Chapter XIII: The Loyalist in his New Home

The social history of the United Empire Loyalists was not greatly different from that of other pioneer settlers in the Canadian forest. Their homes were such as could have been seen until recently in many of the outlying parts of the country. In Nova Scotia and New Brunswick some of the better class of settlers were able to put up large and comfortable wooden houses, some of which are still standing. But even there most of them had to be content with primitive quarters. Edward Winslow was not a poor man, as poverty was reckoned in those days. Yet he lived in rather meagre style. He described his house at Granville, opposite Annapolis, as being ‘almost as large as my log house, divided into two rooms, where we are snug as pokers.’ Two years later, after he had made additions to it, he proposed advertising it for sale in the following terms: ‘That elegant House now occupied by the Honourable E. W., one of His Majesty’s Council for the Province of New Brunswick, consisting of four beautiful Rooms on the first Floor, highly finished. Also two spacious-lodging chambers in the second story—a capacious dry cellar with arches &c. &c. &c.’ In Upper Canada, owing to the difficulty of obtaining building materials, the houses of the half-pay officers were even less pretentious. A traveller passing through the country about Johnstown in 1792 described Sir John Johnson’s house as ‘a small country lodge, neat, but as the grounds are only beginning to be cleared, there was nothing of interest.’

The home of the average Loyalist was a log-cabin. Sometimes the cabin contained one room, sometimes two. Its dimensions were as a rule no more than fourteen feet by eighteen feet, and sometimes ten by fifteen. The roofs were constructed of bark or small hollowed basswood logs, overlapping one another like tiles. The windows were as often as not covered not with glass, but with oiled paper. The chimneys were built of sticks and clay, or rough unmortared stones, since bricks were not procurable; sometimes there was no chimney, and the smoke was allowed to find its way out through a hole in the bark roof. Where it was impossible to obtain lumber, the doors were made of pieces of timber split into rough boards; and in some cases the hinges and latches were made of wood. These old log cabins, with the chinks between the logs filled in with clay and moss, were still to be seen standing in many parts of the country as late as fifty years ago. Though primitive, they seem to have been not uncomfortable; and many of the old settlers clung to them long after they could have afforded to build better. This was doubtless partly due to the fact that log-houses were exempt from the taxation laid on frame, brick, and stone structures.

A few of the Loyalists succeeded in bringing with them to Canada some sticks of furniture or some family heirlooms. Here and there a family would possess an ancient spindle, a pair of curiously-wrought fire-dogs, or a quaint pair of hand-bellows. But these relics of a former life merely served to accentuate the rudeness of the greater part of the furniture of the settlers. Chairs, benches, tables, beds, chests, were fashioned by hand from the rough wood. The descendant of one family has described how the family dinner-table was a large stump, hewn flat on top, standing in the middle of the floor. The cooking was done at the open fireplace; it was not until well on in the nineteenth century that stoves came into common use in Canada.

The clothing of the settlers was of the most varied description. Here and there was one who had brought with him the tight knee-breeches and silver-buckled shoes of polite society. But many had arrived with only what was on their backs; and these soon found their garments, no matter how carefully darned and patched, succumb to the effects of time and labour. It was not long before the settlers learnt from the Indians the art of making clothing out of deer-skin. Trousers made of this material were found both comfortable and durable. ‘A gentleman who recently died in Sophiasburg at an advanced age, remembered to have worn a pair for twelve years, being repaired occasionally, and at the end they were sold for two dollars and a half.’ Petticoats for women were also made of deer-skin. ‘My grandmother,’ says one descendant, ‘made all sorts of useful dresses with these skins, which were most comfortable for a country life, and for going through the bush [since they] could not be torn by the branches.’ There were, of course, some articles of clothing which could not readily be made of leather; and very early the settlers commenced growing flax and raising sheep for their wool. Home-made linen and clothing of linsey-woolsey were used in the settlements by high and low alike. It was not until the close of the eighteenth century that articles of apparel, other than those made at home of flax and wool, were easily obtainable. A calico dress was a great luxury. Few daughters expected to have one until it was bought for their wedding-dress. Great efforts were always made to array the bride in fitting costume; and sometimes a dress, worn by the mother in other days, amid other scenes, was brought forth, yellow and discoloured with the lapse of time.

