Chapter X: Conclusion

After the foregoing investigation the fact is impressed on us more vividly than ever that the Spain of the Middle Ages was truly the mother of the Spain of today. Hers were a people with a lively imagination, but this was dominated by the two elements which have always been most marked in her history--religion and realism. And wherever these two elements enter into the development of the supernatural in the mind of man, the Spanish contribution has to be taken seriously into the account.

It is impossible, as stated previously, to affirm which of the medieval traditions are Spanish and which are not. The most that we can hope to do is to note what type of legend appealed to this people; of all the host of supernatural stories common through the Europe of the Middle Ages, to determine what classes or types found their way into Spain and there were welcomed, being repeated from generation to generation (becoming thus a part of the national tradition); and what kind or kinds were rejected because they did not have this appeal.

In Spain the beliefs and superstitions we have been passing in review, having as their starting point the actual observation of objective nature and of human nature, were amazingly multifarious. The study in particular of omens and of auguries, based on the real experiences of life, made a peculiar appeal to the Spaniards, as is witnessed by the abundance of material concerning such found at every turn in the early literature. Contrasted with this is the notable lack of the fantastic and purely imaginary, so popular among the nations of the north, as well as among the Mohammedans.

The effect of this realistic spirit on the religion of the people, the other dominating element of their national life, must also be noted. The unreal ghost has given place to the more naturalistic saint or angel, for their religion permitted no denial of the existence of these two orders of beings. Moreover, soothsayers, diviners, and other similar characters were recognized by the Church as a real force, as is evidenced by the Church’s constant warfare against them. And the Devil! What good medieval Christian,--above all, what Spaniard,--could refuse to believe in him?

To summarize: We are impressed first by the commanding prominence accorded to the personalities of the saints, especially Saint Mary, then of Santiago (St. James) and the others; next, of the predominating importance of the rôle of the Child Jesus, with the relegation to a comparatively unimportant place of the adult Saviour; and finally of the enemies of God, headed by Diabolus. The works and influences of all the above are manifested in dreams and visions, miracles and portents, in almost every conceivable form, conjuring, fortune-telling, etc. The ritual of the church service, especially of the sacraments, becomes intertwined and adorned with what many faithful churchmen of the present time would doubtless be willing to class as downright superstitions. Omens and the like, because of their realistic appeal, continue in spite of the constant opposition of the Church.

In contrast to this, however, we find no unquestionable ghosts. The “magic ring”, moreover, is entirely lacking, as is nearly all that type of Arabian magic. King Oberon, with his fairy band, has not yet made his appearance, and the sage Merlin is only alluded to occasionally by the learned. Subterranean cities still remain limited to their northern abode. The well-known _mal de ojo_ is absent, and enchantment is little heard of. The Werewolf, mentioned, it is said, by Pomponius Mela, Herodotus, and Ovid, is entirely neglected and omitted either thru simple ignorance of it or because it does not conform to their realistic thought. The search for the elixir of life is only faintly hinted at in the restoration of youth to the aged priest who seeks help from the Virgin (No. 141). The myth of supernatural prolongation of life is to be found only in its primitive stages, in such legends as that of María Egipciaca and in some of the miracles contained in _Las Cantigas_, and yet we are told that,

“The first appearance of the Wandering Jew _in England_ is in the
chronicles of Roger of Wendover, who reports the legend as being
told at the monastery of St. Albans by an Armenian bishop, in 1228,
but to hearers _already familiar with it_.”[127]

Arabian influence does appear, however, quite frequently, especially in certain types of visions such as those in which a person is transported from one point to another to witness various scenes; as well also as in those in which the subject sleeps many years while experiencing the joys of Paradise. French religious traditions dealing with various shrines were common property. Many of the miracles related in _Las Cantigas_ are said to have been performed in France, especially at Soissons.

The general impression gained from the study is that we are standing at the beginning of a new period; that soon there is going to unfold before us a magnificent spectacle, so far as the supernatural is concerned, in which these elements, whose beginnings we can even now discern, will present themselves in all their fullness, but at the same time those which have already reached their culmination will survive, and, being the product of the real life and soul of the nation, will still be the determining factors in shaping its beliefs and practices, as it continues its course among the hosts of outside influences it is soon to encounter.

As we close the study we can not, if we would, resist the pervasive charm cast over us by the simplicity of the primitive age with its childlike faith. From time to time the canvas has been reversed, the customary medieval picture has been changed, the sound of the bugle, the glitter of burnished arms, the noise of battle, have now receded into the background, and altho we are still faintly conscious of them we become almost unaware of their presence. In the foreground have arisen, we scarcely know how or whence, the common people, with their sheep and their goats, their games of chance and their wine, their joys and their sorrows, their loves and their hates, their marriages, births, deaths--all these--along with their interesting superstitions and ardent devotion to their local saints, as well as their fidelity to their lord, who moves about among them as their guardian and protector.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE MIRACLES IN _LAS CANTIGAS_

I

A.--DIRECT ANSWER TO PRAYER BY THE VIRGIN

_a._ Life restored or sustained. 14, 26, 43, 45, 76, 84, 111, 115,
118, 122, 124, 133, 167, 168, 171, 178, 182, 197, 204, 224, 237,
241, 334, 347, 378, 381, 389. (See p. 32-34 for discussion of
group.)

