Chapter XI: Moral Government (4)

[Footnote 386: "For instance, in the very second verse, the great discovery of Schlegel, which the word Indo-European embodies--the affinity of the principal nations of Europe with the Arian or Indo-Persic stock--is sufficiently indicated by the conjunction of the Madai or Medes (whose native name is Mada) with Gomer of the Cymry, and Javan of the Ionians. Again, one of the most recent and unexpected results of modern linguistic inquiry is the proof which it has furnished of an ethnic connection between the Ethiopians or Cushites, who adjoined on Egypt, and the primitive inhabitants of Babylonia; a connection which was positively denied by an eminent ethnologist only a few years ago, but which has now been sufficiently established from the cuneiform monuments. In the tenth chapter of Genesis (vers. 8-10) we find this truth thus briefly stated: 'And Cush begat Nimrod,' the 'beginning of whose kingdom was Babel' (ver. 11). So we have had it recently made evident from the same monuments that 'out of that land went forth Asshur, and builded Nineveh'--or that the Semitic Assyrians proceeded from Babylonia and founded Nineveh long after the Cushite foundation of Babylon. Again, the Hamitic descent of the early inhabitants of Canaan, which had often been called in question, has recently come to be looked upon as almost certain, apart from the evidence of Scripture; and the double mention of Sheba, both among the sons of Ham, and also among those of Shem (vers. 7 and 28), has been illustrated by the discovery that there are two races of Arabs--one (the Joktanian) Semitic, the other (the Himyaric) Cushite or Ethiopic."--Rawlinson's "Historical Evidences," pp. 71, 72.]

[Footnote 387: _Asiatic Society's Journal_, vol. xv.]

[Footnote 388: Rawlinson's "Herodotus," vol. i. p. 523.]

[Footnote 389: "Cosmos," vol. i. p. 348.]

[Footnote 390: Article "Botany," _Encyclopædia Britannica_, vol. v.; also "Geographical Botany;" and Guyot, "Earth and Man," p. 251.]

[Footnote 391: Guyot, "Earth and Man," p. 255.]

[Footnote 392: Guyot, "Earth and Man," pp. 264, 265; Wallace, "On Natural Selection," pp. 324-6; Martineau, "Essays," 1st Series, p. 126.]

[Footnote 393: Guyot, "Earth and Man," p. 304.]

[Footnote 394: See Article "Philosophy," in Smith's "Dictionary of the Bible." See also Shairp, "Culture and Religion," pp. 40-46.]

[Footnote 395: "Palestine was from the beginning an isolated land, as Israel was an isolated people, and therefore for thousands of years both have been unintelligible to the world at large. No great highway led through Palestine from people to people; all passed _by_ it, and not _over_ it; all its coast was without favorable harbors. No one of the pagan states of antiquity could come into close geographical, mercantile, political, and religious relations with a people existing under the sway of Jehovah."--Ritter, "Geographical Studies," p. 43.]

[Footnote 396: Article "Philosophy," in Smith's "Dictionary of the Bible."]

[Footnote 397: Ritter, "Geographical Studies," pp. 342, 343.]

[Footnote 398: Guyot, "Earth and Man," p. 307.]

[Footnote 399: "The conjugal tie was held sacred, and polygamy prohibited."--De Pressensé, "Religions before Christ," p. 160.]

[Footnote 400: Merivale, "Conversion of the Roman Empire," p. 92.]

[Footnote 401: "God," said Plato, "is supremely good" ("Republic," book ii. ch. 18); and "virtue is likeness or assimilation to God" ("Theætetus," § 384).]

[Footnote 402: Milman, "Latin Christianity," vol. i. p. 357.]

[Footnote 403: Guyot, "Earth and Man," p. 322.]

[Footnote 404: Wallace, "On Natural Selection," p. 326.]

[Footnote 405: "First Principles," p. 38.]

[Footnote 406: Ibid. p. 496.]

[Footnote 407: Buchanan, "Modern Atheism," p. 285.]

[Footnote 408: "Scientific Basis of Faith," p. 6.]

[Footnote 409: "First Principles," p. 43.]

[Footnote 410: Without referring to the writings of theologians, we may take any definition of religion which incidentally occurs in general literature. For example, Froude defines religion as "the attitude of reverence in which noble-minded men instinctively place themselves toward the Unknown Power which made man and his dwelling-place. It is the natural accompaniment of their lives, the sanctification of their actions and their acquirements. It is what gives to man in the midst of the rest of Creation his special elevation and dignity" ("History of England," vol. xii. p. 560).]

