Chapter XVIII: Part 18

III. A third applicant for the _cachet_ is "near," not as a preposition, but as an adjective signifying imitation or ineffective approximation, as, near pearls, near lover, near artist, etc., etc. It would at least often save several syllables, and sometimes save a circumlocution. It seems to have begun rather low down. We don't half like it, and we were surprised to find it as far up as in an article by an eminent professor in our present number. But there it was, and it seems well on the way to full habilitation.

_Simplified Spelling_

The invitation in the January number for views on Simplified Spelling has brought some interesting letters from both sides. The best objections that we have seen anywhere are the following:

(1) From an eminent professor:

... This point, briefly, is whether the spoken language is the
only _entity_, so to say, to be considered in the case, and the
written language merely an effort to represent it, or whether the
written language is equally a reality for the purposes of
civilization....

I have just received a holiday greeting ... reading

Harty Crismas Greetings.
The chain of frendship reaching far
Links days that wer with days that ar.

For him [the sender] all written characters are absolutely
nothing but the effort to express spoken sounds, and he puts
anything on paper which he thinks will represent the sound he
wants most immediately for the reader's intelligence. If he is
right, if our written language is nothing but this, there should
be no delay in altering it radically.

But is my philological friend right? I think certainly not. Since
printing came to take a really large place in civilization, the
written word has been a _logos_--a direct means of representing
thought--quite as truly as the spoken. As an agency for
communicating thought between absent persons, for preserving
thought from one time to another, and even for communicating the
knowledge of a foreign tongue to a contemporary learner, the
written word actually exceeds the spoken in general importance.
And to a very large extent it does this _not_ by representing the
sounds of the spoken word, but by representing the idea through
an independent convention. When I read the word "choir" I do not
think first that it represents the syllable _kwiir_, and then
that the syllable _kwiir_ means a company of singers. Some
foreigners who have learned English orally doubtless do go
through this process; but those who have learned it primarily by
reading, or for reading, do not....

The participle _finished_ has a certain real existence as a
language fact, undisturbed by the accident that it is now
pronounced _finisht_.

And this great entity, the written English language, the chief
medium of scholarship, literature, history, law, and even
business ... is what it is proposed to change. Perhaps it should
be done; perhaps the times demand an heroic sacrifice of the
organ of scholarly and literary communication and tradition, in
the interest of increased efficiency on the part of the average
man for whom the language of scholarship and literature is
negligible. But we should not mistake the meaning of the effort.
It is not the mere effort to do better what we are doing
already--writing words so-and-so because they sound so-and-so;
for we are already doing nothing of the kind. It is the effort to
transfer English from the group where, with modern French and
other tongues, it now belongs,--the group of languages whose
history has differentiated a written and a spoken form,--to the
group represented by classic Latin and modern Italian, whose
(doubtless happier) history has kept the written form a fairly
accurate replica of the spoken....

The impression often prevails that those who hesitate to commit
themselves to the enticements of the Spelling Board do so merely
because the new spellings "look so queer." Of course this very
statement is a clumsy and unpenetrating way of expressing the
fact that the whole language psychology of a _reading_ generation
is disturbed by the efforts in question.

(II) From a lady:

This unspeakable spelling is history-destroying,
tradition-annihilating, and puts the veriest hind on a semblance
of equality with a person of elegance.

As Nietsche says: "Let us be free from moralic acid"!!

Possibly to some tastes, a neck without a goitre would be more "elegant" than a neck with one--or _tho_ than _though_.

(III) From a well-known author:

The tendency of our English speech is constantly to "reform" its
Orthography! Witness the betterment between the spelling of
Chaucer and that of Shakespeare, and between that of Shakespeare
and that of the days of Queen Anne! Well then, granting it to be
the irresistible tendency of our Orthography to better itself,
why not permit it to go on in peace bettering itself? Why assist
Fate? Are our awful Spelling Reformers, like the impatient young
gentleman in Mr. Stockton's story, appointed to the task of
Assisting Fate?

(IV) From a talented author and critic--a lady:

You must allow me, as an old friend of yours and a new friend of
the REVIEW's, to protest against the introduction of "reformed
spelling" into a literary journal of a high class, which is what
we all consider the new venture. To many of us who respect the
English language as an inheritance, and are content to leave its
simplification to the slow erosion of time, pages like those at
the end of the REVIEW give positive pain.

It would indeed be a hardened reformer who would not feel the force of the foregoing objections.

To "Why assist Fate?" and "the slow erosion of time" the answer is that the doctrine of _laissez faire_ has had its day, and can hardly be regarded as open for discussion.

