Chapter CXV: Greece a Roman Province

For centuries the Greeks had been in the habit of assembling at Corinth every three years for the celebration of the Isthmian games, in honor of Poseidon, god of the sea. Here, as at Olympia, there were races, wrestling and boxing matches, and contests in verse and song; and as usual the prizes were simple crowns of olive leaves, which were considered far more precious than silver or gold.

In 196 B.C. not only were the Greeks present at this celebration, but there were also many Romans who wished to witness the games. The Greeks were then particularly happy because the War of the Two Leagues seemed to be ended, and the country was at peace.

In the midst of the festival, Quin'tius Flam-i-ni'nus, the Roman consul, mounted the orator's block, and proclaimed that the Roman army had just won a great victory over the revolted King of Macedon, and that the Greek states were now indeed free.

These tidings were received with such a tumult of joyful cries, it is said, that a flock of birds that were flying overhead fell to the earth, stunned by the shock of cheers which rent the air.

This joy, however, did not last very long, for the new-won freedom of Greece existed in name only. As soon as the Romans had completed the conquest of Macedon under its last ruler, Perseus, they prepared to annex Greece also.

Their first move was to accuse the Achaeans of sending aid to Macedon. Under this pretext, one thousand leading citizens were seized, and sent to Rome to be tried.

Here they were kept in exile for many a year, longing to go home, and fuming against their detention. When they were finally allowed to return, they were so imbittered, that, as the Romans had foreseen, they soon stirred up a revolt among the Achaeans.

AE-mil'i-us Pau'lus, the conqueror of Macedon, then marched into Greece, and swept over the whole country. He took the city of Corinth, and burned it to the ground, after carrying off many of its most precious works of art to adorn his triumph.

Such was the ignorance of the Romans at that time, however, about all matters of art, that the sailors who were to carry these treasures to Rome were warned by the consul to be careful, as they would have to replace any article they had damaged or lost.

The Romans then placed garrisons in the principal Greek towns, and the country became a mere province of Rome, under the name of Achaia.

Thus ends the history of ancient Greece, which, though so small, was yet the most famous country the world has ever known,--the country from which later nations learned their best lessons in art, philosophy, and literature.

INDEX.

PAGE

Academy, gardens of 142

Achaean League 268-270

Achaeans exiled to Rome 281

Achilles, avenges Patroclus 50
betrays himself 46
death of 51
in the Styx 45
prophecy regarding 44

Acropolis, captured 88, 96
Parthenon on 149
statue of Athene on 115
temple to Theseus, near 28, 143

Adrastus 37-40

AEgean Sea, derivation of name 27
Persian vessels forbidden to enter 147

AEgeus 27

AEgina, Draco at Island of 88

AEneas, escape of 53

AEtolian League 268, 273

Agamemnon, insults priest of Apollo 48
King of Mycenae 44

Age of Pericles 146

Agesilaus, at Coronea 189
courage of 185, 199

Agis, condemned to death 275
type of old Spartans 271

Alcibiades, anecdotes of 161, 163, 164
hostility toward 166
killed by Persians 171
shield of 162

Alexander I 197-199

Alexander the Great, birthplace of 227
crosses Libyan desert 245
cuts Gordian knot 238
death of 236, 253
enters Jerusalem 244
generosity of 248
horsemanship of 229, 231
marriage of 252
omens concerning 227
prophecy of 256
self-denial of 251
takes title of "Shah in Shah" 249
tomb of 255
victory of 237, 246
visit of, to Diogenes 235

Alexandria, founded 244
Lighthouse of 264

Ambassador, life of, sacred 111, 120

Amphictyonic Council 20, 217, 224

Anaxagoras, philosopher 151, 152

Antalcidas, treaty of 190

Antigone 36, 40

Antigonus Doson 275

Antigonus Gonatas 269

Antigonus, "the one-eyed" 262

Antipater, governor of Macedon 256, 258, 260

Apollo sends plague 48
statue in honor of 264

Appetite, recipe for good 238

Aratus, leader of Achaean League 269
poisoning of 277

Arbela, battle at 246

Archon, how elected 87
origin of title of 57

Areopagus, court of law 91
Pisistratus before the 95

Aristides, anecdote of 118
burial of 141
discovers plans of Xerxes 133
recall of 124