_b._ Bodily ailments cured. 37, 47, 53, 69, 77, 81, 86, 89, 91, 92,
93, 101, 105, 114, 117, 126, 127, 134, 141, 146, 157, 163, 166,
173, 174, 177, 179, 189, 191, 199, 201, 206, 209, 218, 221, 223,
224, 234, 235, 244, 256, 263, 265, 268, 269, 275, 278, 279, 282,
283, 289, 293, 298, 308, 314, 315, 316, 319, 322, 327, 333, 337,
338, 343, 346, 357, 362, 363, 364, 367, 368, 372, 375, 385, 389,
391, 393. (See p. 35-38.)

_c._ Physical harm prevented. 7, 13, 15, 17, 22, 25, 28, 35, 36,
49, 51, 55, 57, 64, 74, 78, 82, 83, 86, 94, 97, 102, 106, 107, 121,
125, 135, 138, 142, 144, 151, 158, 165, 172, 181, 184, 185, 186,
193, 194, 195, 213, 227, 233, 235, 236, 242, 245, 249, 251, 252,
254, 255, 264, 266, 271, 286, 287, 291, 301, 303, 313, 325, 339,
341, 354, 371, 383. (See p. 38-40.)

_d._ Miracles in which bargaining occurs. 31, 43, 44, 97, 106, 112,
118, 121, 129, 166, 167, 172, 176, 178, 197, 268, 271, 291, 347,
352, 366, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 382, 385, 389. (See p. 40-43.)

_e._ Unmoral miracles. 3, 7, 13, 17, 55, 94, 111, 214, 255, 291.
(See p. 43-45.)

_f._ Miracles in which sacred breasts or milk occur. 54, 93, 138.
(See p. 45-46.)

_g._ Possessions restored or saved or things supplied. 23, 44, 48,
62, 73, 112, 143, 147, 159, 172, 178, 187, 202, 212, 231, 232, 243,
323, 326, 348, 352, 354, 366, 369, 376, 382, 386, 398. (See p.
46-49.)

_h._ Those of other faiths protected. 89, 107, 167, 181. (See p.
49.)

_i._ Threats or the appeal to reputation avail much. 23, 76, 233,
247. (See p. 49-51.)

B.--MIRACLES VOLUNTARILY PERFORMED

_a._ Life restored or sustained. 6, 11, 21, 96, 131, 175, 311, 323,
355. (See p. 55-58.)

_b._ Physical ailments cured. 33, 41, 156, 228, 259, 262, 276, 279,
324, 331. (See p. 58.)

_c._ Physical harm prevented. 4, 64, 67, 109, 113, 119, 161, 164,
192, 198, 205, 216, 222, 225, 251, 266, 302, 305, 317, 344, 359,
399. (See p. 58.)

_d._ Miracles in which bargaining occurs. 307. (See p. 58.)

_e._ Unmoral miracles. 11, 119, 281. (See p. 58.)

_f._ Miracles in which sacred breasts or milk occur. (See p. 61.)

_g._ Possessions restored or saved or things supplied. 2, 52, 116,
145, 203, 211, 228, 258, 328, 351, 356, 358, 379. (See p. 61-62.)

_h._ Those of other faiths protected. 85, 205, 379. (See p. 62-65.)

_i._ Aid in worship or in restraining evil passions. 137, 151, 152,
156, 207, 227, 246, 266, 273, 336. (See p. 65-66.)

_j._ Miracles in which visions occur. 2, 16, 24, 32, 53, 58, 65,
66, 68, 69, 71, 75, 79, 85, 87, 88, 105, 119, 125, 131, 132, 135,
138, 145, 149, 152, 158, 176, 192, 195, 261, 262, 263, 269, 274,
284, 285, 288, 292, 295, 296, 299, 307, 309, 336, 345, 348, 359,
365, 368, 372, 384, 399. (See p. 66-70.)

_k._ Warnings and admonitions (not in visions). 47, 88, 154, 196,
274. (See p. 70-73.)

_l._ Rewards 2, 4, 5, 8, 18, 56, 63, 66, 87, 95, 124, 141, 155,
251, 253, 281, 335, 353, 384. (See p. 73-77.)

_m._ Violation of vows or acts of sacrilege punished. 42, 57, 59,
108, 117, 132, 163, 285, 347, 392. (See p. 77-78.)