* * * * *

On the other side, we have received many letters favoring the reform from the highest philological authorities:

(I) From a Johns Hopkins Professor:

Serious study of the problem becomes the duty of every thoughtful
person.

(II) From a Harvard Professor:

A discussion of orthographic possibilities can hardly fail to be
enlightening. I do not much like the scheme you tentatively
advocate, but anything that reveals existing absurdities and
opens up new vistas is useful at this stage.

(III) On the other hand, the Superintendent of Education in one of the Canadian provinces, whose sympathies are naturally British, writes:

"Your simplified spelling appeals to me in preference to that of
the S. S. S. of London."

The main differences are illustrated in (the S. S. B. coming first) _tiem_ and _tiim_ for _time_, _doer_ and _door_ for _door_, _tiping_ and _tipping_ for _tipping_.

(IV) A Nova Scotian, president of an important educational institution, writes:

Your article on simplified spelling is a very courageous
one--_for an American_! Probably it has alredy brought upon you
the whips and scorns of the conventional journalist. In the Old
Country, scholars are accustomd to stand up against professional
journalists. Do you think you can do so with your new scheme? I
hope so, for it seems to me simple in principle, and, on the
whole, a good working basis. One is tempted, of course, to ask
why such inconsistencies as:

Allwaiz--Becauz.

Oonly--Molar.

We accept the _aw_ sound for _a_ before _ll_, but probably _awl_ is better than _all_; and in _becauz_ it should undoubtedly be _aw_.

As to _molar_, we propose that a single vowel should always, as generally now, be long at the end of a syllable.

The same correspondent continues:

Again, if long vowels are to be indicated by the doubling of the
letter, is there any need of doubling the consonant after a short
vowel?

(V) Another correspondent joins in the same charge:

It hardly seems logical to double a vowel to indicate its
lengthening and at the same time to double a consonant to
indicate the closing of a preceding vowel. It strikes me as
rather a clumsy artifice at best, and leads to some very cumbrous
forms, of which "annuthther," as you point out, is an extreme
instance.

But, as just said, it is not proposed that always "long vowels are to be indicated by doubling of the letter," but only when the syllable is closed by a consonant. See also the second paragraph of the following letter answering a correspondent, which shows some aspects of the question that may be worth presenting to other readers as well:

Thanks for your letter.... I wish all that I get on the subject
were equally sensible. At the same time, there are two or three
things that call for rejoinder.

When a consonant beginning a second syllable, is repeated at the
end of the preceding syllable, to prevent the vowel being counted
as long, the consonant is by no means "doubled" in the sense that
a vowel is doubled to make it count as long, or as the terminal
consonant is doubled in fall, call, etc.

In English spelling probably there cannot be carried out any
principle that won't land us somewhere into awkwardnesses almost
as great as "annuthther." That particular one, I have no doubt,
if ever adopted, would work into smaller dimensions, which of
course would have some elements of inconsistency. There is no
reason, however, why we should not use the methods which lead to
absurdities in that word, in hosts of other words where they
don't.

I shall never take any part in an attempt to add characters to
the English language. The only thing in that line it has done
since it began taking shape, is to get rid of two very useful
ones; and I don't believe it will ever move in the opposite
direction. My humble efforts will be concentrated on doing the
best practicable with those we have, though I wish Godspeed to
everybody who works for consistency and reasonableness, even if
he thinks he can introduce a new alphabet.

It is never going to simplify our language to introduce
diacritical marks. My little experience with French satisfies me
on that subject.

I am glad you agree with me as to dropping the _u_ after _q_.

I am not sure about using _x_ without a vowel preceding it (_e.
g._ xpense). Theoretically no consonant carries a vowel, but _x_
is pronounced as if there were a short _e_ before it, though,
like any other consonant, it will take the color of any vowel.

I don't believe that I am going to be any farther reformed in
regard to vowels than _oo_ in _door_, _ee_ in _feel_, _aa_ as
suggested by the British Society in "faather," _uu_ in "suun" as
also suggested by them; and _ii_ in "tiim," as suggested by me
and probably by others whom I don't know of. I only wish you
would leave your diacritics and new letters, and fight with me
for these vowels. There seems to be some hope in such a fight, as
the English Society is for all but the _ii_, and consistent
people will naturally work for their accepting _ii_; and as
nobody that I am aware of, in the direction of either body, is
with you for new letters and diacritics.

To the same correspondent:

Your letter of the 5th is very suggestive.

I think one trouble between us is that you think it worth while
to strive for ideal perfection in spelling. If we attained it, it
would not stay put.