There was little money in the settlements. What little there was came in pay to the soldiers or the half-pay officers. Among the greater part of the population, business was carried on by barter. In Upper Canada the lack of specie was partly overcome by the use of a kind of paper money. ‘This money consists of small squares of card or paper, on which are printed promissory notes for various sums. These notes are made payable once a year, generally about the latter end of September at Montreal. The name of the merchant or firm is subscribed.’ This was merely an extension of the system of credit still in use with country merchants, but it provided the settlers with a very convenient substitute for cash. The merchants did not suffer, as frequently this paper money was lost, and never presented; and cases were known of its use by Indians as wadding for their flint-locks.

Social instincts among the settlers were strongly marked. Whenever a family was erecting a house or barn, the neighbours as a rule lent a helping hand. While the men were raising barn-timbers and roof-trees, the women gathered about the quilting-frames or the spinning-wheels. After the work was done, it was usual to have a festival. The young men wrestled and showed their prowess at trials of strength; the rest looked on and applauded. In the evening there was a dance, at which the local musician scraped out tuneless tunes on an ancient fiddle; and there was of course hearty eating and, it is to be feared, heavy drinking.

Schools and churches were few and far between. A number of Loyalist clergy settled both in Nova Scotia and in Upper Canada, and these held services and taught school in the chief centres of population. The Rev. John Stuart was, for instance, appointed chaplain in 1784 at Cataraqui; and in 1786 he opened an academy there, for which he received government aid. In time other schools sprang up, taught by retired soldiers or farmers who were incapacitated for other work. The tuition given in these schools was of the most elementary sort. La Rochefoucauld, writing of Cataraqui in 1795, says: ‘In this district are some schools, but they are few in number. The children are instructed in reading and writing, and pay each a dollar a month. One of the masters, superior to the rest in point of knowledge, taught Latin; but he has left the school, without being succeeded by another instructor of the same learning.’ ‘At seven years of age,’ writes the son of a Loyalist family, ‘I was one of those who patronized Mrs Cranahan, who opened a Sylvan Seminary for the young idea in Adolphustown; from thence, I went to Jonathan Clark’s, and then tried Thomas Morden, lastly William Faulkiner, a relative of the Hagermans. You may suppose that these graduations to Parnassus was [_sic_] carried into effect, because a large amount of knowledge could be obtained. Not so; for Dilworth’s Spelling Book, and the New Testament, were the only books possessed by these academies.’

The lack of a clergy was even more marked. When Bishop Mountain visited Upper Canada in 1794, he found only one Lutheran chapel and two Presbyterian churches between Montreal and Kingston. At Kingston he found ‘a small but decent church,’ and about the Bay of Quinté there were three or four log huts which were used by the Church of England missionary in the neighbourhood. At Niagara there was a clergyman, but no church; the services were held in the Freemasons’ Hall. This lack of a regularly-ordained clergy was partly remedied by a number of itinerant Methodist preachers or ‘exhorters.’ These men were described by Bishop Mountain as ‘a set of ignorant enthusiasts, whose preaching is calculated only to perplex the understanding, to corrupt the morals, to relax the nerves of industry, and dissolve the bands of society.’ But they gained a very strong hold on the Loyalist population; and for a long time they were familiar figures upon the country roads.

For many years communications both in New Brunswick and in Upper Canada were mainly by water. The roads between the settlements were little more than forest paths. When Colonel Simcoe went to Upper Canada he planned to build a road running across the province from Montreal to the river Thames, to be called Dundas Street. He was recalled, however, before the road was completed; and the project was allowed to fall through. In 1793 an act was passed by the legislature of Upper Canada ‘to regulate the laying out, amending, and keeping in repair, the public highways and roads.’ This threw on the individual settler the obligation of keeping the road across his lot in good repair; but the large amount of crown lands and clergy reserves and land held by speculators throughout the province made this act of little avail. It was not until 1798 that a road was run from the Bay of Quinté to the head of Lake Ontario, by an American surveyor named Asa Danforth. But even this government road was at times impassable; and there is evidence that some travellers preferred to follow the shore of the lake.

