Chapter XII: Section VII: Reference Material

The home of the future will become more and more an art laboratory
for the homemaker. When housewives make a serious study of art in
the home--and this may be manifest in the preparation of food as
well as in the color arrangement of the house--there will be better
homes as well as houses.--Richard Allen.

USE OF REFERENCE MATERIAL

A wide use of reference material is essential in the successful teaching of art through the use of problems. Many sources of information are necessary for pupils to evaluate tentative conclusions and to verify final conclusions as well as for elaboration of facts. Reference to several different authorities will reveal to students the fact that there are differences of opinion regarding art and will help in making them realize the importance of weighing information thoroughly before accepting conclusions. In other words, it is valuable in preventing pupils from jumping to conclusions or accepting hasty conclusions.

This suggests that several books for reference are preferable to a single text. However, many teachers favor the plan of providing three or four copies of the best books for class use rather than single copies of every art book that is published.

In support of the use of references rather than single texts, the following points are made:

1. Opportunity is offered for pupils to verify and elaborate on
information.

2. More pupils will have contact with the best references.

3. Resourcefulness in the pupil will be better developed.

4. Teachers are challenged to make better selection of books as
well as better use of them.

5. In those schools which provide free textbooks for the pupils
it is easier to replace old books, since fewer copies of the
newer ones will be purchased at one time.

SOURCES OF REFERENCE MATERIAL

In addition to books, the teacher of art has at her disposal bulletins, current magazines, and educational advertising materials. In selecting art reference material for pupil use she should keep in mind that--

1. Information must be authentic.

2. It should be pertinent to the study at hand.

3. It should be not only clear, concise, and interesting, but easy
to understand.

4. It should include a wide variety of well chosen and clearly
reproduced illustrations.

5. Illustrations should for the most part represent objects with
which the girls come in frequent contact.

6. It should be up to date.

7. Subject matter and illustrations should avoid extravagant choices
that are not within the reach of the average family.

8. It should contain a good table of contents and index.

Since there is such a quantity of current magazine and advertising material, it is obvious that it can not all be used and therefore it is imperative that the teacher evaluate it and choose with keen discrimination all that she plans to utilize for illustrative or reference purposes. Much of this material is valuable and may be had for the asking.

While it is desirable for the teacher to have subscriptions to several of the most helpful magazines for class use, it is not imperative, since she may procure many of them from pupils, from other teachers, and from the school or local community library.

Several State departments have issued helpful lists of available advertising material for home economics, including related art.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. For pupil and teacher use--

Baldt, Laura I., and Harkness, Helen D., Clothing for the High School
Girl, 1931. J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia.

Butterick, Helen G., Principles of Clothing Selection. Revised 1930.
The Macmillan Co., New York.

Goldstein, Harriett and Vetta, Art in Everyday Life, 1925. The Macmillan
Co., New York.

Rathbone, Lucy, and Tarpley, Elizabeth, Fabrics and Dress, 1931. Houghton
Mifflin Co., Boston.

Sage, Elizabeth, Textiles and Clothing. 1930. Scribners, New York.

Snow, Bonnie E., and Froehlich, Hugo B., The Theory and Practice of Color,
1918. Prang & Co., New York.

Trilling, Mable B., and Williams, Florence, Art in Home and Clothing,
1928. J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia.

2. For teacher use--

Bailey, Henry Turner, Art Education, 1914. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston.

Batchelder, Ernest A., Design in Theory and Practice, 1914. The Macmillan
Co., New York.

Degarmo, Charles, and Winslow, Leon Loyal, Essentials of Design, 1924.
The Macmillan Co., New York.

Federated Art Council on Art Education, Report of the Committee on
Terminology. 1929. L. L. Winslow, secretary. Baltimore.

Heckman, Albert, Pictures from Many Lands, 1925. The Art Extension
Society, 415 Madison Avenue, New York.

Morgan, A. B., Elements of Art and Decoration, 1915, 1928. Bruce Publishing
Co., Milwaukee.

Neuhaus, Eugene, Appreciation of Art, 1924. Ginn & Co., New York.

National Committee on Wood Utilization, United States Department of
Commerce, Furniture, Its Selection and Use, 1931. Superintendent
of Documents, Washington, D. C.

Packard, Edgar, Picture Readings, 1918. Public School Publishing Co.,
Bloomington, Ill.

Parsons, Frank Alvah, Interior Decoration. Doubleday, Doran & Co.,
Garden City, N. Y.

Russell, Mable, and Wilson, Elsie, Art Training Through Home Problems.
(In press.) Manual Arts Press, Peoria, Ill.

Sargent, Walter, Enjoyment and Use of Color, 1923. Scribners, New York.

Weinberg, Louis, Color in Everyday Life, 1918. Dodd, Mead & Co., New York.

