 318–322, 327–329;
first steamboat to, 361;
grain elevators, 369, 370;
the modern city, 379–383;
_see also_ Chicago River, _and_ Fort Dearborn.

Chicago University, 319, 381.

Cleveland,
founded, 164, 165, 219, 220;
in 1840, 272, 273;
coming of the first train, 289–291;
commerce, 291, 350, 351;
shipyards, 372, 373;
rapid growth, 374, 375, 377, 378.

Cleveland, Moses, 164, 219.

Clinton, De Witt, and the Erie Canal, 237, 238, 251, 254–260.

Confederate operations on the lakes, 317–329.

Connecticut, land cession, 219.

Conventions,
National Republican of 1860, 300, 311–314;
National Democratic of 1864, 321, 322.

Coureurs de bois, 41, 47, 107, 333, 334.

Dablon, Father Claude, 41.

Dalyell, Capt.,
at siege of Detroit, 128, 129;
killed, 130.

Davis, Jefferson,
in Black Hawk War, 207;
sends commissioners to Canada, 317.

Davison, Gideon, his Travellers’ Guides, 267–269.

Denonville, governor of New France, 87, 104.

Detroit,
founded by French, 87–100;
taken by British, 116;
blockaded by Pontiac, 118–134;
in 1776, 151–153;
an American post, 154, 163, 164;
taken by British, 166–172;
under Gov. Cass, 194, 195;
fire at, 221;
in 1840, 274, 275;
terminus of Michigan Central, 288;
rapid growth, 374, 375.

Detroit River,
visited by La Salle, 62, 63;
first recorded passage of, 63;
importance of, 88–91;
beauty of, 91–93;
military operations on, 125–131, 167–170, 187, 190, 323, 325;
commerce of, 371–373.

Douglas, Stephen A., 299–316;
early career, 302–306;
debates with Lincoln, 300, 309–311;
Senator, 305, 311, 314, 315;
supporter of Lincoln, 314–316;
death, 316.

Druilletes, Gabriel, 41.

Du Luth, Daniel G., 224, 334, 335.

Duluth,
Indian trading station, 224, 225, 334;
becomes a town, 225;
commerce of, 344, 354, 369.

Dunkirk, railroad celebration at, 291–293.

Erie, Lake,
discovered and explored, 61, 63;
forts on, 104, 108, 109, 118, 125, 164;
in War of 1812, 165–168, 179–190;
settlements on, 219, 220;
roads, canals, and railroads to, 232–241, 242, 251–265, 283–297;
travel on, 268–274;
in Civil War, 322–326;
commerce of, 343, 345, 360.

Erie, Penn.,
in 1840, 268, 272;
railroad war, 294–298;
underground railroad station, 302;
_see also_ Presque Isle _under_ Forts.

Erie Canal, 5, 195, 221, 226, 237, 238, 251–265;
building of, 251–254;
ceremony of opening, 254–260;
travel on, 261–263;
enlarged, 263–265, 271, 283.

Forts,
Frontenac, 52, 61, 105, 218;
Duquesne, 104;
Le Bœuf, 104, 106, 109;
Sandusky, 104, 125, 219;
Venango, 104, 106, 291;
Presque Isle, 104, 106, 109, 118, 125, 164, 219;
Washington, 158;
Recovery, 158;
Defiance, 159;
Harrison, 166;
Dearborn, 166, 172–177;
Wayne, 166, 174, 276;
Malden, 167–170, 180, 183, 187, 188;
William, 338–341.

Franklin, Benjamin, makes Great Lakes U.S. boundary, 347.

Frenchtown,
Hull at, 167;
American defeat at, 179–181.

Frontenac,
governor of New France, 50, 59, 67;
recalled, 73;
returns, 87;
his plan to occupy Great Lakes, 87, 88;
death, 87.

Fuller, Margaret, trip to the lakes, 278–282.

Fur trade,
carried on by French and English, 39, 51, 52, 66–68, 88, 89, 101,
102, 135, 145;
leading interest on the lakes, 330–342;
under the French, 331–335;
under the British, 335–342;
under the Americans, 155, 165, 337, 338, 341, 347.