It will be seen from these notes on social history that the Loyalists had no primrose path. But after the first grumblings and discontents, poured into the ears of Governor Haldimand and Governor Parr, they seem to have settled down contentedly to their lot; and their life appears to have been on the whole happy. Especially in the winter, when they had some leisure, they seem to have known how to enjoy themselves.

In the winter season, nothing is more ardently wished for,
by young persons of both sexes, in Upper Canada, than the
setting in of frost, accompanied by a fall of snow. Then it
is, that pleasure commences her reign. The sleighs are drawn
out. Visits are paid, and returned, in all directions. Neither
cold, distance, or badness of roads prove any impediment. The
sleighs glide over all obstacles. It would excite surprise in
a stranger to view the open before the Governor’s House on a
levee morning, filled with these carriages. A sleigh would
not probably make any great figure in Bond street, whose
silken sons and daughters would probably mistake it for a
turnip cart, but in the Canadas, it is the means of pleasure,
and glowing healthful exercise. An overturn is nothing. It
contributes subject matter for conversation at the next house
that is visited, when a pleasant raillery often arises on the
derangement of dress, which the ladies have sustained, and
the more than usual display of graces, which the tumble has
occasioned.

This picture, drawn in 1793 by a nameless traveller, is an evidence of the courage and buoyancy of heart with which the United Empire Loyalists faced the toils and privations of life in their new home.

Not drooping like poor fugitives they came
In exodus to our Canadian wilds,
But full of heart and hope, with heads erect
And fearless eyes victorious in defeat.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE

It is astonishing how little documentary evidence the Loyalists left behind them with regard to their migration. Among those who fled to England there were a few who kept diaries and journals, or wrote memoirs, which have found their way into print; and some contemporary records have been published with regard to the settlements of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. But of the Loyalists who settled in Upper and Lower Canada there is hardly one who left behind him a written account of his experiences. The reason for this is that many of them were illiterate, and those who were literate were so occupied with carving a home for themselves out of the wilderness that they had neither time nor inclination for literary labours. Were it not for the state papers preserved in England, and for a collection of papers made by Sir Frederick Haldimand, the Swiss soldier of fortune who was governor of Quebec at the time of the migration, and who had a passion for filing documents away, our knowledge of the settlements in the Canadas would be of the most sketchy character.

It would serve no good purpose to attempt here an exhaustive account of the printed sources relating to the United Empire Loyalists. All that can be done is to indicate some of the more important. The only general history of the Loyalists is Egerton Ryerson, _The Loyalists of America and Their Times_ (2 vols., 1880); it is diffuse and antiquated, and is written in a spirit of undiscriminating admiration of the Loyalists, but it contains much good material. Lorenzo Sabine, _Biographical Sketches of Loyalists of the American Revolution_ (2 vols., 1864), is an old book, but it is a storehouse of information about individual Loyalists, and it contains a suggestive introductory essay. Some admirable work on the Loyalists has been done by recent American historians. Claude H. Van Tyne, _The Loyalists in the American Revolution_ (1902), is a readable and scholarly study, based on extensive researches into documentary and newspaper sources. The Loyalist point of view will be found admirably set forth in M. C. Tyler, _The Literary History of the American Revolution_ (2 vols., 1897), and _The Party of the Loyalists in the American Revolution_ (American Historical Review, I, 24). Of special studies in a limited field the most valuable and important is A. C. Flick, _Loyalism in New York_ (1901); it is the result of exhaustive researches, and contains an excellent bibliography of printed and manuscript sources. Other studies in a limited field are James H. Stark, _The Loyalists of Massachusetts and the Other Side of the American Revolution_ (1910), and G. A. Gilbert, _The Connecticut Loyalists_ (American Historical Review, IV, 273).

