Chapter XXIII: Appendix: II

* * * * *

_Paul Oppenheim has recently published[100] a description of a large collection of Egyptian lamellibranchs; the following is a list of the species of which examples have been collected in the Fayûm (including Rayan and Moêla). Figured species are marked by an asterisk._

*Gryphaea pharaonum, Oppenh Lower Mokattam.

*Ostrea (Gryphaea) Whitehousei, May.-Eym. „

*O. „ Edmondstonei, May-Eym. „

*O. „ histris, May.-Eym. „

*Gryphaea (?) arabica, May.-Eym. „

*O. elegans, Desh. Upper (and intermediate)
Mokattam.

*O. Fraasi, May.-Eym. Lower and Upper Mokattam.

*O. Stanleyi, May.-Eym. „ „

*O. Cailliaudi, May.-Eym. Upper Mokattam.

*O. ramosa, May.-Eym. Lower Mokattam.

*O. plicata, Sol. Mokattam Series.

O. paucicostata, Oppenh. Lower Mokattam.

O. Reili, Fraas. Lower and Upper Mokattam.

O. Schweinfurthi, May.-Eym. Upper Mokattam.

O. Sickenbergeri, May.-Eym. „

*O. Hessi, May.-Eym. Lower and Upper Mokattam.

*O. qeruniana, May.-Eym. Mokattam Series.

O. gigantica, Sol. Upper (and intermediate)
Mokattam.

*O. (Alectryonia) Clot-Beyi, Bell. Lower and Upper Mokattam.

*O. ( „ ) Bellardi, May.-Eym. Lower Mokattam.

O. ( „ ) semipectinata, Schafh. „

*O. ( „ ) Mehemeti, May.-Eym. „

Carolia placunoides, Cantraine Lower and Upper Mokattam.

*Pecten moëlehensis, May.-Eym. Lower Mokattam.

*P. Cailliaudi, Oppenh. Lower and Upper Mokattam.

Plicatula pyramidarum, Fraas Upper Mokattam.

P. Bellardi, May.-Eym. Mokattam Series.

P. indigena, May.-Eym. „

*P. Schweinfurthi, Oppenh. Lower Mokattam.

*Spondylus ægyptiacus, Newton Mokattam Series.

*S. Rouaulti, d’Arch. Lower and Upper Mokattam.

*S. perhorridus, Oppenh. Lower Mokattam.

*Vulsella crispata, Fischer Lower and Upper Mokattam.

*V. lignaria, Oppenh. Lower Mokattam.

*V. moëlehensis, Oppenh. „

*V. chamiformis, May.-Eym. „

*Nucula Mœridis, Oppenh. Upper Mokattam.

*Cucullaea dimehensis, Oppenh. „

*Arca subplanicostata, Oppenh. Upper Mokattam.

*A. Tethyis, Oppenh. Mokattam Series.

*A. uniformis, Oppenh. Upper Mokattam.

*A. tenuifilosa, Cossm. Mokattam Series.

*Pectunculus juxtadentatus, Cossm. Upper Mokattam.

*P. aegyptiacus, Oppenh. „

*Cardita Viquesneli, d’Arch. Lower and Upper Mokattam.

C. acuticostata, Lk. „ „

*C. mokattamensis, Oppenh. Upper Mokattam.

*C. fayumensis, Oppenh. „

*C. fidelis, May.-Eym. „

*C. Mosis, Oppenh. Mokattam Series.

*Crassatella fajumensis, Oppenh. Upper Mokattam.

C. Junkeri, May.-Eym. „

C. puellula, May.-Eym. „

*C. trigonata, Lk. Mokattam Series.

*Lucina pharaonis, Bell. Lower and Upper Mokattam.

*L. Rai, Oppenh. Mokattam Series.

*L. polythele, Oppenh. „

*L. calliste, Oppenh. „

*L. gibbosula, Lk. Upper Mokattam.

*L. fajumensis, Oppenh. „

*L. sinuosa, Bell. „

*Diplodonta cycloidea, Bell. Mokattam Series.

*D. inflata, Bell. „

*Lucina (Diplodonta) corpusculum, Oppenh. „

*Cardium desertorum, Oppenh. Upper Mokattam.

*C. Schweinfurthi, May.-Eym. „

*Cyrena (Corbicula) Blanckenhorni, Oppenh. „

*Cyprina aegyptiaca, Oppenh. „

* * * * *

[Footnote 100: _Zur Kenntnis alttertiärer Faunen in Ägypten_. Pt. I. _Der Bivalven, erster Teil_. Palaeontographica Bd. XXX, III.]

INDEX

* * * * *

A

Abshawai—30-31, 84.

Abu Roash as an island—65.

Acacias—25.

Adaptive radiation of Hyracoidea, &c.—69.

Aegean plateau, Giraffes, &c. of—69.

_Aetheria_—81.

Africa with Europe or Asia, Connection of—68.

Africa as centre of mammalian radiation—68, 88.

Agamiin—84.

_Agassizia gibberulus_—52.

Ain Warshat el Melh—20.

Air passages of crocodile skulls, as casts—52.

_Akera_ aff. _striatella_—51-52.

_Alectryonia Clot-Beyi_—35, 50-52.

Allen—69.

Alluvial deposits—23, 25-26, 29, 39, 79-81.

Alluvial soil, Composition of—11-12.

Alluvium covering eastern area—25, 30.

Amenemhat I—13, 26, 82, 84.

_Ampullina hybrida_—51.

_Ampullaria_—51, 81.

Analyses of water—13, 22.

Analysis of fossil bones—54.

Analysis of ox bone—55.

_Ancodus Gorringei_—34, 59, 70.

Andrews, Dr. C. W.—10, 34, 52, 59, 68, 71, 80, 87.

_Anisaster gibberulus_—52.

Anomaluridae—68-69.

Anoplotheres—69.

Antelopes—69.

Aquatic animals—55.

Aquatic hyracoid—69.

_Arca_—53, 60.

_Arca Edwardsi_—43.

_Arca subplanicostata_—90.

_Arca tenuifilosa_—90.

_Arca tethyis_—52, 90.

_Arca uniformis_—90.

Archæoceti—44, 52, 87.

Ard varks—69.

Area of Birket el Qurûn—13.

Area of cultivated land—11.

Area of desert in depression—15.

Area of Fayûm depression—9-11.

Area of Fayûm freshwater lake—80.

Arenaceous deposits—84.

Arenaceous sediments of Nile—81.

Argillaceous sandstone—36, 39, 46.