Genesee Turnpike, 233.

Georgian Bay, 10, 12, 14, 25, 28, 148, 218.

Gladwin, Major,
in command at Detroit, 119;
blockaded by Pontiac, 119–133;
saves Detroit, 133.

Grain, handled by lake ports, 6, 369, 370.

Greeley, Horace, 297.

Green Bay, 76, 333, 337.

_Griffon_, _see under_ Ships.

Groseilliers, 39.

Hamilton, Gen.,
at Detroit, 151–153;
captured by Clark, 153.

Harmar, Gen., unsuccessful expedition against Indians, 156, 161, 174.

Harriott, John, journey to Lake Erie, 242–246.

Harrison, Gen. W. H.,
at Tippecanoe, 166;
Lake Erie expedition, 179, 180;
battle of the Thames, 187–189.

Harvey, C. T., designer and builder of “Soo” Canal, 362–364.

Hawley, Jesse, and Erie Canal, 237.

Heald, Capt.,
in command at Fort Dearborn, 172–177;
escapes massacre, 176, 177.

Hennepin, Father Louis,
companion of La Salle, 51;
writes of Niagara, 52, 53;
and of the voyage, 58, 59;
names Lake St. Clair, 63.

Henry, Alexander,
adventures at Mackinac, 135–150;
copper mining, 347.

Hines, Capt., Confederate agent, 321, 322.

Hotels,
American, and Franklin, in Cleveland, 273;
Lake House, in Chicago, 277, 278;
Tremont House, in Chicago, 307, 308, 314, 316.

Hull, Gen.,
in War of 1812, 166–172;
surrenders Detroit, 171.

Huron, Lake,
discovered and explored, 10–14, 25–28, 37, 65, 71, 88, 150, 218;
travel on, 282;
commerce of, 336, 337, 360, 372.

Illinois,
part of Northwest Territory, 155;
becomes a state, 193;
Black Hawk War in, 201–214;
in 1840, 266, 267, 269, 270;
in 1850–1860, 299, 300, 302, 304, 305;
in Civil War, 318.

Indiana,
part of Northwest Territory, 155, 165;
becomes a territory, 191;
becomes a state, 193;
in 1840, 266, 267;
in Civil War, 318.

Indian treaties,
with La Salle, 56;
with La Barre, 76–83;
with Le Moyne, 102;
with Johnson, 131–133, 145, 149;
with Wayne (Treaty of Greenville), 162, 164, 219, 222;
with Cass, 198–200, 224, 225;
with U. S. government, 202.

Indian tribes,
_Iroquois_ or Five Nations, location and organization, 11, 12, 232;
their relations to the French, 17–22, 36–38, 54, 60, 74–84;
at Niagara, 102, 217;
_Hurons_, location, 12–16;
at war with Iroquois, 16–23, 36, 37;
_Algonquins_, 12, 114;
_Neutral Nation_, 33;
_Ojibways_, 114;
_Ottawas_, 114, 120, 144, 145;
_Illinois_, 114, 134;
_Chippewas_, 138–145;
_Sauk_ and _Fox_, 202–214.
_For Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, Senecas_, see under
_Iroquois_.

Iroquois Trail, 231, 232, 251.

Jesuits,
missions to Hurons, 25–38;
to Iroquois, 38;
at Sault Ste. Marie, 34, 35, 39;
at La Pointe, 39, 41;
at Manitoulin Island, 41.

Jogues, Father Isaac, Jesuit missionary,
among Hurons, 32, 34;
visits and names Sault Ste. Marie, 35;
captured and killed by Iroquois, 35, 36.

Johnson, Sir William,
captures Niagara, 106–111;
Indian conferences, 131, 132, 133, 146–149.

Johnston, Albert, 207.

Joncaire, 101, 108.

La Barre, Gen. Le Febvre de, 73–84;
expedition against Iroquois, 74–84.

La Motte, companion of La Salle, 53–56.

La Pointe, 39, 41.

