Chapter XXII: Appendix: B

THE SKRÆLINGS.

There are many references to the North American Skrælings in Rafn's great work entitled "Antiquitates Americanæ: sive Scriptores Septentrionales Rerum Ante-Columbianarum in America," published under the auspices of the Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries (Copenhagen, 1837). This is a collection of the accounts in the old Northern chronicles, relating to the Northmen's (_gamle Nordboers_) voyages of discovery to America, between the tenth and fourteenth centuries. And from these accounts it is seen that the tribes then inhabiting the territories on either side of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and as far south as Massachusetts, were the Skrælings; with whom the Northmen occasionally fought, and at other times traded, giving them pieces of red cloth in exchange for furs.

That the term by which they are chiefly known to modern writers was not the only one given to them by the Northmen is seen from a remark made by one of the chroniclers of Thorfinn Karlsefne, who states that "these people are called Lapps in some books (_thær thjódhir kalla sumir bækr Lappa_)."[340] On the other hand, the map of Olaus Magnus, referred to in the foregoing pages, shows that the northern corner of Norway was then inhabited by a race of _Scric-Finni_, "commonly called 'Screlings,'" who at least were the neighbours of Lapps.

In connection with the North American "Lapps" or "Skrælings," the editor of _Antiquitates Americanæ_ supplies the following note (p. 45):--"Skrælingos appellatos autumat Bussæus ob humilem staturam; quam ob rem et interdum ab Islandis _Smælíngjar_ (homunculi) audiunt. Hæc vero communis appellationis ratio vix esse potest. Arnas Magnæus in collectaneis ad novam editionem Schedarum Arii polyhistoris, vocem _Skrælíngjar_ interpretatur errones, incertum qua ratione, cum ipse nullam attulerit. Suhmius (_Kjöbenhavnske Selskabs Skrifter_, VIII., pag. 81) eos ita propter vilem armaturam appellatos putat. Nonne potius nomen istud ob ora macilenta adepti sunt, ab _at skræla_, arefacere? Nota, Petrum Clausenium Undalinum, in descriptione Norvegiæ, ed. Hafn. 1632, pag. 375-6, hoc nomen scribere _Skregklinge_ et _Skreglinge_, qs. a _skrækja_, clamare, ejulare, cfr. Partic. de Karlsefnio, cap. 10 infra."

Whatever may be the etymology of this word (which in some of its forms approaches the "_Scric_-Finni" of Norway), it is quite clear from the _Antiquitates Americanæ_ that those tenth-century natives of what is now New England and New Brunswick strongly resembled the modern Eskimos. "Hæc descriptio Skrælingorum accurate quadrat in hodiernos Grænlandos sive Eskimoos," is the observation made by the editor (p. 149, _n_.) on a description of some of those people encountered by the Northmen. And, similarly, the note relative to their skin-canoes, or kayaks, is as follows:[341]--"_húdhkeipr_, species navigii, acatium coriaceum vel corio contextum, quo usi sunt indigenæ, ut etiamnunc Grænlandi ex genere Eskimoorum; itaque per carabum redditum, qui secundum Isidorum Hispal. in Orig. Libr. 19, cap. 1. est 'parva scapha ex vimine facta, qui contexta crudo corio genus navigii præbet.'--Vocem illustrat vir doctissimus Gunnar Pauli, f. in annotationibus, insertis indici vocum _Orkneyinga sagæ: 'Húdhkeipr_, navis sutilis, vel, si mavis, corio obducta vel circumdata. Nam phocarum ad hunc usum pelles adhibere Grænlandos notum est, quorum naves _húdhkeipar_ nostratibus olim sunt appellatæ.'"

In these references there is much that is suggestive. One would like to know the occasions on which the Latin term "acatium" was used; and also the circumstances which induced an editor of the _Orkneyinga Saga_ to enlarge upon the appearance of the _húdhkeipr_. Taken in connection with the existence of kayak-using Finnmen, in the Orkney Isles, less than two centuries ago, this latter allusion is very striking. Similarly, an explanation of the term "Skregklinge" or "Skreglinge," occurring in a description of _Norway_, of the year 1632 (above referred to), arouses equal interest in that work.

That the Skrælings, wherever situated, were "pigmies," is evident from the testimony of Olaus Magnus,--and the accounts of the eleventh-century Northmen fully corroborate this. One of their references is as follows: "They were small, ugly men, with horrible heads of hair, great eyes, and broad cheek-bones: (_Their voru smáir menn ok illiligir, ok íllt höfdhu their hár á höfdhi, eygdhir voru their mjök ok breidhir í kinnunum_)."[342] Another description occurs in the _Saga of Thorfinn Karlsefne_ which relates how, in the year 1011 A.D. (three years after his first encounter with the American Skrælings), he and his people arrived at Markland,--a country identified with the modern New Brunswick and other lands lying round the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Here they encountered five Skrælings, one man, two women and two boys: ("... _ok funnu thar Skrælingja 5, ok var einn skeggiadhr; konur voru 2, ok börn tvö_;" in which passage it may be noted that the man was distinguished by the term "bearded,"--_skeggjadhr_). They captured the two boys, "but the others escaped, and sank beneath the ground:" ("_Verosimile est, Skrælingos in cavernas subterraneas se abdidisse_," is the explanation given by the commentator in _Antiquitates Americanæ_).[343] Karlsefne's people took the boys away with them, had them baptized, and taught them Icelandic. These stated that their father and mother (no doubt, the "bearded one" and one of the two women, then lamenting them in their underground dwelling) were respectively named Uvæge and Vethillde;[344] and that their people had no houses, but lived in dens and caves: ("_í hellum edha holum_"). The country of the Skrælings, they said, was governed by two kings or chiefs, one named Avalldamon (or Avalldumon) and the other Valldidida."

