Chapter TWENTY-SEVEN: The Future of Ukraine

At the end of the First World War, Ukraine won a shortlived independence and then it was torn apart and divided among its neighbors. For a while it seemed to have reverted to the conditions in the seventeenth century when Russia and Poland struggled for its ownership. At the end of World War Two it was reunited within the Ukrainian Soviet Republic and found its place as such in the number of the United Nations. What does the future hold in store for it?

What is to be the future development of Ukraine? This depends on the future of the democratic ideals which have long been held by England, the United States and the whole of Western Christian civilization and which are now challenged by the new ideas of the Soviet Union.

Perhaps never in recorded human history has the future of the world been so uncertain. The ending of the greatest war in history has not brought a feeling of peace to mankind. The power of the atom bomb, the enormous advances in science and in methods of destruction, the annihilation of space by the improvement of transportation and the increased range of rockets and other weapons, all have brought humanity to realize that in the material sphere there must be an end of war and of conflict or civilization will be irretrievably destroyed.

On the other hand, the dissension in the ideals of man has reached a new high. Earlier wars between Christians and pagans, between Catholics and Protestants, have concerned a certain range of ideas but the opposing contestants have recognized many human qualities as common to both sides. For centuries there has been a slow but steady increase in recognition of the rights of the individual, of his innate right to choose his own place of residence, to think his own thoughts, to sing his own songs, and to rear his family as he would. The great despotisms and empires of the past ruthlessly eliminated large masses of the population, but they were content to demand only outer loyalty and not to interfere with the inner life of their subjects. Even the slaves could have an area of thought which they could call their own.

It has remained for the twentieth century to undertake the task of subjugating the inner life of man. We may smile at the crudities of the Japanese thought police who carefully interrogated the subjects of the Emperor to see if they had any dangerous thoughts, but in more subtle ways the whole power of the Soviet Union is devoted to the creation of a culture that shall be socialist in essence and only differ in the language. Around the area which it controls there has been drawn an iron veil of silence and of secrecy. Its admirers abroad willingly accept the same restrictions and when the word filters through from Moscow, they willingly change their position, perform a complete revolution in their mode of thinking and follow the new line without criticism or debate.

On the other hand, the United States and Western Europe are trying to maintain an appreciation of the old values. They are concerned with problems of liberty and human rights. They may fall short of their ideals and of their goals. There may be and often are actions which can only be condemned by all thinking men. Yet with it all there is the same hope and confidence that the human being can find his way to a better, happier and free future.

The struggle between these two conceptions of life is destined to form the essence of the history of the coming years. It is truly a battle for the human spirit that is coming to the foreground of the world stage at the end of the great struggle that has thrown the whole of Europe and large parts of Asia and the Pacific Islands into the abyss. To-day it appears in the councils of the United Nations, for that body has been formed with the greatest care as to methods of organization, but with surprisingly little attention to the contents of the spirit of that organization. The founders did not venture to write into it the spirit of the Four Freedoms and the Atlantic Charter, the ideals of self-determination of Woodrow Wilson, or the principles on which American and Western Christian life has been based since the days of ancient Judaism and Hellenism, lest the clash between the two ways of life be brought into the open and doom in advance the hopes of men for a peaceful world.

What is to be the outcome? The human mind is staggered at the potentialities for good and ill in the present situation. As we look at the human misery, the ruined cities, the scorched earth, and the destructive power of man, we can only wonder at what is going to happen, and perhaps soon.

Where does Ukraine stand in all this? The Ukrainian spirit has survived for over a thousand years. The Ukrainians on two occasions have lost their upper and more cultured classes, when these were Polonized and Russianized. The peasant life kept on, close to the soil and has sent forth new shoots as soon as conditions became ripe. Every great shift of the European balance, every great movement that has given a new outlet to the human spirit has sooner or later had its effect upon the people.

To-day as never before the Ukrainian population is scattered. The Soviet government has worked unflinchingly to liquidate or break every leader who has refused to bow to its all-embracing rule. The Ukrainian literature of the present is indistinguishable from the literature of the Russian Soviet Republic, of the Georgian Soviet Republic and of the Kazak Soviet Republic. Millions of Ukrainians have been torn from their native soil and scattered alone or with their families throughout the length and breadth of the Soviet Union. Their places have been taken by other similarly uprooted individuals, in the hope that there may be formed a conglomerate mass of rootless people attached to the traditions of the Communist Party.

Can such an ambitious plan succeed? There can be no doubt that under the rule of Stalin and his associates, the Soviet Union has grown into a powerful force which is apparently able to retain the iron control that is necessary for its existence. There has been a terrible cost and this is shown by the refusal of the displaced persons to return. It is shown by the desperate struggle of the Ukrainians during the past decades to maintain their homes and their identity. How long can they endure? No one knows the ultimate power of resistance of the human spirit. No one knows how long devoted fathers and mothers will continue at the risk of their lives to nourish in their children those old traditions which can be handed down secretly and then spring to life with renewed vigor. No one knows how long the ruling group can maintain that iron unity which alone can enable it to continue its herculean task.

The world cannot continue half free and half Communist. Sooner or later there will be an open clash or the ideals of one side will penetrate and destroy the other. The final struggle may not take the form of armed hostilities in the sense of a clash between the nations representing the two ideals, but it will inevitably spread ruin and devastation within one or both of the groups. The lurid tales of deportations when the Red Army entered Western Ukraine will be but a portent, a token of what will ultimately happen if the regime falls or extends its power throughout the world.

It is chimerical to speak now of a relaxation of the methods of control in the Soviet Union. For a quarter of a century, the world has been waiting for a clear sign that this was already taking place and it has been disappointed. The power of the Communist Party is stronger than ever and it is able to profit immediately by all signs of weakness and of confusion among the free nations. It is able to reach out beyond its borders and it brooks no interference with its ideals or its desires.

It is no time for optimism or for pessimism. Neither is it the time for false and wishful thinking or for easy platitudes. The fundamental issue is clear and however it may be glossed over, it cannot be avoided.