_n._ Objects or places of worship protected. 2, 9, 12, 19, 27, 34,
38, 46, 51, 59, 61, 123, 136, 139, 148, 161, 162, 164, 183, 183,
198, 208, 215, 217, 229, 238, 239, 244, 248, 257, 262, 276, 277,
283, 286, 289, 293, 294, 297, 302, 304, 314, 316, 317, 318, 327,
329, 332, 345. (See p. 78-81.)

_o._ Virgin acts as advocate. 14, 45. (See p. 81-82.)

II

Miracles performed by image, name, or relics or Virgin. 9, 27, 34,
38, 46, 51, 59, 61, 123, 139, 148, 161, 162, 164, 183, 185, 194,
202, 209, 254, 256, 264, 272, 294, 303, 306, 321, 332, 353, 361.
(See p. 83-87.)

III

Miracles of mystery. 8, 29, 56, 103, 153, 162, 184, 188, 219, 226,
305, 313, 315, 342, 361. (See p. 87-89.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

PUBLISHED WORKS OF ALFONSO X, EL SABIO

_Alfonso X, el Sabio, Antología de sus obras_, by ANTONIO G. SOLALINDE, Madrid, 1922, 275 pp. (A second volume is in preparation.)

_Cantigas de Santa María de Don Alfonso el Sabio_, ed. Real Academia Española (Preface by the Marquis of Valmar), Madrid, 1889, 2 vols.

_El libro de Ajedrez_, das Spanische Schachzabelbuch des königs Alfons des weisen vorn jahre 1283; illustrierte handschrift im besitze der königl. Bibliothek des Eskorial vollständige nachbildung der handschrift in 194 lichtdrucktafeln, Leipzig, 1913. (Introduction by John G. White.)

_Los libros del Saber de Astronomía_, ed. M. Rico y Sinobas, Madrid, 1863-1867, 5 vols.

_El lapidario_, ed. J. Fernández Montaña, Madrid, 1881, XX pp., 76, 14 numb. 1., 76 pp.

_Opúsculos legales del Rey Don Alfonso el Sabio_, ed. Real Academia de la Historia, Madrid, 1836, 2 vols.

_Primera Crónica General_, ed. of R. Menéndez Pidal in _Nueva Biblioteca de Autores Españoles_, vol. 5, Madrid, 1906, 4+1+ 776 pp.

_Las Siete Partidas_, glosadas por Gregorio López. There are numerous editions of this work. Some of the editions available in the United States are: Salamanca, 1576, 3 vols. + 1 vol. index; Madrid, 1611; Valencia, 1767; Madrid, 1829-1831, 3 vols. + 1 vol. index (The title page of this edition reads, “Las Siete Partidas del sabio rey Don Alfonso _XI_, etc.”)

_Las Siete Partidas del Rey Don Alfonso el Sabio_, ed. Real Academia de la Historia, Madrid, 1807, 3 vols.

_Las Siete Partidas del Rey Don Alfonso el Sabio._ Pandectas hispano-mejicanas, o sea, código general comprensivo de las leyes generales, útiles y vivas de las Siete Partidas, ed. Juan Rodríguez de San Miguel, Méjico, 1839-1840, 3 vols.

_Las Siete Partidas del Rey Don Alfonso el Sabio_, la primera partida, textkritische untersuchung einer unveröffentlichten handschrift des vierzehnten jahrhundrets, by Whilhelm Friedmann, Leipzig, 1911.

_Las Siete Partidas, and other writings, extracts from_, in _Warner’s Library of the world’s best literature_, vol. 1, pp. 383-388.

_Tabule Alfonsi hispaniarum regis_ & L. Gaurici artium doctoris egregij theoremata ... In calce huius libri seorsum annexe sunt tabule Elisabeth regine nuper castigate & in ordinem redacte per L. Gauricum ... Venetiis, 1524, 123 f. + 1.

_Tabulae Alphonsinae perpetuae motuum coelestium denuo restitutae et illustr. a Franc. Garcia Ventanas._ Traduntur praecepta de fest. mobilib. sec. correct. Gregorianam, et tabulae constr. ad meridian. Toletanum con alg. grab. En 4. Matriti, 1641. Perg. 8 + 126 hh.

WORKS TREATING OF ALFONSO EL SABIO

_Books_

_Alfonso el Sabio, como rey y conquistador de la provincia de Cádiz._ Memoria inédita, Cádiz, 1892.

PEDRO AGUADO BLEYE, _Santa Maria de Salas en el siglo XIII; estudio sobre las Cantigas de Alfonso X, el Sabio_, Bilbao, 1916, 98 pp.

THEOPHILO BRAGA, _Cancionero Portuguez da Vaticana_, Lisbon, 1878, 112 + 236 pp.

ARNOLD BUSSON, _Die doppelwahl des Jahres 1257 ... etc._ Münster, 1866, 6 + 137 pp.