It will be seen from these references that although those Skrælings of nine centuries ago are rightly regarded as probable progenitors of modern Eskimos, there were some differences between the two. The term "shaggy" or "bearded," used to distinguish the man from his two female companions, certainly does not indicate that the latter were themselves hirsute. But the previous reference to the "ugly" or "horrible" heads of hair, and the description of their eyes as very large, are two points that seem to denote a race not wholly identical with modern Eskimos.

Moreover, the rapid disappearance of the adults underground, on the occasion when the two boys were captured, is more suggestive of the dwarfs of tradition (such as those who similarly escaped from Suafurlami when he attempted to smite them with his magic sword) than of the Greenlanders of to-day.

Although the accounts of the two boy prisoners might be held to denote that the manners they described were new to the Northmen, yet an incident of earlier date shows clearly that the latter quite understood the subterranean ideas of those North American "Lapps." The incident referred to is this: In the year 1004, Thorwald Ericson and his followers had surprised a small party of nine Skrælings at the entrance to Plymouth Harbour, on the coast of Massachusetts,[345] and of these they killed eight. The ninth sped away in his skin-canoe to the inner end of the bay, out of which there presently emerged an infuriated swarm of kayakkers. But before they appeared, the Northmen had had time to note a group of "hillocks" on the beach (apparently on the interior curve of the promontory terminating in the modern "Gurnet Point,") and these "hillocks" they assumed to be the abodes of the Skrælings.[346] This was seven years before the capture of the boys by Karlsefne's party, and the inference clearly is that they were accustomed to regard kayak-using dwarfs as mound-dwellers. Indeed, the very fact that they styled the natives "Lapps" and "goblins,"[347] as well as Skrælings, shows that they regarded them as belonging to the same race as similar people well known to them in Europe.

FOOTNOTES:

[340] _Antiq. Amer._ p. 182_n_.

[341] P. 43, note _a_.

[342] Pages 180-1. It ought to be added that the version which is given on p. 149 has _svartir_ ("swarthy" or "black") instead of _smáir_. But whichever of these versions has the correct word, the small stature of the Skrælings is beyond dispute.

[343] Page 162, note _a_. The account above referred to is given at pp. 161-2, and again at pp. 182-3.

[344] According to the version on p. 162. That of p. 182 makes both names feminine, and indicates that the boys were not sons of one mother. A footnote on p. 162 gives many variants of these names, _e.g._, Ægi, Ovægi, etc., Weihilldi, Veinhildi, etc.

[345] That, at any rate, is the locality agreed upon by those who have tracked the routes of the Northmen.

[346] _Op. cit._, p. 43.

[347] See p. 144_n._, _ante_.

INDEX.

Aagerup, Denmark:
reputed chambered mound near, 155.

Aberfoyle, Perthshire:
reputed chambered hill at, 152-3.

Abernethy, Perthshire:
Round Tower of, said to have been built by Pechts, 67, 86.
A. district a former territory of the Pechts, 150.

Ainos:
A dwarfish race, 165;
their past history, 165-6;
their characteristic hairiness, 166-172;
their platycnemism, 176;
their speed, 177;
their "short, screeching" cry, 168;
A's. make use of reindeer, moccasins, "skies," and harpoons,
all of which show affinity of custom, if not of blood,
with Eskimo families, 169-171.

Alaskan, or Aleutian Eskimos, 9_n_, 22.

All-Hallows. (_See_ Hallowmas.)

_Almhain_ or Allen, Hill of, Kildare:
Fin's dwelling at, 56.

_Almhain_ or Almond, Glen, West Perthshire:
resort of Fians, 77.

Ardmore, Waterford:
Round Tower of, said to have been built in the manner ascribed
to the Pechts, 71_n_.

Argyleshire. (_See under_ Mounds.)

Arthur, and "primitive Britons" or "Pechts," 142-3_n_.

Arthur's Seat, Edinburgh, 143_n_.

Aschberg, Casterlé, province of Antwerp.
A reputed chambered mound, 86-7, 155.

Ashbury, Berkshire. A chambered mound, 132_n_.

_Auxcriniers_ of Guernsey tradition, 16, 178.

_Baile Thangasdail_, Island of Barra:
story of a chambered mound near, 82_n_, 115.

Ballindalloch (near), Banffshire:
reputed chambered mound, 117.

Beelsby, Lincolnshire:
tradition of dwarfs wearing red caps, 107_n_.

Beltin.
A Fian date, 94.
A Fairy date, 98.

Ben-cnock, Islay:
reputed chambered mound, 114.

Ben Muich Dhui, Aberdeenshire:
Dwarfs of, 97.

Bergen, Norway:
a celebrated resort of the Shetland Finns, 5, 13:
suzerainty of B. over N.E. Scotland, 37.
The _Strils_ of B., 7_n_.

Bissau, Aberdeenshire:
reputed chambered mound, 117.

Blackwater, Leinster, 92.

Blackwater, Munster, 92, 127.

Blackwater, East Perthshire, 94-5.

Blackwater, West Perthshire, 152.

Bolg. (_See_ Fir-Bolg.)

Braderup, Sylt:
the _Pukthal_ at, 87.

Brechin, Forfarshire:
Round Tower at B. said to have been built by the Pechts, 72.

Brittany:
church in B. said to have been built by Fairies, 85-6;
_Feins_ or _Fions_ of B., 85.

_Broch_, _Brog_, etc., 43_n_, 61, 77-79.

Broch of Coldoch, Perthshire:
a chambered mound, 119, 149-151, 153.

Brownies, 80, 141-2, 158-164. (_See_ also Fairies, etc.)

Brugh of the Boyne, County Meath, 84, 111, 119-133, 153.