For the settlements of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, the most important source is _The Winslow Papers_ (edited by W. O. Raymond, 1901), an admirably annotated collection of private letters written by and to Colonel Edward Winslow. Some of the official correspondence relating to the migration is calendared in the Historical Manuscript Commission’s _Report on American Manuscripts in the Royal Institution of Great Britain_ (1909). Much material will be found in the provincial histories of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, such as Beamish Murdoch, _A History of Nova Scotia or Acadie_ (3 vols., 1867), and James Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_ (2 vols., 1909), and also in the local and county histories. The story of the Loyalists of Prince Edward Island is contained in W. H. Siebert and Florence E. Gilliam, _The Loyalists in Prince Edward Island_ (Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, 3rd series, IV, ii, 109). An account of the Shelburne colony will be found in T. Watson Smith, _The Loyalists at Shelburne_ (Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society, VI, 53).

For the settlements in Upper and Lower Canada, the most important source is the Haldimand Papers, which are fully calendared in the Reports of the Canadian Archives from 1884 to 1889. J. McIlwraith, _Sir Frederick Haldimand_ (1904), contains a chapter on ‘The Loyalists’ which is based upon these papers. The most important secondary source is William Canniff, _History of the Settlement of Upper Canada_ (1869), a book the value of which is seriously diminished by lack of reference to authorities, and by a slipshod style, but which contains a vast amount of material preserved nowhere else. Among local histories reference may be made to C. M. Day, _Pioneers of the Eastern Townships_ (1863), James Croil, _Dundas_ (1861), and J. F. Pringle, _Lunenburgh or the Old Eastern District_ (1891). An interesting essay in local history is L. H. Tasker, _The United Empire Loyalist Settlement at Long Point, Lake Erie_ (Ontario Historical Society, Papers and Records, II). For the later immigration reference should be made to D. C. Scott, _John Graves Simcoe_ (1905), and Ernest Cruikshank, _Immigration from the United States Into Upper Canada, 1784-1812_ (Proceedings of the Thirty-ninth Convention of the Ontario Educational Association, 263).

An authoritative account of the proceedings of the commissioners appointed to inquire into the losses of the Loyalists is to be found in J. E. Wilmot, _Historical View of the Commission for Inquiry Into the Losses, Services, and Claims of the American Loyalists_ (1815).

For the social history of the Loyalist settlements a useful book is A ‘Canuck’ (M. G. Scherk), _Pen Pictures of Early Pioneer Life in Upper Canada_ (1905). Many interesting notes on social history will be found also in accounts of travels such as the Duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, _Travels through the United States of North America, the Country of the Iroquois, and Upper Canada_ (1799), _The Diary of Mrs John Graves Simcoe_ (edited by J. Ross Robertson, 1911), and _Canadian Letters: Description of a Tour thro’ the Provinces of Lower and Upper Canada in the Course of the Years 1792 and ’93_ (The Canadian Antiquarian and Numismatic Journal, IX, 3 and 4).

An excellent index to unprinted materials relating to the Loyalists is Wilfred Campbell, _Report on Manuscript Lists Relating to the United Empire Loyalists, with Reference to Other Sources_ (1909).

See also in this Series: _The Father of British Canada; The War Chief of the Six Nations_.

INDEX

Adams, John, a social comparison, 16;
on strength of Loyalists, 17-18;
favours compensating the Loyalists, 46.

Allen, Lieut.-Col. Isaac, on New Brunswick, 72.

American Revolution, Lecky on, 2;
merely a phase of English party politics, 7;
not a war of social classes, 16;
one-third of the people opposed to measures of, 18;
‘fratricidal butchery’ in, 38;
end of, 45.

Americans, barbarity of, 40;
have proof that Loyalists lifted scalps, 42-3;
hypocrisy of, 48;
migrate to Upper Canada, 123;
testimonies against, 124-5;
and in favour, 126.

Aplin, Joseph, and the Loyalist settlement at Parrtown, 74.

Bailey, Rev. Jacob, on the Loyalists, 56.

Beecher, Rev. Jonathan, and the Shelburne settlement, 66.