You say: "It seems to me simple arithmetic admonishes us that we
have to have new characters for the vowel sounds." There are two
reasons why we don't. One is that (_me judice_) there is no use
in seeking absolute perfection. Another is that we can do with
existing letters as much of the work as we need to.

It may be "important" to "develop an alphabet in which each
character stands for a precise sound" but I haven't the slightest
idea that the English-speaking people will ever do it.

Of course all existing languages have come because "peoples ...
drift so far apart in pronunciation as sooner or later to become
almost unintelligible to each other," but printing and facilities
of communication are probably obstructing farther movements in
that direction, and I should not be surprised if the present
tendency were toward unity.

I am sorry you are one of the reformers who "believe that we
should go the whole way, or let things stay as they are." It is
not often that any reform goes the whole way, and I suspect that
we would be a good deal farther along if people of reforming
disposition would be content to go only so far as practicable.

On one side, then, we have habit and sensitive associations, and on the other side the facts which cannot be denied by anyone who is thoughtful and educated (not always synonymous terms) that the anomalies of English spelling not only breed lawlessness in the juvenile mind, increase the difficulties of education, and waste much labor and expense in writing and printing, but also seriously obstruct commerce, diplomacy, and the peace of the world.

No wonder these opposing conditions produce the frame of mind expressed to us by a leading city Superintendent of Schools: "I abominate simplified spelling, but I am in favor of it."

Now between this Scylla and this Charybdis, what is the reasonable course?

We must regard two considerations too often ignored by reformers, though they were insisted on by as great an authority as Spencer. The first is that feeling, more than reason, determines conduct; the other is that everything is so inextricably connected with other things, that raising one is like raising a strand of a net, which involves raising many other strands with it. With this reform are tangled up not only the feelings and habits illustrated in the foregoing quotations, but all existing English literature, including many thousand tons of it in electrotype plates. All these obstruct a sudden reform. Must then the reform be as gradual as that from Chaucer's spelling to ours? Prophecy is dangerous, but we are inclined to think not.

We favor simplified spellings, but we don't want our attention diverted by them from anything that we value more, and we don't want to interfere with anybody's Shakspere or Tennyson, any more than we want anybody to interfere with ours. We are glad, however, when we see the sign of a "Fotografer," or an announcement of a "thru" train. We have no doubt that a large and increasing number of people share both these sets of feelings, and they seem to indicate the way out of the dilemma.

Now there's no question of intrinsic beauty between the new forms and the old. Preference for the latter is simply a matter of habit, but habit is stronger than intelligence; and here, with the student, intelligence balks at habit in a paradoxical way. In reading an impassioned passage, he encounters a "_thru_"; his thoughts are not only diverted to the spelling, but to the years of association he may have with the problems concerning it. For ourselves, the more we study it, if we meet it in literature the more we "abominate" it, with the superintendent already quoted; but the more we see it in advertisements and other indifferent places, the more we are "in favor of it"; and this we think is apt to be the experience of those who really bring their intellects to the problem. Nay, we even think that, in time, the younger portion of the thinking people whose habits favor the old forms, may perhaps come around to the new: for, after writing the most radical of the new forms, as in the last number of the REVIEW, we have been surprised at the way they linger in the memory and seem for a while more habitual than the old forms. This experience makes it seem probable that if, for our children's sake, and for the sake of the great causes already indicated, we were to condemn ourselves for a few weeks, or possibly even a few days, to the better forms, they would become more natural than the worse.

* * * * *

Press of T. MOREY & SON, Greenfield, Mass.

INDEX

THE UNPOPULAR REVIEW

VOL. I

[_Titles of Articles are printed in heavier type. The names of authors of articles are printed in italics._]

Abbot, Miss Edith, 313, 319, 329.

Addams, Jane, 48-50, 54, 319.

Alcohol, 213.

=Alcohol, Our: Its Use=, 163
--use of the word intemperance, 163
--American drinking habits contrasted with English, 163-174
--social value of drinking, 164
--American public bars, 165
--improving the saloon, 165-166
--English public-houses, 166-174
--influence of women, 169
--the average English bar-maids, 169-170
--drinking in Scotland, 170-171
--effect of bar-maids in America, 171
--sense of home, 172-173
--Eileen, 173-174.

American Magazines, 261.

Anonymity of writers for this REVIEW, 43.

Arbitration, 10, 20.