[Footnote 411: "Essays," 1st Series, p. 178.]

[Footnote 412: Preface to the seventh edition of the Address before the British Association of Science at Belfast.]

[Footnote 413: Preface to the seventh edition of the Address before the British Association of Science at Belfast.]

[Footnote 414: Dr. Tyndall subsequently defends his course by saying, "The kingdom of science cometh not by observation and experiment alone, but is completed by fixing the roots of observation and experiment in _a region inaccessible to both_, and in dealing with which we are forced to fall back upon the picturing power of the mind"--"_Einbildungskraft_"--the force of imagination (Preface to seventh edition). Are we then to believe that the imagination is the source of scientific principles, that it has any "power of intuition, or can in any way create its own objects?" Why does he not fall back on his "_Anschauungsgabe_," or faculty of rational intuition, and admit that he is in the region of the metaphysical? See "Fragments of Science," p. 130.]

[Footnote 415: "Πρὸς Κολώτην," xxxi.]

[Footnote 416: This is admitted even by those who regard prayer for physical change, as, for example, the averting of disease or the fall of rain, to be "irrational and unconsciously irreverent." "I repeat that no theory of the universe, no philosophy of human nature, and no conclusion of science can ever lay an arrest upon the instincts of the universal heart in the presence of calamity, and with the prospect of its increase. Let men philosophize as they will, and let science march where it will (conquering realm after realm, and reducing all under the rigor of law), the human spirit will always 'cry unto God' in times of crisis, and will find immeasurable solace in 'committing its causes' unto Him; for the instinct to pray for relief in times of anxiety or of peril is one which can never be exorcised from the heart of man. But it does not follow that it will always (or that it ought ever) to imagine that by so doing it can deflect the order of nature or induce God to alter his prearrangements. The relief obtained is in the act of _submission_ and of filial trust, not in the notion of being able to persuade an infinitely powerful and sympathetic Listener" ("Prayer: 'The Two Spheres:' They _are_ Two," by the Rev. William Knight, _Contemporary Review_, December, 1873, p. 35). Of course we have no reason to expect that Dr. Tyndall should yield his judgment to the authority of Scripture, but we may legitimately expect the Rev. William Knight, of the Free Church of Scotland, to defer in some measure to James v. 13-18.]

[Footnote 417: Preface to the seventh edition of Dr. Tyndall's "Address."]

[Footnote 418: "Scientific Basis of Faith," p. 39.]

[Footnote 419: "When ten men are so in earnest on one side that they will sooner be killed than give way, and twenty are earnest enough on the other to cast their votes for it but will not risk their skins, the ten will give the law to the twenty in virtue of the robuster faith, and of the strength that goes along with it."--Froude, "History of England," vol. xii. p. 562.]

[Footnote 420: "Fragments of Science," p. 350.]

[Footnote 421: "Only in the domain of Freedom can there exist the moral."--Martensen, "Christian Ethics," p. 1.]

[Footnote 422: "Fragments of Science," p. 39.]

[Footnote 423: "Questions such as these derive their present interest in great part from their _audacity_."--Tyndall.]

[Footnote 424: See "Fragments of Science," pp. 38 and 64-65.]

[Footnote 425: _Contemporary Review_, December, 1873, p. 30.]

[Footnote 426: Tyndall, "Fragments of Science," p. 160.]

[Footnote 427: Preface to the Address before the British Association of Science at Belfast.]

[Footnote 428: Preface to the seventh edition.]

[Footnote 429: _Contemporary Review._]

[Footnote 430: Mansel, "Prolegomena Logica," p. 280.]

[Footnote 431: "History of Civilization."]

[Footnote 432: Comte, "Positive Philosophy," vol. i. p. 45.]

[Footnote 433: "No record of _coincidences_ can prove a causal connection, or even suggest it--unless the instances are exceptionally numerous, and unless other causes leading to the result are excluded by the rigid methods of verification."--"Prayer: 'The Two Spheres:' They _are_ Two,"_Contemporary Review_, Dec., 1873, p. 39.]

[Footnote 434: See pp. 386-7.]

[Footnote 435: Dr. Tuke, "Influence of the Mind on the Body in Health and Disease," p. 351.]