Bliss, Jonathan, a Loyalist in New Brunswick, 80;
and social feeling in St John, 82-3.

Blowers, Sampson Salter, and the Loyalists, 56.

Boston, riots in, 21;
and migration of the Loyalists, 54.

Botsford, Amos, 56;
on New Brunswick, 72.

Boucher, Rev. Jonathan, advocates doctrines of passive obedience to
authority and the divine right of kings, 8-10;
but upholds right of petition, 10;
and Washington, 13;
threatened by revolutionary mob, 22-3.

Brant, Joseph, loyalty of, 37;
fails to control Indians at Cherry Valley, 40.

Bunker’s Hill, British obstinacy at, 33.

Burgoyne, General, and the Loyalists, 33, 38.

Butler, Colonel John, and his Whig cousins, 16;
incursions into United States, 34, 39;
reprimanded, 42;
and Indian barbarity, 43.

Byles, Rev. Mather, and the Revolution, 30.

Campbell, Thomas, his lines on Wyoming valley raid, 30.

Cape Breton, Loyalists in, 63.

Carleton, Sir Guy.
See Dorchester, Lord.

Carleton, Colonel Thomas, governor of New Brunswick, 79, 81.

Cartwright, Richard, on the Americans in Upper Canada, 124, 126.

Cataraqui, hard times of Loyalists at, 105-6.

Chipman, Ward, a Loyalist in New Brunswick, 80;
and social feeling in St John, 82-3.

Constitutional Act of 1791, necessitated by the coming of the
Loyalists, 6.

Cooper, Dr Myles, endorses the principle of submission to authority,
but upholds right of petition, 10.

Cornwallis, General, and the Loyalists, 45.

Cowper, William, his lines on American revolutionists, 20.

Cummings, Samuel, 56;
on New Brunswick, 72.

Cuyler, Abraham, leads a Loyalist migration, 63.

Declaration of Independence, rouses the Loyalists, 13-14.

De Lancey, Colonel, on Loyalist settlement in New Brunswick, 75.

Detroit, Loyalist settlement at, 109-10.

Dole, James, a Loyalist agent, 65.

Dorchester, Lord, on Canada, 4;
denounces American Whigs, 50, 51;
assists migration of the Loyalists, 56, 57;
takes strong stand in New York, 59-60;
initiates ‘Marke of Honor,’ 118;
opposes creation of Upper Canada, 120-2.

Dulany, Daniel, protests against British policy, 11-12.

Dundas, Colonel Thomas, on the Loyalist settlement in New Brunswick,
84-5.

Eastern Townships, Loyalists not allowed to settle in, 95-6.

Fanning, Colonel Edmund, tries to take advantage of Loyalists in
Prince Edward Island, 88.

Finucane, Chief Justice, fails to appease Loyalists in New Brunswick,
77.

Franklin, Benjamin, scouts idea of American independence, 13;
and his son, 16;
against granting amnesty to Loyalists, 46.

Galloway, Joseph, disapproves of British policy, 11;
a social comparison, 16.

Georgia, strength of Loyalists in, 18.

Germain, Lord George, incapacity of, 34.

Gourlay, Robert, on the survey of townships in Upper Canada, 98.

Grass, Captain Michael, 100;
rouses Haldimand’s anger, 101.

Great Britain, in the Peace of Versailles, 46-7;
her betrayal of the Loyalists, 48-9;
makes amends, 52;
her generosity to Loyalists, 112-18.

Gugy, Conrad, and Loyalist refugees, 92;
accusation against, 93.

Haldimand, Sir Frederick, denounces indiscriminate vengeance, 42;
settles Loyalist refugees, 91-2, 97-9, 101, 102;
debars settling in Eastern Townships, 96;
on compensation to Loyalists, 116-17.

Haliburton, T. C, on the Shelburne settlement, 69-70.

Hauser, Frederick, 56;
on New Brunswick, 72.

Holland, Major Samuel, surveys townships in Upper Canada, 98.

Howe, General, and migration of the Loyalists, 54-5.

Hutchinson, Thomas, disapproves of British policy, 11;
a comparison, 16;
persecution of, 21.