Welling, Jane Betsy, More Color for You, 1927. Abbott Educational Co.,
Chicago.

INDEX

Abilities:
creative, 14, 22.
in laboratory problems, 46-47.
judgment, 22.
objectives, 14.
permanent, 11.
specific ability in a lesson, 34.

Additional units. _See_ Units.

Allen, Richard, 81.

Applications of art principles:
in notebooks, 43.
to all phases of home making, 18-21.
through home projects, 67.

Appreciation:
fundamental outcome of art instruction, 55, 58.
objective, 14.

Arrangements:
of articles on dresser, 41.
of bulletin board, 8, 28.
of curtains, 35-38.
of flowers, 7, 9, 24, 26.

Art (_see also_ Design, Beauty, and Taste):
essential factor in education, 1.
quality, 25, 55.
relation to home economics, 1.

Assignments, 39, 40-42, 65-66.

Baily, Henry Turner, 10.

Balance:
objective, 14.
principles, 15, 16.
procedure for achieving, 17.

Beauty:
contribution of principles to, 15.
enjoyment of, 14.
ideal of creating beauty in home, 67.
objective, 13.

Better Homes Week, 42.

Block printing, 50.

Bobbitt, F., 12, 25.

Bulletin board:
arrangement of, 8, 28.
for illustrative materials, 78.

Center of interest. _See_ Emphasis.

Child development, art topics, 18.

Clothing selection:
art topics in, 21.
suggested projects in, 68.
unit in, 72-74.

Color:
a basic element, 16.
in laboratory, 27.
in nature, 27.
objective, 13, 14.
principles, 16.
use of dyes in teaching, 51-52.

Consumer:
art training needed by, 12.
selection versus making by, 2.

Content:
choice of art, 12.
essential art content, 14-17, 22, 33.

Costume design. _See_ Clothing selection.

Craft work. _See_ Laboratory problems.

Creative problems. _See_ Problems.

Cumulative teaching, 42.

Curtains. _See_ Draperies.

Decoration, definition, 48.

Design. (_See also_ Structural design), objectives, 13-14.

Dining room, school, 28, 30.

Draperies, lesson on arranging curtains, 34-40.

Drew, E., 1.

Economy, in dress, 2.

Embroidery. _See_ Hand stitchery.

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 72.

Emphasis:
objective, 14.
principles, 15, 17.

Environment:
home, 58.
home-economics department, 6, 7, 9, 24, 26, 27.
objective, 13.

Evaluation of results. _See_ Measuring results.

Exterior design. _See_ Home exterior.

Federated Council on Art Education, 15, 16.

Field trips:
description, 54-55.
place in related art course, 53-55.
purpose, 53.

Flowers:
fabric or yarn, 50.
substitutes for, 27.

Flower arrangement:
discussion of, 29.
illustrations, 7, 9, 24, 26.

Furniture:
painting, 51.
refinishing, 42-43.

Girls' room, home project, 63-66, 69.

Goldstein, Harriett and Vetta, 4, 15, 48.

Hand stitchery, 50.

Harmony:
objective, 14.
principles, 15, 17.

Historic costume, 74.

Home-economics cottages, 42.

Home exterior, art topics, 19.

Home improvement:
joint projects in, 68-69.
project reports of, 63-66, 69-71.
suggested projects in, 69.

Home interior:
art topics, 20.
unit in home furnishing, 72-74.

Home projects. _See_ Projects.

Home situations for which art is needed, 17-21.

House furnishings. _See_ Home interior.

Ideals:
establishing, 28.
in related art courses, 2.
objective, 13.

Illustrations of appreciation centers, 7, 8, 9, 24, 26.

Illustrative material:
for test, 62-63.
further suggestions for use of, 40-41.
in notebooks, 43, 45, 46.
purpose of, 75.
selection and source of, 75-77.
storage, 79-80.
use, 77-78.
use in specific lesson, 40-41.

Inductive problems. _See_ Problems.

Interest:
arrangement of units to create, 10-11.
contribution of classroom to, 25, 26.
creating, 22-29.
initial, 23-25.
objective, 13.
specific, 22.
spread of, 58.
through field trips, 53.
through illustrative material, 78.
through notebooks, 44, 45.

Interior design. _See_ Home interior.

Judgment problems. _See_ Problems.

Kelsey, Clark, B., 2.

Knouff, Cyrus, W., 2.

Laboratory, improvement in, 27.

Laboratory problems:
education possibilities of commonly used, 50-52.
place in related art course, 46-53.
relation to interest, 22.
standards for evaluating, 47-48.
values of, 47.

Lamp shades, 50.

Lesson in art, 34-38.

Lettering, 50.

Line, basic element, 16.

Marbleized paper, 50-51.

Meal planning and table service, art topics, 18-19.

