Chapter X: 548 (5)

[482] Dino Compagni, i. 13. The author does not explain the nature of these meetings in which nobles and people were brought together. They may have been private or preliminary assemblies. But even at the Councils of the Guelph Society, as also at those of the Podestà, nobles and people sat together, and therefore had continual opportunities for talking over affairs of the State and discussing proposed bills.

[483] Dino Compagni, i. 15.

[484] We have gleaned this narrative from Villani and Compagni, endeavouring to make their accounts agree, although this is no easy task, seeing that the two are at odds on many points. Accordingly we have tried to collect all the details given by both which are not in contradiction. Compagni, i. 16, 17; Villani, viii. 8.

[485] Villani, _loc. cit._

[486] This famed decree, quoted in Del Migliore's "Firenze Illustrata" (Florence, Ricci, 1821), vol. i. p. 6, and repeated by numerous writers, is certainly a very beautiful one; but the original document of it has never been discovered, and the form in which it has come down to us leads to the belief that some changes at least must have been made in it by a modern hand.

[487] Florence Archives, the Strozzi-Uguccioni Collection, 127. This document was discovered by Signor Salvemini, who has kindly placed it at our disposal.

[488] This Daddoccio was admitted into the Money-Changers' Guild on the 14th of December, 1283, and on the 1st of December, 1287, paid his rate as member of the same (Strozzi-Uguccioni Collection, 1283, 14th of December).

[489] Originally published in the "Nuova Antologia" of Rome, December 1, 1888.

[490] Many just observations and important notes on this subject are to be found in L. Chiapelli's work, "L'Amministrazione della Giustizia in Firenze" ("Arch. Stor. It.," Series iv., vol. xv. p. 35 and fol.); and Francesco Novati's "La Giovinezza di Coluccio Salutati" (Turin, Loescher, 1888, chap. iii. p. 66 and fol.). But in my opinion both writers have devoted all their acuteness and learning to proving the corrupt state of justice at the time, without dwelling on the origin of that corruption and its notable increase during the fourteenth century. Its origin should, I think, be sought in the changed conditions of the Podestà, Captains of the People, chancellors, notaries, judges, &c. What was said of judges in the fourteenth century, certainly could not have applied to those of the times of Piero della Vigna, Rolandino dei Passeggieri, or of the numerous mediæval Podestà wielding so much power, that they tried, and often with success, to become absolute tyrants of the communes. These were not men to act as blind tools of others' party passions; on the contrary, they strove for their own ends alone. It may have been owing to the political decline of the Podestà's office, and to his consequent inclination to serve party strife, that, dating from 1290, his term of power was reduced from one year to six months (_vide_ Ammirato, _ad annum_). Naturally the Captain's term also had to be similarly shortened.

[491] "Cronica," i. 13, p. 57.

[492] G. Villani, viii. 17.

[493] The Calimala, or Guild of Dressers, Finers and Dyers of foreign woollen stuffs; the Changers or Bankers, the Guild of Wool; the Porta Sta Maria, or Silk Guild; lastly, the Guild of Physicians, Druggists, and Mercers, with whom the Painters were also joined. Dante Alighieri was a member of this guild.

[494] Lastig, "Entwicklungswege und Quellen des Handelsrechts," Stuttgart, Enke, 1877, p. 251 and fol. Among many other just observations, the author notes that the enactments fixed the number of the guilds at twenty-one, that this number remained unchanged from that time, and that in the statutes of the guilds, the year 1293 is continually referred to as their "normal year," "wiederholt geradezu als Normaljahr" (p. 244). _Vide_ also p. 267 and fol.

[495] Villani, bk. viii. chaps. 2 and 39.

[496] _Vide_ "Il Comune di Roma nel Medio Evo," in my "Saggi Storici e Critici," Bologna, Zanichelli, 1890.

[497] Villani, viii. 12. _Vide_ also the Provision of July 6, 1295, that has been previously quoted.

[498] Villani, viii. 12.

[499] Del Lungo, "Dino Compagni e la sua Cronica," i. p. 162. The author believes that Dante Alighieri may have been one of the nobles proclaimed men of the people.

[500] The chroniclers have much to relate on this subject. Compagni says (pp. 86-7) that the Cerchi "made friends with the people and the rulers;" farther on he remarks that "all holding the views of Giano della Bella gathered round them" (the Cerchi) (p. 106). Stefani (iv. p. 220) states that the people "adhered to the Cerchi from party spirit, and chiefly because they were merchants."

[501] Professor Del Lungo supplies special information on this subject in several passages of his work.

[502] Villani, viii. 38.

[503] The aims of Pope Boniface and his plots with the Blacks have been placed in a new light by the careful researches of Signor Guido Levi and the documents discovered by him. _Vide_ his excellent work, "Bonifazio VIII. e la sue Relazioni col Comune di Firenze," first published in vol. iv. of the "Archivio Storico della Società Romana di Storia Patria," and subsequently in separate form. Rome, Forzani, 1882. My quotations are taken from the latter.

[504] Levi, Doc. i.

[505] _Vide_ Ficker, "Forschungen," iv. n. 499, p. 506; Levi, p. 49.

[506] The words quoted above form the heading of a copy of the document mentioned by Signor Levi (p. 49, note 2), and were taken as a motto for his work.

[507] Levi gives the whole passage at p. 51, note 2.

[508] Levi, pp. 48, 49, and Doc. iii.

[509] Bondone Gherardi and Lippo, son of Ranuccio del Becca.

[510] Levi, pp. 39, 40. According to a letter of the Pope, published by Signor Levi, in Doc. iv., the three persons accused were: "Simonem Gherardi familiarem nostrum, nostræque Cameræ mercatorem; Cambium de Sexto procuratorem in audientia nostra; Noffum de Quintavallis, qui tunc ad Curiam nostram accesserat."

[511] Levi, Doc. ii.

[512] Ibid. p. 66.

[513] Villani, too, compares it with the Buondelmonti affair (viii. 39).