Bugle, Buffalo, or Urus, 80-81_n_, 95.

Buildings said to have been reared in a single night:
Abernethy Tower, 85-6;
Chapels in Brittany, 85;
Castle of the _Gypnissen_, 86.

Burray, Orkney. Finnman's boat once preserved there, 6.
All trace of it now lost, 17_n_.

Canoe. (_See_ Skin-Boat.)
"Dug-out," 31.

Cassiterides. (_See_ Oestrymnic Isles.)

Cater Thun, Forfarshire:
said to be Pictish, 73, 76, 86, 99;
alleged to have been built by a witch, and inhabited by
Fairies, 99-100:
a kettle of gold believed to be hidden there, 150_n_.

Cathair Mhor } Gairloch, Ross-shire: fairy residences, 118. Cathair Bheag }

"Catrail" in S. of Scotland, said to have been built by
Pechts, 67.

Cave-Men:
in Uist, Hebrides, during 17th century, 29.

"Cavern" at Yester, or Gifford, East Lothian, 143.

Chambered Mounds. (_See_ Mounds.)

Chessmen of Walrus Ivory, found in Hebrides, 32, 158_n_.

Clunie, Perthshire, Castle Hill of:
reputed chambered mound, 145-146.

Clydesdale.
Pecht's house in C., 66;
Glasgow cathedral said to have been built by Pechts, 72;
traditional description of dwarfs of C., 97.

Cnock-doun, Islay:
reputed chambered mound, 114.

Cnoc Fraing, Inverness-shire:
a home of fairies, 146.

_Coir-nan-Uruisgean_, Perthshire, 151-152.

Coldoch _broch_, Perthshire, 119, 149-151, 153.

Colonsay, island of:
Macphail of C. and his (?) Finn lover, 15-16;
tradition of dwarfs living in C., 147;
_Sithean Mor_ and _Sithean Beag_, 147.

Connaught, Fians of, 76, 93.

Corryvreckan, Argyleshire:
The (?) Finn woman of C. and her Colonsay lover, 15-16.

Corstorphine Church, near Edinburgh;
said to have been built by the "Hottentots," 70-71.

Craig Patrick, Inverness-shire, 149.

Craig y Ddinas, Glamorganshire, 143_n_.

Crocan Corr, Kilbrandon, Argyleshire:
reputed chambered mound, 114.

Cromar, Aberdeenshire;
underground gallery at, 101.

Crown, Inverness, 149_n_.

Cruachan _rath_:
re-built by a servile race, 68_n_, 125_n_, 136, 152_n_;
"a party of smiths at work" in its interior, 136.

Cruithne. (_See_ also Picts, etc.)
Were pre-Milesian, 51.
Were connected with the "Lochlin" territory, 51.
Their connection with Feens and Fairies, 128-9.

Cuailgne: Fin's fort on, 75-76.

"Cyclopean" character of Pictish buildings, 73.

Dananns (_Tuatha De Danann_):
classed with the Cruithne as of Continental origin, and
"pre-Milesian" in settling in British Isles; and
consequently to be classed with the Fians, 51.
Known also as the _Fir Sidhe_ or Fairies, 126;
account of their rivalry with the Milesians, 124-127;
description of the dwelling assigned to the King of the
Dananns, 120-130 and Appendix A.

Danes;
their ravages in the Boyne Valley in 861, when they plundered
the underground chambers of the "Fians and Fairies," 81-84.

Danish ballad of dwarfs and colonists, 105-6.

Dartmoor;
its gubbins and pixies, 161-2.

Davis Straits.
Conjectured by some to be the home of the Orkney Finnmen, 7.
Eskimo of D. S. at Leith in 1816, 8, 12.

Deer. (_See_ also Reindeer and Elk.)
Hunted in Glenshee, East Perthshire, by the Fians, 94-5;
"great-beamed" D., 95;
D. milked and used as beasts of burthen, 96.

Denghoog:
chambered mound in Sylt, 87, 112-113, 122.

Denmark. (_See_ also Lochlin.)
Eckwadt church said to have been built by a "hill-man,"
85-86_n_.
(_See_ also "Mounds reputed to be chambered.")

Devonshire, 161-2.

_Digh_;
an equivalent for _sithean_, 79_n_.

Donegal.
Skin-boats used by natives of "The Rosses," 18;
Finn Town, D., 23.

Doon, or Doo'n, of Aberfoyle, 152-154.

Doon of Menteith, 144.

Doon of Rothiemurchus, 144-145.

Dornoch Firth:
Fairies ferried themselves across D. F. in
"cockle-shells," 17, 22.

Dowth, or Dubath; chambered mound, 84, 111, 119, 132-3, 137.

_Drinnich_, or _Trinnich_, a Gaelic term applied to the Picts,
signifying "labourers," 71-72.

Drudges.
Cruachan _rath_ re-built by an enslaved race, 68_n_,
125_n_, 136, 152_n_.
Similar references, 68-74, 151-2.
_Gypnissen_, 86.

Druids, 125-127.

Dunnan, in Galloway;
a fairy fort, 99.

Dunstanborough Castle, Northumberland, said to have been built by
the Picts, 67.