The traditional Ukrainian culture can now flourish only outside the borders of Ukraine. The Ukrainian Soviet Republic, under the control of its Communist leaders, is becoming a part of the great and unified Soviet Union. Step by step the dreams of many sincere Ukrainian Communists that they could adapt Communism to the Ukrainian spirit have been blasted and those who held them have paid the price of their beliefs. The struggle now is to adapt the Ukrainian spirit to Communism by ruthless actions and by careful training. A democratic people is being remodelled to serve the purposes of a strictly regimented regime. Its past is being rewritten for it. Its present is being controlled. Its future is being planned.

It is idle to deny that it may succeed, but we can be sure of only one thing. It cannot succeed until the sway of Communism over the whole world has been made absolute. So long as there is a fortress of democracy anywhere in the world, there will remain a centre from which the ideas of freedom and of humanity will emanate and which will continually menace any system which denies them and their validity and existence.

The problem of Ukraine lies to-day as one of the great problems of the world. Here is a nation of forty million people that is sealed off from its natural contacts and deprived of its natural rights and desires. The tragic events of the last half century have shown that alone it cannot throw off the yoke that is upon its neck. Yet that does not mean that it must forever suffer.

Once the free nations awake to the situation and bend their efforts to establish that freedom and dignity that is the right of every man, they will realize that they will have no more devoted friends and allies than the Ukrainians and then it will be possible to reestablish a free and independent Ukraine as one of the free nations of the world.

INDEX

_Aeneid_, 155.

Alexander I, Emperor of Russia, 162, 165.

Alexander II, Emperor of Russia, 184, 185.

Alexander III, Emperor of Russia, 193.

Alexis, Tsar of Moscow, 27, 95, 109, 112, 113, 163, 167.

All-Ukrainian Council of Soviets, 223, 224.

All-Ukrainian Revolutionary Committee, 274.

All-Union Academy of Soviets, 284.

All-Union Soviet, 276, 295.

Allies (World War I) 236, 246–249, 250, 253, 255.
Missions to Ukraine, 242.

Allied Supreme Council, 248.

American Civil War, 188.

American Constitution, 146.

America, 13, 14, 15, 45, 59, 87, 140, 145, 259, 303.
See United States.

American engineers, 283.

American pioneers, 60.

American Relief Administration, 275.

American Revolution, 14, 128, 145.

American Ruska Nationalna Rada, 241.

Andrusivo, Treaty of, 93, 121, 123, 172.

Anna, Empress of Russia, 126, 127, 136, 138.

Antae, tribe, 32.

_Antiquities of Kiev_, 192.

Antioch, 54.

Antonovich, V., Prof., 190.

Apostol, D., Kozak Hetman, 134, 135.

Archangel, 227, 229.

Armenia, 40

Armistice, World War I, 237.

Asia, 25, 303.

Asia Minor, 26

Asiatic invaders, 11, 20

Athos, Mount, 51, 56

Atlantic Charter, 303

August II, King of Poland, 126.

August III, King of Poland, 126, 127.

Austria, 163, 174–233, 256.
See Austria-Hungary, Hapsburgs.

Austria-Hungary, 15, 28–30, 172, 183, 195–202, 210, 212.

Avvakum, Russian religious leader, 108.

Aztecs, 12, 59.

Bachinsky, A., Uniat Bishop, 175.

Balaban, Gedeon, Bishop, 55.

Balkans, 33, 150, 152, 153.

Baltic Sea, 20, 24–25, 73,
peoples, 204, 253.

Bandera, S., Ukrainian leader, World War II, 293.

Batu Khan, 42.

Baturyn, 100.

Bazarov, character of Turgenev, 186.

Belgrade, 152.

Belinsky, V. G., 160, 169.

Berinda, P., Kievan scholar, 111.

Berestechko, battle of, 81.

Berlin, 235, 285.

Bessarabia, 291.

Bibikov, D. G., Russian Governor-General of Ukraine, 162.

Bible, 50.

Bila Tserkva, 94, 235.
Treaty of, 81.

Bilozersky, V. I., Ukrainian writer, 169, 185.

Black Sea, 19, 20, 24, 26, 33, 66, 194, 206, 234, 235, 246.

Bobrinsky, Count A. G., Russian Administrator, 211.

Bogdanovich, I., Russian writer, 156.

Bogolyubsky, Prince Andrey, Prince of Suzdal, 26, 41.

Bohemia, 28, 36, 54, 154, 269. Estates of, 161.
See also Czech, Czechoslovakia.

Boileau, N., French critic, 156.

Bolsheviks, 217, 221–253, 273, 274, 285.
See also Soviets, Soviet Union, Communists.

Bosphorus, 10.

Boston, Mass, 145.

Braslav, 81, 126.

Brest-Litovsk, 55, 123, 229, 238, 251, 270, 274.
See also Union of Brest.

British, 145.

British Commonwealth of Nations, 295.

Brody, 269.

Brotherhoods, 53, 57, 69, 107, 120, 122–124, 176, 179.

Brusilov, A. A., Russian general, 213.

Budenny, S., Soviet general, 252.

Bukovina, 172, 181–196, 208, 239, 241, 291.
See also Austria-Hungary, Romania.

Bunker Hill, 145.

Bulavin, K., Don Cossack ataman, 110.

Bulgarians, 152.

Buturlin, V. V., Russian boyar, 82.

Byliny, 35.

Byron, Lord G. G., 94.

Byzantine Empire, 21, 24, 33, 34, 40, 45, 46, 52, 69.
See also Constantinople, Turkey.

Cadets, Russian political party, 226.

Capet, Hugh, King of France, 10.

Carbonari, Italian secret societies, 164.

Carpathian Mountains, 19, 25, 36, 43, 172, 211, 266.

Carpatho-Ukraine, 174, 182, 195–196, 207–212, 239, 241, 265–272,
288–289, 296, 298.
See also Austria, Austria-Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Hungary.

Caspian Sea, 40.

Catherine I, Empress of Russia, 135.

Catherine II, the Great, Empress of Russia, 14, 128, 137–178, 203,
226.

Caucasus, 204, 280, 294.

Cehelsky, L., Western Ukrainian leader, 246.

Central Administration of Press, Russia, 191.

Central Asia, 171, 193, 218, 247, 299.

Central Powers (World War I), 227–231.
See also Germany, Austria-Hungary.

Charlemagne, 36.

Charles XII, King of Sweden, 97–102, 131, 134.

Chernihiv, 36, 39, 42, 81, 152, 165, 185, 204.