EMILIO CASTELAR Y RIPOLLI, _Alfonso el Sabio, Rey de Castilla. Novela histórica original_, Madrid, 1853, 16 + 407 + 3 pp.

MANUEL COLMIERO, _Cortes de los antiguos reinos de León y de Castilla_, Madrid, 1883-1884, 2 vols.

--_Reyes cristianos desde Alonso VI hasta Alfonso XI_, Madrid, 1894, 4 vols.

EMILIO COTARELO Y MORI, _Estudios de la historia literaria de España_, Madrid, 1901. See pp. 1-31. Also review in _Romania_, 1898, vol. 27, p. 525, by A. MOREL-FATIO.

--_Documentos de la época de Alfonso el Sabio_, Madrid, 1851, 2 vols.

PEDRO GÓMEZ DE LA SERNA, _Sobre el reinado de Don Alfonso el Sabio_. (Speech read upon being received into the Real Academia de la Historia.) Madrid, 1857, 72 pp.

GASPAR IBÁÑEZ DE SEGOVIA PERALTA Y MENDOZA, marqués de Mondéjar, _Memorias históricas del Rey Don Alfonso el Sabio i observaciones a su Chrónica_, Madrid, 1777, 687 pp., Fol.

A. G. F. KOLDITZ, _De Alphonso X., Castillae Legionisque rege, cognomine sapientis indigno_, Serveste, 1757.

R. MENÉNDEZ PIDAL, _L’Épopée Castillane à travers la littérature espagnole_, Paris, 1910, 26-306 pp.

--_Estudios Literarios_, Madrid, 1920, 345 pp.

--_Crónicas generates de España_, 3rd. ed., Madrid, 9 + 1 + 238 pp.

FRANCISCO MARTÍNEZ MARINA, _Ensayo histórico-critico sobre la antigua legislación y principalis cuerpos legates de los reinos de León y Castilla, especialmente sobre el código de don Alfonso el Sabio, conocido por el nombre de Las Siete Partidas_. 1st. ed., Madrid, 1808, 2 + 450 pp.; 2nd. ed., Madrid, 1834, 2 vols.; 3rd. ed., Madrid, 1845, 21 + 23 + 574 pp.

ANDRÉS MARTÍNEZ SALAZAR, _Fragmento de un nuevo códice gallego de las Partidas_, La Coruña, 1910.

GAYETANE PUCH Y PORTOLES, _Historia de las Siete Partidas de Alfonso X_, Madrid, 1829, 32 pp.

ANTONIO G. SOLALINDE, _Alfonso X el Sabio, antología de sus obras_, Madrid, 1922, 275 pp. (Second volume is in preparation.)

DIEGO SUÁREZ, _Don Alfonso X--sus ideas políticas y sociales_, (Speech delivered upon receiving the degree of Doctor en Filosofía y Letras.) Madrid, 1861, 28 pp.

LEOPOLDO AUGUSTO DE CUETO, Marqués de Valmar, _Estudio histórico-critico y filólogico sobre las Cantigas del rey Don Alfonso el Sabio_. 2nd. ed., Madrid, 1897, 22 + 1 + 400 pp. (This is the _Introduction_ to the Academy edition of 1889 of Las Cantiagas, published in a separate volume.)

JOSÉ DE VARGAS Y PONCE, _Elogio del Rey Alfonso el Sabio_, Madrid, 1782, 76 pp.

_Magazine Articles_

_Alfonso X of Spain and the code of 1256_, in _American Journal of Education_, 1877, vol. 27, p. 157-164.

PEDRO D’AZEREDO, _Duas traducões Portuguesas do sec. XIV; um fragmento da versão das Partidas de Castilla_, in _Revista Lusitana_, 1913, vol. 16, p. 101-111.

MICHAEL BARRINGTON, _The Lapidario_, etc., in _The Connoisseur_, London, 1906, vol. 14, p. 31-36.

RODOLFO BEER, _Los cinco libros que compiló Bernardo de Brihuega por orden del rey Don Alfonso el Sabio_, in _Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia_, 1887, vol. 2, p. 363-369.

A. F. G. BELL, _The “Cantigas de Santa María” of Alfonso X_, in _Modern Language Review_, 1915, vol. 10, p. 338-348.

SAMUEL BERGER, _Les Bibles Castellanes_, in _Romania_, 1889, vol. 28, p. 360-408 and 508-542.

MARY E. BLAKE, _Alfonso X and the Birth of Spanish Literature_, in _Catholic World_, 1893, p. 518-530.

ANTONIO BALLESTEROS Y BERETTA, _Un detalle curioso de la biografía de Alfonso X el Sabio_, in _Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia_, 1918, vol. 73, p. 408-419.

--_Alfonso X de Castilla y la corona de Alemania_, in _Revista de Archivos, bibliotecas y museos_, 1916, vol. 34, p. 1-23 and 187-219; 1916, vol. 35, p. 223-242; 1918, vol. 39, p. 142-162; 1919, vol. 40, p. 467-490.