[514] Levi, p. 42; Dino Compagni, "Cronica," i., xxii. note 9.

[515] G. Levi, Doc. iv.

[516] Villani, viii. 40.

[517] Ibid. viii. 40.

[518] Dino Compagni, i. pp. 96-7.

[519] Prof. Del Lungo, with his usual careful research, notes that all the exiled were Grandi. Levi, in repeating the remark (at p. 59), considers this a singular fact, "seeing that the evil germs of discord had then spread through the mass of the citizens." Yet the fact seems easily accounted for by the circumstances related above.

[520] Villani, viii. 40; Compagni, i. 21.

[521] Perrens, "Histoire de Florence," vol. iii. p. 31.

[522] Villani, viii. 43.

[523] Villani, viii. 42.

[524] Signor Levi gives a very clear explanation of the case by distinguishing between various facts confused together by the chroniclers.

[525] "Chronicon Parmense," in Muratori, r. i., ix. 843.

[526] Del Lungo, vol. i. p. 230; Dino Compagni, bk. ii. 8, note 3.

[527] Villani, viii. 43 and 49; Del Lungo, vol. i. p. 206.

[528] Villani, viii. 56. Boccaccio also alludes to Franzesi as "a trader turned knight."

[529] Fraticelli's "Storia della Vita di Dante" (Florence, Barbèra, 1861) includes at p. 135 and fol. fragments of the debates in which Dante took a part, and the same were republished more correctly and completely in Imbriani's work, "Sulla Rubrica Dantesca del Villani," first published in the "Propugnatore" of Bologna for 1879 and 1880, and afterwards in a separate volume. Bologna, 1880; Del Lungo, p. 209.

[530] Fraticelli and Imbriani, _op. cit._

[531] One of the first writers refusing belief in this embassy was Professor V. Imbriani in his already mentioned essay, "Sulla Rubrica Dantesca del Villani." Subsequently, my colleague and friend, the late Professor Bartoli, applied his learning to a re-examination of Dante's entire career, in vol. v. of his "Storia della Letteratura Italiana," and without explicitly denying that the embassy in question had been sent, expounded the doubts which might be raised about it. He included in the volume an essay by Professor Papa, who, with youthful daring, decidedly disbelieves in the embassy. But that learned scholar, Professor Del Lungo, asserts that it really took place. This is a very important question with reference to Dante's career, but very unimportant as regards the general history of Florence, since even if the embassy were really sent, it produced no practical result. Nevertheless, without presuming to decide the lengthy dispute, I will show my reasons for crediting the fact of the embassy.

Although Villani says nothing on the subject, it is mentioned by Dino Compagni (ii. 25), the authenticity of whose chronicle is maintained by Bartoli, Papa, and Del Lungo. Hence, if any of these writers intends to deny the fact of the embassy, without denying Compagni's authenticity, he must suppose this special passage to be an interpolation. Yet it is impossible that such interpolation could have been made at a later date in the fifteenth century manuscript containing the passage. Besides, the testimony of nearly all Dante's biographers has still to be dealt with. Leonardo Bruno (born 1369) makes very explicit mention of the embassy; Filippo Villani, Giovanni Villani's grandson, who expounded the Divine Comedy in 1401, by order of the government, speaks of a mission undertaken by Dante "ad summum Pontificem, urgentibus Reipublicæ necessitatibus." Boccaccio also alludes to it, but far more indirectly and vaguely. Certainly the latter is no trustworthy historian, nor were the other two contemporaries of Dante. But after acknowledging all this, and even granting that some one of those writers may have borrowed from the others, and likewise admitting the theory of an interpolation inserted during the fifteenth century, in Compagni's chronicle, we are still met by the undisputed fact, that those who studied Dante's works, and wrote Dante's life at a period little removed from his own day, and therefore enjoying better opportunities than we possess for learning its details, all believed in the fact of his mission to Rome.

Until fresh documents are found, what reasons can be alleged to justify us in denying it at this distant date? In no case, says Professor Papa, could such an adversary as the author of the "Monarchia" have gone as ambassador to Boniface VIII. First of all, however, the period in which the "Monarchia" was written is still disputable and disputed. Professor Del Lungo and many others ascribe the work to a much later period. As far as we know, Dante was still a Guelph then, but certainly no favourer of the Papal pretensions against which the Florentine Government sent him to protest. Hence, so far there is nothing to make us think his mission incredible.

But Professor Papa winds up with an argument that, as he thinks, should finally dispose of the question. If, as asserted by Compagni and Aretino, Dante was really sent ambassador to Rome, and departed thence, after a time, without returning to Florence, how is it that the decree sentencing him to banishment should set forth, as it does, that he had been cited by the Nuncio to appear in Rome? According to the statute, _forenses_, or absent persons, had to be cited by letter. Therefore, if the citation was made through the Nuncio, it proves that Dante was undoubtedly in Florence, and had not gone to Rome. But _forensis_ does not signify an absent person, _i.e._, one who _extra civitatem manet_, but, on the contrary, signifies--according to the statute--one having no domicile either in the city, _contado_, or district.

Accordingly Dante, having a domicile in Florence, was not _forensis_, and if he went to Rome was only _absent_; his embassy, decreed in September, must have been speedily ended, since a new and adverse government came into office the 8th of November; and Dante's banishment was only proclaimed on the 27th of January of the following year. Together with three other persons he was cited to appear and be heard in his own defence and exculpation. As neither he nor the others appeared, and none of them would have consented to appear, even if in Florence, they were condemned, as they would have been in any case. Thus, strictly speaking, it cannot be said that even in this instance there was any violation of legal procedure, although in those days legality, justice, and humanity were trampled under foot without the slightest scruple.