Chernivtsy, 241.

Chertomlyk, vase, 32.

Chetniks, 125.

Chetyi Minei, 115.

China, 21.

Chronicles of Kievan Rus’, 26, 31, 32, 115, 150.

Church Schism, 35.

Church Slavonic, 34, 43–51, 108–112, 149–176, 180–199.

Ciceronian Latinists, 150.

College of St. Athanasius, Rome, 116.

Columbus, Christopher, 12.

Communism, 262–292.
Communist Party, 276, 284, 291, 295, 304, 305.
Russian Communists, 274, 306.
Ukrainian Communists, 279–285.
See also Bolsheviks, Soviets.

Communist International, 286.

Concord Bridge, Mass., 14.

Confederation of Bar, 127, 128.

Congress of Ruthenian Scholars, 181, 183.

Constantine, Russian Grand Duke, 165.

Constantinople, 9, 12, 21, 27, 33, 35, 37–52, 66, 90, 94, 107, 108,
117, 122, 152.
Patriarch of, 33, 54, 93, 122, 266.
Church of St. Sophia, 33.
New Church, 38.

Convention of Ukrainian Soldiers and Peasants, 220.

Cortez, H., Spanish leader, 12.

Council of Ambassadors, 255, 258.

Council of Florence, 45, 52.

Council of General Secretaries, Ukraine, 220.

Council of the Regency, Polish, 239.

Councils of Workers’ and Soldiers’, Deputies, 217.

Crimea, 64, 66, 76, 91, 93, 250.

Cromwell, Oliver, 13.

Crusades, 45, 47.

Curzon Line, 249.

Cyrillic script, 192.

Cyril Loukaris, 49.

Czaplinski, Polish officer, 74, 77.

Czartoryski family, Polish, 140.
Prince Adam, 162.

Czech, 153–167, 186, 238, 241, 265–269.
See also Czechoslovakia.

Czechoslovakia, 208, 242, 260–270, 296.
See also Carpatho-Ukraine.

Czernin, Count O., Austro-Hungarian diplomat, 230, 231.

Danube River, 142.

Danzig, 127.

Dardanelles, 20, 235.

Decembrists, Russian revolutionary movement, 165, 167, 186.

Denikin, A. I., Russian general, 234, 244–250, 282.

Direktoria, 235–252.

Dnyeper River, 9, 20, 24, 25, 29, 34, 36, 43, 58–77, 88, 91, 93,
101, 121, 144, 198, 251, 252.

Dnyeprostroy, 278, 283.

Dnyester River, 20.

Dobrovsky, J., Czech scholar, 153, 156.

Dobryansky, A., Carpatho-Ukrainian leader, 182, 196.

Dobrynya Nikitich, bylina hero, 35.

Dolgoruky, V. V., Russian minister, 135.

Don Cossacks, 61, 110, 234.

Don River, 19, 20, 25, 40, 61.

Donets River, 194, 246.

Doroshenko, Peter, Kozak ataman, 92, 93.

Dostoyevsky, F. M., Russian writer, 188.

Drahomaniv, Mykhaylo, Ukrainian publicist, 190, 198, 199, 217.

Drake, Sir Francis, 12.

Druzhina, 33, 38, 40.

Dukhnovich, O., Carpatho-Ukrainian leader, 196.

Duma, 205, 213.

Dunajec River, 212.

Dutch, 118.

Eastern Galicia, 201, 207, 211, 230, 239–260, 270, 272, 280, 283,
289.
See also Galicia, Western Ukraine.

Eastern Ukraine, 196–206, 242.
See also Ukraine.

Educational Society, Galicia, 182.

Eichhorn, German general, 232–233.

Elizabeth, English Queen, 12.

Elizabeth, Empress of Russia, 136, 138.

_Eneida_, work of Kotlyaresky, 155, 158.

Engelhardt, Pavel, owner of the Shevchenko family, 147, 166.

England, 10, 29, 46, 59, 73, 87, 117, 169, 227, 234, 301.

Enlightenment, 156.

Entente (World War I), 214, 227.

Estonia, 253.

Europe, 1–45, 52, 59, 60, 65, 73, 84–89, 105, 106, 113–121, 146,
155.
See also Western Europe.

Finland, 218, 247, 253.

Finnic tribes, 25, 36, 40.

Five Years Plan, 278.

Fort Kodak, 75, 76.

Four Freedoms, 17, 303.

Fourteen Points, 15, 238.

Francis II, Emperor of Austria, 178.

Francis Joseph II, Emperor of Austria-Hungary, 195, 214, 215, 230.

Franko, Ivan, Ukrainian writer, 172, 182, 199, 200, 206, 209, 267,
286.

France, 25, 35, 73, 117, 118, 140, 156, 227, 234, 250, 255, 265,
299.

French language, 147, 150.

French Revolution, 14, 146, 157, 178.

Galicia, 29, 39, 129, 130, 167–214, 230–264.
Princes of, 26, 39, 41.

Galician Diet, 201.

Genghis Khan, 42.

Gennady, Archbishop of Novgorod, 50.

Genoa, 276.

Georgia, 40, 96, 234.
Georgian Soviet Republic, 303.

Germany, 10, 13, 116, 117, 164, 207–234, 263, 269–299.
See also Nazis.

German language, 153, 154, 178, 179.

Godunov, Boris, Tsar of Moscow, 67, 109.

Gogol, N. V., Russian writer, 159, 190.

Golden Horde, 42, 46, 60, 88.

Golden Horn, 45.

Golitsyn, Prince V., Russian minister, 93, 94, 95.

Gonta, Ivan, Haydamak leader, 128.

Great Russian, 19, 112, 139, 160, 194, 199, 204, 218, 276, 278,
286.
See also Moscow, Muscovite, Russian.

Great Russian Language, 111, 117, 151, 169, 181, 188, 191, 192,
205, 267.

Greek, 26, 49, 50, 107–109.
Greek monks, 34–37.
Language, 108.

Greek Catholics, 207, 262.
See also Uniat Church.

Gregory VII, Pope, 10.

Gregoryev, ataman, 246.

Grigoryev, A. A., Russian critic, 160.

Groener, German general, 232.

Halich, 29, 43.

Haller, Joseph, Polish general, 242.

Hanseatic League, 108.