[Footnote 436: "Fragments of Science," pp. 36-39.]

[Footnote 437: "Fragments of Science," p. 40: "The _assumed_ permanence of natural laws."]

[Footnote 438: Ibid., p. 60.]

[Footnote 439: "Fragments of Science," p. 64.]

[Footnote 440: Jevons, "Principles of Science," vol. ii. p. 434.]

[Footnote 441: "Fragments of Science," p. 64.]

[Footnote 442: Ibid. p. 38.]

[Footnote 443: "On the Relation of God to the World," pp. 187-201.]

[Footnote 444: See Coleridge, "Works," vol. i. pp. 152, 263; Hamilton, "Metaphysics," vol. i. p. 40.]

[Footnote 445: Fleming, "Vocabulary of Philosophy," _in loco_.]

[Footnote 446: See Jevons, "Principles of Science," vol. ii. p. 440; Spencer, "First Principles," p. 128.]

[Footnote 447: Carpenter, "Mental Physiology," p. 692; see Lewes, "Problems of Life and Mind," vol. i. p. 336.]

[Footnote 448: Essential properties "are those which admit neither of intension nor remission of degrees."--Newton, _Regula Tertia Philosophandi_, "Principia," lib. iii]

[Footnote 449: Maxwell, "Theory of Heat," p. 310; and also in _Nature_, vol. ii. p. 421.]

[Footnote 450: By "causes" is here meant nothing more than all the antecedent conditions. The statement makes no real distinction between "causes" and "conditions." "We can not predicate of any physical agency that it is abstractedly the cause of another." "_Causation is the will of God._"--Grove, "Correlation and Conservation of Forces," pp. 15, 199.]

[Footnote 451: See Murphy, "Habit and Intelligence," vol. ii. p. 157; "Scientific Basis of Faith," pp. 75, 76; J. S. Mill, "Logic," vol. ii. ch. xxii. § 1.]

[Footnote 452: "Logic," bk. iii. ch. xvi. See also McCosh, "Intuitions," pp. 275-7.]

[Footnote 453: "Scientific Basis of Faith," p. 79.]

[Footnote 454: "Principles of Science," vol. ii. p. 465.]

[Footnote 455: Murphy, "Scientific Basis of Faith," pp. 80 and 49-51; Jevons, "Principles of Science," vol. ii. p. 438.]

[Footnote 456: Grove, "Correlation and Conservation of Forces," p. 193.]

[Footnote 457: "First Principles," chs. xiii. and xiv.]

[Footnote 458: Wallace, "On Natural Selection," p. 266.]

[Footnote 459: "Positive Philosophy," vol. i. p. 153-156.]

[Footnote 460: "Fragments of Science," p. 64.]

[Footnote 461: Jevons, "Principles of Science," vol. ii. p. 434.]

[Footnote 462: Grove, "Correlation and Conservation of Forces," p. 24.]

[Footnote 463: "There is one wonderful condition of matter, perhaps its only true indication, namely, inertia."--Faraday, "Correlation and Conservation of Forces," p. 368; Maxwell, "Theory of Heat," p. 86.]

[Footnote 464: Stewart, "Physics," p. 357.]

[Footnote 465: Ibid. p. 355.]

[Footnote 466: "Correlation and Conservation of Forces," p. 195.]

[Footnote 467: "Fragments of Science," p. 39.]

[Footnote 468: "Fragments of Science," p. 420.]

[Footnote 469: _Nature_, vol. viii. p. 280.]

[Footnote 470: _Nature_, vol. vi. p. 125.]

[Footnote 471: "Familiar Lectures on Science," p. 469.]

[Footnote 472: "Principles of Science," vol. ii. p. 83.]

[Footnote 473: Maxwell, "Theory of Heat," p. 92.]

[Footnote 474: Challis's "Mathematical Principles of Physics," p. 107; Herschel, "Familiar Lectures on Science," p. 467.]

[Footnote 475: "It is pretty much the same to the greater number even of the instructed hearers whether a man of science say 'I know' or 'I suppose;' they only ask after the result and the authority by which it is supported, not the grounds of the _doubts_. It is thus not to be wondered at if earnest investigators _do not willingly shock the confidence of their readers in what the former may think true and demonstrable by the enumeration of ideas of the correctness of which they do not feel themselves quite secure_."--Helmholtz, "On John Tyndall," in _Nature_, vol. x. p. 301.]