La Salle, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de,
early career, 49–51;
builds the _Griffon_, 56–60;
on Lakes Erie, Huron, and Michigan, 61–71.

Le Caron, Father Joseph, 10, 15, 16.

Le Moyne, Charles (1st), 103.

Le Moyne, Charles (2d), with La Barre, 75, 80, 82, 104.

Le Moyne, Charles (3d), builds Fort Niagara, 102–104.

Le Moyne, Father, 38.

Lewiston, 54, 102, 232, 238.

Lincoln, Abraham,
in Black Hawk War, 206;
debates with Douglas, 300, 302, 308–311;
nominated for presidency, 311–314.

Lockport, 253, 256, 257, 264.

Logan, Gen. John A., 3, 316.

Lumber,
forest distribution, 342, 343;
industry, 343–347.

McDougall, Lieut., at Detroit, 124, 126.

Mackinac (called Michilimackinac, Mackinaw),
trading post, 66, 67, 88, 218, 223, 224, 281;
Northwest Fur Company and American Fur Company station, 335–338,
357;
lumber region, 344;
fort at, 118, 135–150, 166, 168, 169, 177, 224, 268.

Manitoulin Island, 41, 281.

Marquette, 42, 218.

Massachusetts land cession, 220.

Melish, John, journey in western New York, 246–248.

Ménard, Father, on Lake Superior, 39.

Michigan,
part of Northwest Territory, 155;
a separate territory under Cass, 191–196;
becomes a state, 196;
in 1840, 266, 267;
railroads, 284–288;
lumber trade, 343–345;
mineral wealth, 347–351.

Michigan, Lake,
discovered and explored, 35, 39, 40, 49, 67–71;
forts on, 70, 118, 119, 166, 172–178;
settlement on, 198, 200, 222, 223;
travel on, 279–281;
commerce of, 337, 357, 361, 369, 370.

Michigan City,
in 1840, 266, 276;
underground railroad station, 302.

Milwaukee,
founded, 223, 224;
in 1840, 266, 279, 280;
fur trade of, 337;
port for grain, 369;
rapid growth, 374, 375.

Minerals,
copper, 4, 8, 347, 348;
iron, 4, 8, 348–354, 367–369;
lead, 201, 202.

Minnesota,
lumber trade, 343, 344, 346;
mineral wealth, 352–354.

New York,
home of Iroquois tribes, 11, 12;
Indian trails, 231, 232;
turnpikes, 232–236, 242–250;
canals, 237, 250–265;
railroads, 238–241, 291–298.

Niagara,
discovered, 52–61;
held by French, 101–105;
taken by English, 105–112;
Indian convention at, 132, 149;
in War of 1812, 181, 182, 189.

Niagara Falls,
location, 5;
seen by Hennepin, 52, 53;
description of, 53;
visited, 246.

Niagara, Fort,
built, 101–105;
captured by British, 105–113;
centre of British influence, 153.

Niagara River,
key to the lakes, 54–60;
in War of 1812, 181, 182, 189.

Nicolet, 35, 331.

Nipissing, Lake, 13, 27, 34, 218.

Northwestern Fur Company, 224, 335, 338–341.

Ohio,
part of Northwest Territory, 155;
becomes a state, 191;
in 1840, 266, 267;
canals, 283, 284;
railroads, 284–291;
underground railroad, 301, 302;
in Civil War, 318.

Onondaga, _see_ Syracuse.

Ontario, Lake,
discovered and explored, 17, 22, 52, 56, 75;
forts on, 52, 61, 100–112, 189, 218;
travel on, 242;
commerce of, 336.

Ordinance of 1787, 155, 191.

Oswego,
trading post, 102, 105, 333;
Johnson at, 132, 133;
fort, 219;
village, 220, 221.

Pennsylvania,
canals, 284;
railroads, 291–297, 299, 302, 368.

Perrot, Nicholas, 201.

Perry, Oliver Hazard,
early life, 181;
in charge of Lake Erie fleet, 181–182;
battle of Lake Erie, 183–187, 190.

Pontiac,
meets Rogers, 113;
character and early career, 113–116;
blockades Detroit, 119–131;
later life and death, 133.