Dwarfs. (_See_ also Pechts or Picts.)
D's of Shetland tradition, otherwise Finns, 56; also 59.
D's of Scottish tradition generally, otherwise Pechts, 58-60;
D's of Highland tradition, 57, 97;
D's of Clydesdale, 97.
D's of Northumberland, 67, 80, 86, 99.
D's of Yorkshire, 100.
D's of Lincolnshire, 107_n_.
D's of Wales, 160-2.
D's of Cornwall, 162.
D's of Devon, 161-2.
Fin of the Fians a D., 55-56.
D's of Brittany (_Fions_, etc.), 85.
D's of Antwerp, 86-87.
D's of the Netherlands, 86.
D's of Denmark and Danish tradition, 85-86_n_, 105-106.
D's of Sylt, 87, 112-113.
D's of Scandinavia, 91.
D's of Germany, 163-4, 172-3.
D's of Greenland and North America, 63.
D's of Japan, 157, 165 _et seq._
D's of Africa, 157.
Great bodily strength ascribed to the Scotch Pechts, 72-73;
to the Northumbrian Picts, 67, 73-4;
to the dwarfs of Tienen, in the Netherlands, 86.
D's at war with each other, and with men, 94_n_.
Green the colour of the D's, 97.
Tribute exacted by the D's, 97.
Magic of the D's, 106.
Hidden treasures of the D's, 107_n_, 129_n_, 150_n_.
D's as serfs or drudges, 151-2.
D's in one aspect civilized, in another savage, 156-7.
Hairiness of skin of D's, 157-164, 169_n_.

Eamhain, or Eamhna, 49, 133-4.

Eckwadt, Denmark;
residence of a "hill-man" near, 85_n_.

Eday, Orkney:
Finnman seen there in 1682, 5.

Edinburgh.
Finnman's skiff preserved there 6;
Corstorphine church said to have been built by the
"Hottentots," 70-71;
Pecht lands near E., 68-71;
King Arthur and the Pechts believed to have entered a
subterranean chamber at Arthur's Seat, 143_n_.

Eilean Suthainn, Loch Maree;
a fairy resort, 118.

Elk.
Hunted in East Perthshire by the Fians, 94-95;
horns of E. found there, 95;
_lon-dubh_="black elk," 95.

Erribol, Sutherlandshire:
Weem, Pecht's House, or Fairy Hall at, 101.

Eskimos.
Compared with Shetland Finns, 7-8;
with Pechts, 53, 77-78;
with Finns and Lapps, 53;
with "Skraelings," Appendix B;
with Ainos, 169-171.
E. or Skraeling chambered mounds in Greenland, Labrador, and
Massachusetts, 62-4, 77-78, 155, and Appendix B.
Kayaks:
their speed, 8;
feat of oversetting kayak, 12.
Kayakker, at some distance, resembles triton or mer-man, 13.
Open skin-boats of E., 22.
Dwarfish stature of E., 63.
E's of Alaska, 9_n_, of Greenland, 12-13_n_, 53, 62-4, 142_n_.
E. magicians believe they can control the winds, 53, 63.
An E. type in modern Britain, 37-8.

Eu, island, Ross-shire;
a haunt of 17th c. "pirates," 29.

Evie, Orkney:
reputed chambered mounds at, 111_n_.

Fairies. (_See_ Dananns, Fians, Pechts, Dwarfs, &c.)
F's inhabited the _bruth_, _sith-bhrugh_ or _sheean_,
otherwise the "Pecht's house," 79.
F's associated with Pechts, 80;
with Fians, 81-84;
with Fions, 85.
As Dananns (_q. v._), F's associated with Cruithne, 51,
127-129.
Builders of a church in Brittany in circumstances suggestive
of the Pechts, 85.
Inhabitants of the White Cater Thun, an alleged stronghold of
the Pechts, 99-100.
"Dancing and making merry" in the Orkneys, c. 1700 (cf.
Shetland Finns, 3), 14, 111_n_.
Frequently seen at Fitty Hill, Westray, at same period, 33.
"Fairy Ha'" in Shetland, 104.
"In armour" in Orkney, 14;
at war with each other in Ireland, 93.
Tithes due to F., 97.
"Good" F's of christenings, etc., 91-2;
"Christian" F's, 85.
F's of Clydesdale, 97.
F's as serfs or drudges, 151-2.

Fairy Knowe of Aberfoyle, 152-4.

Fairy Knowe beside Broch of Coldoch (itself a _çi-devant_ Fairy
Knowe), 119, 149, 151.

Fearna, Weem of, 136-7.

Fens Fiord, Bergen, 7_n_.

Fians, or Feens, or Feinne of Gaelic lore:
The Land of the F's, 45.
The Well of the F's, 43.
The Hillock of the F's, 130.
Other F. localities, 46, 49, 51, 52.
Dr. Skene's belief as to the historical position of the F's, 46.
F's preceded the Milesians in Ireland, 46, 51.
F. Confederacy not restricted to Ireland, but included the
following divisions:--
F's of England and Wales;
of Northern and Central Scotland;
and of Lochlin, understood to be the Rhine-Elbe region, 47-51.
Irish F's divisible into:--
F's of Connaught and West;
F's of Leinster;
and F's of Eastern Ulster, 76, 93.
F's referred to in Scotland in Perthshire (Glenlyon,
Glenal-main-with-Glenshee, and Glenshee or Blackwater) 77,
94-95.
Outer Hebrides and part of West Highlands specially the Land
of the F., 45.
(?) Referred to in Ayrshire, 85.
F's exacted tribute from Irish kings, 47.
Their ancient rights of hunting and of free-quarters, 94.
Overthrow of F's at Battle of Gawra, 47.
Vanished glory of the F's, 75-76, 130.
Fin, their chief, court dwarf to the king of the "big men," 56.
F's as the drudges and serfs of another race, 75.
F's inhabited "Pechts' houses," 76-77.
F's as builders of stone forts, 75-76.
F's regarded as dwarfs, 65.
F's associated with Dananns, Fir Sidhe, or Fairies, 51, 81-84.
F's regarded as Cruithne or Picts, 51-2, 54.
Their assumed identity with historical and traditional Finns,
44-50, 54-5, 65.
Their magic identified with that of the Finns, 54.
Their "great-antlered deer," 95.
Their darts, 54-5.
Their swiftness of foot, 177.
A descendant of the F., 44.