Argillaceous sands—57.

Armadillos—69.

Arsinœ—13, 83, 87.

_Arsinoitherium_—10, 54, 59, 62, 68-87.

_Arsinoitherium Andrewsii_—34, 70.

_Arsinoitherium Zitteli_—10, 34, 59, 70, 87.

Assuan Reservoir—88.

_Astarte_—46.

_Astrohelia similis_—35, 43, 51.

B

Baboons—69.

Bacchias—83-84.

Baharia Oasis—9, 25, 27, 29, 66, 67.

Bahr Belama—18.

Bahr Yusef—11-12, 17-18, 25-26, 83-84.

_Balanus_—39, 47.

Ball, Dr. J.—66.

_Barbatia_—60.

Barriers between Nile lakes—79.

Barron, T.—71.

Barton Clay—58.

Bartonian beds—43, 53-70.

_Barytherium_—10, 51, 68.

_Barytherium grave_—35, 51, 70.

Basalt sheet—15, 28, 34, 53, 56-64, 75-76 (derived).

Basins receiving drainage—25, 79.

Bats, Ravine of El—29-30, 37, 39-40.

Beadnell, H. J. L.—10, 33, 59-60, 65-66, 78, 87.

Beauchamp sands—58.

Beekite—61.

Biahmu—13, 83-84, 87.

Birds, Fossil—70-87.

Birket el Qurûn—11, 12-14, 16, 23-25, 27-28, 30-32, 36, 40-41,
43-47, 49-50, 56, 61, 72-73, 80-81, 83-84, 87-88.

Birket el Qurun Schichten—63.

Birket el Qurûn Series—23, 27, 35, 41-50, 52, 64, 72-74.

_Bithynia_ aff. _Boissieri_—81.

Blanford—69-70.

Blanckenhorn, Dr. M.—30-31, 34, 39, 45, 58, 60, 64, 66, 71, 81, 87.

Blue Nile fauna—81.

Bone horizons & pits—52, 54, 62, 76.

Borings, Artesian—18.

Borings at Medinet el Fayûm—29-30, 41.

Borings by molluscs—23, 34, 43, 71-73, 78.

Borings by shells at two levels—72-73.

_Borsonia_—37.

Boulders in gravel terraces—76.

Brackish-water shells—84.

Brain of archæoceti—52, 87.

Branches wanting on fossil trees—64-65.

British Museum collections—59.

Brown coal—53.

Brown, Sir Hanbury—11, 13, 80, 83, 87.

Bryozoa—36, 52.

_Bubalis_—80.

Bugti beds (Sind)—70.

Bullen Newton, R.—76.

C

Cairo—9, 16, 28, 49, 56, 64, 65.

Calcareous beds in lake—12.

Calcareous grits—33, 53, 56-63.

Calcareous sandstone—25, 42-43, 45, 50-51, 59, 72.

Calcite—51, 58-59, 61-62.

_Callianassa_—36, 58.

_Calyptræa trochiformis_—43.

Canals—11-12, 18-19, 29, 73.

Canals, Mud brought to lake by—14.

_Canis_—80.

Cape Rayan—21, 36.

Carbonaceous clays—46.

Carbonaceous matter—42, 51.

_Cardita_—38-39, 47.

_Cardita acuticostata_—90.

_Cardita_ aff. _carinata_—52.

_Cardita_ aff. _depressa_—52.

_Cardita ægyptiaca_—46.

_Cardita fidelis_—90.

_Cardita fajumensis_—35, 46, 50-52, 90.

_Cardita_ cf. _gracilis_ and _depressa_—52.

_Cardita mokattamensis_—90.

_Cardita Mosis_—90.

_Cardita_ aff. _triparticostata_—52.

_Cardita Viquesneli_—35, 45-46, 90.

_Cardium_—59.

_Cardium desertorum_—90.

_Cardium Schweinfurthi_—35, 43-44, 50-51, 90.

_Carolia_—36-39, 48, 50, 52.

Carolia Beds—33, 48-53, 74 (rolled blocks).

_Carolia placunoides_—35-36, 38-39, 45-49, 51-52, 73, 89.

_Cassidaria_—51.

_Cassidaria nilotica_—51.

_Cassidaria_ aff. _nodosa_—51.

Casts of crocodilian skull air passages—52.

Casts of shells—39, 44, 51, 59, 63.

Cavernous limestone—37.

Celestine—48.

Cellular weathering of sandstone—46.

Central African character of Fayûm shells—60.

Central Area of Fayûm—24-25.

Centres of independent evolution—69.

_Cerithium_—39, 46-47, 53, 57-58.

_Cerithium crispum_—58.

_Cerithium fodicatum_—37.

_Cerithium perditum_—58.

_Cerithium tiarella_—58.

Cetacea—9, 43-44, 47, 49, 87.

Chalcedony—61.

Chalky limestones—40.

Charcoal, Natural—51, 53.

Chelonians—34, 44, 54, 62.

Chert, Tabular—61-62.

Cherty limestones—57, 59, 61.

_Chicoreus anguliferus_—76.

Claudius Ptolemy—83.

_Clavellithes longævus_—35, 45-46.

Clays—12, 15, 18, 20, 22-25, 28-30, 33-53, 55-59, 61-62, 74-76,
80, 82.

Clays, Variegated—62.

Clayey marls—37, 53, 62.

Clayey sands—29, 36-37, 42, 58.

Clayey sandstones—36, 50, 57, 62.

Clayey shales—77.

_Cleopatra pirothi_—81.

_Cleopatra pirothi_ var. _unicarinata_—81.

_Cleopatra bulimoides_—81, 84.

Cliffs—12, 14-15, 20-24, 27, 32, 36, 40-41, 45-46, 48-50, 53,
56, 73-74, 84-85.

Climate, Variations in Egyptian—81.

Coal, Thin seam of—53.

Coast-line of old continent—54.

Colossi at Biahmu—84.

Concretions—35-36, 38-40, 42-46, 50, 72.

Concretionary sands—58.

Concretionary sandstones—35, 46, 49, 51, 55-56, 62.

Concretionary weathering—42, 46.

Conglomerate—25, 74-76, 78.

Conical hill near Wadi Muêla—36.

Coniferous fossil trees—63.

Constancy of beds over wide areas—33.

Continental land in Oligocene times—64.

Continuance of Oligocene continental conditions—54.

Cope Whitehouse—16-17.

Coprolites—50-51, 62.

Corals—36-37, 44, 46, 51, 53.