Therefore, as Professor Bartoli admits, there is no absolute proof of the impossibility of the embassy in question. Even if Villani's silence may seem strange, Compagni's statement to be considered an interpolation, the fact remains that the embassy was credited at a time little removed from Dante's day, and credited by men better acquainted than we can be with the circumstances of his career. For these reasons, while admitting the weight of often reiterated doubts, pending absolute proof to the contrary, I shall retain my belief in the embassy.

[532] _Vide_ Del Lungo, vol. i., Letter in appendix vi. pp. xlv. and xlvi.

[533] Compagni, ii. 8.

[534] Villani, viii. 49. Compagni says that he saw the sealed (_bollate_) letters.

[535] "Purgatorio," xx. 72-5.

[536] Villani, viii. 49, p. 53.

[537] Ibid. viii. 49. Many other details are given in the Chronicles of Compagni, Paolino Pieri, Neri degli Strinati, &c., &c.

[538] _Vide_ Del Lungo (vol. i., Appendix, Doc. vi. p. xlv.) in the Letter dated 12th of November, sent to the Commune of San Gimignano.

[539] _Vide_ the "Provvisione" in Del Lungo, vol. i. p. 290.

[540] Compagni, "Cronica," ii. 20 and 21.

[541] Potthast, Boniface's Letter in the Regesta Pont. Rom., p. 2006.

[542] _Vide_ the notices and documents collected in Professor Del Lungo's monograph, "Sull' Esilio di Dante," Florence, Le Monnier, 1881. Some fragmentary information on this subject had been already published in the "Delizie degli Eruditi Toscani."

[543] Bk. viii. chap. 49, p. 53.

[544] Dino Compagni, ii. 25; Prof. Del Lungo, pp. 212-13, note 3.

[545] Del Lungo, i. p. 305.

[546] _Vide_ the "Libro del Chiodo."

[547] G. Villani, bk. viii. chap. 49, p. 54.

[548] First published in the "Nuova Antologia" of Rome, in issue of 16th of December, 1888, and 16th of January, 1889.

[549] Villani, viii. 52, 53; Del Lungo, Appendix xii. to Compagni's "Cronica," p. 562, and fol.; "Le guerre Mugellane e i primi anni dell' esilio di Dante."

[550] Villani, viii. 58. Dino Compagni, "Cronica," ii., xxxiv., and notes 13 and 14.

[551] Dino Compagni, "Cronica," ii., xxxiv., note 20 (document).

[552] Del Lungo, p. 546.

[553] Compagni, iii. 11.

[554] Ibid. iii. 11.

[555] Villani, viii. 68.

[556] _Vide_ the letter given by Del Lungo at pp. 556-7.

[557] Dino Compagni, iii., vii.

[558] Villani, viii. 69; Compagni iii., vii.

[559] Villani, viii. chap. 69, p. 87.

[560] An anonymous and undated epistle addressed to Cardinal Da Prato by the Captain Alessandro (supposed to be Alessandro da Romena) and the council and university of the Bianchi party, was published among Dante's Letters as one composed by him for the use of his fellow-exiles, and was long attributed to him by his biographers. But the Captain's name is not given in the old manuscript from which the letter was printed, but merely indicated thus: _A. ca._ (Epistle I. of the Fraticelli edition, Florence, Barbèra, 1863).

This epistle says in reply to letters and advice from the Cardinal that the Bianchi are grateful to him and disposed to peace. "Ad quid aliud in civile bellum corruimus? Quid aliud candida nostra signa petebant? Et ad quid aliud enses et tela nostra rubebant, nisi ut qui civilia iura, temeraria voluptate truncaverunt, et iugo piæ legis colla submitterent, et ad pacem patriæ cogerentur?" Therefore the gist of Dante's words would have been: The desire to have our laws and liberties respected was the sole cause of our rebellion; all that we now wish is to see justice and peace again triumphant. This language is worthy of the poet, we think.

But doubts have lately arisen as to his authorship. Professor Bartoli, after examining the subject from all points, and ingeniously discussing all different theories respecting it, concludes his prolonged and careful inquiry by stating that there is no historical evidence to prove whether the letter were really by Dante or not ("Storia della Letteratura Italiana," vol. v. chaps. 8-10). Professor Del Lungo says that the style of the letter is Dantesque, in its merits as well as in certain defects; but that this fact does not justify him in decidedly attributing it to the poet's pen, since it may have proceeded from some contemporary in similar circumstances. Indeed, after examining the contents of the letter, he considers that it cannot have been written by Dante, and, among other reasons, chiefly because the words _candida nostra signa_, and _enses et tela nostra rubebant_, &c., are almost identical with those used by Compagni in describing the fight that occurred at Lastra on the 20th of July, 1304. Hence, he is of opinion that the letter undoubtedly refers to that event, and was therefore only written after that date. And seeing that Dante had separated from the exiles before that time, Del Lungo considers that the letter cannot be by him.

For my own part, I doubt whether the letter really referred to the Lastra affair. Surely the words in question: "Our white ensigns were displayed, and our weapons flashed," may have been used either in reference to Lastra or any other battle fought by the exiles, in spite of their resemblance to, and apparent translation from the passage in Compagni relative to the fight at Lastra. This being the case, without altogether rejecting Del Lungo's view, I will merely remark that his argument is insufficient to disprove Dante's authorship, since the poet may have written the letter in the name of the exiles, when they were carrying on those negotiations with the Cardinal on the subject of peace, afterwards leading, as we have seen, to the despatch of twelve delegates to Florence. The failure of those negotiations, the cruel slaughter of the Cavalcanti and their friends, the wholesale destruction by fire and pillage, the partial junction of the Bianchi with Corso Donati, and the union of the exiles with the Bolognese, Pistoiese, Pisans, and all foes of Florence, immediately followed up by the foolish attempt at Lastra, may well suffice to explain, not only Dante's indignant withdrawal from the exiled Bianchi, but likewise the withdrawal of many other citizens. In fact, the latter's non-appearance at Lastra may be perhaps assigned to the same motive, as we shall have occasion to show later on.