Hapsburgs, 28, 29, 146, 197, 214, 215.
See also Austria, Austria-Hungary.

Haydamaks, 125–128.

Helen, wife of B. Khmelnitsky, 74, 77, 82.

Hellenism, 202.

Henlein, K. Sudeten leader, 268.

Herder, J. G., German writer, 157, 160.

Hetman (title), 13, 63–145, 235.

Hetman’s Council, 133, 137, 138, 140.

Hetman State, 133–162, 184.
See also Kozaks, Ukraine.

Hitler, A., German Fuhrer, 270, 271, 285.

Hlinka, Mgr. A., Slovak leader, 268.

Hlukhiv, 100, 131, 138.

Hoffman, German general, 230.

Holland, 299.

Holovatsky, Y., Ukrainian scholar, 180.

Holovaty, A., Kozak officer, 142.

Holovna Rada (Galicia), 181.

Holubovich, V., Ukrainian minister, 231, 277, 280.

Holy Roman Empire, 10, 36.

Holy Synod, Russia, 116, 119, 133.

Homonai, Hungarian magnate, 173.

Horowitz, Ukrainian Communist leader, 225.

Hrinchenko, B., Ukrainian author, 193.

Hromada, 190, 191.

Hrushevsky, M., Ukrainian president, 206, 211, 217, 230, 259, 277,
280, 300.

Hrynko, Ukrainian Communist leader, 274.

Hungary, 35, 36, 43, 125, 172–179, 195, 197, 207, 212, 265–271,
288.

Hust, 241, 242, 269, 271.

Ilya of Murom, hero of Rus’, 35.

Incas, 12, 59.

Iranian, 25.

Islam, 88, 93.
See also Mohammedanism, Tatars, Turkey.

_Istoria Rusov_, 149, 153, 159.

Italy, 26, 46, 106, 164, 195.

Italian Language, 150.

Ivan III, Tsar of Moscow, 46, 106.

Ivan IV (the Terrible), Tsar of Moscow, 108.

Ivan VI, Tsar of Moscow, 136.

Ivanov, Russian Communist leader, 225.

Izmaylov, Russian Minister, 131.

Jadwiga, Queen of Poland, 47.

Jan Kazimierz, King of Poland, 78.

Japan, 302.

Jena, German University, 166.

Jeremias, Patriarch of Constantinople, 53, 54.

Jerusalem, 78.

Jesuits, 49, 52, 54, 65, 74, 117.

Jews, 125, 266.

Joachim, Patriarch of Antioch, 54.

Joachim, Patriarch of Moscow, 115.

Joseph II, Emperor of Austria, 174, 177, 178, 179.

Judaism, 33, 303.

Judaizers, Russian religious sect, 50.

Jungmann, J., Czech writer, 161.

Kaffa, 66.

Kaganovich, Soviet minister, 279.

Kalinowski, Polish hetman, 75, 76.

Kalka River, 42.

Kalnyshevsky, P., Kozak koshovy, 141, 142.

Kaminets Podolsky, 245.

Karamzin, N. M., Russian historian, 159.

Karl, Emperor of Austria-Hungary, 215.

Kasatin, 237.

Kazak Soviet Republic, 304.

Kazan, 43, 212.

Kentucky, 60.

Kerensky, A. F., Russian politician, 216, 219, 220, 226, 228.

Khan of the Crimean Tatars, 60, 61, 66, 75, 80, 81.

Kharkiv, 71, 104, 204, 225, 274–291.
University of, 162, 292.

Khliborody, 233.

Khmelnitsky, Bohdan, Kozak hetman, 13, 14, 72–97, 103, 104, 110,
116, 121, 125, 126, 133, 160, 163, 168.

Khmelnitsky, Timosh, son of Bohdan, 81, 83.

Khmelnitsky, Yury, son of Bohdan, 84, 92.

Kholm, 214, 230, 232, 296.

Khortytsya, 62.

Khozars, 33.

Khrushchev, Soviet Ukrainian President, 295.

Khvylovy, M., 280.

Kiev, 9–14, 21, 25–42, 47–59, 69, 78–85, 93, 106–119, 121, 127,
129, 144, 151–170, 174, 180, 191–194, 202–212, 217–237,
242–259, 266, 274, 277, 283, 290, 291, 300.
Academy of, 51, 71, 82, 92, 106, 111–190.
Archaeological Commission, 161, 168.
Cathedral of St. Nicholas, 95.
Church of St. Sophia, 38, 95, 283.
Church of the Epiphany, 95.
Church of the Tithe (Desyatinnaya), 34.
Grand Princes of, 10, 11, 107.
Metropolitan of, 37, 41, 79, 93, 110, 122, 123, 136, 175.
Monastery of the Caves, 37, 51, 58, 68, 95.
University of, 162, 167, 190, 198, 206, 292.
See Rus’, Ukraine.

Kochubey, Kozak general judge, 97.

Kolchak, Admiral, Russian leader, 246.

Kolii, 127, 148, 172, 174.

Kollar, J. Slovak writer, 161, 166, 167.

Koniecpolski, Polish general, 70.

Konovalets, E., Ukrainian officer, 237, 259.

Kopistinsky, Bishop of Peremyshl, 55.

Koretsky, Prince, 76.

Korsun, 76, 77.

Kosciuszko, T. Polish leader, 178.

Kossuth, L., Hungarian leader, 182.

Kostomarov, N., Historian, 149, 168, 170, 185, 186, 191.

Kotlyarevsky, I., Ukrainian author, 118, 146, 155, 156, 157, 158,
162, 167, 176, 179, 180, 184.

Kotsyubinsky, M., Ukrainian author, 193.

Kozaks, 11–15, 29, 58–104, 110, 121–154, 156–168, 206.
Host, 12–14, 59–105, 119–125, 132–138, 154, 163, 253, 256, 300.
Officers, 89, 100, 131–138, 141, 147.
Organization, 83, 86, 125, 133, 141, 146.
See also Zaporozhian Kozaks.

Kozaks of the Black Sea, 142.

Krakow, 26, 212, 240, 241
University of, 92.

Kremlin, Moscow, 87, 106, 108, 278, 284, 297.

Krivonos, Maksym, Kozak leader, 76.

Kuban, 142, 162.

Kulish, P., Ukrainian author, 149, 169, 170, 184, 185, 187, 189,
192, 197, 286.