_Corbicula Blanckenhorni_—90.

_Corbicula fluminalis_, var. _consobrina_—81, 84.

_Corbula_—40.

_Corbula_ aff. _pixidicula_—35, 39, 43.

Cossmann, M.—45, 58, 87.

_Cossmannella ægyptiaca_—50.

Cranial casts in limestone—52.

_Crassatella fajumensis_—90.

_Crassatella Junkeri_—90.

_Crassatella puellula_—90.

_Crassatella trigonata_—90.

_Crassatellithes_—50.

Creodonts—70.

Crocodiles—9, 34, 51-55, 59, 62, 80.

_Crocodilus_—59, 70.

Crystals of quartz, calcite &c.—61.

_Cucullæa_ aff. _crassatina_—52.

_Cucullæa dimehensis_—89.

Cultivated lands—9, 11-14, 39-42, 73, 83-84.

Currents in Birket el Qurûn—14.

Currents in ancient river—52, 54, 65-66, 71-78, 80.

Current-bedded clays, sands, &c.—51, 56.

Cuvier—69.

_Cyprina ægyptiaca_—90.

_Cyrena Blanckenhorni_—90.

_Cytherea_—46.

_Cytherea Newboldi_—43.

D

Dakhla Oasis—29.

Dam at El Lahûn—84.

Dames—9, 43-44, 49, 87.

Damp climate formerly in Egypt—81.

Dashûr, Pyramids of—28.

Dasypodidae—69.

Defile of Wadi Muêla—9, 21.

Delta, Ancient—54, 66-67.

_Dentalium_—46.

Denudation, Effects of—39, 73, 75, 77, 84.

Deposition of sediments in Eocene times—54.

Depression, Origin of Fayûm—15, 29, 33, 79.

Depression cut out in sedimentary rocks—33.

Depression, Fayûm—9, 11-16, 20, 24, 26-30, 33-36, 39, 53, 61,
64, 67, 71, 75, 77-81, 84-85, 87-88.

Depression, Mogara—71.

Depression, Wadi Rayan &c.—17-19, 21-24.

Depressions of Libyan Desert—16, 29, 67.

Depth of Birket et Qurûn—13.

Der el Beda—64.

Der el Galamûn—21, 36.

Desert conditions—73, 79.

Desert region—11, 14, 16, 26-28.

Deshasleh—17.

_Dictyopleurus Haimi_—52.

Diluvial deposits—81.

Dimê—13, 31, 45, 50, 72.

Dinotheres—69.

Diodorus Siculus—13, 82.

Dionysias—83-84.

Dip, Importance and nature of—15, 33, 48-49, 55, 57, 64.

_Diplodonta corpusculum_—90.

_Diplodonta cycloidea_—90.

_Diplodonta inflata_—90.

Dip-slopes of central area &c., of Fayûm—24, 25, 27, 50.

Disconnection of Nile Valley and Fayûm—80.

Dormice—69.

Downthrow of faults—32, 50.

Drainage basins—11, 13, 23, 25.

Drains—12.

Dreikanter—56.

Druses of calcite—62.

Dugongs—53.

Dunes—17, 21-23, 26-27, 84-85.

Dunes, Slope of—26.

Dunes, Straight-lined character of—26, 85.

E

Earth-pillars—46.

Earthy limestone—46.

Echinids—36-37, 39.

_Echinolampas Crameri_—35, 50.

Edentata—69.

Edwa—82-83.

Egyptian irrigation—88.

Elephants, Early—68.

_Elephas_—80.

El-Gayat, village—20.

Elliot Smith, Dr.—52, 87.

Elwat Hialla—28, 55-56, 75-76.

Emigration of African animals—68.

Eocene sea, Extension of—66.

_Eosiren_—10, 52.

_Eosiren libyca_—35, 51, 70.

_Eremopezus libycus_—34, 70.

Erosion by Nile—79, 80.

Erosion, Superficial—85.

Escarpments—15, 21, 26-28, 31-32, 45, 49, 52, 56-58, 60-61, 75-77.

Escarpments determined by fractures—32.

_Eschara Duvali_—37.

Estuarine conditions of upper beds—53, 55.

Ethiopian faunal region—68-69.

Ethiopian region centre of independent evolution—69-70.

Euhemeria—84.

_Euspatangus Blanckenhorni_—36.

_Euspatangus cairensis_—52.

_Euspatangus formosus_—36.

Evaporation of late Pliocene lake—78-79.

Even-toed ruminants—68.

_Exogyra Fraasi_—35, 50-52.

F

Facetted quartz pebbles—56.

False-bedding—50-51, 55-57, 62, 73.

Farafra Oasis—29.

Faulting and folding—16, 29-32, 49-50.

Fault near Qasr el Sagha—32.

Fault, Nile Valley—15.

Fayûm beds shallower water than those of Mokattam—41.

Fayûm, Causes of origin of—15, 29, 33.

Ferruginous bands—51-52, 58.

Ferruginous clays—51.

Ferruginous grits—27, 58, 62, 66-67.

Ferruginous sand—54.

Ferruginous sandstone—46, 50, 52, 57.

Feshn—11.

Fibrous gypsum—52.

_Ficula tricarinata_—43.

Filhol, M.—69.

Fiord, Nile Valley—78-79.

Fish remains—9, 35, 39-40, 42-44, 46-47, 50-52, 59, 70, 77, 70.

Fish-scales—39-40, 42, 44, 77.

Fish-spines—39, 50.

Fish-teeth—39, 43, 50.

Fish-vertebrae—50.

Flat-topped hills—20.

Flinders, Petrie—13, 87.

Flint implements—61, 82.

Flint pebbles—20, 50, 56, 62-63, 73, 75-76.

Flint, Tabular—61-62.

Floods—26, 54, 67, 82.

Flood protection—88.

Flood-readings—80.

Floor of depression—39.

Fluviatile conditions of deposition—58.

Fluviatile sands, etc.—60, 66-67.

Fluviomarine conditions of deposition—33.

Fluviomarine Series—9, 27, 34, 53-65, 74-76.

Flying rodents—68-69.

Fold near Qasr el Sagha—32, 49.

Foraminiferal beds—33, 35-39, 41-42, 45-48, 74.

Formation of Fayûm lake—26, 78-80, 82-84.

Fractures determining escarpments—32.

Freshness of Birket el Qurûn—14, 24.

Freshwater conditions of deposition—58.

Freshwater lake before Mœris—79-80.

Freshwater lakes of Nile Valley—79.