Fierna, or Fierin, King of the Sidhfir of Munster, 93, 127.
His "hillock" near Limerick, 93, 145.

Fin, Finn, or Fionn, a chief of the Feens of Gaelic tradition:
Grandson of a Finland woman, 49-50.
Described as going in his skin-boat to the Kingdom of the Big
Men, where he became the court dwarf, 55-6.
A dwarf in a Scotch poem of _ante_ 1600, styled a grandson
of F., 65.
His stone fort on Cuailgne, 75-6, 93.
His "castles" in Glenlyon, Perthshire, 77.

Finland.
Alleged to be the home of the Orkney Finnmen (6),
of the grandmother of "Fin" (49-50),
of the Fomorians (50_n_).

Finn, a chief of the dwarfs of Sylt tradition, 87, 112-113.
Chambered mound of Denghoog said to have been his dwelling,
87, 112-113.

Finnmen of Orkney:
Used to fish in Orkney waters in 17th century, 5-6.
Their seal-skin boats described, 6.
The great speed of these skin-boats, 5-6.
Specimens of their boats at Burray and Edinburgh, 6, 10,
11_n_, 17_n_.
F's said to have come from Finland, 6.
Regarded as "barbarous men" by Edinburgh physicians of 1696,
10, 30-31.
"The Dart he makes use of for killing fish," 6.

Finns of Shetland tradition:
Their "sea-skins or seal-skins," 1.
The great speed of these "skins," 4-5.
F's said to have come from Norway, and also from "Shool
Skerry," 2-4.
Sea-rovers or pirates, 3, 34-35
Magicians, soothsayers, and doctors, 1-5.
Inter-married with Shetlanders, 1-4, 34-35.
Descendants of such marriages "lucky," and proud of their
descent, 1, 2, 5.
Cattle of the F's, 4.
F's regarded as dwarfs, 56, 92.
Dancing on the sands "every ninth night," 3 (cf. Fairies,
14, 111_n_.)
Identified with Feens, 43-44, 54, 65.

Finns and Lapps:
Their territory formerly greater than now, 35.
Inter-marriages with non-Finnish races, 39-42.
A semi-Finn lord of Orkney, 40-41.
F. or L. type in modern Britain, 37-38.
F's of Lofoten neighbourhood in 12th century, 21, 39.
Boats made by them, 21.
Skiffs of modern L's, 22_n_.
Swedish-F. settlement in Pennsylvania, U.S. in 17th
century, 36-37.
"Lapp" natives of North America in 10th century, Appendix B.
F's or L's as magicians, "selling winds," etc., 16, 41, 53,
91-92.
Identified with Fairies, 96-97;
with Feens, 50;
with Dwarfs, 129_n_ and Appendix B.

Fions, etc. on the Continent:
Fions of Brittany (dwarfs who lived with the fairies), 85.
Feins, 85_n_.

Fir-Bolg, or Firbolgs.
Cruachan _rath_ re-built by a race of F., 68_n_, 125_n_,
136, 152_n_.

Fitty Hill, Westray. (_See_ Westray.)

Forteviot, Perthshire, 69.

Forth, River.
Chambered mounds of Forth valley, ascertained and reputed, 114,
119, 151-154.

Gabhra, or Gawra, Battle of, 47-50.

Gaels. (_See_ Milesians.)

Gairloch, Ross-shire.
_Tombuidhe Ghearrloch_, 112;
Big and Little "Cathairs" of G., 118;
_Sitheanan Dubha_, 118.

Galloway:
probable Finns in G., 25;
Picts commonly called "Galloway-men," 69-70_n_;
last stronghold of Picts in G., 99;
stronghold of Fairies in G., 99.

_Garbhcrioch_:
translated as "the rough bounds," and defined as the country
between Loch Linnhe and the Hebrides, formed a portion of
the "Land of the Feens," 45.
Called also _Garbh-chnochan_, 118.

Germany. (_See_ under Lochlin.)

Gillesbierg, Denmark: reputed chambered mound, 155_n_.

Glac-an-t-Shithein, Nether Lochaber, 147_n_.

Glasgow Cathedral, said to have been built by the Pechts, 72.

Glenlyon, Perthshire, a home of the Feens, 77.

Glen Odhar, Sutherlandshire:
its fairy herds believed to have been reindeer, 97.

Glenshee and Glen Almain, West Perthshire, a home of the
Feens, 77.

Glenshee, East Perthshire, a favourite hunting-ground of the
Feens, 94.

Glen-na-Shirich, Nether Lochaber, a glen of the Fairies, 147_n_.

Gobban, Goblin, Gubbin, etc., 113, 144_n_, 162_n_.

Gobban Saor (The Noble Smith), 84, 132-3;
his chambered mound, 132.

Goblin Hall, East Lothian, 143.

Goblin Knowe (_Cnoc nam Bocan_), Perthshire, 151-152.

Goblins of Greenland, 144_n_.

Gowanree.
An enslaved tribe of Firbolgic origin, 68_n_, 125_n_, 136,
152_n_.

Green, the colour of the Fairies or Dwarfs, 97;
of the Feens, 97-8;
of the Pechts, 99.

Gruids, near Lairg, Sutherlandshire;
reputed chambered mound at, 116-117.

Gruinard, Ross-shire:
resort of 17th-century pirates, 30.

Gubbins of Dartmoor, 161-2;
their swiftness of foot, 177.

Gultebierg, Denmark:
a reputed chambered mound, 155_n_.

Gurnett Point, Massachusetts:
reputed chambered mound near, Appendix B.

_Gwylliaid Cochion Mowddwy_, an underground race in
Wales, 160-1;
"their swiftness and agility," 177.

Gypnissen, or Dwarf-women of the Netherlands, 86.