Indians in the American Revolution, barbarity of, 40;
their use deprecated, 41-2.

Jessup’s Corps, at Saratoga, 38;
settlement of, 100.

Johnson, Sir William, 16;
his career, 35-6.

Johnson, Sir John, escapes to Canada, 25;
incursions into United States, 34, 40-1;
raises ‘Royal Greens,’ 37;
charges of barbarity, 41;
supervises settlement of Loyalists, 99;
and Loyalist claims, 113;
superintendent of Indian Affairs, 116;
compensation paid to, 118;
his house, 128.

Johnson, Lady, carried off a prisoner, 25.

Johnson, Colonel Guy, raises Loyalist regiment, 37.

King’s American Dragoons, hard lot of, in New Brunswick, 75-6, 77.

Loughborough, Lord, on Britain’s desertion of the Loyalists, 48.

Lower Canada, the Loyalists the indirect cause of an assembly being
granted to, 6.

Loyalists, the, vilified by early writers, 1-2;
reparation made, 2;
honoured in Canada, 3;
effect of their exodus on United States, 4;
effect of their migration on Canadian history, 4-6;
subscribe to the principles of passive submission to authority and
the right of petition, 8-10;
disapprove of British policy, 11-12;
causes of increase in numbers, 12-14;
loyal toast, 14;
numbers and strength, 16-19;
persecution of, 20-31;
and the test laws, 26-8;
story of two Loyalists hanged in Philadelphia, 28;
some penalties, 29;
confiscation of property, 29-30;
lack initiative, 32;
success in battle, 33-4;
charges of barbarism against, 34-5;
charges refuted, 41-4;
some regiments of, 36-8, 73;
raids and incursions, 38-41;
their hopeless position at end of war, 45-52;
British betrayal of, 48-9;
Britain makes amends, 52;
migration to Nova Scotia, 53-61;
some statistics of Loyalists in Maritime Provinces, 63, 66, 68, 73;
the Shelburne settlement, 63-70;
migration to New Brunswick, 71-85;
Prince Edward Island, 86-90;
Quebec, 91-6;
Upper Canada, 97-111;
allowances to, 102-4;
compensation to, 112-16;
honours and grants to, 116-18;
their ‘Marke of Honor,’ 118-19;
their houses and furniture, 127-9;
clothing, 130-1;
means of exchange, 131-2;
social customs, 132;
schools and churches, 132-4;
their happy lot, 136-7.

Loyalist regiments, settled in New Brunswick, 73;
their distress, 75-6;
when formed in Canada, 91;
settlement of, in Upper Canada, 34, 37, 38, 99-100.

Loyal Rangers, 38;
at Wyoming valley, 39;
at Mohawk valley, 41.

Macdonell, Alexander, in ‘the ’45,’ 36;
his ideas of border warfare, 39;
barbarity of, 42.

Machiche, Loyalist discontent at, 93-4.

McKean, Thomas, on number of Loyalists, 18-19.

Maclean, Colonel Allan, raises a Loyalist regiment, 37.

Massachusetts, Loyalist migration from, 65-7.

Mountain, Bishop, on religion in Upper Canada, 134.

Montgomery, General Richard, in the American Revolution, 7.

Mowat, Captain, and the Shelburne settlement, 67.

New Brunswick, candid view of Loyalist in, 14;
Governor Parr’s opinion of, 71;
Loyalist settlements in, 72-7;
erected into a province, 78-9;
Loyalists fill chief offices in, 80;
capital of, and election of representatives, 81-3;
means of communication in, 134-5.

Newton, William, amusing case of, 84.

New York, strength of Loyalists in, 17;
riots in, 22;
a strange order, 23;
and the test laws, 27;
and confiscation of Loyalist property, 30;
debts due to Loyalists cancelled, 46;
laws enacted against Loyalists, 51;
Sir Guy Carleton too much for congress of, 60.

Niagara, Loyalist settlement at, 107-9.

North, Lord, denounces Britain’s desertion of Loyalists, 48.