Measuring results:
description of test given for, 59-63.
discussion of, 55-66.
improved practices--
at home, 58.
in school, 55-58.
practical test, 58.
through home projects, 63-66.
through notebooks, 44.

Method in teaching:
discussion, 29-33.
problem solving, 31-33.

Morehart, 31.

Morgan, A. B., 27.

Morrison, H. C., 22.

Mumford, Lewis, 67.

Needs for art training:
general art, 12.
girls, 3, 13, 15.
home, 15, 17-21.
individual, 15.

Notebooks:
analysis to determine use of, 44-45.
discussion of use, 43-46.
justification of use, 43-44.

Objectives:
general, 13, 34.
guide for content, 14-15, 21.
in related art, 12-14.
in using illustrative materials, 77-78.
specific, 13-14, 34.

Opposition, 16.

Orderly arrangement:
in laboratory, 27.
on bulletin board, 8, 27, 28.

Period furniture, 73-74.

Personality, expressed in homes, 2, 67.

Place cards, 51.

Portfolios:
for illustrative material, 45-46.
making, 51.

Posters, 46, 51.

Principles of art:
application in all phases of homemaking, 18.
classification, 16.
illustrated in lesson on proportion, 35, 38.
relationship, 41-42.
selection, 15-17, 21.

Problems:
creative, 32, 39.
inductive, 31-32, 35.
judgment or reasoning, 32, 38, 39, 61.
meaning, 31.
source, 14.

Problem series:
factors in planning, 33.
suggested series, 38-40.

Problem solving:
discussion, 29-34.
use of illustrative material, 78.

Projects:
class, 42-43.
home--
outcomes, 67.
report of one, 63-66.
suggestive projects, 67-68.

Proportion:
objective, 14.
principles, 15, 16, 35, 38, 52, 58-59.
sample lesson for developing principle, 34-40.

Radiation, 15, 16.

Reasoning. _See_ Judgment.

Reference material:
for pupil and teacher use, 82.
for teacher use, 82-83.
sources, 81-82.
use, 81.

Repetition:
objective, 14.
principles, 15, 16.

Rhythm:
objective, 14.
principles, 15, 16.

Rugs, rug hooking, 51.

Russell, Mabel, 15, 17, 22.

Sequence:
in problems, 33.
in units, 10, 72.

Shaded dyeing, 52.

Social and community relations, art topics, 20.

Standards:
for a dress, 54.
for evaluating laboratory problems, 47-48, 53.
for reference material, 81-82.

Strebel, 31.

Structural design:
definition of, 48.
emphasis in classroom, 27.

Subordination. _See_ Emphasis.

Supervisors, use of bulletin by State and local, 6.

Surroundings. _See_ Environment.

Taste:
developed through good example, 29.
quotation on, 2, 10.

Teachers:
appearance, 29.
art teachers, 5.
home economics, 5.
quoted, 49, 56-57, 58, 62, 67-68.
special problems of, in art, 4-5.

Teacher training:
preparation in art, 5.
use of bulletin in, 6.

Terminology in art, 15-16.

Terms, art, 15.

Tests. _See_ Measuring results.

Tie dyeing, 51-52.

Transition, 15, 16.

Trilling, M. B., 15.

Units:
additional units in art, 72-74.
arrangement in vocational schools, 10-11, 72.
in clothing selection, 73-74.
in home furnishing, 72-73.

Unity, 15, 16.

Vocational program:
art in all-day schools in, 1-2, 10-11, 14.
art for adults in, 2-3, 14.
art for part-time girls in, 11, 14.
objectives, 12.
place of art in, 10-11.

Weaving, 52.

Whitford, William C., 1, 12, 15, 16, 22, 29, 55, 63.

Williams, F., 15.

Wilson, Elsie, VII, 15, 17, 22.

Windows, lesson on curtain arrangement for school, 34-40.

Winter bouquets, 27, 29.

PUBLICATIONS OF THE FEDERAL BOARD FOR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION RELATING TO HOME-ECONOMICS EDUCATION[28]

ANNUAL REPORTS TO CONGRESS

1919, 1920, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930.

BULLETINS

23. Clothing for the Family. 1918. On sale by Superintendent of
Documents, Government Printing Office. Price, 15c.

28. Home-Economics Education. Organization and Administration (revised).
1928. On sale by Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing
Office. Price, 15c.

35. Use and Preparation of Food. 1919. On sale by Superintendent of
Documents, Government Printing Office. Price, 20c.

79. A Study of Home-Economics Education in Teacher-Training Institutions
for Negroes. 1923. On sale by Superintendent of Documents, Government
Printing Office. Price, 15c.

86. Health of the Family. A Program for the Study of Personal, Home,
and Community Health Problems. 1923. On sale by Superintendent of
Documents, Government Printing Office. Price, 25c.