Hadeland, Norway, ruled by a semi-Finn, 40-42.

Hadrian's Wall said to have been built by the Picts, 67.

Hairy Men. (_See_ Shaggy Men, Ainos, etc.)

Halfdan Haleg, a semi-Finn noble:
was lord of Orkney for some months: slain at North
Ronaldshay, 40-41.

Hallowmas.
A Feen date, 94.
A Fairy date, 98.

Hebrides:
Outer H. regarded as part of the "Land of the Feens," 45.
Some parts of H. thickly wooded in 16th century, 105_n_.
Raids made by Lewismen on Orkney and Shetland in 15th
century, 33-35.
Certain Hebrideans not properly subjects of British monarch
in 1608, 26-32.
Some of the Hebrideans styled "savages" by James I. (28),
and by Skyemen (29);
and these, or others, referred to as "robbers" or
"pirates" by a 17th-century writer (29-30).
Chessmen of walrus ivory found in H., 32, 158_n_.
Wigwams of Jura islanders in 1772, 24.
"The Harrisian physiognomy" and stature, 24.

Hill-men, how-folk, _bergmannetjes_, hog-boys, shag-boys,
etc., 85_n_, 107, 111-113.

"Hottentot," builders of Corstorphine church, 70.

Iberians:
used skin-boats, 19-20;
Iberian type in modern Britain, 38.

Inverness, 146-149.

Jura, island of; wigwams of islanders, 24.

Kaempe Viser, 105.

Kayaks. (_See_ Skin-boats.)

Kempies or Champions, 43.

Kenilworth, Warwickshire;
underground dwarfs of, 142-3.

Kettlester, Shetland;
remembered as a dwarf abode, 59.

Kildrummy, Aberdeenshire;
group of Weems, Pechts' Houses, or Fairy Halls at K., 101.

Kirkcudbright:
"_in terra Pictorum_," 69_n_.
(_See_ also Galloway.)

Knowth (_Cnoghbha_), County Meath;
chambered mound, 84, 132-4, 137, 140, 151_n_.

Kundebye, Denmark;
reputed chambered mound at, 155_n_.

Lapps. (_See_ Finns and Lapps.)

Leinster:
Feens of, 81-2;
Fairies of, 81-2, 92.

_Leum-an-t'-Shithiche_, 147_n_.

Limerick:
Knockfierin, 93, 145.

Lincolnshire;
shag-boys, fairies and red-caps in, 107_n_.

Lochlin or Lochlan;
believed to denote the territory between the Rhine and the Elbe,
but also applied to Scandinavia, 49.

Lofoten;
Finns or Lapps of L. neighbourhood in 12th century, 21, 39.

Maes-how, Orkney. (_See_ Mounds.)

Magic:
of the Shetland Finns, 1-5, 14;
of the Norwegian Finns or Lapps, 16, 41, 53;
of Manx women, 16;
of Picts, 53;
of Eskimos, 53, 63;
of traditional dwarfs, 91, 106.

Man, Isle of:
Inter-marriages of land-folk and sea-folk, 15;
witches selling winds to sailors, 16;
traditional description of departure of fairies, 17.

Mandans of Upper Missouri;
skin-boats of, 18.

Mangelbierg, Denmark. (_See_ Mounds.)

Mer-men and Mer-women. (_See_ Sea-Folk.)

Migvie, Aberdeenshire;
Weem, Pecht's House, or Fairy Hall at, 101.

Milesians:
A name given to the Gaelic-speaking race, 46, 51;
conquered the "Cruithne" or "Pechts" of Scotland in the
ninth century, 51;
conquered the "Dananns" of Ireland at an earlier period, as
described in tradition, 125-126;
the possession of a dwarf restricted in Ireland and
Gaelic-Scotland to families of Milesian descent,
141-142, 144.

Mounds.
Chambered M's of the Pechts described, 61-2, 64;
of the Eskimos, 62-3;
of both, 77-8.
The _sithean_, _sithbhrog_, etc., 78-79.
The "Pelasgic arch" of the chambered mound, 62, 78_n_.

Mounds ascertained to be chambered:
Brugh of the Boyne, county Meath, 84, 111, 119-133, 153.
Dowth mound, County Meath, 84, 111, 119, 132-3, 137.
Maes-how, Orkney, 106-110, 113, 114, 121, 153.
Mound on Wideford Hill, Orkney, 62.
Coldoch "broch," Perthshire, 119, 149-151, 153.
Ashbury, Berkshire, 132_n_.
Denghoog, Sylt, 87, 112-113, 122.
Eskimo Mounds in Labrador and Greenland, 62-4, 155.
Mycenæ "treasure house," 153.