Aristocrat, derivation of 95

Aristodemus, daughter sacrificed by 72
first ruler of Sparta 61

Aristogiton 99, 102

Aristomenes 73-77

Aristophanes 173-175

Aristotle, teacher of Alexander 231

Arridaeus 256, 261

Artaxerxes, befriends Themistocles 140
oath of 147
sends for Hippocrates 155
treachery of 181

Aspasia 152

Aster, an archer 220

Athene, festival in honor of 26
statue of 115, 149, 247
temple to 88, 101, 136, 149, 271

Athene, tree planted by 90, 137

Athenians, at Marathon 113-115
bribery of 189
build statues 102, 179
defeat Spartans 56
extravagance of 141
heroes among 113, 114
ingratitude of 117, 119
last of the 261
thirty-years' peace of 148

Athens, art in 149
becomes an oligarchy 87
burning of 132
called Cecropia 16
chains of Xerxes in 137
Olympic games at in, 1896 80
plague in 155
purification of 90
rebuilt 137
title of king in 56
voting in 91, 103

Athos, Mount 110, 124, 126

Babylon, city of 246
Hanging Gardens of 264

Bessus, treachery of 248

Brennus, leader of Gauls 267

Bucephalus, meaning of 229
monument to 250

Bulis, self-sacrifice of 120

Cadmus 17, 191

Canal dug by Xerxes 124

Cassander 260-263

Cassandra 42

Ceadas, pit of 75

Cecropia. See _Athens_.

Cecrops founds Athens 16

Chaeronea, battle at 225

Charilaus educated by Lycurgus 62

Charon, babe of, as pledge 193

Chilo dies of joy 86

Chilonis, self-sacrifice of 273

Chios, Island of 60

Cimon, banishment of 146
death of 147
generosity of 143
son of Miltiades 117

Cleombrotus 195, 273

Cleomenes 275, 276

Cleopatra, last of the Ptolemies 265

Clytus 228, 237, 249

Codrus, heroic death of 56

Coinage of money 24

Colchis, Golden Fleece in 25

Colossus of Rhodes 264

Comedy of "The Clouds" 174, 175

Corinth, city of 280, 281
Isthmus of 17, 131

Coronea 148, 189

Crete, location of 22

Criminals, punishment of 176
self-defense of 91

Crito 177, 179

Croesus, ruler of Lydia 253

Croton, Greek colony 81, 166

Cunaxa, battle at 180

Cyclops, meaning of 14

Cydnus, Alexander bathes in 240

Cylon 88

Cyrus, death of 180

Daedalus invents sails 22

Damocles' sword 209

Damon 204-208

Danaus teaches shipbuilding 17

Darius, army of, routed 113
audience chamber of 106
death of 119, 248
offers peace to Alexander 247
resolves to conquer Greece 108, 117
second army of 110
"The Great King" 104

Decelea, fortification of 168

Delos, Island of 177, 179

Delphi, temple at, rebuilding of 101
robbed 224
saved by thunderstorm 130, 267

Demeter, festival of 17, 191

Demetrius, generosity of 266
imprisonment of 267
"The Preserver" 263

Democedes, court physician 107

Democrat, derivation of 95

Demosthenes, cowardice of 226
joy of, at death of Philip 233
orator 221-223
takes poison 259

Deucalion 19, 20

Diana, goddess 47
temple of 65, 227, 237, 264

Diocles, traitor 269

Diogenes 234, 235

Dion 210-215

Dionysius the Elder 202-210

Dionysius the Younger 210-216

Dionysus, festival and theater of 92-94

Draco, cruel lawmaker 87, 88, 91

"Earth and water," demand for 110

Ecbatana, a walled city 104

Egyptians, civilization of 12

Epaminondas, as commander 196
dying words of 201
risks own life for Pelopidas 191