=Aristocracy, Natural=, 272
--the one great question of to-day, 272
--Plato and his ideal republic, 273-277
--the natural growth of tyranny out of democracy, 275-276
--the method of escape which Plato saw, 276-277
--the political wisdom of Burke's _Reflections_, 277
--the need of leaders, 277-279
--Burke's definition of a true natural aristocracy, 278-279
--his ideas of prejudice, privilege, time and subordination, 279-281
--the part of imagination in Burke's ideas of government, 281-282
--Tom Paine's charge, 281-282
--picture of the demagogue, 285-288
--initiative and referendum; amending constitutions, 286
--attack on courts, 287
--Burke's portrait of men of light and leading, 288
--the demagoguery of an institution like the public press, 289
--the cure of democracy not _more_ but _better_ democracy,
290
--our need is to provide for a natural aristocracy, 290
--the cant of humanitarianism; the need of a class consciousness
among the advanced, 292-295
--the real strength of socialistic doctrine and the real danger,
293-294
--duty of our higher institutions of learning to train the
imagination, 295-296.

Athens, 1.

_Atlantic_, 264.

"Aunt Kate," as spirit control, 74-76.

Automatic writing. _See_ Heteromatic.

=Baby and the Bee=, 333.

=Barbarian Invasion, The=, 389
--higher education is in the hands of barbarians, 389
--college education and college professors to-day, 389-390
--democratic education a process of measuring down, 390-391
--new sciences, 391
--academic managers and their policies, 391-392
--appeals for money and advertising features, 392
--the cant of a university's obligation to the community, 392-393
--inter-collegiate athletics a key to the meaning of social
obligations, 393
--amateur sport a business enterprise of college authorities,
393-396
--football, 394
--the argument for athletics as opposed to study, 395
--rich barbarian alumni, 396
--teachers' colleges, their character and relation to the college
proper, 397-398
--graduate schools, 398
--material for college professors, 399
--illiteracy, 399
--average quality, 400
--the Ph.D. and his "contribution to knowledge," 401
--the scientific theory of academic organization, 402
--college presidents, 403
--the "educator," 403
--the howling wilderness of academic halls, 404
--money and publicity, 404
--need of an aristocratic institution of learning, 405
--and of culture and finer manhood in colleges and universities,
405.

Bee. _See_ 'Baby and the Bee.'

Bergson, Henri, as president of Society for Psychical Research, 63,
106-107
--on psychic phenomena, 107-111.

Boss rule, 138.

Bourne, Senator, 32-33.

Bradford, Mary C., 321, 330.

Breckinridge, Prof. Sophonisba P., 313, 319, 329.

Bronson, Miss Minnie, 313, 318, 329.

_Brougham, H. B._, 'A Needed Unpopular Reform,' 133
--'The Machinery for Peace,' 200
--'How Woman Suffrage Has Worked,' 307.

Bryan, W. J., 3, 4, 5, 124-129.

Burke, Edmund, his political ideas and their present applicability,
272-273, 277-284.

_Burrows, Charles W._, 'Our Government Subvention to Literature,'
415.

Burton, Dr., on tobacco, 145, 162.

Butler, Samuel, 123.

=Cabinet, The Unfermented=, 124
--composition of Pres. Wilson's cabinet and experience of its
members, 124-125
--public observation and expectations, 126
--Bryan, 126-129
--his Chautauqua lectures, 128
--the cabinet's confidence in the president, 129-130
--its unity, 130
--Wilson's power, 131-132.

=Capitalism, The Soul of=, 227
--capitalism compared to feudalism, 227-228
--capitalism a predominant and significant fact in modern life,
228-229
--the paradoxical conception of a soul in capitalism, 229
--commercialization; "business" vs. "sentiment," 230
--capitalism a respecter of the liberties of men, 231
--personal prejudices out of business hours still rule, 232
--discrimination in business exceptional; Mr. Henry Ford, 232
--toleration necessitated by business tends to break down national,
racial and religious prejudices, 233
--this toleration is interested and not ethical, 234
--yet liberty based on capitalistic toleration is broad and
substantial, 234
--precapitalistic liberty, 235
--class liberty, 235
--the laborer's great gains in personal liberty, 236
--capitalism the real source and cause of the fraternity of labor,
237-238
--the natural race antagonisms among laborers, 238
--moral gain of labor disputes, 239
--solidarity in American and in foreign laborers, 239
--anti-militarism in the laboring class, 239
--the soul of capitalism begins to emerge as toleration, liberty and
fraternity, 240
--Socialism, 241
--Karl Marx cited, 241
--the initial ugliness of capitalism, 241-242
--the struggle of good and evil in the non-economic field and its
outcome, 243
--Holberg, 244
--a broader and more liberal humanity the evolving soul of
capitalism, 244.

Cattell, Prof., 399.

Charles II, 122.

Chesterton, G. K., unconscious testimony against tobacco, 156.

Child labor, facts and misrepresentation as to extent, 259-260.

Classification. _See_ Pigeon-Holes.