[Footnote 476: Jevons, "Principles of Science," vol. ii, p. 466.]

[Footnote 477: "Fragments of Science," p. 40.]

[Footnote 478: Ibid. p. 40.]

[Footnote 479: Marsh, "Man and Nature," chs. i. and iii.; Lyell, "Principles of Geology," pp. 713-717.]

[Footnote 480: Wallace, "On Natural Selection," pp. 324-326; Lyell, "Principles of Geology," pp. 681-688, 579-590.]

[Footnote 481: "Fragments of Science," p. 421.]

[Footnote 482: _Contemporary Review_, July, 1872.]

[Footnote 483: Grove, "Correlation and Conservation of Forces," p. 20.]

[Footnote 484: Ibid.]

[Footnote 485: Spencer, "First Principles," pp. 235, 252.]

[Footnote 486: Challis, "Mathematical Principles of Physics," p. 681.]

[Footnote 487: Herschel, "Familiar Lectures on Science," p. 461.]

[Footnote 488: Carpenter, "Mental Physiology," p. 703.]

[Footnote 489: Whewell, "Astronomy and Physics," p. 224.]

[Footnote 490: 1 Cor. xii. 6.]

[Footnote 491: "ἄραγε ψηλαφήσειαν αὐτόν" = truly feel or touch Him.]

[Footnote 492: See Ritter, "History of Philosophy," vol. i. p. 200.]

[Footnote 493: "Memorabilia," bk. i. ch. iv.]

[Footnote 494: "Timæus," ch. viii.; also "Second Alcibiades," which is a discourse on prayer.]

[Footnote 495: "Laws," bk. v. ch. i.; bk. x. ch. xii.; "Theæstetes," § 83.]

[Footnote 496: "Apology," § 19.]

[Footnote 497: "Philebus," § 84.]

[Footnote 498: 1 Cor. viii. 6.]

[Footnote 499: Eph. iv. 6.]

[Footnote 500: 1 Cor. xii. 6.]

[Footnote 501: "Without God there is no great man. It is He who inspires us with great ideas and exalted designs. When you see a man superior to his passions, happy in adversity, calm amid surrounding storms, can you forbear to confess that these qualities are too exalted to have their origin in the little individual whom they ornament? A god inhabits every virtuous man, and without God there is no virtue."--Seneca, "Epistles," 41, 73.]

[Footnote 502: See "Creator and the Creation," by Dr. Young, pp. 57, 58.]

[Footnote 503: See Müller, "Christian Doctrine of Sin," vol. i. pp. 248, 249.]

[Footnote 504: Some theologians affirm that this "image of God" was utterly and totally lost in the fall. Such an unqualified statement does not, however, seem warranted by Scripture. After the fall, the sanctity of human life is still grounded upon the fact that man is "made in the _image_ of God" (Gen. ix. 6), and Paul affirms of man, as man, that he is "the _image_ and glory of God" (1 Cor. xi. 7).]

[Footnote 505: "History of Philosophy," vol. i. p. 115.]

[Footnote 506: See Psa. viii. 6; 1 Cor. xi. 7; Col. iii. 10; Eph. iv. 24.]

[Footnote 507: See Dr. Young's "Christ of History," pp. 136-138.]

[Footnote 508: Butler's "Analogy," pt. i. ch. iii.]

[Footnote 509: "Reign of Law," by the Duke of Argyll, p. 121.]

[Footnote 510: _Nature_, vol. vi. p. 312.]

[Footnote 511: Coleridge's Works, vol. i. p. 152.]

[Footnote 512: Cousin, "True, Beautiful, and Good," pp. 287-289.]

[Footnote 513: Sewell's "Christian Morals," p. 339.]

[Footnote 514: R. W. Hamilton.]

[Footnote 515: Dr. Thomas Brown.]

[Footnote 516: R. W. Hamilton.]

[Footnote 517: Sophocles, "Antigone," v. 450-460.]

[Footnote 518: Quoted by Dr. Brown from "Lucani Pharsalia," bk. ix.]

[Footnote 519: "Fiji and the Fijians," by Williams and Calvert, p. 22.]

[Footnote 520: "Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa," p. 153.]

[Footnote 521: Chalmers's "Institutes of Theology," vol. ii. p. 294.]