Freshwater shells—18, 44, 47, 60, 80-81, 88.

Freshwater shells absent in Wadi Rayan—23.

_Fusus_—37, 48.

G

Gar el Gehannem—9, 23, 25, 27, 32, 36-39, 41, 46-47, 50, 52, 61,
67, 73, 80, 85.

Gar el Hamra—27, 67.

Garat el Esh—32, 61, 76, 85.

Garat el Faras—28, 50, 75.

Garat el Gindi—28, 75.

Garstin, Sir W.—18, 87.

Gasteropods—36, 58.

_Geniohyus_—10.

_Geniohyus fayumensis_—34, 70.

_Geniohyus major_—34, 70.

_Geniohyus mirus_—34, 70.

Geodes—61.

Geological Succession in Wadi Rayan—22.

Geological Magazine—10, 87.

Geology of Fayûm—33, 90.

Geziret el Qorn—31, 40, 43-45, 63.

Gharaq, Bahr el—11, 17.

Gharaq Basin—11, 13, 19-20, 23-26, 31, 36, 85.

Gharaq, Wadi—17.

Ghardag bushes—22.

Ghart el Khanashat—26-27, 85.

_Gigantophis_—10.

_Gigantophis Garstini_—35, 51, 70.

Giraffes—69.

_Gisortia_—37.

_Gisortia gigantea_—51.

Giza, Pyramids of—28, 63.

Glacial period—69, 81.

Glauconitic clays—36, 39, 50.

Glauconitic marl—39.

Glauconitic sands—37.

Globular concretions—35, 42-46, 72.

_Glycimeris pulvinatus_—52.

Goat remains—80.

_Goniastræa cocchii_—43.

_Goniaræa elegans_—51.

_Goniopora_—51.

Grass in desert—27.

Gravels—15, 25-27, 32, 34, 40-42, 73-78.

Gravel-capped hills—75.

Gravel terraces—25, 34, 42, 71, 73-80.

Gravelly gypsum—77.

Grenfell, Mr.—83-84, 87.

Grits—27, 33-34, 57-63, 66.

Grooving due to blown sand—85.

_Gryphæa arabica_—89.

_Gryphæa Edmonstonei_—89.

_Gryphæa histris_—89.

_Gryphæa pharaonum_—89.

_Gryphæa Whitehousei_—89.

Gauges, Nile—80.

Gypseous clays—33, 35, 37-40, 44-46, 51-52.

Gypseous deposits—71, 75, 77, 79.

Gypseous limestone—50, 52.

Gypseous marls—37-39.

Gypseous plain—20-21.

Gypseous sands—39.

Gypseous shale—42, 48.

Gypsum—18, 20, 36-37, 39, 42, 50-52, 61-62, 77-79.

Gypsum of Paris, Animals in—69.

H

Hade of fault—32.

Haram el Bahrl, El—36.

Harpoons, Flint—61.

Hawara—11, 13, 26, 87.

Headon Hill beds—58.

Height of Pliocene terraces—76.

_Heliastræa acervularia_—43.

_Heliastræa Ellisi_—13.

_Heliastræa flattersi_—43.

Heluan—16.

Herodotus—13, 82, 84.

High-level lake—83.

_Hippopotamus_—69, 80.

Historic epoch—81-85.

Horns of Birket el Qurûn due to siliceous bands—41.

Hunt, Mr.—83-84, 87.

Huxley, Prof.—68.

_Hydractinia_—38.

_Hydractinia cornuta_—35.

_Hydrobia stagnalis_—84.

Hyracoidea—69.

I

Ice periods—69, 81.

Immigration of animals into Africa—68.

Implements, Flint—61.

India, Fauna of—69.

Indo-Malayan faunal region—69.

Invasion of Africa by European animals—69.

Invasion of Europe by African animals—69.

Ironstone—50, 58-59.

Irrigation works, Result of—12, 88.

_Isocardia cyprinoides_—43.

J

Jerboas—69.

Joint-planes—36.

K

Kafr el Ayat—11.

Karanis—84.

Kayser—87.

Kenîsa, El—72.

Kharga Oasis—29.

Knobs along line of fault—32.

Kom Ombo—81.

Korif, Wadi—21.

L

Lacustrine deposits—12-13, 34, 40, 44, 47, 49, 66-67, 79-80, 82.

Lahûn—11, 26, 39, 84.

Lahûn Pyramid—28, 42.

Lake deposits—67, 79.

Lake in Fayûm—11-14, 78-80.

Lake Mœris—12-13, 18-19, 23-24, 43, 49, 79-80, 82-84, 87-88.

Lake, Nile Valley—78-79.

Lake of the Horns—12.

Lamellibranchs—12, 58-59, 89.

Lamination of arenaceous deposits—66.

Land-animal remains—52-54.

Land-areas, Ancient—65-67, 71.

_Lanistes_—53, 58, 81.

_Lanistes antiquus_—51.

_Lanistes bartonianus_—34, 60.

_Lanistes carinatus_—60.

Lava Flows—15, 33-34, 53, 56-58, 61-62, 75.

Leakage through ridge of Wadi Rayan—23.

_Leda_—35, 39.

Lenticular sand-beds—55.

_Leptodon_—69.

Levels made from Rayan to Nile Valley—17.

Libyan Desert, Area, etc., of—15, 88.

Liernur Bey—17-18, 87.

Liernur, Wadi—17, 19.

Lignite—51, 53.

Ligurian beds—43, 64, 88.

Limb-bones of vertebrates—52.

Limestones—12, 15-16, 20-25, 29, 33-42, 45-53, 56-57, 59-62,
65-66, 73-77.

_Limnæa mœris_—81.

_Limnæa natalensis_—81.

_Limnæa palustris_—81.

Linant de Bellefonds—16, 83, 88.

_Linthia_—52.

Little Rayan—22.

Littoral deposits—66.

Loam—39.

_Lobocarcinus Paulino-Wurtembergicus_—36.

Lower Headon Hill beds—58.

Lower Oligocene—53-70.

Lucas, A.—9, 14, 22, 54, 88.

_Lucina_—36, 39, 45-46, 48, 53, 58.

_Lucina calliste_—90.

_Lucina consobrina_—37.

_Lucina Defrancei_—37.

_Lucina fajumensis_—90.

_Lucina fortisiana_—51.

_Lucina gibbosula_—90.

_Lucina globulosa_—37.

_Lucina pharaonis_—35, 43, 45, 51, 90.

_Lucina polythele_—90.