=Climbers, Some Deserving=, 439.

=Colleges, What is the Matter with the American?= 214.
_See also_ 'Barbarian Invasion, The'; Schooling.

Consumers' League, 261-262.

Cost of living, 12, 261-262.

=Criticism, A Model of Divinatory=, 435.

Crookes, Sir Wm., 64, 68, 69.

Cross-Correspondence, 104.

=Decency and the Stage=, 214.

DeForest, Mrs. Nora Blatch, 330, 331.

Delaisi, Francis, 187.

_Delineator, The_, 256, 258.

Demagogues, 4-5
--Roosevelt as an example, 285-288.

Democracy, 34
--what it has done for higher education, 389.

=Democrat Reflects, The=, 34
--disillusionment, 34, 35
--questionings as to real nature of democracy, 36, 37
--plutocracy, 37
--democracy in education, 38
--in religion and art, 39, 40
--in manners and dress, 40, 41
--in the home, 41
--Plato on democracy, 42
--ridiculous side of the idea, 42
--mediocrity, 43, 44
--democracy as a machine, 44, 45
--character the Supreme end, 46.

"Doctor Foster went to Gloucester," 435.

Dog, in Rich's sitting, 79.

Dorr, George, with Myers control, 103.

Dowsing, 67.

Drama. _See_ Decency.

Dramatic power of mediums, 82.

Dreams, 65-66, 109.

Drink. _See_ Alcohol.

Education. _See_ Schooling; Colleges; 'Barbarian Invasion, The.'

=En Casserole=, 212, 431.

_Farnam, Henry W._, 'Our Tobacco: its Cost,' 145.

Feminism, abundant results of woman's influence in legislation, 332.

Fires resulting from smoking tobacco, 147-152.

_Fite, Warner_, 'The Barbarian Invasion,' 389.

Football, 394.

Ford, Henry, 232.

Foster, the medium, 68.

_Franklin, Fabian_, 'The Majority Juggernaut,' 22
--Social Untruth and the Social Unrest,' 252.

Freedom. _See_ Liberty.

George, Henry, 27-28.

George, Mrs. A. J., 310, 328.

Germany, peace policy, 200;
trust legislation, 406.

Ghost stories, 65.

Glynn, Governor, 142.

Government management, 16.

=Greeks, The, on Religion and Morals=, 358
--relation of religion and morals, 358-359
--the Greek attitude toward reason, 359-360
--its psychological development, 360
--the eleusinian mysteries; Dionysus, 361
--hypnosis, ecstasy, enthusiasm, 362
--orphism and immortality, 362-364
--Aristotle on the Eleusinia, 364
--Oriental cults: Unthraism, 365
--origin of the Christian sacraments and the theology of St. Paul to
be found in these mysteries, 365-366
--the doctrine of the early church modified by Greek ideas; the
Nicene Creed, 366-367
--"faith," 367
--Hippolytus and Plato, 368
--the influence of Greece on dogma, 368-369
--Christian exegesis also of Greek origin, 369
--its principle, 370
--Plato's exegesis, 371
--the ethics of Christianity as related to Stoicism and Cynicism,
371-373
--religion and morals among the Greeks differentiated, 372
--Plato's _Republic_, 373
--religion and morality have suffered from too close a union, 374.

Gurney, Edmund, as control, 80.

_Hamilton, Clayton_, 'Our Alcohol: its Use,' 163.

Hancock, John, 122.

Heteromatic writing, 69-70, 99-104.

Hodgson, Dr. Richard, 64
--first Piper report, 71-79
--second Piper report, 83-90
--argument for spiritism, 87-88
--as control, 93-103.

Holberg, 244.

Holland, Mrs., heteromatic writing, 99-103
--with Hodgson control, 100.

_Holt, Henry_, 'The New Irrepressible Conflict,' 1
--'Prof. Bergson and the Society for Psychical Research,' 63
--'Tobacco and Alcohol,' 212
--'Answering Big Questions,' 214
--'Decency and the Stage,' 214
--'Simplified Spelling,' 218, 440
--'Special to our Readers,' 431
--'A Specimen of Uplift Legislation,' 434
--'Some Deserving Climbers,' 439.

Home, the medium, 67, 68.

Hours of labor, 13.

"Howard" family and G. P., 84-87.

Hull House. _See_ Addams, Jane.

Humanitarianism, current cant deprecated, 292.

"Humans," 439.

Hypnotism, 65, 109.

Immortality, faith in, possible justification for, 106.

Imperator, 70, 90, 91
--inconsistent names, 105.

Infant mortality, 266.

Intemperance, strict sense of the word, 163.
_See also_ Alcohol.

