Chapter XV: Appendix: Tables of the Solar System

THE SUN AND PLANETS.

Name. Sidereal Mean Diameter. Surface. Volume. Mass. Density. Axial Force of Velocity period. distance Miles. Earth=1. Earth=1. Earth=1. Earth=1. Rotation. gravity. in orbit. from d. h. m. Fall: Miles per Sun. Ft. in 1 hour Millions sec. of miles. SUN ..... ..... 866,200 11,946 1,305,000 332,000 0.25 25 7 48 461 h. m. s. MERCURY 88 days. 36 3,008 0.144 0.055 0.066 1.26 24 5 30 7 107,000 VENUS 225 ″ 67 7,480 0.891 0.841 0.782 0.92 23 21 23 14 78,000 EARTH 365 ″ 93 7,926 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.00 23 56 4 16 66,000 MARS 687 ″ 141 5,000 0.398 0.251 0.107 0.45 24 37 23 4 53,000 Minor Planets Eros (433) 1.76 ..... 18 Eros is the nearest to the Sun of the Minor Planets, part years. of its orbit falling between the Earth and Mars. Vesta (4) 3.6 ″ 219 214 Vesta is the largest of the Minor Planets. Thule (279) 8.8 ″ 396 ..... Thule is the most distant from the Sun of the Minor Planets. JUPITER 11.8 ″ 483 88,439 124 1,389 317 0.23 9 55 21 41 29,000 SATURN 29.4 ″ 886 75,036 89 848 94 0.11 10 29 17 18 21,000 URANUS 84.0 ″ 1782 30,875 15 59 14 0.25 ? 13 15,000 NEPTUNE 164.6 ″ 2792 37,205 21 103 17 0.17 ? 12 12,000

SATELLITE OF THE EARTH.

Name. Sidereal Distance Diameter Surface. Volume. Mass. Density. Axial Force of Velocity
period. from Miles. Earth=1. Earth=1. Earth=1. Earth=1. Rotation. gravity. in orbit.
d. h. m. Earth. d. h. m. Fall: Miles per
Miles. Feet in hour.
1 sec.
MOON 27 7 43 237,300 2,160 0.074 0.02034 0.0128 0.63 27 7 43 2.48 2,273

SATELLITES OF MARS.

Name. Discoverer. Mean Sidereal Diameter. Maximum Apparent
distance period. Miles. elongation. star
from d. h. m. ″ magnitude.
Mars.
Miles.
1. PHOBOS A. Hall, August 6,000 0 7 39 7 12 11½
17, 1877.
2. DEIMOS A. Hall, August 15,000 1 6 18 6 32 13½
11, 1877.

SATELLITES OF JUPITER.

Name. Discoverer. Mean Sidereal Diameter. Apparent Apparent
distance period. Miles. diameter star
from d. h. m. of Jupiter magnitude.
Jupiter. seen from
Miles. satellite.
° ″
5. Barnard ....... 0 11 49 ? ..... ....
1. IO ............... 267,000 1 18 29 2,390 19 49 7
2. EUROPA Galileo, January 425,000 3 13 13 2,120 12 25 7
7-13, 1610.
3. GANYMEDE ............... 678,000 7 4 0 3,980 7 47 6
4. CALLISTO ............... 1,192,000 16 18 5 2,970 4 25 7

SATELLITES OF SATURN.

Name. Discoverer. Mean Sidereal Diameter. Apparent Apparent
distance period. Miles. diameter star
from d. h. m. of Saturn magnitude.
Saturn. seen from
Miles. satellite.
°
1. MIMAS Sir W. Herschel, 115,000 0 22 37 1,000 33 17
Sept, 17, 1789
2. ENCELADUS ″ ″ Aug. 28, 1789 147,000 1 8 53 ? 26 15
3. TETHYS J. D. Cassini, 183,000 1 21 18 500 21 13
March, 1684
4. DIONE ″ ″ March, 1684 234,000 2 17 41 500 16 12
5. RHEA ″ ″ Dec. 23, 1672 327,000 4 12 25 1,200 12 10
6. TITAN Huygens, Mar. 25, 758,000 15 22 41 3,300 5 8
1653
7. HYPERION W. Bond & 916,000 21 7 7 ? 4 17
Lassell, Sept,
19, 1848
8. IAPETUS J. D. Cassini, 2,221,000 79 7 53 1,800 2 9
Oct. 25, 1671

SATELLITES OF URANUS.

Name. Discoverer. Mean distance Sidereal Maximum
from Uranus. period. elongation.
Miles. d. h. m. ″
1. ARIEL Lassell, September 124,000 2 12 28 12
14, 1847
2. UMBRIEL O. Struve, October 8, 173,000 4 3 27 15
1847
3. TITANIA Sir W. Herschel, 285,000 8 16 55 33
January 11, 1787
4. OBERON ″ ″ 381,000 13 11 6 44

SATELLITE OF NEPTUNE.

Discoverer. Mean distance Sidereal Maximum Apparent
from Neptune. period. elongation. star
Miles. d. h. m. ″ magnitude.
Lassell, October 223,000 5 21 8 18 14
10, 1846

GENERAL INDEX.