_Lucina pomum_—43.

_Lucina Rai_—90.

_Lucina sinuosa_—90.

_Lucina_ cf. _tabulata_—43.

Lulu, Wadi—17.

Lydekker, R.—70.

M

_Macrosolen Hollowaysi_—35, 46, 51.

_Mactra compressa_—43.

Madagascar and Africa, Connection of—68.

Mammalia, Fossil—34-35, 55, 62, 38-70, 80, 87.

Mammillary weathering—57.

Mandibles of vertebrates—52.

Marls—18, 29-30, 33-35, 37, 39-42, 49-50, 53, 55, 61-62, 73-74, 76.

Marls in lake—12.

Marls, Saliferous—19.

Marly clays—29-30, 57, 62.

Marly gypsum—77.

Marly limestones—33, 35, 37-39, 47-48, 62, 77.

Marsh land—26, 40, 82.

Martens, Prof. von.—60, 81, 88.

Masaigega, Wadi—19.

Masaret-Abusia—40.

Mastodons—68-69.

Mayer-Eymar, K.—37, 43, 49, 53, 64, 88.

Mazana—17, 19.

Medinet el Fayûm—29-30, 41, 82-83.

Mediterranean fauna—81.

Medum—40, 77 (pyramid).

_Megalohyrax_—10.

_Megalohyrax eocænus_—34, 59, 70.

_Megalohyrax minor_—34, 70.

_Melania_—53, 57-60.

_Melania muricata_—60.

_Melania_ cf. _Nysti_—60, 64.

_Melania tuberculata_—81, 84.

_Melanopsis_—81.

_Melanopsis_ fauna—81.

_Melongena nilotica_, var. _bicarinata_—51.

Menesi Ali, Ezba—17.

_Meretrix nitidula_—51.

_Meretrix parisiensis_—51.

_Mesalia_—51.

_Mesalia fasciata_—35, 51.

_Mesalia oxycrepis_—51.

Middle Eocene—9-10, 15, 32-33, 35-53, 54-55, 57-58, 60, 62, 64,
66-67, 70, 80.

Migrations of mammalia—69-70.

Miocene beds suggested—64.

Miocene, Lower—34, 54, 70.

Miocene, Lower, of Orient European in type—70.

Miocene strata, Absence of—34, 71.

_Mitra_—36.

_Mœriophis Schweinfurthi_—50, 70.

Mœris (see Lake Mœris).

_Mœritherium_—10, 52, 59, 68, 70.

_Mœritherium gracilis_—35, 51, 70.

_Mœritherium Lyonsi_—34, 35, 51, 59, 70.

_Mœritherium trigodon_—34-70.

Mogara—34, 54, 71, 85.

Mokattam beds, Lower—35, 89-90.

Mokattam beds, Upper—33, 41, 49, 89-90.

Mokattam beds deeper water than Fayûm beds—41.

Mokattam, Jebel—39, 41, 49.

Monastery in Wadi Muêla—21.

Moncrieff, Sir C. S.—16-17, 87.

Monkeys—69.

Monoclinal fold—16.

Monograph of Fayûm vertebrates—10.

Monotony of desert—26.

Muêla, Wadi—9, 14, 16-17, 20-21, 35-37, 88-89.

_Mutela_—53, 60.

_Mytilus affinis_—51.

N

_Natica_—46.

_Natica crassatina_—64.

Natrûn, Wadi—26, 27, 54, 85.

_Nautilus_—36, 46, 48.

Nawamis—40.

_Necrodasypus_—69.

Neolithic implements—82, 87.

_Neritina nilotica_—81, 84.

Nezleh Canal—19.

_Nicolia_—63.

Nile deposit absent in Wadi Rayan—23.

Nile mud—80-82.

Nile Valley, Connection with—11, 13, 17-18, 79-82.

Nile Valley, History of—79, 87.

Nile waters enter depression—26, 79-80, 82.

Nilometer—80.

Nodular bands—44, 47.

Nodular limestones—48.

Nodules, Calcareous—39, 61.

_Nonionina_—46.

Northern Desert Region—9, 26-28, 87.

_Nucula Mœridis_—89.

_Nucularia_—35, 39.

Nummulites—33, 36, 39, 41, 46-48.

_Nummulites Beaumonti_—35, 41.

_Nummulites curvispira_—35-37.

_Nummulites Fraasi_—35, 41-42.

_Nummulites gizehensis_—33, 35-37, 39, 41, 48.

_Nummulites gizehensis_ limestones—33, 35-37, 39, 41, 48.

_Nummulites Schweinfurthi_—41.

_Nummulites sub-Beaumonti_—41.

Nummulitic limestones—36-39, 65.

O

Oases depressions—67.

Oases, Origin of—29.

Oasis, Parva—83.

Oldest beds in Fayûm—33.

Oligocene beds—34, 53, 70.

Oligocene of Orient European in type—70.

_Oliva_—46.

_Operculina_—33, 46, 74.

_Operculina discoidea_—35, 41-42, 47, 74.

_Operculina-Nummulite_ Beds—35, 41-48, 74.

Oppenheim, Dr. P.—43, 50, 88-89.

Oriental faunal region—69.

Origin of Fayûm, Causes of—15.

Original floor of depression—39.

Osborn, Prof. H. F.—68, 70.

_Ostrea_—36-39, 42, 44-46, 48-50, 52.

_Ostrea Bellardi_—89.

_Ostrea Caillaudi_—89.

_Ostrea Clot-Beyi_—38, 46, 89.

_Ostrea cucullata_—41, 71, 77.

_Ostrea digitalina_—43.

_Ostrea Edmonstonei_—89.

_Ostrea elegans_—35, 51, 89.

_Ostrea flabellula_—51.

_Ostrea Fraasi_—38-39, 47, 89.

_Ostrea gigantea_—43.

_Ostrea gigantica_—89.

_Ostrea Gumbeli_—37.

_Ostrea Hessi_—89.

_Ostrea_ aff. _heteroclyta_—51.

_Ostrea histris_—89.

_Ostrea longirostris_—43.

_Ostrea Mehemeti_—89.

_Ostrea paucicostata_—89.

_Ostrea plicata_—43, 89.

_Ostrea producta_—43.

_Ostrea qeruniana_—89.

_Ostrea ramosa_—89.

_Ostrea Reili_—35, 39, 45-47, 51-52, 89.

_Ostrea Schweinfurthi_—89.

_Ostrea semipectinata_—89.

_Ostrea Sickenbergeri_—89.