Nova Scotia, migration of Loyalists to, 53-61;
uncomplimentary opinions of, 61-2, 64;
schools and churches in, 132-4.

Odell, Rev. Jonathan, a Loyalist, 80.

Oliver, Andrew, persecution of, 21.

Ontario. See Upper Canada.

Parr, John, governor of Nova Scotia, on the condition of Loyalist
refugees, 58-9;
and the Shelburne settlement, 65, 67-8;
on New Brunswick, 71;
and land grants in New Brunswick, 77, 79;
on social status of Loyalists in Nova Scotia, 83.

Pennsylvania, strength of Loyalists in, 17;
and the test laws, 27.

Prince Edward Island, Loyalists in, 63;
scurvy treatment, 86-90.

Pullency, Sir William, and land speculation, 125.

Pynchon, Joseph, and the Shelburne settlement, 65-6.

Quebec, Loyalist refugees flock to, 91;
settlements, 92-5;
all traces of lost, 95.

‘Rivington’s Gazette’ on terms of peace, 49.

Rochefoucauld, Duc de la, and the Americans in Upper Canada, 123-4;
on education at Cataraqui, 133.

Rogers’s Rangers, settlement of, 100.

‘Royal Greens,’ or the King’s Royal Regiment, raised, 37;
at ambuscade of Oriskany, 38;
settlement of, 100.

Royal Highland Emigrants, 37.

St John, social bitterness among Loyalists in, 82.

Scottish Highlanders, rebels of ‘the ’45,’ become Loyalists, 36.

Seabury, Dr, and the Loyalists, 56.

Shelburne, story of the Loyalist settlement at, 63-70.

Simcoe, Col. John Graves, and the U.E. regulation, 119;
his good work in Upper Canada, 122;
invites Americans to cross the border, 123;
and road-building, 135.

Smart, Rev. William, on the Loyalists in Upper Canada, 111, 116.

Sons of Liberty and the Loyalists, 23.

Stamp Act, the, some effects of, 21.

Stuart, Rev. John, at Cataraqui, 133.

Tarleton’s Loyal Cavalry, success in the Carolinas, 33-4.

Tea duty, Loyalist objection to, 11.

Test laws, tyranny of, 26;
not strictly enforced, 27.

Tories, American, get support of English Tories, 7;
loyalty of, 8;
an Episcopalian party, 15;
a social comparison with Whigs, 16;
tarring and feathering of, 22, 23;
test laws, 27-30.

Tryon, Governor, and Loyalist success, 34.

United Empire Loyalists, origin of name, 118-19.
See Loyalists.

Upper Canada, migration of Loyalists into determines form of
government, 5-6;
Loyalists removed to, 95;
settlements in, 97-100;
‘Family Compact’ party, 111;
names of districts in, 120-1;
Americans flock into, 123-5;
schools and churches in, 132-4;
means of communication, 134-5.

Van Alstine, Major, and settlement of Loyalists, 100, 111;
his grant, 117.

Van Schaak, Peter, a Whig, disapproves of test laws, 26-7.

Versailles, Peace of, and the Loyalists, 46-52.

Virginia and the Loyalists, 17, 47.

Washington, George, his aversion to the idea of independence, 13;
a comparison, 16;
approves the persecution of Loyalists, 23-4;
on the Loyalist raids, 44;
refuses to treat with Loyalists, 45;
his advice to the Loyalists, 50.

Whigs, American, get support of English Whigs, 7;
their change of front, 13;
a Presbyterian party, 15;
a social comparison with Tories, 16;
a powerful organization formed to stamp out Loyalism, 24-5;
and the test laws, 27.

Winslow, Edward, on conditions of Loyalist refugees, 61;
on New Brunswick, 71-2, 75-6, 78, 80;
and the wealthy widow, 84;
on his house, 127-8.

THE CHRONICLES OF CANADA

Edited by George M. Wrong and H. H. Langton of the University of Toronto

A series of thirty-two freshly-written narratives for popular reading, designed to set forth, in historic continuity, the principal events and movements in Canada, from the Norse Voyages to the Railway Builders.