[561] Villani, viii. 69. This chronicler dates the Cardinal's departure the 4th of June; Dino Compagni, the 9th; Paolino Pieri and the "Cronica," designated by Del Lungo as the "Cronica Marciana-Magliabecchiana," give the date of the 10th. This is also adopted by Del Lungo, p. 563. _Vide_ Dino Compagni, "Cronica," iii. 7, note 26.

[562] Compagni, iii. 8.

[563] Villani, viii. 71.

[564] Ibid.

[565] Villani, viii. 71.

[566] "Storia della Repubblica Fiorentina," vol. i. chap. 6, p. 116 (edition of 1875).

[567] Villani, viii. 72.

[568] _Vide_ the well-known words pronounced by Cacciaguida in Canto xvii. of the "Paradiso":

"E quel che più ti graverà le spalle
Sarà la compagnia malvagia e scempia,
Con la qual tu cadrai in questa valle;
Che tutta ingrata, tutta matta ed empia,
Si farà contra te; ma poco appresso
Ella, non tu, n'avrà rotta la tempia.
Di sua bestialitade il suo processo
Farà la pruova, si che a te fia bello
L'averti fatta parte per te stesso."

("Paradiso," xvii. 61-69.)

[569] Del Lungo notes this fact (vol. i. p. 577), and observes that it was frequently repeated between 1301 and 1304.

[570] Villani, viii. 74; Del Lungo, pp. 578-9.

[571] These Catalans, after fighting the Moors in Spain, scattered to different parts of the world, and refused to return to their own country.

[572] Villani, viii. 87.

[573] This law is placed under rubric lxxxiii. of the enactments. _Vide_ Giudici, "Storia dei Comuni Italiani," vol. iii. p. 119 and fol. Florence, Le Monnier, 1864-66.

[574] Other clauses tending to increase the rigour of this law were added on to it in 1307, 1309, and 1324, as may be seen in Bonaini's edition, published in the "Archivio Storico Italiano," new series, vol. i., 1885.

[575] Dino Compagni, iii. 18, p. 326.

[576] Villani, viii. 89.

[577] Ibid.

[578] Ibid. viii. 96.

[579] Villani, viii. 96; Dino Compagni, iii. 20, 21.

[580] Dino Compagni, iii. 20, note 29; Del Lungo, Introduction, p. 607. Prof. Del Lungo, the editor of these documents, does not believe that Corso was favourable at that time to the exiles and Ghibellines. Besides, the latter were no longer the genuine Ghibellines of older days. Therefore the Signory could have no motive for deceiving their friends, the Lucchese, and their letters are likewise corroborated by the previous events we have described.

[581] Villani, viii. 100.

[582] Villani, iii. 118, 119.

[583] Compagni, "Cronica," iii. 35, note. 26.

[584] Villani, ix. 10.

[585] Villani, ix. 11.

[586] Compagni, iii. 32.

[587] Villani, ix. 12.

[588] Ibid. ix. 18.

[589] _Vide_ the letter sent by Florence, June 17, 1311, in Gregorovius (3rd edition), vol. vi. p. 39, note 2.

[590] Bonaini, "Acta Enrici VII.," ii., lv., lxxxvi., Florence, Cellini, 1877.

[591] Ibid. ii., xcviii., xcix.

[592] Published in the "Delizie degli Eruditi Toscani," and given more completely in Prof. Del Lungo's "Dell' Esilio di Dante," &c., p. 107 and fol.

[593] Villani, ix. 21, 24, 26, 29.

[594] "Ita quod ipsi Florentini possint uti, pro eorum faciendis negotiis et mercationibus, regno vestro, non obstantibus novitatibus antedictis." This letter is dated 1311, and though the month is not indicated, it alludes to Henry's arrival in Genoa as a recent event. _Vide_ Desjardins, "Négociations diplomatiques de la France avec la Toscane," vol. i. p. 12. and fol.

[595] The Bishop of Botrintò gives an account of his strange and perilous journey in his work, "De Henrici VII. imperatoris itinere italico." This is to be found in Muratori, R. I., and has been recently republished by Doctor Heyck (Innsbrück, 1888).

[596] Villani, ix. 26-29; Del Lungo, p. 632.

[597] Villani, ix. 33. The fact of making the Pazzi knights by way of compensation, serves to prove that the title of _cavaliere_ was already losing its former significance. For, at the close of the thirteenth century, when used as a sign of nobility, possession of this title helped to exclude a man from the Government.

[598] Perrens, vol. iii. p. 145.

[599] This letter was written about the end of 1310 and beginning of 1311. It is No. v. of the Fraticelli edition.

[600] Epistola vi. of the Fraticelli edition.

[601] Epistle vii.

[602] Gregorovius, vol. vi. p. 40; Perrens, iii. 172; "Cronaca di Pisa," R. T. S., xv. 985; Malavolti, par. ii. bk. iv. f. 66; Mussato, bk. i. rub. 10.

[603] Mussato, in Gregorovius, vi. 73, note 1.

[604] Villani, ix. 45, p. 170.

[605] Villani, ix. 49.

[606] Bonaini, _op. cit._, ii., ccclxv.

[607] Gregorovius, vi. 89.