Interstate Commissions, Commerce and Trade, 408, 413-414.

=Irrepressible Conflict, The New=, 1
--minority vs. majority, 1
--Seward's Irrepressible Conflict and others, 1-2
--class legislation, 2, 5
--value of the superior man, 2
--growing disturbances from the man behind, 2-3
--greenbacks start a crazy cycle, 3
--Bryan and Silver, 3-4
--ideals of the average man, 4
--Jack Cade, Bryan and Roosevelt, 4
--two greatest demagogues in history, 5
--rightful owners of wealth, 5
--Marshall's "Economics of History," 5-6
--Francis A. Walker on profits of employers, 6-7
--source of wealth, 7-8
--Socialism, 8
--taxes mainly for the benefit of the non-taxpayers, 9
--arbitration, 10, 20
--progress of the average man, 11-15
--Karl Marx and his "increasing misery" theory, 11
--rising wages, 12-15
--cost of living, 12
--decreasing hours of labor, 13
--government management, 15-16
--the way to peace, 15-21
--improvement in human nature, 18
--mutual help, 18-19
--trade unions, 20, 21
--education and individual improvement, 19-20.

James, Prof. Wm., 64
--finds Mrs. Piper, 71
--with "Aunt Kate," 74-76
--with G. P., 84
--argument on spiritism, 89, 91-92, 93, 94-98
--with Hodgson control, 97-98.

Jerry, uncle of Sir Oliver Lodge, 81.

Jesus Christ, 121.

_Johnson, Alvin S._, 'The Soul of Capitalism,' 227.

_Jordan, David Starr_, 'The Standing Incentives to War,' 185.

Journalism, American, 216.

Kakuzo, Okakura, 117.

_Kellogg, Vernon L._, 'What is the Matter with the American
Colleges?' 214
--'The Baby and the Bee,' 333.

_Knickerbocker Press_, 259.

Labor, antagonisms, 238
--gain of disputes, 239.

LaFarge, John, 117, 119.

Language, some new words, 439.

Larned, J. N., on the newspaper, 424.

Legislation, specimen, 434.

Letters as posthumous evidence of spiritism, 104-106.

Liberty, breadth and strength of that which comes from capitalism, 234
--Puritan and precapitalistic, 235.

Lieber, Francis, 204.

Lincoln, A., anecdote, 124
--tactfulness, 122
--war rules, 204.

Lindsey, Judge Ben. B., 58
--on woman suffrage in Colorado, 330.

=Literature, Our Government Subvention to=, 415
--book production in the United States compared with that of other
countries, 415-417
--decrease of book sellers, 418
--growth of periodicals, 419
--as the effect of a low rate of postage, 419-421
--increase of bulk and circulation in periodicals and newspapers,
420-421
--disproportionate postage rates, 422-423
--number of periodicals, 423
--quality of newspapers, 424
--great disproportion between bad and good literature, 424
--picture of the pabulum in the popular magazine, 425
--injustice of postal rates further illustrated, 426
--profits of a publisher, 427
--facts kept from the public, 427
--lobby, 427
--the Home University Library, 429
--why not carry books cheaply? 430.

Lodge, Sir Oliver, 64, 73, 93;
sitting with Mrs. Piper, 79-81.

MacCunn, Prof. John, 272, 273.

McNamara dynamitings, 268.

=Majority Juggernaut, The=, 22
--initiative and referendum, 22-23
--cause of existing impatience with governmental methods, 23-24
--direct rule of the people, 24-25
--need of resistance to the immediate desire of the majority in
settling certain momentous questions, 25-31
--Henry George and the single tax, 27-28
--difference between representative rule and direct rule, 29-30
--mob rule, 31-32
--Senator Bourne's position, 32-33
--inherent error of the direct-rule propaganda, 32-33.

_Martin, E. S._, 'The Unfermented Cabinet,' 124.

Marx, Karl, 11, 235, 241.

Materialization, 67.

_Mather, F. J., Jr._, 'Two Neglected Virtues,' 112
--'Wanted: Proportionate News,' 216
--'The Right to be Amused,' 297.

=Microbophobiac, The Story of a=, 175.

Morality, Greek, 358.

=Morality, The New=, 47
--Miss Jane Addams as its exponent, 48
--her works, 48-50, 54
--revolution from mediæval religion to humanitarianism, 49-52
--lessened sense of personal responsibility, 52
--modern social sympathy, 53-59
--change of view in the church, 56
--results of humanitarianism, 56, 57
--confusion of moral standards and relaxation of morals, 58, 59
--remedy, 60
--permanent worth of character and its relation to social justice,
61, 62.