Kulak, 282.

Kurbsky, Prince A., Russian boyar, 50.

Kvitka-Osnovyanenko, H., 160.

Ladoga Canal, 132.

LaFontaine, J. de, French fable writer, 156.

Latin, 28, 48, 50, 51, 111, 112, 130, 150, 153, 154, 176.

Latvia, 253.

League of Nations, 260, 261, 267.

Lemikivshchina, 297.

Lenin, V. I., Communist leader, 221, 226, 227, 232, 273.

Leopold II, Emperor of Austria, 178.

Lesya Ukrainka, Ukrainian poetess, 193.

Leszczynski, Stanislaw, King of Poland, 97, 98, 100, 126, 127.

Levitsky, Dmytro, Ukrainian politician, 259.

Levitsky, Ukrainian diplomat, 230.

Lexington, Mass., 145.

Literary and Scientific Review, 206.

Lithuania, 43–47, 61, 64, 79, 92, 99, 107, 109, 121, 162, 253, 256.
Lithuanian Charter, 139.

Little Russia, 131, 133, 138, 154, 160–183, 191.
Language, 188, 191, 192, 205.
See also Ukraine.

Little Russian Board, 132, 133, 136, 140, 145.

Livonia, 99.

Loewenhaupt, Swedish general, 99.

Lomonosov, M., Russian poet, 111, 114, 156.

Lubinsky, Ukrainian diplomat, 230.

Lubny, battle of, 67.

Lubomirski, Prince, Polish landlord, 126.

Lupul, Vasyl, ruler of Moldavia, 81, 83.

Lviv, 50–57, 78, 122, 130, 189, 195–212, 230, 238, 264, 289, 297.
Cathedral, 297.
University, 177–182, 200, 201, 206, 261.
Staropegian Brotherhood of, 50, 54, 55, 124, 130, 172.

Lvov, Prince G., Russian politician, 216.

Mackensen, German general, 212.

Magdeburg Law, 138.

Magna Charta, 29.

Magyars, 265.
See also Hungary.

Makhno, Ukrainian leader, 245.

Maksimovich, M., Ukrainian scholar, 161, 169.

Mala Rus’, 26.
See also Little Russia, Ukraine.

Manuilsky, D. Z., Ukrainian Soviet politician, 234, 274, 295.

Maria Theresa, Empress of Austria, 174, 175, 176, 177.

Marko Vovchok (Maria Markovich), Ukrainian writer, 185, 196.

Marxism, 277.

Masaryk, T. G., Czechoslovak president, 208.

Maxim the Greek, 107.

Mazepa, I., Kozak hetman, 13, 94–110, 116, 121, 122, 131, 159, 233.

Mazepintsy, 103.

Mediterranean Sea, 20.

Melnyk, A., Colonel, Ukrainian leader, 271.

Menshikov, A., Russian minister, 133, 135.

Mexico, 59.

Mickiewicz, A., Polish poet, 160.

Miloradovich, Kozak officer, 134.

Militant Communism, 277.
See also Communism, Soviets.

Milyukov, P., Russian politician, 208, 213, 226.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Russia, 133–137.

Mirbach, Count, German minister, 234.

Mliiv, 127.

Mnohohrishny, D., Kozak hetman, 92, 93.

Mohammedanism, 33, 62.
See also Islam.

Mohyla, P., Kiev metropolitan, 51, 71, 115.

Moldavia, 51, 66, 78, 81, 83, 125, 172.
See also Romania.

Moldavian Soviet Republic, 291.

Molotov, V. G., Soviet statesman, 289.

Mongols, 42, 43, 46.

Moravia, 269.
See also Czechoslovakia.

Moscow, 16, 25–28, 40–130, 144, 151, 153, 158, 159, 169, 190, 206,
217, 226, 228, 234, 251, 273–300, 302.
Patriarch of, 53, 107, 109, 116, 123, 133, 297.
See also Muscovite, Russia, Great Russia.

Moscophile party, 181, 196, 197, 199.

Moskals, 157.

Motronin Monastery, 127.

Mstislav, Kiev Grand Prince, 42.

Mukachevo, 173, 175, 269.

Mumm, Baron, German diplomat, 232.

Munich, 268.

Murmansk, 227.

Muscovite, 29, 60–121, 190, 205.
See also Moscow, Russia, Great Russia.

Nalyvaykans, 58.

Nalyvayko, Kozak leader, 68, 159.

Napoleon, French emperor, 164.

Narodniki, Russian movement, 189.

Narva, battle of, 97.

Nazis, 271, 272, 285, 288, 289, 291, 294, 298.
See also Germany.

Neolithic period, 31.

New Economic Policy, 276.

New England, 13.

New York, 188.

Nicephorus, Vicar of Constantinople Patriarch, 55.

Nicholas I, Emperor of Russia, 165, 170, 184, 196.

Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia, 193.

Nikon, Patriarch of Moscow, 78, 82, 109, 110, 112.

Nizhni Novgorod, 211.

NKVD, Soviet secret police, 290.

Normans, 10, 25.

Northern War, 97.

Novgorod, 25, 26, 33, 38, 40, 108, 116.

Obradovich, D., Serb scholar, 156, 161.

Ochakiv, 66, 142.

Odesa, 194, 246.

Old Believers, Russian religious sect, 110.

Oleh, Grand Prince of Kiev, 31.

Olha, Princess of Kiev, 33.

Omelchenko, Kozak colonel, 98.

Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, 271.

Orient, 21, 46.

Orlyk, Philip, Kozak hetman, 102, 104, 132.

Orthodox Church, 11, 26, 28, 33, 52–130, 172, 175, 256, 262.
Polish, 262.
Russian, 41, 106–120, 212, 297.
Ukrainian, 93, 143, 292, 297.

_Osnova_, 185, 186, 197.

Ostrih, 49, 50.

Ostrozky, Prince Vasyl Konstantin, 50, 55, 57, 67.

Otto I, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, 10.

Ottoman Empire, 53, 125.
See also Turkey.

Pacific Islands, 303.

Paderewski, I. J., Polish statesman, 208.

Paganism, 33, 36, 107.

Paisius, Patriarch of Jerusalem, 78.

Palacky, F., Czech historian, 161.