INDEX

Abati, 210, 445

Acquasparta, Cardinal of, 506, 517

Adimari, 208, 441, 543

Adrian V., Pope, 46, 257

Agnati, 372, 373, 375, 376, 388, 393, 394, 396, 419, 421, 423

Aguglioni, Baldo, 446

Albert of Austria, 503, 506

Albert of Hapsburg, 546

Alberti, House of, 101, 145, 146, 155, 160, 163, 331

Albizzi, 430

Aldobrandeschi, House of, 196

Aldobrandino, Count, 210

Alexander II., Pope, 75

Alfonso of Castile, 205

Alighieri, Dante, 406, 480, 485, 507, 510, 511, 521, 529, 535, 544,
556, 557, 563

Altino Chronicle, 98

Amalfi, 387

Ammirato, 11, 53, 262, 267, 283, 432

Amphitheatre, Florentine, 66

Angevins, 434, 435, 478, 495, 496, 510, 546, 560

Anglona, Giordano d', 205, 206

Arnolfo di Cambio, 479

Arras, Count of, 210

Art and Literature, 238, 239

Artisans, 91

Arts, Association of, 232

Asciano, Castle of, 289

Astura, Castle of, 247

Athens, 367

Atrium, 371, 374

Attems, Ulrico d', 132

Atto of Vallombrosa, Abbot, 116

Augustus, Restoration by, 66

Badia, The, 544

Baldo della Tosa, 472

Baldwin II., 255

Balearic Isles, 103, 106

Barbarossa, Frederic, 132, 352, 405

Barbolano, Doge Pietro, 99

Bardi, 441

Bartolo, 404

Battifolle, Count Guido di, 266

Belisea, Queen, 62

Bella, Giano Della, 10

Benedict XI., 525, 526, 549

Benevento, Dukedom of, 80, 81

Berengarius of Friuli, 33

Bernardini, Messer, 224

Bianchi, 504, 507, 508, 510, 511, 515, 516, 518, 519, 523, 528,
531, 544, 545, 546

Bishop Niccolò of Botrinto, 555

Boichorst, Prof. Scheffer, 44, 51

Bonaguisi, Bonaguisa dei, 176

Bonaini, 431, 448, 449, 450, 451

Boniface VIII., Pope, 350, 470, 486, 493, 494, 501, 502, 504, 508,
519, 525, 526, 560

Bonifazio III., 82, 83, 90, 91

Bordoni, Gherardo dei, 543, 544

Bostichi, 438, 441

Bouillon, Godfrey de, 55

Breviary of Alaric, The, 383

Brunelleschi, Betto, 550, 551, 555

Buondelmonti, The, 132, 173, 213, 260, 441, 505

Byzantine, 382, 385

Cadolingi, Castle of, 114

Cadolingi, The, 102, 103

Calabria, Duke of, 537

Calimala, Court of, 232, 345

Calimala Guild, 124, 233 _et seq._, 269, 319

Cambio, Arnolfo di, 297

Campaldino, 432, 437, 444, 445, 487

Caponsacchi, Gherardo, 154, 155

Capponi, Marquis Gino, 11, 15, 18, 36, 54

Capraia, Siege of, 184

Caprona, Castle of, 295

"Captain of the People," 13, 189, 226, 262, 268

Carroccio, The, 177

Cascioli, Monte, 102, 103

Castelfranco, 491

Castro, Paolo de, 447

Catiline, Legend, 61

Cavalcanti, The, 441, 480, 499, 500, 508, 523, 526, 528, 529, 532,
555

Cavalcanti's History, 8, 12, 271

Cerchi, 291, 293, 304, 498, 499, 504, 505, 517

Certaldo, 155, 467

Charles I. of Anjou, 216, 220 _et seq._, 352

Charles II. of Anjou, 290, 435, 470, 495, 505, 508

Charles of Naples, 509, 549

Charles of Valois, 509, 510, 511, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516, 517,
518, 521, 524, 546, 560

Charles the Fat, 31, 32

Charlemagne, 22, 28, 29, 31, 65, 69-71, 81, 314

Christian of Mayence, Archbishop, 135, 137-140.

Chronicles, Compilers of, 7

Ciampoli, The, 271

Cicero, 367, 372

Cino da Pistoria, 556

Ciompi, 430

Civil War, 142

Clement IV., Pope, 216, 220, 230, 246, 252

Clement V., Pope, 537, 546, 547, 549

Clothdressers' Guild, 220

Codex, Gaddi, 47

Codex, Lucca, 49

Cognates, 396, 423

College of Pontiffs, 367

Colombina Festival, 55

Columbus, Christopher, 340

Commerce, 95, 225, 334

Commonwealth of Merchants, 311

Commune, Banner of the, 72

Commune, Council of the, 13

Commune, Origin of the, 16, 17

Compagni, 432, 438, 444, 459, 466, 469, 480, 490, 499, 512, 514,
524, 542

"Companies of Adventure," 353

Conradin, 245 _et seq._, 486, 556

Constance, Peace of, 405

Constantinople, 365

Consuls, 39 _et seq._

Corbano, Emilio di, 242

Corpus juris, 382, 384, 387, 403, 407

Corrado, Margrave, 113

Corso Donati, 430, 437

Costumes, 200

Council of the Commune, 13

Council of the Hundred, 129

Council of the People, 363, 412

Court of Love, 272

Croce Gate, 543

Curtis Regia, 393

Cutignano, 467

Daliberto, Bishop, 96, 97

Damiano, St. Pier, 75, 76, 79, 86

Dante, 465, 215, 217, 287, 291, 406, 434, 491, 498, 511, 512, 514,
548, 558, 560, 563

D'Arras, Count, 210

Dati, Goro, 86, 313

"De Monarchia," 406

Dei, Benedetto, 324

Della Robbia, 480

Della Tosa Family, 162

"Divine Comedy, The," 57, 60, 187, 201, 213

Doctors' and Druggists' Guilds, 333 _et seq._

Donatello, 480

Donati, 10, 273, 291-293, 299, 304, 441, 472, 498-500, 503, 504,
516, 517, 522-527, 531-533, 535, 541-546, 551

Donoratico, Count Gherardo, 247

Doria, Oberto, 279, 280

Dotalitium, 392

Dukes, Powers of, 80

Durfort, William de, 290

Eastern Trade, 337 _et seq._

Edward III. of England, 331

Edward IV. of England, 331

Enactments of Justice, 431, 433, 436, 444, 448, 450, 463, 468, 474,
476, 480, 484, 489, 492, 505, 540, 542, 544