_Ostrea Stanleyi_—89.

_Ostrea Whitehousei_—89.

_Oudardia ovalis_—39.

Outlets, Subterranean, to lake—14, 24.

Outliers—21, 28.

Output of water from springs—22.

Oysters—36, 39, 42, 48.

Oyster-beds—36, 50.

Oyster-limestone—52.

P

Palæogene freshwater shells—60.

Palæogene vertebrate fauna—87.

Palæontographica—43, 63, 88.

_Palæomastodon_—10, 59, 68.

_Palæomastodon Beadnelli_—34, 59, 70.

_Palæomastodon minor_—34, 70.

Palms—21-22.

_Paludina_—81.

Pangolins—69.

Paper-shales—36, 51.

Paris basin—58.

Parisian beds—18, 35-53.

Pass from Muêla to Rayan—21.

Pebble deposits—18, 30, 39-40, 56, 58, 76, 78.

_Pecten_—39, 42, 46-47.

_Pecten benedictus_—71.

_Pecten Caillaudi_—89.

_Pecten corneus_—37.

_Pecten moëlehensis_—37, 52, 59.

_Pecten solariolum_—52.

_Pectunculus_—46.

_Pectunculus juxtadentatus_—90.

_Pectunculus ægyptiacus_—51, 90.

_Pectunculus pseudopulvinatus_—35.

_Pectunculus pulvinatus_—52.

_Pelomedusa progaleata_—70.

Pelvis of _Arsinoitherium_—54.

Perforate weathering of sandstone—46.

Permeability of Wadi Rayan—24.

Perennial irrigation in Egypt—88.

Pharaonic province—84.

Philotera—84.

_Phiomia_—10.

_Phiomia serridens_—34, 59, 70.

_Pinna_—39, 47.

Plains—50, 52, 54, 77.

Plain of subaerial denudation—39.

_Planorbis Ehrenbergi_—84.

_Planorbis marginatus_ var. _subangulata_—84.

_Planorbis subangulata_—81.

Plant-remains—42, 50-51, 53, 57.

Plateau bounding Fayûm to north—26.

_Plateaux_—15, 21, 25, 27-28, 32, 62.

Pleistocene Beds—30, 34, 47, 50, 54, 71, 79-81, 84.

_Pleurotoma_—37, 43, 46, 53, 58.

_Pleurotoma ingens_—34, 58.

_Plicatula Bellardi_—50-51, 89.

_Plicatula indigena_—89.

_Plicatula polymorpha_—35, 45-46, 51.

_Plicatula pyramidarum_—89.

_Plicatula Schweinfurthi_—89.

Pliny—82.

Pliocene Beds—30, 34, 41-42, 54, 69, 71-78.

Pliocene sea, Invasion of—43, 71, 78.

_Pliohyrax_—69.

_Podocnemis antiqua_—37, 70.

_Podocnemis Blanckenhorni_—70.

_Podocnemis Blanckenhorni_ var. _ovata_—70.

_Podocnemis fajumensis_—70.

_Podocnemis Stromeri_—35, 70.

_Podocnemis Stromeri_ var. _major_—70.

Pools formed by rainfall—25.

Pools produced by springs—20, 22.

_Potamides_—53.

_Potamides scalaroides_—34, 58, 64.

_Potamides tiarella_—64.

_Potamides tristriatus_—34.

Prehistoric epoch—81-82.

Prehistoric lake—23, 79-82.

Preservation of fossil remains—55.

Proboscidea—68-69.

Promontories of Birket el Qurûn, Origin of—41.

_Propristis Schweinfurthi_—35, 51, 70.

_Psephophorus eocænus_—35, 70.

_Pseudodon_—58, 60.

_Pterodon_—10.

_Pterodon africanus_—34, 59, 70.

_Pterodon macrognathus_—34, 70.

_Pterosphenus_—10.

_Pterosphenus Schweinfurthi_—35, 50-51, 70.

Ptolemaic lake—84.

Ptolemaic period—82.

Ptolemy Philadelphus—84.

Ptolemy the second—84.

Puddingstone of ancient rivers—26, 67.

Pyramid-like building—74.

Pyramid pebbles—56.

Q

Qalamsha, Ezba—23, 25-26, 41-42, 77.

Qasr el Banat—84.

Qasr el Qurûn—84.

Qasr el Sagha—9, 31-32, 43, 49, 52, 56-58, 60-61.

Qasr el Sagha Series—27, 32-33, 35, 38, 41, 44-57, 64-66, 75, 77.

Qatrani, Jebel El—28, 55, 61, 75.

Qatrani beds—34, 53-70.

_Qerunia_—38.

_Qerunia cornuta_—35, 45-46, 48, 51-52.

Quartz pebbles—20, 50, 56, 62-63, 73, 75.

Quartz sand—55.

Quartzite—62, 73-75.

R

Radiation of Mammalia from Africa—69.

Railway to Fayûm—40.

Raised beaches—34, 41.

Ratite bird—87.

Ravine Beds—23, 25, 29-30, 35, 37-42, 46, 77.

Ravines—12, 19, 29, 37, 39-40.

Rayan, Jebel—36-37.

Rayan, Geology of Wadi—22-23.

Rayan, Little—22.

Rayan Series—24, 25, 30, 33, 35-39, 41.

Rayan, Wadi—9, 11, 14-24, 27-28, 31, 85, 87-89.

Rays—70.

Recent Beds—34, 81-85.

Reclamation of Fayûm lake—82-84.

Reconnection of Nile Valley and Fayûm—80.

Reeds—20.

Regulator of floods, Fayûm as—82.

Reinach, Von—59, 88.

Reptiles, Fossil—70.

Reservoir at Assuan—88.

Reservoir proposed in Wadi Rayan—16-19.

Retreat of Eocene sea—54, 55, 66.

_Rhinoceros bicornis_—69.

Ridge separating Nile Valley and Fayûm—25-26, 71, 73-74, 79-80.

Ridge separating Rayan and Gharaq—23.

_Rimella rimosa_—35, 51.

Ripple-marked sandstone—51.

Rise of Nile bed—80.

River, Ancient—27, 52-55, 66-67, 79.

River-currents—65, 71, 78.

River-sand—55.

Roads in desert—27.

Rocks forming Libyan Desert—15.

Roda—13, 75, 80.

Rodents, Flying—68-69.

Rohlfs’ Expedition—9, 63.

Rolled fossils—73.

_Rostellaria_—37.

Round-topped hill-ranges—75.