_More, Paul Elmer_, 'The New Morality,' 47
--'Natural Aristocracy,' 272.

Moses, Rev. W. Stainton, 68, 69-71
--in Newbold sittings, 90.

Mott, Lucretia, 307, 318, 332.

Murphy, Chas. F., 134, 135, 142.

Myers, F. W. H., 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 99
--as control with Dorr, 103
--with Mrs. Holland, 103-104
--posthumous letter, 105.

"Near," 440.

New Jersey reform, 139-143.

New York City, causes of fires, 150
--numerous elective offices, 136.

Newbold, Prof. J. R., sittings with Mrs. Piper, 90.

Newell, in Rich's Piper Sitting, 78.

=News, Wanted: Proportionate=, 216.

Newspapers, 421, 424.

Nys, Ernest, 209.

Page, Walter H., 415.

Paine, Tom, on Burke, 281, 282.

Palladino, Eusapia, 67.

Patterson, Wm. B., 259.

Peace, present phase of movement, 197.

=Peace, The Machinery for=, 200
--peaceful policy of Germany and Great Britain, 200
--the work of the First Hague Conference, 200, 202, 203
--arbitration and American arbitral proceedings previous to the
Hague Conferences, 201-202
--Roosevelt's objection, 202
--work of the Second Hague Conference, 200, 202, 203-206
--Francis Lieber, President Lincoln, and the Brussels Conference of
1874, 204
--naval war, 204
--International Prize Court, 204, 208
--Declaration of London, 204
--machinery for pacific settlement of international disputes, 205
--international commissions, 205
--Hague Court of Arbitration, composition, 205-206
--work of the Third Hague Conference in 1915, 206-209
--Casablanca case, 207
--tendency to compromise, 207-208
--Supreme Court of Arbitral Justice, 208-209
--Ernest Nys, 209
--arguments for war, 209-211
--industrial and scientific substitutes for war, 210-211
--Prof. Soddy cited, 211.

"Pelham," George, 83-90, 92, 97, 99
--Mrs. Piper recognizes portrait, 86.

Periodicals. _See_ Literature.

Perris, Geo. H., 187.

Personality, secondary, 76.

Peter Ibbetson, 80.

Phinuit, Dr., 71
--his French, 73-77.

=Pigeon-Holes, The Case for=, 343
--method, 343
--classification of ideas, 343-344
--value to civilization, 345-346
--method and efficiency, 346
--the machine age, 346-347
--value of system in scholarship and religion, 347-348
--the other side of the case: limitations to the use of system and
classifications, 349-354
--men and truths not easily classified, 349
--the multitudinous differences in things, 350
--different points of view, 351
--mutations of the human spirit, 351
--wholeness of truth, 352
--system a violence to nature, 352
--its injustice and tyranny, 353
--an obstacle to progress, 354
--the judicial view of the case, 355-357
--limitations and qualifications in the employment of method, 355
--an art after all, 356
--the Golden Mean and human quality, 356-357.

Piper, Mrs., 67
--sittings with Hodgson, 74-75
--with Rich, 76-79
--with Lodge, 79-81
--Hodgson second report, 83
--George "Pelham," 83-90.

Plato, character of his _Republic_, 371, 373
--picture of the change from license to tyranny, 275-276.

Podmore, Frank, 64
--conversion, 99.

Postal rates on periodicals, 419.

=Psychical Research, Prof. Bergson and the Society for=, 63
--formation of the society, early members, publications, 64
--thought-transference, 64-65
--"Phantasms of the Living," 65
--zoömagnetism and telekinesis, 66
--Home, the medium, 67, 68
--Eusapia Palladino, 67
--U. S. Moses, 68, 69-71
--Myers on Moses, 69
--Sir Wm. Crookes, 68, 69
--American S. P. R., Hodgson, James, and Mrs. Piper, 71
--Phinuit, etc., 71-73
--reports of sittings, 74-76
--T. Rogers Rich; telepathy or what? 76-79
--Piper English sittings; Sir O. Lodge, 79-80
--Gurney sittings, 80-81
--telepathy and teloteropathy insufficient to explain Piper
phenomena, 82
--George "Pelham" sittings, 83-85
--Hodgson and spirit hypothesis, 85-89
--Wm. James's reluctant admissions, 89-98
--W. R. Newbold, 90
--Imperator and followers, 90-91
--death of Hodgson, 93
--Hodgson as control, 93-99
--spirits very human, 96
--character of future world, 96
--Prof. James, 97-98
--conversion of Frank Podmore, 99
--heteromatic writing of Mrs. Verrall and Mrs. Holland, 99-102
--Mrs. Verrall's heteromatic writing, 99
--Mrs. Holland's cipher writing, 100
--automatic verse, 101-102
--letter and its strong evidence, 102
--on death of Myers, 102-103
--his appearances, 103
--notorious stanza, 104
--happiness of controls, 104
--Cross-Correspondence, 104
--two strongest points against spiritism, 104-105
--failure in regard to sealed letters and Moses inconsistencies, 105
--indication of phenomena, 106
--Prof. Bergson's estimate of the Society, 106-107
--on indifference of learned world, 107
--on parallelism, 107-108
--on hypnosis and dreams, 109
--on survival of individuality, 109-110
--on telepathy, 110-111.