Engelbert, Envoy, 132

Enzo, 477

Errico of Bavaria, 132

Etruscan Fiesole, 65

Faderfium, 392

Faggiola, Uguccione della, 323, 541, 542, 566

Falconieri, 441

Fazio, Count, 277

Feudalism, 81

Ficker, historian, 87, 89, 134, 135, 148, 150, 159, 160

Fidei-commissum, 374

Fiesole, 72, 114, 115

Fiesco, Prenzivalle del, 288

Fifanti, The, 221, 243

Figiovanni, Count Ubaldini, 155

Fineschi, 450

Fires, 109, 142, 143

First Popular Government, 189, 200, 203

Flabiabico, Doge Domenico, 99

Florentine Statutes, 421

Foraboschi, 441

Fourteen Worthies, The, 263, 268, 269

Francesco Forti, 361

Frangipani, Giovanni, 247, 259, 260

Franks, Rule of, 31

Franzesi, Messer Musciatto, 510, 515

Frati Gaudenti, Order of, 220

Frederic I., Emperor, 55, 134, 146, 148, 150, 151, 153, 158, 164

Frederic II., Emperor, 175, 176, 179-181, 185, 187, 215, 240, 248,
352, 475, 477, 549, 565

French Revolution, 429

Frescobaldi, 441, 444, 472

Friburg, 447

Friuli, Dukedom of, 80

Gabrielli, Rosso, 298

Gaddi Codex, 143, 212

Gaddi Library, 47

Gaius, 372

Galastroni, Messer Simone, 473

Galli, 468

Gallura, Nino di, 289

Gambassi, 467

Gans, 364, 392, 416

Gherardesca, Count Ugolino della, 257, 274, 275, 279, 280, 282,
284, 286, 287

Gherardini, 208, 441, 524

Ghibellines, 406, 427, 434, 435, 437, 439, 441, 466, 470, 475, 486,
488, 491, 495, 496, 501, 503, 505, 506, 519, 521, 528, 534,
538, 541, 544, 545, 547, 548, 551, 556, 565, 566

Ghiberti, 480

Giachinotti, The, 271

Giamboni, Bono, 59

Giano della Bella, 431, 433, 444, 446, 448, 449, 453, 463, 465,
468-470, 474, 476, 480, 487, 488, 493, 496, 502

Giordano, Count, 210, 213

Giotto, 480

Giovanni di Celona, 470

Giudici, 432, 433, 450

Goffredo, Duke of Tuscany, 153

Goffredo of Loraine, 83, 85

Gonfalonier of Justice, 454, 455, 461, 464, 480, 488, 540

Government, First Popular, 189, 196, 198

Grandi, The, 490

Grasselli, Gualfredotto, 169

Gregory VII., Pope, 83

Gregory VIII., Pope, 148

Gregory IX., Pope, 330

Gregory X., Pope, 253, 255, 257

Gregory XI., Pope, 345

Grotius, Hugh, 369

Guadagni, Migliore, 466

Gualberto Giovanni, 74-76

Guardamorto Tower, The, 183

Guarnerius, 388

Guelfo, Duke, 134

Guelphs, 406, 427, 434-437, 439-441, 464, 470, 475, 488, 490, 491,
495, 503, 505, 511, 513, 527, 539, 541, 544, 548, 551-553, 565

Guelphs and Ghibellines, Origin of, 174

Guerra, Count Guido, 202

Guicciardini, 6, 12, 357

Guidi, House of, 33, 102, 133 _et seq._, 144, 153, 160, 199

Guido, Counts, 439, 498

Guilds, 269, 270, 302, 312-314, 333, 340 _et seq._

Guilds, Venetian, 98

Hardouin of Ivrea, 33

Hartwig, Dr. O., 11, 39 _et seq._, 54 _et seq._, 105, 123, 140,
149, 153, 158, 168-170, 181, 213, 270, 273