Rubiat—39-42.

Ruins—20-22, 48-50, 52.

Ruminants, Even-toed—68-69.

Rushes—20.

S

_Saghatherium_—10.

_Saghatherium antiquum_—34, 59, 70.

_Saghatherium magnum_—34, 70.

_Saghatherium minus_—34, 59, 70.

Salines—20.

Salinity of lake—14.

Salinity of water in Wadi Rayan—24.

Salt—18, 36, 77, 79.

Salt in Wadis Rayan & Muêla—19, 20, 88.

Samos, Island of—69.

Sands—15, 18, 21, 29, 33-34, 40, 42, 47, 50, 53, 55-59, 61-62,
71, 74-76, 80.

Sand accumulations, Wind-blown—12, 20-21, 32, 34, 73, 84-85.

Sand, &c., deposited in Birket el Qurûn—13, 80, 84.

Sandberger Hills—62.

Sandblast action—73.

Sand-rock—44, 50-51, 56-60, 62, 74.

Sands, Variegated—34, 53, 57, 59.

Sandstones—15, 28, 32-36, 38-39, 42-63, 72, 74-77.

Sandstone, Concretionary—35, 38.

Sandstone-grit—56, 58, 62-63.

Sandstones, Mottled—62.

Sandstones, Variegated—76.

Sandy clays—12, 18, 36-37, 42, 44, 46, 50-52, 56-59, 62.

Sandy conglomerate—18.

Sandy limestones—25, 35-36, 38-39, 42, 49-52.

Sandy marl—37, 42, 62.

Sandy shale—42.

Saqâra, Pyramid of—28.

Saws, Flint—61.

Scalenohedra of calcite—51.

_Schizaster_—36.

_Schizaster_ aff. _africanus_—52.

Schweinfurth, Dr.—9, 14, 19, 24, 34-37, 43-44, 49, 64, 71-72,
77-80, 88.

Schweinfurth’s Temple—49.

Scoring due to blown sand—85.

Scott Moncrieff, Sir C.—88.

Sculpturing of sandstone—85.

_Scutella_ beds—64.

Second Cataract—81.

Sections, Geological—36-42, 44-47, 50-52, 56, 58-62.

Sediment deposited in Fayûm—26, 54.

Sêla—9, 26, 39-40, 73.

Septaria—46.

_Serpula_—46.

Sersena—25, 42, 75.

Shales—36, 42, 48.

Shaly Clays—44, 47, 62, 77.

Shaly marl—39-41, 44.

Sharks—39.

Sharks’ teeth—46, 51.

Sheep remains—80.

Shell-borings—72.

Shell-impressions—39-40, 42, 44, 50.

Shelly limestone—38-39, 46, 51-52.

Shelly sands—36.

Shelly sandstone—46, 51.

Sherwin, R. S.—78.

Shore-line, Ancient—77.

Shore-line, Movements of—65.

Shrinkage of Birket el Qurûn—13.

Sidmant el Jebel—17, 34, 71, 77.

Siliceous bands, Horns of Birket el Qurûn due to—41.

Siliceous beds capping hills—61.

Siliceous limestone—37, 41.

Silicified grits—27, 62, 67.

Silicified sandstones—32, 57.

Silicified trees—27, 34, 51, 53, 55-59, 61, 63, 65, 73-75.

Silicified trees, Size of—53, 63.

Silsila—81.

Siluroid fish—35, 51, 70, 80.

Sirenia—51.

Sites, Excavated—84.

Skeleton-carrying currents—53.

Soil, Character of—11-12, 88.

Soil survey—9.

_Solarium_—51.

_Solarium_ aff. _bistriatum_—51.

South Africa as centre of evolution—69.

South America, Migrations to—69.

_Spatha_—53, 58, 60, 81.

_Spatha dahomeyensis_—60.

_Spatha Droueti_—60.

_Spondylus ægyptiacus_—52, 89.

_Spondylus perhorridus_—89.

_Spondylus Ruaulti_—89.

Springs in Wadi Muêla—20.

Springs of Wadi Rayan—22.

Stem-weathering in sandstone—56.

Step-faults—31.

_Stereogenys Cromeri_—35, 51, 70.

_Stereogenys libyca_—70.

_Stereogenys podocnemioides_—35, 70.

Stock-work—50.

Stone Age, Neolithic—82.

Strabo—13, 82.

Strata, Classification of—34.

Strike faults—32.

Stromer von Reichenbach, E.—44, 59, 69, 88.

Strontium sulphate pseudomorphs—48.

Subaerial denudation—39.

Sub-fossil fauna of Fayûm—81.

Successive faunal invasions, Theory of—68.

Sulphate of lime—78.

Sulphate of strontium pseudomorphs—48.

Survey collections—59.

Surveying operations—9.

Surveying by Colonel Western—17.

T

Table-land of cultivated area—11.

Tafla beds—39.

Tamarisk growth—22, 25, 72, 82.

Tamia—12-13, 15, 25, 27-28, 31, 40, 42, 49-50, 55-56, 72, 75.

Tamia lake—40.

Tectonics—16, 29-32.

_Tellina_—40, 42, 51.

_Tellina pellucida_—43.

_Tellina scalaroides_—35.

_Tellina tenuistriata_—35, 39.

Temperature changes in desert—73.

Temperature effects on pebbles—56.

Temperature of springs in Wadi Rayan—22.

Temple of Qasr el Sagha—49, 56.

_Terebellum sopitum_—36.

_Teredo_—39, 47.

_Testudo Ammon_—10, 34, 59, 70.

_Thallassochelys libyca_—35, 70.

Theadelphia—84.

Thickness of beds in section—37-29, 42, 45-46, 49-52, 56-60,
65, 76-77.

Thickness of sediments in Fayûm—15.

Thinning of Fluvio-marine series—55.

_Tomistoma_—70.

_Tomistoma africanum_—35, 51, 59, 70.

Tongrian beds—13, 64, 88.

Toothed whales—39.

Topography and structural geology—11-28.

Tortoises, Large—10, 53-54, 59, 66, 87.

_Trachelochetus bituberculatus_—51.

Tropical shells in Fayûm—60.

Tuba, El—40.

_Tudicla_ aff. _umbilicaris_—51.

Tufaceous gypsum—77.

_Turbo Parkinsoni_—43.

_Turritella_—38-39, 44-53.

_Turritella angulata_—43, 45, 60, 64.

_Turritella carinifera_—35, 38, 43, 51-52.

_Turritella imbricataria_—51-52.