Pouchot, Capt., French officer at Niagara, 105;
besieged by English, 106–111;
surrenders, 111.

Prideaux, Gen., killed at Niagara, 105, 106.

Proctor, Gen. Henry,
at Malden, 180, 187;
defeated, 188, 189.

Radisson, 39.

Railroads,
Mohawk and Hudson, 238, 240;
New York Central, 241, 291, 298;
Michigan Central,
284, 287, 288;
Kalamazoo and Erie, 285, 286;
Michigan Southern, 285;
Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati, 288–291;
New York and Erie, 291–298;
Illinois Central, 305, 306;
Iron Mountain Road, 351;
_see also under_ Roads.

Rivers,
Chicago, 70, 218, 222;
Cuyahoga, 113, 219;
Detroit, _see under_ Detroit River;
Fox-Wisconsin, 98, 218;
Genesee, 56, 220, 233, 235, 246, 252, 257;
Illinois, 66, 71, 106;
Maumee, 133, 159, 178, 179, 218, 276, 284;
Milwaukee, 223;
Mississippi, 12, 49, 104, 154, 155, 201–203, 211, 218, 225, 299;
Mohawk, 232, 237, 246, 252, 259, 264;
Niagara, _see under_ Niagara River;
Ohio, 49, 104, 154, 158, 165, 228, 284, 302;
Oswego, 102;
Ottawa, 10, 13, 27, 51, 90, 154, 218;
Raisin, 179–181;
Rock, 201–208, 212;
Sandusky, 183, 187;
St. Croix, 225, 344;
St. Joseph’s, 70, 119, 161, 218, 275;
St. Lawrence, 12, 13, 74, 84, 96, 104, 147, 236;
Thames, 188–190;
Wabash, 177, 218;
Wisconsin, 201, 202, 210, 211, 212.

Roads,
buffalo roads, 229, 230;
Indian trails, 230–232;
turnpikes, 232–236, 247–250;
log-roads, 243;
railroads, 238–241, 283–298, 305, 344, 351, 353.

Rochester,
founded, 220;
turnpike to, 235, 236;
on Erie Canal, 252;
canal celebration at, 257, 258.

Rochester, Nathaniel, 220, 235.

Rogers, Major Robert,
meets Pontiac, 113;
at Detroit, 116, 128, 129.

Rome, 232, 258, 259.

Saginaw, 198, 344.

St. Clair, Gen., his defeat, 156–159, 174.

St. Clair, Lake, named, 63, 64.

Saint Lusson, Daumont de, his ceremony at Sault Ste. Marie, 40–48.

Sandusky,
in 1840, 268, 272, 273;
Underground Railroad station, 302;
in Civil War, 322–325, 328;
_see also under_ Forts.

Sandwich,
American army at, 168, 169;
evacuated by British, 187, 188.

Sault Ste. Marie,
discovered, 34, 35, 39;
Saint Lusson at, 39–48;
Henry at, 137, 145–148;
Cass at, 199;
Margaret Fuller at, 282;
“Soo” Canal built, 7, 8, 351, 362–365;
commerce of, 8, 364, 372.

Schenectady, 232, 238, 240, 268.

Scott, Gen. Winfield, in Black Hawk War, 207, 212.

Ships,
kinds of,
bateau, 127, 129, 358, 359;
canal boat, 255–259, 261–264;
canoe, 356–359;
pirogue, 359;
sailing vessel, 359, 360, 365;
steamboats, 268, 269, 279, 360–362, 371;
steel freighters, 365–370;
whalebacks, 370, 371;
ice-breakers, 371, 372;
_Griffon_,
first sailing vessel on the lakes, 51–69;
built by La Salle, 51–60;
on the lakes, 61–68;
lost, 69, 359, 373;
_Beaver_, at Detroit, 120, 127, 359;
_Gladwin_, at Detroit, 120, 126, 127, 130, 359;
ships in battle of Lake Erie, 183–187;
on Erie Canal, 255–259;
in Civil War, 322–326, 329;
_Walk-in-the-Water_, first steamboat on the lakes, 360, 361, 373.