Hegel, Karl, 16, 42, 449

Henry I., 317

Henry III., 82

Henry IV. of Germany, 83, 89, 107

Henry VI., 55, 148-152

Henry VII. of England, 322

Henry VII. of Luxembourg, 406, 546, 549-552, 554, 555, 557, 559,
561-564, 567

Historical Societies, 2

Hohenstauffens, 434, 475, 477

Honorius II., Pope, 116, 288

"Humble Brethren, The," 318, 319

Igneo, Pietro, 78, 84

Incisa, Castle of, 563

Industry and Commerce, 95

"Inferno, The," 65

Innocent III., Pope, 160, 161, 167, 175, 184, 186, 318

Innocent IV., Pope, 185

Innocent V., Pope, 257

Innocent VI., Pope, 46

Inquisition, The, 186

Invasions of Italy, 19

James of Aragon, 105

John, Prince, 562

John of Salisbury, 59

John XXI., Pope, 46, 257

Jus civile, 369, 374

Jus gentium, 369, 374

Justinian, 365, 378, 382, 385, 403, 414

Ladislas of Naples, 344

Lamberti, The, 143, 197, 221

Lambertini, Guido, 201

Lami, Prof., 12, 39, 41, 44, 53

Lancia, Count Giordano, 183

Lancia, Galvano, 247, 248

Lando, Michele di, 10

Lanfranchi, The, 278

Lares, 371

Lastra, 536

Latini, Brunetto, 44-46, 59, 111, 144, 149, 154, 174, 205, 213,
282, 480

Laurentian Library, 47, 112

League, Tuscan, 158 _et seq._, 197, 282, 289, 296, 310, 311

Library, Florence National, 44, 46, 48

Library, Gaddi, 47

Library, Laurentian, 47, 112

Library, Naples National, 45

Livy, Titus, 7, 9

Longobard laws, 39

Longobard rule, 28

Longobards, Fall of the, 80

Lothair, Emperor, 73

Louis of Savoy, 550

Lucca Codex, 49

Lucca MS., 48

Lucca, Tolomeo da, 143

Lucretia, 371

Lupi, Prof., 105

Macharius, Count, 138

Machiavelli, 1, 4, 5, 8, 12, 65, 194, 204, 216, 218, 223, 252, 432,
459

Majorca, Isle and Castle of, 104

Malatesti, The, 271

Malespini, 12, 62, 200, 441

Mandello, Rubaconte da, 180

Manfred, 204, 205, 213, 217, 243, 352, 437, 475

Mangiadori, Simone, dei, 291

Manieri, 441

Manzoni, 18, 23, 25

March of Ancona, 423

Marignolli, Rustico, 182

Martin IV., Pope, 265

Matilda, Countess, 50, 54, 83, 87, 92, 94, 100-107, 388

Mazzinghi, Totto, 299

Medici, The, 9, 349, 357, 358

Meloria, Battle of, 281, 344

Meloria Lighthouse, 296

Messina, Siege of, 266

Meta, The, 391-393

Mezzabarba, Bishop, 84

Michelangelo, 4, 480

Milani, Prof., 66, 67

Monaci, Prof., 39

Monaldeschi, Messer Ormano, 223

Money-changers, Guild of, 325 _et seq._

Montaia, Castle of, 198

Montalcino, Siege of, 199

Montalto della Berardenga, Castle of, 169

Montalto, Wars of, 42

Montaperti, Battle of, 213, 352

Monte-Cuccoli, 467

Montefeltro, Count Guido da, 289, 296, 297, 466

Montegrossoli, Castle of, 145, 158

Montfort, Guy de, 224

Montfort, Philip de, 224, 242

Morgengab, 392, 393

Morosini, Andrea, 278-280

Morosini, Doge Marco, 99

Mozzi, 441

Mugello, 490, 538

Mundium, The, 391, 393

Mutrone, Castle of, 202

Mutrone, Siege of, 244

Napier, 432

Napoleon Code, The, 3

Narbonne, Amerigo de, 290, 294

National Library, 39, 48

Neri, 504, 506, 507, 510, 511, 515, 517, 518, 522, 523, 542

Nicholas III., Pope, 257-259, 265

Ninety, Council of, 228

Novello, Count Guido, 198, 206, 210-214, 218-222, 291, 292

Octavian, Emperor, 48

Ogerio, Podestà, 166

Ombrone Valley, 170

One Hundred, Council of, 228, 268

Ordeal by Fire, 77, 78

Ordinamenti, Ordini di Giustizia, 446, 448

Ordinances of Justice, 430

Orsini, Cardinal Napoleon, 537, 541, 552

Orsini, The, 259, 265

Ottavio degli Ubaldini, Cardinal, 439

Otto I. of Germany, 33, 71

Otto II. of Germany, 33

Otto III. of Germany, 33

Ottobuoni, Aldobrandino, 203

Panago, Counts, 155

Pandects, 365, 382-384

Paoli, Prof., 39, 41, 42, 52, 113, 211

Passerini documents, 136, 153

Patria potestas, 376

Pavia, Bishop Pietro da, 74

Pazzi, Count, 155

Pazzi, Guglielmo dei, 292

Pazzi, House of, 259

Pazzi, Pazzino de, 55, 56, 555

Pazzi of Valdarno, 490, 491, 524

Pecora, 471

Pegolotti, Balducci, 335

Perrens, Prof., 54, 55

Petrarch, 408

Petrognano, Rock of, 164

Philip the Beautiful, 486, 546

Pieri, Paolo, 49, 106, 152, 158, 170

Pietro de la Rat, Captain, 537

Pietro of Verona, 187

Pisan Expedition to Balearic Isles, 103

Pisan Republic, 285

Pisans, 387, 416

Pistoia, 445

Pitti, 430

Podestà, The, 13, 143 _et seq._, 226, 284, 298, 310, 418, 421, 439,
445, 446, 454, 459, 461, 464, 466, 468, 473, 474, 488, 489,
510, 515, 517, 519, 522, 523, 536, 540, 543, 555