Ephesus, founded 56
taken by Alexander 237
temple at 227, 264

Ephialtes, perfidy of 128

Epimenides, long sleep of 90

Erostratus wins immortality 228

Eteocles quarrels with Polynices 37-39

Eurybiades, Spartan king 132-134

Flood of Ogyges 15

Furies, duty of 36

Galatia, how named 267

Golden Fleece, search for 25

Gordian knot, cutting the 240

Gordium 238

Granicus, battle near 237

Great Greece 54

Great King, The (see also _Darius_) 104

Greece, alphabet brought to 17
Egyptians settle in 13
freedom of 281
known as Achaia 282
punishment of criminals in 176
situation of 11

Greeks, at Thermopylae 127, 128
betrayal of 181
commercial journey by 26
geographical knowledge of 251
gods angry with 54
last of the 280
retreat of 182-184
statue judged by 83
Troy taken by 53
truce of 51
victory of, at Salamis 134

Hanging Gardens of Babylon 264

Harmodius, kills Hipparchus 99
statue in honor of 102

Hector, falls by hand of Achilles 50
kills Patroclus 50
sung by Homer 60

Hecuba, dream of 41

Helen runs away with Paris 43

Helios. See _Apollo._

Hellas, how named (see also _Greece_) 21

Hellen, second son of Deucalion 20

Hellespont, a narrow strait 109
bridging the 121

Helots, Spartan slaves 61
strike for freedom 145
temperance taught by 68

Hephaestion, drinks himself to death 252
friend of Alexander 236
mistaken for Alexander 241

Heracles. See _Hercules_.

Heraclidae, banishment of 28
regain possessions 55

Heraclides, treachery of 214

Hercules, birthplace of 28
festival instituted by 78
games in honor of 38

Hermes, destruction of statues of 166

Heroic Age 25, 57

Hipparchus 98, 99

Hippias, Athenian ruler 98
capture of 102
Darius' generals guided by 111
killed 113
seeks aid from Darius 105

Hippocrates drives out plague 156

Homer, birthplace of 60
blindness of 57
poems of, collected 97
rank of, as poet 58, 60

Hot Gateway 20, 125

Hymettus, honey of 17

Hyphasis River 251

Icarian Sea, how named 24

Icarus flies too high 24

Ilium. See _Troy_.

Immortals, bodyguard of Xerxes 122
gain Pass of Thermopylae 129

Inachus teaches Pelasgians 13

Ionia, derivation of name 21
location of 56, 104

Iphigenia rescued by Diana 47

Ipsus, battle of 265

Ismene dies of grief 40

Issus, Persians routed at 241

Isthmian games 280

Ithome, fortified city 72, 73

Jaddua, vision of 244

Jason commands the "Argo" 25

Jocasta, kills herself 35
Queen of Thebes 29

Jove, thunderbolts of 162

Jupiter, festival and statue of 78, 79
temple to 245
See also _Zeus_.