Paleolithic period, 31.

Paleolog, Sophia, princess of Constantinople, 46, 106.

Paly, 94, 98, 121.

Pan-Slavic Society, 167.

Parliament, Austria, 208.

Paris, 242, 247, 248, 253, 257.

Peace Conference, Versailles, 242, 245, 247, 248, 255, 256, 257,
258.

Peace treaties after World War I, 249.

Pechenegs, 33, 39.

Peremyshl, 55, 57, 173, 241.

Pereyaslav, 82, 87, 88, 91.
Treaty of, 103, 131.

Perm, 212.

Peru, 59.

Perun, pagan god, 33.

Pestel, Russian army officer, 165.

Peter I (the Great), Emperor of Russia, 14, 27, 28, 95–118,
131–137, 152, 153, 167, 171, 226, 233.

Peter II, Emperor of Russia, 135.

Peter III, Emperor of Russia, 137, 139.

Petlyura S., Ukrainian leader, 235–255.

Petrograd, 220, 221, 225, 228.
See also St. Petersburg.

Petrovsky-Sitnyanovich, S. E. 113.
See also Simeon Polotsky.

Petrov, O., 170.

Petryk, Zaporozhian leader, 97.

Petrushevich, Dr. E., head of Ukrainian National Council in Western
Ukraine, 240.

Pilsudski, J., Polish military leader, 214, 239.

Pizarro, F., Spanish leader, 12.

Podebrady, 260.

Podkarpatska Rus, 268.
See also Carpatho-Ukraine, Austria-Hungary, Hungary.

Podolia, 43.

Poland, 26, 28, 35, 36, 43, 45–143, 153, 162, 164, 172–187,
206–208, 212, 239–298, 301.
Constituent diet, 257.
Constitution, 257.
Diet, 258, 259, 261.

Poletika, H., Ukrainian writer, 149.

Polish language and culture, 51, 111, 112, 153.

Polish legions, 214.

Polish National Committee, 28, 214, 239.

Polish revolt of 1831, 162, 166, 167.

Polonization, 139, 147, 150.

Polotsk, 114.

Polotsky, Simeon, Ukrainian writer, 113, 114.
See also Petrovsky Sitnyanovich.

Polovtsy, 29, 39.

Poltava, 101, 155, 204.
Battle of, 103, 116, 131.

Polubotok, Kozak, acting hetman, 133, 134, 135.

Poniatowski, Stanislas August, King of Poland, 128, 140.

Popovich, O., Bukovina Ukrainian leader, 241.

Postyshev, P. P., Ukrainian Communist leader, 279, 281.

Potapov, Russian police official, 191.

Potemkin, Prince G., Russian imperial commissioner, 142.

Potocki family, Polish landlords, 67, 70, 128.

Potocki, N., Polish Crown hetman, 75, 76.

Potocki, S., son of preceding, 76.

Potocki, A., governor of Galicia, 202.

Poty, Uniat bishop, 55, 56.

Prague, 28, 260, 267, 268, 270.

Preshiv, 241.

Prokopovich, Teofan, Archbishop of Novgorod, 115, 116.

Prosvita, 200.

Protestantism, 54, 59, 73, 116, 301.

Prussia, 140, 178, 195.
See also Germany.

Pruth river, 102.

Ptitsky, D., Kievan scholar, 110.

Pulaski, Casimir, Polish leader, 128.

Puritans, 13.

Pushkin, A. S., Russian poet, 159, 160, 167, 169.

Pylyava, battle of, 78.

Rakovsky, communist leader, 234, 274.

Raleigh, Sir Walter, 12.

Rasputin, G., Russian “monk”, 216.

Razin, Stenka, Don Cossack leader, 110.

Red Armies, 16, 250, 253, 277, 289, 291, 293, 296, 297, 298, 304.

Renaissance, 11, 113, 116, 150.

Repnin, Prince N., Russian governor-general, 162.

Revolution of 1848, 160, 168.

Revolution of 1905, 189.

Ribbentrop, Nazi minister, 289.

Richelieu, Cardinal, 73.

Rifles of the Sich, 235, 240, 269, 271.

Rohoza, M., Metropolitan of Kiev, 56.

Romania, 236, 241, 245, 250, 291.
See also Moldavia.

Roman Catholic Church, 10, 28, 47–57, 65, 67, 73–82, 100, 107, 108,
124, 129, 147, 150.

Romanov family, Russian sovereigns, 216.

Romanov, Michael, Tsar of Moscow, 67, 73.

Romanticism, 158, 159, 160, 186.

Rome, 27, 45, 55, 112, 116, 152.

Rostov, 115, 119.

Rousseau, J. J., French writer, 157.

Rozumovsky, Alexis, Ukrainian count, 137.

Rozumovsky, Cyril, hetman of Ukraine, 137, 138, 139, 140, 162.

Ruin, 91, 213, 245.

Rumyantsev, P. A., Russian administrator, 141.

Rurik, 25, 31.

Rus’, 11, 24–46, 61, 65, 69, 79, 92, 256.
See also Ukraine, Russia.

_Rus’ska Pravda_, 35.

Russia, 15, 21, 28, 30, 95–103, 117, 126, 129, 133, 140, 152–249,
250, 264, 266, 268, 272, 273, 286, 289, 296, 301.
See also Great Russians, Moscow, Muscovite, Soviets.

Russian Academy of Sciences, 137, 205.

Russian Archaeological Service, 180, 205.

Russian army, 12, 99–101, 122, 126–135, 140, 164, 196, 247.

Russian imperialism, 167.

Russian language, 266, 267, 278, 281.
See also Great Russian.

Russian Provisional Government, 216–229, 247.

Russian revolution, 30, 210–247, 287.

Russian Soviet Republic, 273–284, 294, 295, 303.

Russification, 139, 147, 151, 162, 193, 207, 208.

Russo-Japanese War, 203.

Russophile party in Galicia, 181, 182.
See also Moscophile.

Ruthenia, 28, 29, 64, 175, 177, 183, 197, 202, 263.
See also Carpatho-Ukraine, Galicia, Eastern Galicia, Western
Ukraine.

Ryazan, 115.

Ryleyev, K. F., Russian poet, 159.

Sadowa, battle of, 195.

Safarik, P. J., Czech scholar, 161, 167.