Sons of Liberty, 318–322, 328.

Stage wagons, 234, 236, 243–245, 247, 248.

Superior,
Indian trading station, 224, 225;
became a town, 225;
commerce of, 344, 369.

Superior, Lake,
discovered and explored, 39, 198–200, 224;
settlement on, 225;
commerce of, 336–341, 344, 347–354, 357, 360–370.

Syracuse (Onondaga), 232, 252, 264.

Taylor, Col. Zachary, 207.

Tecumseh,
leads Indian uprising, 165, 166;
with the British, 169, 170, 187–189;
killed, 189.

Toledo,
in 1840, 266, 276;
terminus of canal and railroad, 284, 287;
rapid growth, 375, 383.

Tolls, table of, 235, 236.

Tonty, companion of La Salle, 56, 70.

Tonty, Madame, 96.

Toronto, 148, 219.

Tower, Charlemagne, opens iron mines, 352, 354.

Travel,
bibliography, 389–391;
to Lake Erie, in 1796, 242–246;
in 1811, 246–250;
on Erie Canal, 261–263;
on Great Lakes in 1840, 266–282.

Travellers,
John Harriott, 242–246;
John Melish, 246–248;
an Englishwoman, 248, 249;
Anne Royall, 261–263;
Margaret Fuller, 278–282.

Treaties,
treaty of Paris, 1782, 153, 154;
Jay’s treaty, 1796, 163;
treaty of Ghent, 1814, 190;
_see also_ Indian treaties.

Turnpikes, _see under_ Roads.

Two Harbors, 353, 354.

Underground Railroad, 301, 302.

Utica (Fort Schuyler), 232, 233, 238, 245, 248, 260, 262.

_Walk-in-the-Water_, _see under_ Ships.

Wayne, Anthony,
Indian campaign, 156–164;
makes treaty of Greenville, 162;
death, 164.

Wells, William, at Fort Dearborn massacre, 174–177.

Wigwam, Republican, 311–315.

Wisconsin,
part of Northwest Territory, 155;
called Huron district, 193;
Black Hawk War in, 201, 210–212;
in 1840, 266, 267;
lumber trade, 343–346;
mineral wealth, 351, 352, 354.

Stories from American History

Yankee Ships and Yankee Sailors

By JAMES BARNES

Tales of 1812, by the author of “Drake and his Yeomen,” “For King and Country,” etc. Illustrated by R. F. ZOGBAUM and CARLTON T. CHAPMAN.

_Cloth, $1.50_

The Wilderness Road

By H. ADDINGTON BRUCE

The central figure in this story of the early development of the Middle West is Daniel Boone, the man who blazed the famous Wilderness road. In telling his story Mr. Bruce touches on such matters as the economic and social factors influencing the movement across the mountains, and the significance of that movement with relation to the growth of revolutionary sentiment in the American colonies, etc. To be illustrated.

_In preparation_

The Story of the Great Lakes

By EDWARD CHANNING and MARION F. LANSING

The Professor of American History in Harvard University, author of a number of volumes on the History of the United States, has found an immense amount of romance centred about the Great Lakes, from the time of their discovery and early exploration by the French missionaries down to the present time when they play so important a part in the industrial progress of the Middle West. This book tells the story of these great inland waterways, with special reference to those picturesque aspects of history which interest the general reader. To be illustrated.

_Cloth, $1.50_

The Story of Old Fort Loudon

By CHARLES EGBERT CRADDOCK

A Tale of the Cherokees and the Pioneers of Tennessee, 1760, by the author of “The Prophet of the Great Smoky Mountains.” Illustrated by ERNEST C. PEIXOTTO.

_Cloth, $1.50_

Southern Soldier Stories

By GEORGE CARY EGGLESTON

Forty-seven stories illustrating the heroism of those brave Americans who fought on the losing side in the Civil War. Humor and pathos are found side by side in these pages, which bear evidence of absolute truth. Illustrated by R. F. ZOGBAUM.