Labyrinth of Crete 22, 27, 264

Lacedaemon, how named 61

Laconia, adjective from 66
clemency shown to 197
location of 61

Laius, killed by OEdipus 31
words of oracle to 29

Lamia, fortress of 258

"Last of the Athenians" 261

"Last of the Greeks" 280

Leaena, courage of 100
honor to 103

Leonidas I., betrayal of 129
guards Thermopylae 125
reply of, to Xerxes 127

Leonidas II. 270-275

Leuctra, Theban victory at 196

Libya, temple at 245

Long Walls, building of 147
destruction of 170
rebuilding of 172

Lyceum, laying out of 96

Lycurgus, in Spartan history 61
iron money originated by 70
laws of 62-70

Macedon, location of 217

Mantinea, Theban victory at 199

Marathon, battle of 113-115
situation of 111

Mardonius, flight of 134

Mausolus, Tomb of 264

Mediterranean Sea, islands in 13
stretch of 11

Megacles, crime of 89, 101

Megalopolis, tomb in 280

Menelaus 42, 43

Messenia 71, 280

Messenians, bribed by Romans 280
thrown into Ceadas 75
war against Spartans 145

Messina, city and colony of 77, 166
Lighthouse of 264

Midas, cart of 238

Miletus 56, 137

Milo the athlete 81, 82

Miltiades, at Marathon 112
conviction and death of 117

Minerva. See _Athene_.

Mirage 245

Money, coining of 24
institution of iron 70

Morea, why so called 55

Nabis, tyrant 278

Navigation taught 17

Nearchus, exploration of 251

Nemean lion 38

Nemesis, statue of 116

Neptune. See _Poseidon_.

Nestor the wise man 44

OEdipus, answers Sphinx's riddle 34
attempted murder of 29
death of 36
fulfillment of prophecy concerning 31, 34
puts out his own eyes 35

Ogyges, flood of 15

Olympia, temple at 78

Olympiad as measurement of time 80

Olympias 227, 261

Olympic games, bearing arms during 126
excitement at 86
girls in 84
renewal of 80
time reckoned by 80

Ostracize, derivation of 104

Panathenaea, festival of 26

Paris, bringing up of 42

Paros, Island of 116

Parthenon 149, 264

Patroclus, armor of Achilles on 49
killed by Hector 50
sung by Homer 60

Pausanias, patriotism of mother of 139
successor of Leonidas 134
walled in 139

Pelasgians, homes and habits of 12
remains of, in old tombs 18
skill of, in building 14
spinning and weaving by 16

Pelopidae conquer Heraclidae 28

Pelopidas, exiled Theban 191
returns in disguise 193
slain in battle 199

Peloponnesian War, end of 170
length of 153

Peloponnesus, derivation of name 24
Dorians settle in 55
key of the 270
laid waste 154
present name of 55

Pelops teaches coinage of money 24

Perdiccas, against Ptolemy 260
receives Alexander's ring 253

Pericles, death of 156, 157
eloquence of 154
idol of the poor 144
improvement of Athens by 149
leader of the Athenians 146

Persepolis, burning of 248

Perseus builds Mycenae 17

Persian army, route of, to Greece 109

Persian fleet, destruction of 110
retreat of 115

Persian vessels shut out of the AEgean 147

Phalanx, Macedonian 218, 250

Pharnabazus 185-188

Pharos 264

Phidias, death of 149
Parthenon decorated by 149, 264
statues by 79, 116, 149

Philip of Macedon, ambition of 217, 220, 226
at Chaeronea 226
early training of 217
formation of Macedonian phalanx by 218
gift from, to Demosthenes 222
left eye of, put out 220
murder of 226
president of Amphictyonic Council 225
wealth of 218

Philippic, origin of 221

Philopoemon, anecdote of 279
"Last of the Greeks" 280

Philoxenus, a philosopher 202-204

Phocion, caution of 257
"Last of the Athenians" 261

Phoenicians, home of 13

Pindar, house of 233

Pisistratidae, expulsion of 102

Pisistratus, death of 98
hypocrisy of 95
improvement of Athens by 96

Plataea 134, 136

Plato, Olympic crown given to 212
pupil of Socrates 59
words of Socrates preserved by 177, 179