_Turritella Lessepsi_—51.

_Turritella parisiana_—51.

_Turritella pharaonica_—34-35, 45, 51-52, 58.

_Turritella transitoria_—43.

_Turritella turris_—43.

Turtles—53-55, 59, 60.

Twelfth Dynasty—26, 82.

Twigs preserved in clays—53.

U

Um el Atl—84.

Unconformable junctions—39-40, 73, 76.

Underground outlets of Birket el Qurûn—14.

Ungulate, Horned—10.

_Unio_—34, 53, 58-60.

_Unio abyssinicus_—81.

_Unio Bonneaudi_—60.

_Unio Caillaudi_—60.

_Unio Homsensis_—60.

_Unio lithophagus_—60.

_Unio Nyassænsis_—60.

_Unio Schweinfurthi_—81.

_Unio teretiusculus_—60.

Upper Eocene—10, 32-34, 53-70, 76.

Upper Mokattam beds—33.

Upper Nile basin—87.

Ur-Nil—66.

V

_Valvata nilotica_—80, 84.

Vegetation in water-courses—25.

_Velates Schmiedeli_—37.

_Venus_—46.

_Venus plicatella_—35.

_Vermetus_—46.

Vertebrae of _Mœritherium_—52.

Vertebrae of _Zeuglodon_—45, 47, 50.

Vertebrate fauna, Discovery of—9.

Vertebrates, Extinct—10, 34-35, 43, 49, 51-52, 55, 61, 63, 65,
67, 70, 87.

_Voluta_—46.

_Voluta arabica_—35.

_Vulsella chamiformis_—37, 89.

_Vulsella crispata_—89.

_Vulsella lignaria_—89.

_Vulsella moëlehensis_—89.

W

Wadi, Ravine of El—29-30, 37, 39.

Wadi Rayan, Muêla, etc. (see under Rayan, Muêla).

Wadi Rayan series—35-37.

Warshat el Melh—20.

Water analyses—22.

Water-courses—25.

Water-rounded pebbles—56, 72.

Water-supply of Fayûm—11, 88.

Weathering—57.

Wells—21.

Western, Colonel—16-18, 22, 87.

Whales, Frequency of river and shore-frequenting—53.

Whales, Toothed—39.

Whitehouse, Cope—88.

White Nile fauna, Absence of—81.

Widan el Faras—28, 55, 58, 60, 62, 75-76.

Willcocks, Sir William—13-14, 17-19, 80-88.

Wind-shadow—84.

X

Xiphodonts—29.

Z

_Zeuglodon_—9, 39, 44, 49, 52, 87-88.

_Zeuglodon brachyspondylus_—44.

_Zeuglodon Isis_—35, 44-45, 47, 70.

_Zeuglodon macrospondylus_—44.

_Zeuglodon Osiris_—35, 44, 47, 49-51, 70.

_Zeuglodon Zitteli_—44, 70.

Zeuglodon Valley—41, 46-49, 61, 63, 85.

Zittel, Prof. K.—43, 49, 62, 89.

* * * * *

GEOLOGICAL MAP OF THE FAYUM DEPRESSION

_Survey Dept. Cairo._]

MAP SHOWING PRINCIPAL BONE-BEARING LOCALITIES

_Survey Dept. Cairo._]

SECTION FROM THE BIRKET EL QURÛN THROUGH DIMÊ AND QASR EL SAGHA TO THE SUMMIT OF JEBEL EL QATRANI.]

SECTION FROM WADI RAYAN TO THE SUMMIT OF THE ESCARPMENT NORTH OF GAR EL GEHANNEM.]

SECTION OF THE DESERT RIDGE SEPARATING THE NILE VALLEY AND THE FAYÛM.]

SECTION FROM SIDMANT EL JEBEL IN THE NILE VALLEY THROUGH MEDINET EL FAYÛM TO THE SUMMIT OF JEBEL EL QATRANI, NEAR WIDAN EL FARAS.]

MIDDLE EOCENE ESCARPMENT NEAR QASR EL SAGHA.]

FROM GARAT EL ESH TO THE SUMMIT OF JEBEL EL QATRANI.]

Transcriber's note:

pg 4 Changed: "Homotoxial with quarried" to: "Homotaxial"

pg 6 Changed: "M.—_Gyseous Deposits_" to: "_Gypseous_"

pg 30 Absent references to footnotes 30 and 31 added after
"an accompanying map" and "plateau north of the lake." respectively.

pg 31, footnote 32 Changed: "Bd. XXX I 1902" to: "Bd. XXXII 1902"

pg 34, footnote 34 Changed: "III, Das Miocân,”" to:
"III, “Das Miocän,”"

pg 58 Changed: "_Potamides tristiatus_" to: "_tristriatus_"

pg 66, footnote 82 Some missing text has been indicated as [Blank].

pg 69, footnote 84 Changed: "für Saügetiere" to: "Säugetiere"

pg 79 Changed: "matter or considerable doubt" to: "of"

pg 80 Changed: "with little resistence" to: "resistance"

pg 87 Changed: "_Eocene beds of the Fayûm, Egypi_" to: "_Egypt_"

pg 88 Changed: "_Versteinerungen der tertiāren_" to: "tertiären"

pg 88 Changed: "_für Saugetiere_" to: "_Säugetiere_"

pg 88 Changed: "_der Libyschen Wūste_" to: "_Wüste_"

pg 89 Changed: "Nacula Mœridis" to: "Nucula"

pg 91 Changed: "_Arca tethyis_—52-90." to: "52, 90."

pg 97 Changed: "Muêla, Wadi— [. . .] 21-21," to: "20-21,"

pg 97 Changed: "_Mytilus affinus_" to: "_affinis_"

pg 98 Changed: "Perrenial irrigation" to: "Perennial"

pg 98 Changed: "_Plonorbis subangulata_" to: "_Planorbis_"

pg 98 Changed: "_Pectunculus pseudopulvinatus_—" to:
"_Pectunculus pseudopulvinatus_—35."

pg 99 Changed: "Rohlfs’ Expedition—9-63." to: "9, 63."

pg 100 Changed: "Thickness of beds in section—37-29" to: "37-39"

Minor changes in punctuation have been done silently.

Typographical errors changing æ for œ and vice versa have been
fixed silently.

Placenames commonly spelled with diacritics (Fayûm, Qurûn, Lahûn,
etc.) were also accented elsewhere except illustration captions,
headers and titles of cited works.

Other spelling inconsistencies have been left unchanged.