Sahaydachny, P., Hetman of Ukraine, 69.

Saints Cyril and Methodius, 34.

Saint Dmitry of Rostov, 119.
See also Dmytro Tuptalenko.

St. Petersburg, 28, 118, 119, 132, 137, 138, 139, 155, 158, 165,
169, 170, 185, 189, 190, 193, 208, 226.
University of, 170.
Fortress of Saints Peter and Paul, 134.
See also Petrograd.

Samoylovich, Ivan, Hetman of Ukraine, 93, 94.

San Francisco, 295.

Saray, 43.

Satanovsky, Arseny, Kievan scholar, 110.

Saxons, 35.

Scandinavians, 21, 24, 32, 33, 59.
See also Sweden.

Scientific Society, Lviv, 200.

Scranton, Pa., 241.

Scythians, 32.

Serbs, 151, 152, 156, 161, 167.

Sergeyev, Russian communist leader, 225.

Seven Years War, 140.

Seventh Occumenical Council, 47, 107.

Sevryuk, Ukrainian diplomat, 230.

Shakhovskoy, Prince A., Russian administrator, 136.

Shashkevich, M., 180.

Sheptitsky, Andrew, Uniat Metropolitan of Kiev, 202, 257, 259, 262,
291, 297.

Shevchenko, T., 15, 29, 127, 147, 148, 159, 160, 161, 166, 168,
170, 171, 180, 182, 184, 185, 187, 196, 198, 208, 216, 267,
286.

Shevchenko Society, 200.

Shevchenko Scientific Society in Lviv, 200, 206, 261.
In Kiev, 206.

Shvets, Prof., Ukrainian statesman, 244.

Shumlyansky, J., Metropolitan of Lviv, 123, 124, 130.

Siberia, 183, 189, 193, 212, 246, 283, 292, 299.

Sich, Zaporozhian. See Zaporozhian Sich.

Sichovi Striltsy, 214.
See also Rifles of the Sich.

Sicily, 26.

Sigismund Vasa, III, King of Poland, 56.

Sinope, 66.

Skarga, Peter, Polish Jesuit, 49.

Skoropadsky, Ivan, hetman of Ukraine, 100, 131, 132, 133, 137, 233.

Skoropadsky, Pavel, hetman of Ukraine, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237,
244, 282.

Skovoroda, H., Ukrainian scholar, 149, 155.

Skrypnyk, M., Ukrainian communist, 274, 279, 280.

Slavinetsky, Epifany, Kievan scholar, 110, 111, 112.

Slavs, 29, 32, 35, 66, 152, 158, 160, 166, 207, 226, 297.

Slavonic brotherhood, 167, 168, 186, 198.

Slipy, J., Metropolitan of Lviv, 297.

Slobidshchina, 71, 81, 141.

Slovakia, 153, 265, 268, 269, 270.
See also Austria-Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Hungary.

Smith, Jeremiah, American diplomat, 267.

Smolensk, 99.

Smotritsky, Melety, Kievan scholar, 111, 152, 191.

Sochava, siege of, 83.

Society of Saints Cyril and Methodius, 168, 182, 184, 185, 186,
198, 217.

Society for the Liberation of Ukraine, 213.

Sofia, 152, 198.
University of, 198.

Solferino, battle of, 195.

Solovetsky Monastery, 142.

_Song of the Armament of Igor_, 39.

Sophia, Tsarevna of Russia, 95.

South America, 59.

South Russia, 185, 189, 236.
See also Little Russia, Ukraine.

Southern Branch of the Geographical Society, 189.

Southern Slavs, 111, 167.

Southern Society, 164.

Soviet Army, 209, 294.
See also Red Army.

Soviet Constitution of 1936, 284.

Soviets, 222, 244–300.

Soviet Union, 16, 17, 22, 30, 264–300, 302, 304, 305.

Spain, 12, 46, 59.

Stadion, Count, viceroy of Galicia, 181.

Stalin, J. V., Soviet leader, 224, 226, 271, 279, 281, 283, 291,
296, 304.

Stalingrad, siege of, 294.

Stanislaviv, 241, 243, 258.

Streltsy, guards of the Tsar, 110, 134.

Subotiv, 74, 84.

Sudeten Germans, 268.

Suzdal, 40, 41, 42.

Svyatoslav, Grand Prince of Kiev, 32, 33.

Sweden, 56, 73, 83, 84, 87, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 104, 122,
124.

Switzerland, 198.

Taras Bulba, Ukrainian military leader, 293.

Tatars, 12, 27–29, 39–46, 60–83, 96, 101, 106, 134, 172, 206.
Of the Crimea, 64, 78, 80, 91.

Teplov V. N., Russian official, 140.

Tereshchenko, Russian politician, 220.

Terletsky, Uniat bishop, 55.

Ternopil, 241, 243, 258.

Theophanes, Patriarch of Jerusalem, 69.

Third Rome, 27, 46, 47, 53, 106, 108.
See also Moscow.

Thirty Years War, 13, 73, 97.

Timashev, Russian minister, 191.

Tokolyi, Russian general, 142.

Tolstoy, Count A. K., Russian writer, 190.

Tolstoy, P., Russian minister, 191.

Transylvania, 78.

Treaty of Riga, 252, 255.

Trotsky, L., Communist leader, 227, 231, 232, 273.

Troublous Times of Moscow, 67, 109.

Tsereteli, Russian politician, 220.

Tsertelev, N., Ukrainian scholar, 161.

Tsimiskes, John, Emperor of Constantinople, 33.

Tugai Khan, Khan of the Crimea, 76.

Tugendbund, German revolutionary society, 164.

Tuptalenko, Dmytro, 115, 119.
See also St. Dmitry of Rostov.

Turgenev, I. S., Russian author, 186.

Turkey, 11, 12, 29, 45, 60–77, 88–96, 102, 126, 128, 142, 172,
229, 234.
See also Ottoman Empire.

Tychyna, P., Ukrainian poet, 283.

Ufa, 292.

Ukraine, economic advantages, 21, 22.
Geographical position, 19, 20, 21.
Name, 24–30.
Revival, 155ff.

Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, 277, 279, 280, 283, 292.

Ukrainian Baroque architecture, 95.

Ukrainian Constituent Assembly, 223, 224, 232.