[Footnote 522: "The Creator and the Creation," by John Young. LL.D., pp. 101-2. See also "Man Primeval," by Dr. Harris, p. 109; Hamilton's "Revealed Doctrine of Rewards and Punishments," p. 67.]

[Footnote 523: "True, Beautiful, and Good," p. 286.]

[Footnote 524: "Hand-book of Moral Philosophy," p. 184. See also Cairns's "Treatise on Moral Freedom," p. 222; and Hazard on "Causation and Freedom in Willing," p. 7; Dr. Alexander, "Outlines of Moral Science," p. 125: Sir John Herschel's "Familiar Lectures on Science," p. 461; Carpenter's "Human Physiology," p. 543; Wallace, "On Natural Selection," p. 367; Beale's "Protoplasm," p. 121.]

[Footnote 525: "Prolegomena Logica," p. 122.]

[Footnote 526: "Lectures on Metaphysics," vol. i. p. 373; also Porter's "Human Intellect," p. 95.]

[Footnote 527: Quoted by Hamilton in "Notes on Reid," p. 616.]

[Footnote 528: "Discussions," p. 587.]

[Footnote 529: "The feeling of responsibility is unmeaning unless it presupposes the reality of freedom."--Murphy, "Scientific Basis of Faith," p. 85.]

[Footnote 530: "The miraculous interpositions recorded in the Scriptures are not inconsistent with this fundamental axiom, for they are effects of the will of God as the _cause_."--McCosh, "Divine Government," p. 113.]

[Footnote 531: "Divine Government," p. 541.]

[Footnote 532: See McCosh's "Divine Government," p. 113, and Mill's "Logic," p. 114, vol. ii., English edition.]

[Footnote 533: Whedon, "Freedom of the Will," p. 87.]

[Footnote 534: Whedon, "Freedom of the Will," p. 92. "Every intelligent effort is an exercise of _originating creative power_ which makes the future different from what it would have been but for the exercise of this power."--Hazard, "On Causation," p. 87.]

[Footnote 535: "Philosophy," p. 511.]

[Footnote 536: "Philosophy," p. 508.]

[Footnote 537: "Prolegomena Logica," App., note C.]

[Footnote 538: Whedon, "Freedom of the Will," p. 32.]

[Footnote 539: Ibid., p. 56.]

[Footnote 540: See Calderwood's "Hand-book of Moral Philosophy," pp. 196, 197.]

[Footnote 541: Müller's "Christian Doctrine of Sin," vol. ii. p. 56.]

[Footnote 542: Whedon, "Freedom of the Will," p. 130.]

[Footnote 543: Whedon, "Freedom of the Will," p. 135.]

[Footnote 544: Ibid., p. 193.]

[Footnote 545: Whedon, "Freedom of the Will," p. 158.]

[Footnote 546: "Intuition," etc., p. 472.]

[Footnote 547: Whedon, "Freedom of the Will," p. 171.]

[Footnote 548: Whedon, "Freedom of the Will," p. 173.]

[Footnote 549: "So long as there are fluctuations at all, even though they be of infinitesimal magnitude as compared with the total, statistical regularity does not exclude all room for freedom."--Murphy, "Scientific Basis of Faith," p. 84.]

[Footnote 550: "Prolegomena Logica," p. 280.]

[Footnote 551: On self-limitation of the Divine will, see Müller, "Christian Doctrine of Sin," vol. ii. pp. 208-212.]

[Footnote 552: This is unquestionably the doctrine of Scripture, "Whom He _foreknew_, them also He did predestinate."]

[Footnote 553: Bushnell, "Nature and the Supernatural," p. 50.]

[Footnote 554: Whedon, "Freedom of the Will," p. 273; Müller, "Christian Doctrine of Sin," vol. ii. pp. 236-247.]

[Footnote 555: Whedon, "Freedom of the Will," p. 283.]

[Footnote 556: Bushnell, "Nature and the Supernatural," p. 83.]

[Footnote 557: Ibid., p. 99.]

[Footnote 558: Luke xii. 47, 48.]

[Footnote 559: Matt. xi. 21-24.]

[Footnote 560: Whedon, "Freedom of the Will," pp. 355-357.]

[Footnote 561: Hamilton, "Revealed Doctrine of Rewards and Punishments," p. 88.]

[Footnote 562: "The formation of noble human characters is the highest work that man, or, so far as we know, that God can be engaged in."--Murphy, "Scientific Basis of Faith," p. 39.]

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