_Cloth, $1.50_

Tales of the Enchanted Isles of the Atlantic

By THOMAS WENTWORTH HIGGINSON

Legends showing that the people of Europe were for centuries fed with romances of marvellous and beautiful countries beyond the Atlantic. Besides the early Irish, Spanish, and other traditions of the Happy Islands of the West, there come to us, among others from our own race, the old stories of King Arthur and his Avalon; of St. Brandan’s Isle; of the Voyages of Erik the Viking; and of the vanishing Norumbega, so real a vision to the imaginations of Queen Elizabeth’s day. Illustrated by ALBERT HERTER.

_Cloth, $1.50_

De Soto and His Men in the Land of Florida

By GRACE KING

The author of “New Orleans: The Place and the People” has collected into an entertaining volume stories of the brilliant armada which sailed westward under De Soto in 1538 to subdue the natives and bring this country under the Spanish crown. Old Spanish and Portuguese narratives are the basis of its history. Illustrated by GEORGE GIBBS.

_Cloth, $1.50_

The Story of the New England Whalers

By JOHN R. SPEARS

Some of the most romantic and adventurous characters in American history are dealt with in this book, in which Mr. Spears tells the story of the American whaling industry. He has given us the life stories of the men who made New Bedford, Nantucket, and Marblehead--the men to whom more than to any others was due the upbuilding of the American merchant service in the early days of the Republic. Illustrated from photographs.

_Cloth, $1.50_

Buccaneers and Pirates of Our Coast

By FRANK R. STOCKTON

This book is an account--with efforts to sift falsifying legend and preserve the truth--of the offshoots of the early English, French, and Dutch combinations against Spanish exactions in West India waters. From the early buccaneer with a legitimate purpose came the pirate whose greed of booty was for private gain. Mr. Stockton has told wild stories of picturesque figures among both types of leaders, and his characteristic quaint turns of humor set them off entertainingly. Illustrated by G. VARIAN and B. W. CLINEDINST.

_Cloth, $1.50_

_PUBLISHED BY_
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
64–66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK

Abraham Lincoln

The Boy and the Man

By JAMES MORGAN

_With Many Interesting Portraits and Other Illustrations, many of them
secured for the book from Private Collections_

_Cloth, $1.50_

You may already know the great events of Lincoln’s life, but you will still find this simple, clear, straightforward story of the early hard work, the slow study for the practice of law, the single-minded stand “for the Union,” and the brave, quiet facing of every difficulty, the most fascinating record of any human life which you have known.

The _Chicago Tribune_ says of it editorially: “It tells the life story well. It is interesting. It is well written. It gives the significant facts one wants to know.”

The Seven Ages of Washington

By OWEN WISTER

_Attractively bound, illustrated in photogravure, $2.00 net_

The _New York Tribune_ says of it: “‘The Seven Ages of Washington’ ... gives a remarkable interpretation of its subject.... It is plain that the author has been moved to the depths of him by his hero’s worth, finding in the traditionally ‘cold’ figure of Washington a type to touch the emotions as vividly as Napoleon touches them in even his most dramatic moments. He passes on his impression in a few chapters which gather up everyday traits as they come out in letters and other records. The salient events in Washington’s career, military and political, are indicated rather than dwelt upon. The object of interest is always his character; the things placed in the foreground are the episodes, great or small, which show us that character in action or point to the sources of its development.... The background, like the portrait, is handled with perfect discretion. The reader who is searching for an authoritative biography of Washington, brief, and made humanly interesting from the first page to the last, will find it here.”

_PUBLISHED BY_
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
64–66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK

Transcriber’s Note

Some inconsistencies in spelling, hyphenation, and punctuation have been retained. If there were small-caps, Small capitals changed to all capitals.

This file uses _underscores_ to indicate italic text.

The transcriber was born and raised in the Great Lakes region (the greater Cleveland area) and still lives there as of this writing.

p. 332: changed “Groseillers” to “Groseilliers” (Radisson and Groseilliers returned to Quebec)

p. 395: changed “Groseillers” to “Groseilliers” (Groseilliers, 39.)