A.
Adams, J. C., 145.
Airy, Sir G. B., 145.
Anagram on Venus, 68;
on Saturn, 127.
Aphelion, 11, 102.
Apparent movements of the Planets, 12, 14.
Arago, D. J. F., 99, 124, 140.
Arctic regions of the Earth, 75.
Argelander, F. G. A., 178.
Aristarchus of Samos, 71.
Aristarchus (Lunar Mountain), 93, 94.
Asteroids, 110.
Aurora Borealis and spots on the Sun, 55;
and twinkling, 87.
Autumnal Equinox, 74.
Axial rotation of the Planets, 17, 183.

B.
Barnard. E. E., 120, 134.
Barnard’s Comet, 168.
Bayeux Tapestry, 171.
Beer and Mädler;
their map of the Moon, 96.
Belts on Jupiter, 115, 123;
on Saturn, 122.
Bergeron’s Experiment, 93.
Bessel, W., 124.
Biela’s Comet, 168.
Bode’s so-called “Law,” 110.
Bond, G. P., 132, 133.
Bouvard, A., 143.
Bradley, Rev. J., 144.
Bredechin’s theory of Tails of Comets, 157.
Brorsen’s Comet, 167.

C.
“Canals” on Mars, 106.
Carpenter, J., 134.
Carrington, R. C., 46, 49.
Cassini, J. D., 36, 118, 128, 130, 136.
Ceres (Minor Planet), 112.
Challis, Rev. J., 146.
Charts, Celestial, 112, 147.
Chinese observations, 25, 172.
Clouds influenced by the Moon, 98.
Coggia’s Comet, 1874, 151.
Comets, 150;
periodic, 162, 170;
remarkable, 176.
Comparative sizes of the Planets, 11.
Comparative size of the Sun from the Planets, 17.
Compression of the Planets, 70, 122, 137.
Conjunction of the Planets, 14, 15, 66.
Copernican System, 72.
Copernicus, 72, 73, 76.

D.
D’Arrest, 147.
D’Arrest’s Comet, 168.
Dawes, W. R., 106, 133.
Day and night, 12.
Day, length of, 74.
De La Rue, W., 35, 36, 49, 52.
Denning’s Comet, 168.
Density of the Planets, 17, 183.
Diameter of the Sun and Planets, 183.
Di Vico, 62, 63.
Di Vico’s Comet, 172.
Distance of the Planets from the Sun, 20, 183.
Donati’s Comet of 1858, 157, 163, 178.
Dufour on Twinkling, 84.

E.
Earth, annual motion of, 75;
figure of, 70.
Earthshine, 66, 93.
Eccentricity of Planetary orbits, 10, 60, 75.
Eclipses of the Sun, 56, 57;
of the Moon, 120.
Ecliptic, plane of, 9, 10, 74.
Egyptian System, 72.
Elliptic Orbits, 10.
Elongation of Planets, 14.
Encke, J. F., 147.
Encke’s Comet, 167, 174, 175.
Equinoxes, 74.
Ewart, Gen. J. A., 178.

F.
Faculæ on the Sun, 42, 43.
Faye’s Comet, 168.
Finlay’s Comet, 168.
Flammarion, C., 62, 66, 171.
Flamsteed, Rev. J., 140, 144.

G.
Galileo, 89, 101, 120, 125.
Galle, J. G., 147.
Gassendi, 76.
Geodesy, 70.
Georgium Sidus, 141.
Goldschmidt, H., 4.
Granules, Solar, 38.
Gravity on the Sun and Planets, 183.

H.
Hall, A., 109.
Halley’s Comet, 164, 171.
Heat rays of the Sun, 20;
of the Moon, 96.
Herschel, Sir W., 34, 40, 44, 58, 100, 103, 134, 137, 138, 142.
Herschel, Sir J. F. W., 24, 96, 99, 103, 132, 175.
Hind, J. R., 119, 173, 175.
Holden, E. S., 106.
Holland, Sir H., 78.
Holmes’s Comet, 1892, 159.
Homer’s _Iliad_, cited, 68.
Howlett, Rev. F., 47.
Huggins, W., 40.
Huygens, C., 127, 130.
Hyperbola, 162.
Hyperbolic Comets, 162.

I.
Inclination of planetary orbits, 9.
Inferior Planets, 9, 12.

J.
Janssen J., 47.
Juno (Minor Planet), 112.
Jupiter: its influence on Sun-spots doubtful, 51, 53;
on Comets, 171;
its light, 7.

K.
Kepler, 55, 125, 166.
Kew Observatory, 47.

L.
La Hire, 63.
Lalande, 34.
Lassell, W., 123, 142, 185.
Ledger, Rev. E., 84.
Le Monnier, 140, 144.
Le Verrier, U. J. J., 147.
Lexell’s Comet, 172.
Liais’s Comet, 170.
Logogriphs as to Venus, 68;
as to Saturn, 127.