HENRY COLLET and LUIS VILLALBA, _Contribution a l’étude des “Cantigas” d’Alphonse le Savant_, in _Bulletin Hispanique_, 1911, vol. 13, p. 270-290. (A musical study of some of the Cantigas.)

G. DAUMET, _Les testements d’Alphonse X le Savant, roi de Castille_, in _Bibliotheque de l’École des Chartes_, 1906, vol. 67, p. 71-99.

ADOLF FANTA, _Ein Bericht über die Ausprüche des Königs Alfons auf den deutschen Thron_, in _Mitteilungen des Instituts fur Osterreichische Geschichtsforschung_, 1885, vol. 6, p. 94-104.

FIDEL FITA, _Biografías de San Fernando y de Alfonso el Sabio por Gil de Zamora_, in _Boletin de la Real Academia de la Historia_, 1884, vol. 5, p. 308-328.

--_La Cantiga XLIX del rey Don Alfonso el Sabio--Fuentes históricas_, in _Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia_, 1889, vol. 15, p. 179-191.

--_Cincuenta leyendas por Gil de Zamora combinadas con “Las Cantigas” de Alfonso el Sabio_, in _Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia_, 1885, vol. 7, p. 54-144.

--_San Dunstán, Arzobispo de Cantorbery, en una cantiga del rey Don Alfonso el Sabio_, in _Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia_, 1888, vol. 12, p. 244-248.

--_El libro del Cerratense_, in _Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia_, 1888, vol. 13, p. 226-237.

R. FOULCHÈ-DELBOSC, _Les “Castigos e Documentos”_, in _Revue Hispanique_, 1906, vol. 15, p. 340-371.

PAUL GROUSSAC, _Le Livre des “Castigos e Documentos”_, in _Revue Hispanique_, 1906, vol. 15, p. 212-239.

FRIEDRICH HANSSEN, _Estudios ortográficos sobre la Astronomia del rey Don Alfonso X_, in _Anales de la Universidad de Chili_, 1895, vol. 91, p. 281-312.

--_Los endecasílabos de Alfonso X_, in _Bulletin Hispanique_, 1913, vol. 15, p. 248-299.

C. DE LOLLIS, _Cantigas de amor e de maldizer di Alfonso el Sabio_, in _Studi di filologia romanza_, 1887, vol. 2, p. 31-66.

JOSÉ RAMÓN DE LUANCO Y RIEGO, _Clavis sapientae Alphonsi regis Castillae_ (In _Homenaje a Menéndez y Pelayo_), Madrid, 1899, vol. 1, p. 61-67.

PEDRO DE MADRAZO, _Sobre la edición fotocromolitográfica del códice del Lapidario de Alfonso X_, in _Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia_, 1877, vol. I, p. 471-475.

F. F. MANN, _Eine altfranzösiche prosaversion des Lapidarus Marbod’s_ in _Romanische Forschungen_, 1886, vol. 2, p. 363-374.

J. J. NUÑES, _A review of Fragmento de un nuevo código gallego de las Partidas_, in _Revista Lusitana_, 1911, vol. 14, p. 312-316.

JUAN RUÍZ DE OBREGÓN Y RETORTILLO, _Alfonso X el emplazado--una leyenda_, in _Revista de archivos, bibliotecas y museos_, 1916, vol. 32, p. 420-449.

L. SERRANO, _El ayo de Alfonso “el sabio”_, in _Boletín de la Real Academia Española_, 1920, vol. 7, p. 571-602.

ANTONIO G. SOLALINDE, _Intervención de Alfonso X. en la redacción de sus obras_, in _Revista de Filología Española_, 1915, vol. 2, p. 283-288.

--_El códice florentino de las “Cantigas”_, in _Revista de Filología Española_, 1918, vol. 5, p. 142-179.

O. T. TALLGREN, _Observationes sur les manuscrits de l’Astronomie d’Alphonse X, etc._, in _Neuphilologische Mitteilungen_, 1908, p. 110-114.

F. VALLS Y TABERNIR, _Relations familiars i politiques entre Jaume el conqueridor i Anfos el Savi_, in _Bulletin Hispanique_, 1919, vol. 21, p. 9-52.

MARY WARD, _Alfonso the Wise, King of Castille_, in _Macmillan’s Magazine_, 1872, vol. 26, p. 126-136, and in _Living Age_, 1872, vol. 26, p. 51-59.

PAUL SCHEFFER-BOICHORST, _Zur Geschichte Alfons’ X, von Castilien_, in _Mitteilungen des Instituts fur Osterreichische Geschichtsforschung_, 1888, vol. 9, p. 226-248.

A FEW GENERAL STUDIES

NILS ABERG, _La civilisation néolothique dans la péninsule ibèreque_, Paris, 1921, 14 + 204 pp.