Mounds reputed to be chambered:
In the British Isles:--
"Some small hillocks" in Evie, Orkney, 111_n_.
"Tomhan" near Lairg, Sutherlandshire, 116-117.
_Tombuidhe Ghearrloch_, Ross-shire, 112, 114.
_Sitheanan Dubha_, Gairloch, Ross-shire, 118.
Specimens of the "Cathair Mhor" and the "Cathair Bheag"
in the district of Gairloch, Ross-shire, 118.
_Tomnahurich_, Inverness-shire, 146-149, 153.
_Cnoc Fraing_, Inverness-shire, (? "mountain"), 146.
_Shiathan Mor_, Inverness-shire, (? "mountain"), 146.
Doon of Rothiemurchus, Inverness-shire, 144-5.
_Sithean_ in Corrie-Vinnean, Nether Lochaber,
Inverness-shire, 118.
_Sithean Mor_ and _Sithean Beag_, in Nether
Lochaber, Inverness-shire, 147.
"Tulman" near Baile Thangasdail, Barra, Inverness-shire, 115.
At Ballindalloch, Banffshire, 117.
Bissau, Aberdeenshire, 117.
_Sithean Mor_ and _Sithean Beag_, in island of Colonsay,
Argyleshire, 147.
"Digh" at Borra-cheill, in island of Islay, Argyleshire
(? the "_Digh mhòr Thallanta_" of McAlpine's Dictionary),
79_n_.
_Ben-cnock_, island of Islay, Argyleshire, 114.
_Cnock-doun_, (?) island of Islay, Argyleshire, 114.
_Crocan Corr_, Kilbrandon, Lorn, Argyleshire, 114.
"Hill" at Muckairn, Argyleshire, 114.
"Fairy Knowe" or "Doon" of Aberfoyle, Perthshire, 152-154.
"Goblin Knowe" (_Cnoc nam Bocan_), Menteith, Perthshire,
151.
"Fairy Knowe" beside Broch of Coldoch, Perthshire, 119,
149, 151.
Ternavie, Perthshire, 150-151.
"Castle Hill" at Clunie, Perthshire, 145-146.
Kenilworth, Warwickshire, 142-143.
Knowth (_Cnoghbha_), County Meath, 132-140, 151_n_.
_Sidh Nectain_, or Hill of Carbury, (? its summit), W.
Meath, 84_n_.
Knockfierin, County Limerick, 93, 145.
In Denmark:--
Mangelbierg, Hirschholm, Hösterkiöb Mark, 155_n_.
Gillesbierg, Hirschholm, Hösterkiöb Mark, 155_n_.
Wheel-hill, Gudmandstrup, Lordship of Odd, 155_n_.
Steensbierg, Ouröe, Joegerspriis, 155_n_.
Kundebye, Holbeck, 155_n_.
Gultebierg, 155_n_.
Söbierg, 155_n_.
Mound (or underground gallery) between Aagerup and Mamp,
155_n_.
The residence of a certain "hill-man" near Eckwadt, 85_n_.
In Belgium:--
Aschberg, Casterlé, province of Antwerp, 86-7, 155_n_.
In North America:--
Group of "hillocks" situated, it is believed, on the
northern side of Plymouth Harbour, assumed to be the
residences of tenth-century "Skraelings" or "Lapps" of
America, Appendix B.

Mounds, and other localities, referred to as homes or resorts
of dwarfs, fairies, Feens, gubbins, etc.:--
Norwick, Shetland, 103-4.
Unst, Shetland, 106.
Villenshaw, (?) Orkney, 105, 116.
_Eilean Suthainn_, Loch Maree, 118.
_Tobar na Feinne_, 43.
_Tobar an t' Shithein_, Nether Lochaber, 147_n_.
_Glac an t' Shithein_, Nether Lochaber, 147_n_.
_Leum an t' Shithiche_, Nether Lochaber, 147_n_.
_Glen-na-Shirich_, Nether Lochaber, 147_n_.
_Ruadh na Sirach_, Kerrera, 147_n_.
White Cater Thun, Forfarshire, 99, 150_n_.
Abernethy, Perthshire, 150.
Glenshee (2) and Glen Almond, Perthshire, 77, 94-5.
_Coir-nan-Uruisgean_, Perthshire, 151-2.
"Cavern" at Yester, 143.
Hill-country of Galloway, 115-6.
Thorpe, Lincolnshire, 107_n_.
Beelsby, Lincolnshire, 107_n_.
Mowddwy, Merionethshire, 160-1.
_Craig y Ddinas_, Glamorganshire, 143_n_.
Nympton, Devonshire, 162.
Dartmore, Devonshire, 162.
Penzance, Cornwall, 162_n_.
_Sith Eamhna_, Armagh, 133-4.
Cruachan _rath_, Connaught, 68_n_, 125_n_, 136, 152_n_.
Tienen, The Netherlands, 86.
(_See_ also "Underground Galleries.")

Mulgrave Castle, Yorkshire, 86, 100.

Munster. Fairies of M., 93.

Netherlands. Resemblance of Tienen dwarfs to Scotch and
Northumbrian Picts, 86.

Nine.
Shetland Finns held festival every ninth night, 3.
"Nine men" apparently the smallest division of a Feenian
army, 48.

Norns identified with dwarfs, 91.

Northumberland.
Traditional ideas regarding the Picts, 67, 157.

Norway.
Finns from N., 2-5;
Annual of N., 37;
Lofoten Finns, 21, 39;
Ringerike, Hadeland, and Thoten governed by semi-Finns, 40-42.

Oestrymnic Isles; skin-boats used by natives of, 19-20.

Oisin, 75-77.

Orkney.
Picts were early inhabitants of O., 104;
O. governed by a semi-Finn in tenth century, 41.
(_See_ also Burray, Eday, Evie, Finnmen, Maes-how,
Ronaldshay, Stronsay, Westray.)

Oscar of Emhain, 49.

Pabbay, Hebrides, a haunt of 17th-century pirates, 29.

"Pelasgic arch" of chambered mound, 62, 78_n_, 103, 110-111.

Pickering Castle, Yorkshire, 86, 100.

Picts, Piks, Pechs, Pechts, etc. (_See_ also Cruithne.)
P's said to have been first settlers in Orkney and Shetland,
59, 104.
Their small boats, 59, 178-179.
Their dwarfish stature, 58-60, 65.
Their great strength, 60, 66-7, 74.
Their mounds or underground houses, 58-66, 77-78.
Their method of building, 67.
White Cater Thun, Brechin Tower, Abernethy Tower, Glasgow
Cathedral, Dunstanborough Castle, the Catrail, the Wall
of Hadrian, and many old castles, popularly believed to
have been built by P's, 67-74, 99-100.
Their last stronghold in Galloway, 99.
P's, or Gallowaymen, at the Battle of the Standard, 69-70_n_.
P's popularly regarded as magicians and supernatural beings, 53,
79-80, 99.
P's associated with Feens, 51, 64-5;
with Fions, Feins, and Fairies of Brittany, 85;
and with a Danish "hill-man," 85-6_n_.
P's as serfs or drudges, 67-74, 76.
P's identified by J. F. Campbell with Lapps and Fairies, 96.
P's and King Arthur, 143_n_.
Hairiness of P's, 157-8.
Their swiftness of foot, 177.