M.
Mädler, J. H., 63, 96.
Magnetism, Terrestrial, 55.
Maps, Astronomical, 112, 147.
Mars, 100.
Maskelyne, Rev. N., 139.
Mass of the Sun, and of the Planets, 20, 183.
Medium, Resisting, 175.
Mercury, 57;
phases of, 15;
its influence on Sun-spots, 51;
its luminosity, 67.
Milton, J., _Paradise Lost_, cited, 153.
Minor Planets, 110.
Montigny on Twinkling, 84.
Moon, 89.
Moonlight, Brightness of, 96.
Motions of the Planets, 10.
Mountains of the Moon, 90.

N.
Napoleon I., 154, 176.
Nasmyth, J., 40.
Needle, Magnetic, 55.
Neptune, 143;
its influence on Uranus, 143.
Newton, Sir I., 176.
Nubian after-glow, 83.
Nucleus of a Sun-spot, 22.

O.
Obliquity of the ecliptic, 74.
Occultations of Jupiter’s Satellites, 121.
Olbers, W., 112, 174.
Opposition of Planets, 13.
Orbits of the Planets, 9, 10;
of Comets, 161.

P.
Pallas (Minor Planet), 112, 113, 114.
Parabola, 162.
Penumbra of a Sun-spot, 22.
Perihelion, 11, 102.
Periodic Comets, 162, 170.
Perturbations of Uranus by Neptune, 145.
Phases of an inferior Planet, 15;
of a superior Planet, 16;
of Mars, 100;
of Jupiter, 115.
Piazzi, G., 111.
Planets, classification of, 7;
comparative sizes of, 11;
movements of, 10.
Plutarch, 71.
Poles of Mars, snow at, 104.
Primary Planets, 7.
Ptolemaic System, 72.

Q.
Quadrature of a Planet, 16.
Quenisset’s Comet, 1893, 156.

R.
Rays of the Sun, 20.
Refraction, 77;
effect of, 77.
Red spot on Jupiter, 118.
Resisting Medium, 175.
Retrograde motion of a Planet, 15.
“Rice grains” on the Sun, 39, 40.
Rings of Saturn, 128.
Rosse, Earl of, 93.
Rotation of the Sun, 24, 28;
of the planets, 17, 183.
Rotundity of the Earth, 76.

S.
Satellites of Mars, 16, 184;
of Jupiter, 16, 184;
of Saturn, 16, 185;
of Uranus, 16, 185;
of Neptune, 16, 185.
Saturn, 122.
Sawerthal’s Comet, 165.
Schiaparelli, J. V., 59, 62, 63, 106.
Schmidt, J. F. F., 96.
Schröter, J. J., 58, 62, 63.
Schwabe’s observations of Sun spots, 46.
Seas, Lunar, 94.
Seasons on the Earth, 54, 74.
Secchi, A., 28, 35, 42, 50, 84, 86, 106.
Secondary Planets, 8.
Shakespeare, citations from, 152.
Smyth, C. P., 92.
Snow on Venus, 66;
on Mars, 104;
doubtful on Saturn, 123.
Solstices, 74.
Spherical form of the Earth, 70.
Spörer, 46, 50.
Spots on the Sun, 21, 118;
on Venus, 61;
on Jupiter, 117;
on Saturn, 123.
Stewart, B., 52, 56.
Struve, O., 134, 142.
Sun, 18, 183.
Superior Planets, 8;
movements of, 15.
Surfaces of the Sun and Planets, 183.
Swift’s Comet, 168.
Systems of the Universe, 72.

T.
Tables of the Major Planets, 183.
Tails of Comets, 154.
Temple’s Periodical Comets, 167.
Terminator of the Moon, 90.
Thomson’s _Seasons_ cited, 153.
Tides, 98.
Total Eclipses of the Sun, 57.
Transits of inferior Planets, 13, 25, 65.
Trouvelot, 133.
Turtle’s Periodical Comet, 167, 168.
Twilight, 80.
Twinkling, 83.
Tycho (Lunar Mountains), 94.
Tycho Brahe, 73.
Tychonic System, 73.

U.
Umbra of a Sun-spot, 22.
Uranus, 138;
the influence of Neptune on, 143.

V.
Velocity of the planets, 183.
Venus, 61;
phases of, 15;
its influence on Sun-spots, 51, 52, 53.
Vernal Equinox, 74.
Vesta (minor planet), 112, 113.
Virgil, citation from, 50.
Volume of the Sun, 20;
of the Planets, 183.

W.
Weather influences ascribed to the Sun, 44;
to the Moon, 98.
“Willow leaves” on the Sun, 39, 40.
Wilson’s theory of Sun-spots, 32.
Winnecke’s Periodical Comet, 167.
Wolf, R., observer of Sun-spots, 45, 48.
Wolf’s Periodical Comet, 168.

Y.
Young, C. A., 131.

Z.
Zodiac, movement of Planets in, 15.

THE END.

Transcriber’s Notes

--Some palpable typographical errors were corrected.

--Copyright and publisher’s information was included from the printed
copy: this eBook is public domain in the country of publication.