116. Training for Leadership in Home-Economics Education. Report of the
National Committee on Advanced Courses in Vocational Education. 1927.
On sale by Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office.
Price, 10c.

124. Plant and Equipment for Vocational Classes in Home Economics.
Intended for the Use of Those Responsible for Determining Plant and
Equipment for Vocational Schools and Classes. 1927. On sale by
Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office. Price, 40c.

143. Training Supervisors of Home-Economics Education. Report of the
National Committee on Advanced Courses in Vocational Education.
On sale by Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office.
Price, 5c.

151. Vocational Education in Home Economics. Twelve Years of Home
Economics Under the National Vocational Education Acts. On sale by
Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office. Price, 30c.

156. The Teaching of Art Related to the Home. Suggestions for Content and
Method in Related Art Instruction in the Vocational Program in Home
Economics. 1931. On sale by Superintendent of Documents, Government
Printing Office. Price, 25c.

158. The Teaching of Science Related to the Home. Suggestions for Content
and Method in Related Science Instruction in the Vocational Program
in Home Economics. 1931. (In press.)

FOOTNOTES

[Footnote 1: Whitford, William G., An Introduction to Art. Preface XI. Appleton Series in Education, 1929.]

[Footnote 2: Ibid., p. 16.]

[Footnote 3: National Committee on Wood Utilization, United States Department of Commerce--Furniture and Its Selection and Use, by Clark B. Kelsey, p. 1.]

[Footnote 4: School and Society, Vol. XXX, No. 780.]

[Footnote 5: Bobbitt, F. How to Make a Curriculum, pp. 220-221. Houghton, Mifflin Co. 1924.]

[Footnote 6: Whitford, William G., An Introduction to Art, pp. 192-193. Appleton Series in Education, 1929.]

[Footnote 7: Adapted from Russell and Wilson, Art Training Through Home Problems. Manual Arts Press. (In press.)]

[Footnote 8: Federated Council on Art Education. Report of the Committee on Terminology (William G. Whitford, chairman), p. 12, 1929.]

[Footnote 9: Goldstein, Harriett and Vetta, Art in Everyday Life, p. 5. The MacMillan Co. 1925.]

[Footnote 10: Russell, M., and Wilson, E., Art Training Through Home Problems. Manual Arts Press. (In press.)]

[Footnote 11: Trilling, M. B., and Williams, F., Art in Home and Clothing, pp. 28-63. The Lippincott Co. 1928.]

[Footnote 12: Federated Council on Art Education. Report of the Committee on Terminology, Table V (William G. Whitford, chairman), p. 26.]

[Footnote 13: Federated Council on Art Education. Report of the Committee on Terminology (William G. Whitford, chairman), p. 38.]

[Footnote 14: Russell, M., and Wilson, E., Art Training Through Home Problems. Manual Arts Press. (In press.) North Dakota State Department of Education, A Suggested Outline for the Content of a Course in Related Art for High School Girls. Nebraska State Department of Education, Suggested Outline for Content and Methods in Related Art. Home Economics Publication, Serial No. 38.]

[Footnote 15: Whitford, William G., An Introduction to Art, p. 194. Appleton Series in Education, 1929.]

[Footnote 16: Russell, M., and Wilson, E., Art Training Through Home Problems. (Chapter "Creating an Interest in Everyday Art.") Manual Arts Press. (In press.)]

[Footnote 17: Lancelot, W. H., Handbook of Teaching Skills. John Wiley & Sons, 1929.]

[Footnote 18: Bobbitt, F. How to Make a Curriculum, p. 222. Houghton-Mifflin Co., 1929.]

[Footnote 19: Morgan, A. B., Elements of Art and Decoration, p. 33. The Bruce Publishing Co. 1928.]

[Footnote 20: Whitford, William G., An Introduction to Art, p. 186. Appleton Series in Education. 1929.]

[Footnote 21: Strebel and Morehart, The Nature and Meaning of Teaching, p. 177. McGraw-Hill Book Co. 1929.]

[Footnote 22: Lancelot, W. H., Handbook of Teaching Skills. John Wiley and Sons. 1929.]

[Footnote 23: Lancelot, W. H., Handbook of Teaching Skills. John Wiley & Sons. 1929.]

[Footnote 24: Goldstein, Harriet and Vetta, Art in Everyday Life, p. 6. The Macmillan Co. 1925.]

[Footnote 25: Whitford, William G., An Introduction to Art, p. 236. Appleton Series in Education. 1929.]

[Footnote 26: Refer to Whitford, An Introduction to Art Education, pp. 239-245, for suggestive appreciation test in art. Appleton Series in Education. 1929.]

[Footnote 27: Mumford, Lewis, The American Mercury, April, 1930.]

[Footnote 28: A complete list of available publications relating to the work of other services of the Federal Board for Vocational Education may be obtained on request. Address Publications Section of the Board.]

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