Poggibonsi, 467

Polono, Martin, 43-45, 47-51

Pontedera, Castle of, 296

Pontiffs, College of, 367

Popoleschi, The, 271

Poppi, Battle of, 290

Porcari, Paganello, 162

Portinari, Folco, 298

Praetor, 370

Prato, Cardinal da, 526, 551

Prato Gate, 550

Procida, Giovanni da, 258

"Purgatorio, The," 217

Quirites, 366, 370

Radagasius, Siege by, 68

Rangoni, Jacopo, 210

Ranieri, Archbishop, 55, 59

Reinhold, Archbishop, 134, 135

Republic, Magistrate of the, 363

Rienzo, Cola di, 548

Rigomagno, Castle of, 170

Ristori, Donato, 446

Robert, King of Naples, 406, 549, 550, 561, 562, 565, 566

Robert of Flanders, Count, 249

Rodolfo, Count, 169

Roger II. of Sicily, 322

Roman Empire, 43

Roman Law, 3

Romans, Florence constructed by, 65

Roncaglia, 405

Rosano reports, 153

Rossi, 441

Rudolf of Hapsburg, 254, 258, 265

Ruggiero, Archbishop, 286, 287

Sacchetti, Franco, 347

St. Angelo, Castle of, 562

St. Ambrogio, 551

St. Eustachio Hospital, 467

St. Ilario, Siege of, 243

Salerno, Prince of, 271, 272

Salterelli, Messer Lapo, 503, 504, 506

Salvani, Provenzano, 206, 207, 249

San Gallo, Gate, 550

San Giovanni, 491

San Jacopo Oltrarno, The Church of, 472

Sanctity of Roman women, 371

Santini, Prof., 42 _et seq._, 108 _et seq._, 169, 170, 302

Sanzanome, 40-43, 61, 114, 115, 133, 140, 165, 170

Saracini, Andreotto, 279

Savelli, Pandolfo, 555

Savigny, 16, 17, 361, 364, 382-384

Saxony, Duke of, 502

Scheraggio, San Piero, 444, 472

Scienza Nuova, 368

Scolari, The, 221, 243

Sea-fights, 277, 280

Semifonte, Wars of, 42, 163, 164

Serfdom abolished, 301

Sicilian Vespers, 266, 268, 273

Signory, Office of, 263, 264, 298, 358, 359

Sinucello, Judge of Cinarca, 276

Sismondi, 432

Skinners' Guild, 333 _et seq._

Society of Merchants, 416

Soldanieri, Giovanni, 222

Spadai, Gate, 535

Spini, The, 470, 499, 503, 524

Spinola, Ubizzo, 565

Spoleto, Dukedom of, 80, 81

Sponsalicium, 392

Stagia, Renuccio da, 153

Stinche, Castle of, 537

Stipulatio, 374

Swabian line, The, 435, 475

Tacitus, 391

Testamenti factio, 394

Theodoric the Ostrogoth, 20, 383, 385

Theodosius, 383

Thierry, Augustin, 3

Thirty-six, Council of, 221, 222, 226, 232

Tiepolo, Doge Jacopo, 99

Tizzano, Castle of, 198

Tolomeo of Lucca, 52

Tornabuoni, The, 271

Tornano, Castle of, 166

Tornaquinci, 441

Tornaquinci, Giovanni, 211, 271

Torre, Guido della, 551

Tosa, Rosso della, 524, 526, 527, 532, 533, 541-543

Tosa, Simone della, 49

Toscanelli, Paolo, 340

Tosinghi, The, 259, 441, 544

Totila, Destruction of Florence, by, 73

Trade and commerce, 95, 100

Trades, 221, 232

Trebbio, Castle of, 155

Troghisio, Francesco, 210

Trollope, 432

Troya, Carlo, 18

Tuscany, Feudalism in, 81

Tuscus, Thomas, 51

Tutela, 393

Twelve, Council of, 226, 238, 263

Twelve Tables, 365, 366

Twenty-four, Council of, 209

Ubaldini, The, 197, 288, 333, 467, 490, 521, 522, 538, 545

Uberti, House of, 10, 100, 109-112, 122, 141-144, 175, 189, 197,
204-215, 221, 243, 260

Ubertini, Counts, 155, 288, 290, 292, 490, 491

Ubertino della Strozza, 446

Ugo, Marquis, 82

University of Bologna, 403

Urban IV., Pope, 230, 245, 252

Urbino, 415, 418

Vallombrosa, Order of, 74, 75, 204

Vannucci, 432

Vatican Library, 39

Vatican, The, 39, 99

Venice, Naval strength of, 337

Verbal contract in Rome, 374

Vespers, Sicilian, 266, 268, 273

Vico, 367

Vieri de' Cerchi, 437

Vigna, Pier della, 185, 477

Vignale, Castle of, 132, 296

Villani, 6, 7, 12, 45 _et seq._, 431, 432, 435, 445, 453, 459, 467,
474-476, 493, 497-499, 501, 508, 510, 514, 519, 522, 535

Virginia, 371

Visconti, Giovanni, 256, 274

Visconti, Nino, 285

Visconti of Milan, 345, 347

Visdomini, 441

Volognano, Filippo da, 243

Volpi, Bartolommeo, 447

Volterra, Capture of, 334

Weaving, Art of, 315 _et seq._

Wüstenfeld, Dr., 54, 105

Zaccaria, Benedetto, 279, 280

UNWIN BROTHERS, LIMITED, PRINTERS, WOKING AND LONDON.

* * * * * *

Transcribers' note:

Punctuation and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.

Simple typographical errors were corrected, often after referencing other printings or editions of this book.

Occasional unpaired quotation marks have been retained unless the position of the missing one was obvious.

Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained.

Extraneous commas were retained.

Illustrations have been moved closer to the relevant text.

Text uses both "Bölognese" and "Bolognese", "Bölogna" and "Bologna".

Footnotes have been collected and repositioned just before the Index.

Page references in the Index were not checked for accuracy.

Illustrations: The two illustrations listed as facing page 93 were missing from the 1908 edition of this book, but were present in the 1905 edition, and have been added to this eBook.

Page 1: This page was numbered "2", as was the following page.

Page 67: "(in Via de' Gondi.);" was printed that way.

Page 81: "marches" was printed as "le Marche" in the Italian edition.

Page 116: "destruccio fesulana" was printed as "fesulana destruccio" in the Italian edition.

Page 132: Likely misplaced closing quotation mark in footnote 147 (originally 3).

Page 133: "rased" was printed that way; "razed" also occurs in this text.

Page 148: "p. 2 2." at the end of footnote 185 (originally 3) was printed that way.

Page 165: "Bagnuolo" is spelled "Bagunolo" in footnote 217 (originally 2).

Page 199: "August, 1852" probably should be "1252".

Page 220: "instance of Pope" probably should be "insistance".

Page 229: "132,160,8,4" was printed that way.

Page 248: "Guido du Suzzara" was printed that way.

Page 316: "and" in "and _villaneschi_" was misprinted in italics.

Page 322: "sixth century B.C." probably should be "A.D.".

Page 328: "on board-ship" was printed that way.

Page 329: "zechin" was printed as "zecchino" in the Italian edition.

Page 331: "Brussells" was printed that way.

Page 393: "mundium" is Latinized Longobard (an extinct Germanic language).

Page 411: "mondualdo" is Latinized Longobard.

Page 416: "mundio" is a Longobard word.

Page 420: "when there are direct descendants" was printed as "their".

Page 457: "la securtadi" was printed as "le securtadi" in the Italian edition.

Pages 481, 482: Both "cambii" and "canbii" are used; neither was changed.

Page 513: "Dante was really sent ambassador to Rome" was printed that way.

Footnote 80: Missing period added in "municipal. presid" because the discussion pertains to the meaning of the abbreviation.

Footnote 186: "p. 2 2." was printed that way.

Footnote 288: The word "and" in "Carlo I. and Carlo II" probably should not have been translated, but left as "e".

Footnote 442: "Gerechtigheit" is a misprint for "Gerechtigkeit".