Poliorcetes, "the city taker" 263

Polynices 37-39

Porus, Indian king 250

Poseidon 52, 280

Priam, begs Hector's body 51
desertion of Paris by 41
sung by Homer 60

Prisoners of war as slaves 48, 61

Ptolemy, builds tomb for Alexander 255
conquered by Demetrius 263

Pyramids of Egypt 12, 264

Pyrrha 19, 20

Pythias 204-208

Quarries, The 203

Retreat of the Ten Thousand 185

Rome, Achaeans exiled to 281
art in 282
power of 270, 277

Roxana, imprisonment of 261
wife of Alexander 252

Sacred Battalion 195, 226

Sacred War 224

Salamis, victory at 134, 170

Sardis, burning of 109
taken by Alexander 237

Seleucia 265

Seleucus 262, 265, 267

Scyros, Island of, Achilles at 46
Theseus killed at 28, 143

Shipbuilding taught 17

Sicyon joins Achaean League 269

Sisygambis, love of, for Alexander 242, 255

Slaves, prisoners of war as 48, 61

Socrates, accusation against 175
belief and practice of 158, 176
death of 179
defense of 176
greatest philosopher of the world 171
last conversation of 177-179
life of Alcibiades saved by 162
statue of 179

Solon, laws of 91, 103, 170
play acting disapproved by 93
return of, to Athens 97

Sophocles 94

Sparta, earthquake at 144
location of 42
rebuilding of 146
rulers of 55
two kings of 61

Spartan, an expression of courage 66

Spartan babes, fate of 63

Spartan boys, education of 63-66
example of bravery of 65
fidelity instilled in 67
test of courage of 65
trained to steal 65

Spartan girls, carried off by Messenians 71
education of 63, 69

Spartan mother, admonition of 68

Spartans, ask aid of Athenians 74
at Pass of Thermopylae 129
attack Amphea 71
covet Messenia 71
degeneracy of 172, 270
force way into Thebes 190
freed from Achaean League 277
habits of 67, 68, 136
influence of superstition on 111, 154
join in Olympic games 79
overcome Messenians 75
rout of three thousand by twelve 195
seize Persian ambassadors 111
swear allegiance to Lycurgus 70

Sperthias, self-sacrifice of 120

Sphinx 33, 34

Styx, power of waters of 45

Sun, eclipse of 153, 154

Susa, statue at 247

Sybaris, prosperity of 165

Syracuse 166, 204

Temple, at Delphi, command from 19
at Ephesus 227, 264
at Libya 245
at Olympia 78
of Bel, rebuilding of 247
of Jupiter 246
of Neptune 258
protection by a 88, 139, 258, 271
rebuilding of a 247
saved by thunderstorm 130, 267
test of courage at 65

Theagenes, statue of 83

Theater, the first 93

Thebes, founding of 17
siege of 38-40
supremacy of 197
taking, of 191, 233

Themistocles, Athenian general 112
council planned by 125
courage of 133
exiled by Athenians 140
honor of 140
jealousy of 116

Thermopylae, Greeks at 127, 128
Pass of 20, 125

Thersander 40, 44

Theseum 143

Theseus, bones of 143
Greek hero 26-28

Thespians, bravery of 130

Thespis builds first theater 93

Thessaly, location of 55

Thirty Tyrants, the 170-172

Thrasybulus, statues to 172

Tigris, Greeks swim the 246

Torture, instrument of 278

Tragedy, Greek meaning of 93
writers of 94

Troy, burning of 53
location of 41
siege of 47-53
sung by Homer 60

Truce, hundred years' 28, 55

Tyrant, meanings of 97

Tyre, burning of 243

Tyrtaeus leads Spartans 75

Ulysses, in disguise 46
sung by Homer 60
the crafty king 44
wooden horse of 52

Vine, golden 106, 253

Voting in Athens 91, 103

War, end of Peloponnesian 170
engines of 124, 263
First Messenian 71
length of Peloponnesian 153
of the Epigoni 40
of the Two Leagues 277
Second Messenian 77

Wonders of the world 149, 228, 264

Xanthippe 158

Xenophon 159, 182

Xerxes I., canal dug by 124
defeat of 134
host of 121-124
sorrow of 122
vessels of, wrecked 126

Xuthus rules Athens 21

Zeus (see also _Jupiter_) 77, 151, 162