Ukrainian Central Council, 217–233, 244, 274.
See also Ukrainian Rada.

Ukrainian Commissariat for Foreign Affairs, 275.

Ukrainian Council in Western Ukraine, 239.

Ukrainian literary language, 146, 169, 188.

Ukrainian Military Organization, 259, 280.

Ukrainian National Convention, 218.

Ukrainian Progressive Organization, 217.

Ukrainian People’s Republic, 15, 16, 30, 86, 87, 222, 225, 237–281.
Union with Republic of Western Ukraine, 244.

Ukrainian Rada, 220, 222, 235.
See also Ukrainian Central Council.

Ukrainian regional committees, 241.

Ukrainian Revolutionary Army, 298.

Ukrainian Scientific Institute, Warsaw, 261.

Ukrainian socialists, 235.

Ukrainian Soviet Republic, 9, 16, 225, 231, 259, 262, 274–296, 300,
301, 305.

Ukrainophile party, 268.

Uman, 128.

Uniat Church, 56, 57, 68, 69, 116, 127–129, 151, 174–183, 195, 202,
207, 212, 267, 297.

Union of Brest, 28, 55–57, 74–79, 109, 116, 123, 124, 129, 130,
174.

Union of Hadiach, 92, 121, 256.

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. See Soviet Union.

Union of Uzhorod, 173.

United Nations Organization, 9, 16, 30, 294, 301, 303.

United States of America, 15, 146, 164, 169, 188, 226, 227, 234,
301, 302.
See also America.

Universals, 220, 222, 225, 232.

Urals, 283.

Uzhorod, 174, 241, 269.

Vahilevich, I., Western Ukrainian scholar, 180.

Valuyev, Count P. A., Russian minister, 188.

Vasily III, Tsar of Moscow, 107.

Varangian Road, 24, 25.

Veche, 38.

Velyaminov, S., Russian officer, 132, 133.

Veneti, 32.

Verlan, Haydamak leader, 126.

Vienna, 88, 123, 164, 178, 196, 200, 201, 213, 214, 215, 250, 259,
277.

Virgil, Roman poet, 155.

Vistula River, 252.

Vladimir, Saint. See Volodymyr.

Vladimir, city, 40.

Vladivostok, 227, 229.

Volga River, 40, 43, 61, 211.

Volkhov River, 25.

Volodymyr, Saint, Grand Prince of Kiev, 10, 33, 34, 37, 39, 41, 69,
116, 144.

Volodymyr Monomakh, Grand Prince of Kiev, 37, 69.

Voloshyn, Mgr. A., Carpatho-Ukrainian leader, 269, 270, 271.

Volynia, 43, 67.

Voynarovsky, A., nephew of Mazepa, 159.

Vulgate, 50.

Vyhovsky, I., Kozak hetman, 84, 92, 121.

Vynnychenko, V., Ukrainian statesman, 220, 235, 236.

Vyshensky, I., Ukrainian author, 56.

Vyshnevetsky, Prince Dmytro, Kozak hetman, 62, 64, 77.

Wallachia, 66, 78, 83, 127.

Warsaw, 77, 81, 92, 242, 252, 258, 261.

Washington, George, 145.

Western Front, World War I, 231, 234, 242.

Western Galicia, 201, 212, 240, 255.

Western Ukraine, 174–183, 197–198, 212, 238–252, 255–264, 265, 267,
277, 280, 283, 288–297, 304.
Republic of, 238–243, 244, 256, 290.
See also Eastern Galicia.

Western Ukrainian Council, 244.

Western Ukrainian Popular Council, 290.

White Russian armies, 234, 244–257.

White Ruthenia, 43, 47, 64, 67, 113, 294.

Wilno, 49, 57, 162, 166.
University of, 92.

Wilson, Woodrow, 15, 238, 303.

Wisniowiecki, Prince Jarema, Polish leader, 77, 80, 81, 87.

Wladyslaw IV, King of Poland, 67, 75, 77.

World War I, 15, 28, 30, 209, 227, 238, 251, 301.

World War II, 16, 263, 301.

Yagello, King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania, 47.

Yalta Conference, 298.

Yaroslav Jesuit College, 74.

Yaroslav the Wise, Grand Prince of Kiev, 35, 37, 38, 39, 41.

Yavorsky, Stefan, acting Patriarch of Moscow, 115, 133.

Yefremiv, S., Ukrainian scholar, 280.

Yuzefovich, M., Russian official, 170, 191.

Zalyznyak, M., Haydamak leader, 128.

Zaporozhe, 62, 76.

Zaporozhian Sich, 12, 14, 62–104, 125–127, 130, 141–146, 162, 278.
Host, 68, 81,
Kozaks, 61, 70, 128, 141–145.
See also Kozaks.

Zatonsky, Ukrainian Communist, 274.

Zbarazh, battle of, 80.

Zboriv, 80,
Treaty of, 80, 81.

Zbruch River, 248.

Zhitomir, 232.

Zhovty Vody, battle of, 75.

Zizany, Lavrenty, Kievan scholar, 111.

Zolkiewski, S., Polish hetman, 67.

_Zora Halitska_, 181.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Allen, W. E. D., The Ukraine. Cambridge, 1940.

Chamberlin, W. H., The Ukraine, A Submerged Nation. New York,
1944.

Doroshenko, D., History of the Ukraine, Edmonton, 1940.

Hrushevsky, M., A History of Ukraine, New Haven, 1941.

Manning, C. A., Ukrainian Literature, Studies of the Leading
Authors, Jersey City, 1944.

Manning, C. A., Taras Shevchenko, Selected Poems, Jersey City,
1945.

Margolin, A. D., From a Political Diary, Russia, the Ukraine,
and America, New York, 1946.

Vernadsky, G., Bohdan, Hetman of Ukraine, New Haven, 1941.

Snowyd, D., Spirit of Ukraine; Ukrainian Contributions to World
Culture, 1935.

Gambal, M. S., Ukraine, Rus and Moscovy and Russia, 1937.

Ukrainian Quarterly, Ukrainian Congress Committee of America,
New York.

Transcriber’s Notes:

1. Obvious printers’, punctuation and spelling errors have been corrected silently.

2. Some hyphenated and non-hyphenated versions of the same words have been retained as in the original.

3. Italics are shown as _xxx_.