Pict or Pecht-land, 52, 68-73.

Pixies of Cornwall and Devon, 162.

"Pucks" of Sylt, 87.

Red-caps.
In Sylt, 87.
In Lincolnshire 107_n_.
(_See_ also 129_n_ and 142.)

Reindeer in Scotland, 96-97.

Ringerike, Norway, 40-2.

Rona, Hebrides, and its "pirates," 29.

Ronaldshay (North), 41.

Ross-shire;
in 17th century, 29-30, 45;
a legendary mound in, 112.

Samoyeds.
Bergen _Strils_ conjectured to have linguistic affinity with
S., 7_n_.
Skin-boats of S., 18.

Savages:
Orkney Finnmen spoken of as S., 10, 30-31.
Certain Hebrideans referred to as S., 28, 29, 31.
Strathnaver people in 1658 "barbarous," 30.
Term "Hottentot" applied to traditional builders in
Mid-Lothian, 71.

Sea-Folk.
Their inter-marriages with land-folk:--
In Shetland, 1-5, 15;
in Hebrides, 15;
in Ireland, 2, 15;
in Isle of Man, 15;
in Wales, 2, 15.
Mer-women as wives and mothers of land-folk, 1-5, 13, 15.

Seal-men and Selkie-wives, 1-5, 12, 13, 15_n_, 34_n_.

Seelie court, The, 97.

Seffister, Shetland, and its "trow's door," 59.

Shag-boys, hog-boys, or how-folk, 107.

Shaggy Men.
Pechts, 157-8;
Traditional dwarfs generally, 158-164;
Ainos of Japan, 166 _et seq._

Sheeans or _Sitheanan_. (_See_ Mounds.)

Shetland.
Dwarf abodes in S., 59, 102-3, 106.
Picts early inhabitants of S., 104.
(_See_ also Finns of S.)

Shool Skerry, or Sule Skerry, 3, 34_n_.

Sithe-folk. (_See_ also Fairies.)
_Sidhe_ and _Tshud_, 89-90.
Seid-men, 90-91.
Worship of S., 92.
S. of North of Ireland and Munster, 93.
Identified with Dananns, 126.
Associated with Feens, 128-9.
Former high rank, 132.

Skin-boats:
"Sea-skin or seal-skin" of Shetland Finns, 1-5, 8.
Kayaks of Orkney Finnmen, 5-11, 18-19.
Skin-boats of Iberians, Hebrideans, Irish, Welsh, Scotch,
Samoyeds, Skraelings, Eskimos, Mandans, 8, 12-13, 18-22.
Fin's skin-boat, 55-6.
Skin-boat of Picts, 178-9.
Skin-boat of North American "Lapps" or "Skraelings," 7,
Appendix B.

Skraelings, 7, Appendix B.

Smiths, Underground:
The "Noble Smith" and his chambered mound, 132-4;
Wayland Smith's chambered mound, 132_n_;
Smiths working in "cave" of Cruachan, 136;
German traditional idea of such people, 163-4.

Stronsay, Orkney.
Finnman seen there about year 1700, 6.

Teith valley.
Mounds of, 114.
Assumed to be the "vallis" referred to by Gildas, as
traversed by the Picts, 178_n_.

Thorpe, Lincolnshire; shag-boys at, 107_n_.

Thoten, Norway, 40-2.

Tialdasund, Norway, 21.

Tienen, Netherlands; dwarfs of, 86.

_Tombuidhe Ghearrloch_;
a reputed chambered mound, 112.

Trows, Trolls, or Trollmen. (_See_ Dwarfs.)

Tshuds, 89-90.

Ugrians. (_See_ Finns, Lapps, Skraelings, etc.)

Uist, Hebrides 29.

Ulster.
Feens of, 76, 93;
Cruithne or Picts of, 93;
skin-boats of, 18.
(_See_ also Eamhain.)

Underground Chambers. (_See_ also Mounds.)
Indications, apart from those of tradition, that these were
dwelling-places, 101-2, 113 (fire-place).

Underground galleries, not having mounds over them, 101-4.

Unst, Shetland, 106.

_Ur-uisg_, or Water-man, 142_n_, 158-164, 178-9.

Urus. (_See_ Bugle.)

Valas, or Völvas, 90-2.

Villenshaw: (?) a locality in Orkney, 105.

Walpurgis Night. (_See_ Beltin.)

Weems. (_See_ Mounds and Underground galleries.)

Westray, Orkney.
Finnman seen near W. _circa_ 1700, 5, 6, 33-4;
Fairies said to be seen at Fitty Hill _circa_ 1700, 33;
defeat of Hebrideans at Fitty Hill, 33.

Wideford Hill, Orkney; chambered mound at, 62.

Witchcraft. (_See_ Magic.)

Yorkshire tradition as to "supernatural" labourers at Mulgrave
and Pickering Castles, 86, 100.

Zee-Woners. (_See_ Sea-Folk.)

Woodfall & Kinder, Printers, 70 to 76, Long Acre, London, W.C.

....

Transcriber's Note:

Many words in this text have alternate spellings due to language differences or variations within languages.

Original spelling has been preserved, as have any inconsistencies.

Minor punctuation errors have been repaired.

In this etext a superscript character is represented by ^

End of Project Gutenberg's The Testimony of Tradition, by David MacRitchie