MIGUEL ASIN-PALACIO, _Escatología Musulmana en la “Divina Comedia”_, Madrid, 1919, 403 pp.

PIERRE AUBRY, _Trouvères et Troubadours_, 2nd. ed., Paris, 1910, 2 p. 1., 223 (1) pp.

V. BALAGUER, _Los Trovadores_, 2nd. ed., Madrid, 1882, 4 vol. in 2.

ANTONIO BALLESTEROS Y BERETTA, _Sevilla en el siglo XIII_, Madrid, 1913, 338 + 255 pp.

The Bible--King James’ Version.

JOAQUÍN COSTA, _La Poesía popular española y mitología y literatura celto-hispana_, Madrid, 1881, 8 + 489 pp.

GEORGES DOTTIN, _La langue gauloise_, Paris, 1920, 17 + 364 pp.

REINHART, P. DOZY, _Histoire des Musulmans d’Espagne jusqu’à la conquête de l’Andalousie par les Almoravides_, Leyde, 1861, 4 vols.

--_Recherches sur l’histoire et la littérature de l’Espagne pendant la moyen âge_, 3rd. ed., Leyde, 1881, 2 vols.

FRANCISCO GUILLÉN ROBLES, _Leyendas Moriscas_, Madrid, 1885-1886, 3 vols.

JAMES HASTINGS, _Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics_, Edinburgh and New York, 1908-1922, 12 vols.

C. JULIAN, _Histoire de la Gaule_, Paris, 1908-1920, 6 vols.

E. H. KLOTSCHE, _The Supernatural in the Tragedies of Euripides_, Lincoln, Neb., 1918, 106 pp.

JOHN A. MACCULLOCH, _The Religion of the Ancient Celts_, Edinburg, 1911, 15 + 399 pp.

FRANCISCO MARTÍNEZ-MARINA, _Teoría de las cortes o grandes juntas nacionales de los reinos de León y Castilla_, Madrid, 1813, 3 vols.

HUBERT MATTHEY, _Essai sur le merveilleux dans la littérature française depuis 1800_, Paris, 1915, 318 pp.

R. MENÉNDEZ PIDAL, _La leyenda de los Infantes de Lara_, Madrid, 1896, 16 + 448 pp.

--_Discursos leídos ante la Real Academia_, Madrid, May 21, 1916.

M. MENÉNDEZ Y PELAYO, _Historia de los heterodoxos españoles_, Madrid, 2nd. ed., 1911-1918, 3 vols.

ALLEN MENZIE, _History of Religion_, New York, 1913, 17 + 440 pp.

MANUEL MILA Y FONTANALS, _De los trovadores en España, estudio de poesía y lingua provenzal_, Barcelona, 1889, 32 + 542 pp.

ALONSO NÚÑEZ DE CASTRO, _Vida de San Fernando el tercero, rey de Castilla y León_, Madrid, 1787, 8 + 513 + 9 pp.

JUAN DE PINEDA, _Memorial de la Excelente Santidad del Sr. Rey San Fernando III_, Sevilla, 1627, 20 + 196, pp. numbered irregularly.

GASTON PARIS, _La Légende des Infants de Lara_, Paris, 1898, 28 pp. (Extract from _Journal des savants_, mai et juin, 1898.)

ÉDOUARD PHILIPON, _Les Ibères_, Paris, 1909, 24 + 344 pp.

JOSÉ AMADOR DE LOS RÍOS, _Historia crítica de la literatura española_, Madrid, 1861-1865, 7 vols.

DOROTHY SCARBOROUGH, _The Supernatural in Modern English Fiction_, New York, 1917, 7 + 329 pp.

MARIANO SORIANO FUERTES Y PIQUERAS, _Historia de la música española desde la venida de los fenicios hasta el año 1850_, Madrid, 1855-1859, 4 vols.

SAMUEL M. WAXMAN, _Chapters on Magic in Spanish literature_, New York, and Paris, 1916, 139 pp.

C. E. WHITMORE, _The Supernatural in Tragedy_, Cambridge, 1915, 8 + 370 pp.

INDEX OF PROPER NAMES

Because of the preceding classified list of miracles including the indication of the pages treating of each class, it has been deemed necessary to include in the index only the proper names cited in the work and the titles of those works from which examples of the supernatural have been drawn. The reader is referred to the Bibliography (page 139-146) for works of the authors cited. Whenever various names of an individual, or different forms of the same name are used, only the best known or the most popular form will be given in the index, but the pages indicated are those on which any of the variations appear. For example, all references to Saint Mary will be found under “Virgin, The.”

Abderrahman II, 12

Aben Yussef, 56

Abran of Germany, Count, 75

Achela, 44n

Adán, 91n

Aeneas, 110

Africa, 21, 66n, 105, 109, 110

Agosto, 49, 62

Albans, St., 131

Albeza, 37

Alcocer, 17

Alejandro el Magno, 124, 125, 126

Alemany, José, 25n

Alexius, Emperor, 57

Alexander IV, Pope, 18

Alfonso III, of Portugal, 17

Alfonso VIII, 16

Alfonso IX, 16

Alfonso X, el Sabio, 5, 13, _15-26_,
27, 29, 30, 30n, 31n, 34, 35, 44,
45, 53, 67, 79, 84, 85, 88, 93, 96,
96n, 97n, 107, 109, 113, 117, 128

Algeciras, 56

Amadís de Gaula, 33n

Andalucía, 17

Ann, Saint, Novena of, 9

Antidio, 95

Arcalaus, 33n

_Arcipreste de Hita_, El, 95

Aristotle, 54, 122

Arras, 71n

Asin Palacios, Miguel, 64n, 96n, 109n, 112n

Assisi, St. Francis of, 9

Atocha, 36

Attila, 110, 124

Ayamonte, 62

Barcelona, 56

Basilio, San, 68

Beatriz, Doña, 17

Beatrice, Queen, 84

Berceo, 59n, 77n, 93n, 97n

Bernat Descoll, 16

Bizancio, 110, 111

Bondoudar, 40

Burgos, 16, 46, 71, 88

Cádiz, 22

Caesar, 81

Caesar, Octavius, 103

Caesar, Sextus Julius, 104

Caesarea, 68

Caligula, Emperor Caius, 117

Canaan, 48

_Cantigas, Las_, 23, 27, 28, 30, 31n, 32, 68,
85, 85n, 92, 93, 93n, 96, 97, 107, 108, 108n,
116, 116n, 118, 131, 132

_Cantigas de amor et de maldecir_, 27

Castile, 16, 20, 79, 99, 128

Castrogériz, 39

Catalonia, 16, 84

Chartres, 126

Cid, the, 96, 126n

Cirot, G., 25n

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 74

_Conquista del Ultramar, La Gran_, 40n

Constantine, Emperor, 61, 110, 111

Constantinople, 57

Consuegra, 64

_Crónica General, La_, 22, _24_, 27, 40n,
66n, 68, 74, 74n, 80, 93,
95, 96n, 97, 100n, 104n, 105n, 106n,
109n, 111n, 112n, 116n, 126n

Cueto, Leopoldo Augusto de, Marqués de Valmar, 23

Cunnegro, 66

Dagobert, 109

David, 123

Denis, Saint, 109

Devil, The, 39, 59, 64, 71,
72, 77, 77n, 80, 85, 89n,
_91-97_, 112, 114, 116, 120, 121, 130

Dido, 105, 110

Domingo, Santo, 33

Domingo, Don, 47

Doyle, Sir Conan, 91

Duero, 95

Eanes, D. Gonzalo, 64

Edessa, 126

Egypt, 40, 84, 123

Elina, 111

Enrique, Infante D., 19

Escorial, The, 88

Etna, Mount, 58

Europe, 5, 13, 32, 44, 58, 96n, 99, 129

Ezequias, 54n

Faraón, 123

Felipe, Infante Don, 19

Fernán Gonzales, 74n

Fernando III, 16, 24, 34, 109

Fernando IV, 16

Fernando de la Cerda, 20

Fernando, Infante Don, 80

France, 18, 20, 109, 132

Galileo, 69

García, Fernández, 16

García, Count Don, 74

Germany, 10

Gilemer, 109

God, 9, 29, 31, 31n, 32, 37, 50, 54n, 71,
72, 80, 91, 93, 96, 102n, 109, 112, 114,
115, 116, 121, 123, 124, 128, 130

Granada, 20, 22, 79

Granada, Emir of, 20

_Gran Estoria_, 22, _24_, 26

“Gran Britaña”, 56, 88

Gregory X, 18

Guillén Robles, Francisco, 37n, 109n, 112n

Gunderico, 96

Guzmán, Doña Mayor Guillén de, 17

Hastings, James, 76

Hell, 61, 64n, 91, 96, 109

Heraclius, Emperor, 109

Herodotus, 131

Herod, King, 51, 100

Holy Land, The, 83, 92

Holy Spirit, The, 115, 123, 124

Host, The, 62, 89n, _118-120_

Hudson River, The, 9

Huelgas, Las, 34

Ica, 40

India, 125

Ildefonso, San, 73

Israel, 123

Italy, 18, 96n

Jacob, 123

Jaime, el Conquistador, 17, 20

Jaén, 21

Jérez, 68, 109

Jérez de la Frontera, 22

Jerusalem, 48, 51, 111, 124

Jesus, 29, 31, 31n, 32, 45, 48, 49,
50, 51, 54n, 63, 64, 67, 79, 81,
83, 84, 92, 97, 103, 106, 111, 112,
114, 115, 119, 120, 123, 124, 127, 130

Jordanes, 10

Jorge, Maestro, 109

Josef, 123

Juan, San, 124

Julian, Emperor, 68, 69, 81, 117

Justinian, Emperor, 109

Jupiter, temple of, 105

_Lapidario, El_, 23, _24_, 28

Lara, sons of, 99

Lebrija, 22

Leo, Pope, 58

Lia, 123

_Libro de Alejandro, El_, 96n, 97n, 126n

_Libro de Ajedrez, El_, 23, _25_

_Libros del Saber de Astronomia, Los_, 22, _23_, 28

Lisbon, 59

Lodge, Sir Oliver, 91

MacCulloch, J. A., 17

Macedonia, 125

Madrid, 36

Manuel, Infante Don, 41

Marcian, Emperor, 110

Marcus, Lucius, 104

_María Egipciaca_, 131

Mariana, 15

Marquina, 15

Marseilles, 38

Mártires, 65

Martos, 79

Mayor Arias, Doña, 16

Medina Sidonis, 22

Mela, Pomponius, 131

Menéndez Pidal, J., 104n

Menéndez Pidal, R., 22, 24

Menéndez y Pelayo, 12n

Menzie, Allan, 40n

Mercurio, San, 68, 69

Merlin, 131

_Milagros de Nuestra Señora, Los_, 59n, 77n, 93n, 97n

Mildmay, Mrs. S., 11n

Mahommed, 64, 111

Mondéjar, Marqués de, 16

Monsaras, 78

Monserrat, 56

Montana, José T., 25

_Moralia in Job_, 110

Moses, 24, 123

Murcia, 17, 78

Mussafia, 30n

Navarre, 17

Navarre, King of, 20

Navas, Conde de las, 117n

Niebla, 22

Nuño de Lara, 19, 68

Oberon, King, 131

Onís, Federico de, 6

Oro, San Juan Boco de, 45

Ovid, 131

Paris, 109

Paris, Gaston, 99

Pascual de Gayangos, 25n

Paschal II, Pope, 13

Pedro III, of Aragón, 21

Pedro IV, 16

Pena Cova, 39

Persia, 68, 69

Peter, Saint, 32, 81

Philipon, É., 11

Poitiers, Conde de, 80

Portugal, King of, 19

Puerto, 41, 47, 83

Rachel, 123

Recafredo, 12

_Reyes Magos, Los Tres_, 84n

Ribera, J., 23

Ribila, 79

Richard of Cornwall, 18

Rico y Sinobas, Manuel, 24

Ríos, José Amador de los, 10

Rocamador, 43, 93

Rodrigáñez, Hippolito, 25

Rome, 21, 100, 106, 110, 111, 116

Roman Empire, The Holy, 18, 20, 103

Roumania, 61

Rudolph of Hapsburg, 18

Ruy Velázquez, 99

Sancho, Infante Don, 20, 21

Santa Cruz, 95

Santiago, 57, 93, 130

Salas, 36, 42, 49, 83

Saussonna, 44

Scarborough, Dorothy, 8, 131n

Scythia, 10

Selfa, Antonio, 25

_Septenario, El_, 22

Seville, 17, 21, 56, 96, 128

Segovia, 80

Siagro, Don, 73

Siena, Bishop of, 72

_Siete Partidas, Las_, 16, 21, 22, 23,
28, 53, 76n, 79n, 87n, 89n, 91, 91n,
92n, 100, 108, 108n, 114n, 115n, 120n,
121, 121n, 122, 126n

Sion, Mount, 81

Soissons, 40, 132

Solomon, 114

Solalinde, Antonio G., 6, 16, 24, 25n, 26n, 30n, 31n, 125n, 126n

Spain, 9, 11, 12, 13, 22, 24, 25, 27, 45, 92, 96n, 99, 117, 129

Sur, Libano de, 69

Sylvester, Pope, 110, 111

_Tablas, Alfonsíes ... Las_, 22

Taion, 110

Téllez, D. Alfonso, 64

Temperley, H., 11n

Terena, 43, 81, 97

Thomas, Saint, 127

Tiberius, 100

Toledo, Codex of, 88

Toledo, 16, 35, 47

Todd, Henry Alfred, 6

Tortosa de Ultramar, 40

Vatican, The, 95

Vesentina, 95

Virgin, The, 23, _27-89_, 92,
94, 95, 96, 108, 110, 119,
120, 124, 127, 128, 130, 131

Virgin, Cult of, 31

Violante of Aragón, Doña, 17

Violante, Queen, 21

Vistula, 10

Vulcan, 124

Wandering Jew, The, 131

Waxman, S. W., 97n

Wendover, Roger of, 131

Weeks, Raymond, 6

Werewolf, The, 131

White, J. G., 25

Whitmore, C. E., 118n

William of Holland, 18

Zaragoza, 41

CONTENTS

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