_Putnam, Emily J._, 'The Greeks on Religion and Morals,' 358.

"Q," Hodgson's friend, as control, 74.

=Questions, Answering Big=, 214.

Raisin, Jacob S., 259.

Rector, "Spirit" control, 70, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 97.

=Reform, A Needed Unpopular=, 133
--secret oligarchies in chief cities and states of the United
States, 133-138
--Tammany, 133-135
--too many offices under direct control of the people, 135-137
--the town meeting of New England, 137
--politicians and bosses as plunderers, 137-138
--moral awakening, 138
--reform in New Jersey, 139-143
--Ex-Senator James Smith, 139-140
--Woodrow Wilson as Governor of New Jersey, 139-140
--conduct of elections and the short ballot, 140
--the direct primary principle, 141
--the problem of cumbersome political machinery, 142-144
--executive responsibility, 142-143
--commission government in cities, 143-144
--judiciary appointments, 143.

Religion, Greek, 358.

Rich, T. Rogers, with Mrs. Piper, 76-79.

=Right to be Amused, The=, 297
--new doctrine of human rights, 297
--its reaction on women, 298
--the right to be amused distinguished from the ordinary pursuit of
pleasure, 298-299
--the hungry defiant faces of modern women, 299-300
--the American woman in the nineteenth century, 300-301
--the peculiar right of the good looking American woman, 302
--the modern girl's detachment from responsibilities, 302-303
--little done for right education of girls, 303
--American writers of fiction who picture woman as a mere ornament,
304
--the fault of the American man that she is so, 304-305
--the effect of the projection of women into business and social
reforms, 305
--woman's need of companionship; true marriage, 305-306.

Roosevelt, T., 4, 5, 118, 119
--demagoguery, 285-288
--misleading talk compared with previous conduct, 269
--opposition to arbitration, 202.

Ross, Prof. E. A., 264.

St. Paul, 122.

Saloon. _See_ Alcohol.

=Schooling, Our Sublime Faith in=, 375
--demands made on our schools, 375
--criticisms, 376
--putting everything on the schools, 377
--the main purpose of popular education, 377-378
--public welfare, 378
--religion, morality and knowledge as subjects for teaching, 379
--the knowledge desirable, 379-380
--morality, character-building, and the development of the social
conscience, 380-381
--religion and the difficulty of teaching it, 381-383
--the present development of the spirit of lawlessness, 383-386
--diminishing respect for law among the better class; capitalists,
384-385
--its evil effect, 385
--time to take thought, 385
--what the schools can do, 386
--the social conscience, the social instinct, and the good of the
whole, 386-388
--prevention, 388
--social-minded character, 388.

_Seager, H. R._, 'Trust-Busting as a National Pastime,' 406.

Seward's phrase "The Irrepressible conflict," 1.

Shaw, Dr. Anna, 310.

_Showerman, Grant_, 'The Democrat Reflects,' 34
--'The Story of a Microbophobiac,' 175
--'The Case for Pigeon-Holes,' 343.

=Simplified Spelling=, 218, 440.

Smith, James, in New Jersey, 139-140.

Smith, Munroe, on publishers privileges, 427.

Socialism, 8
--future of, 244
--real strength, 293.

Social justice, 54-62.

=Social Untruth and the Social Unrest=, 252
--legitimate and illegitimate portrayal of existing social evils,
252-253
--nature of present social problems, 253
--danger of deceiving the public, 254
--how well-meaning reformers play into the hands of the Socialists,
254-255
--illustrations of well-meant exaggeration, distortion and
misleading presentation of present evils, 256-269
--instance of rubbishy story, 256-258
--exaggerated statements cited about extent of child labor, 259-261
--case of misrepresentation on the part of the Consumers' League as
to the rising price of food in restaurants, 261-263
--reformers' indifference to facts, 262-264
--further illustrations, 264-269
--Prof. E. S. Ross's misleading article in the _Atlantic_ on
the suppression by the press of important news, 264-265
--misrepresentation as to infant mortality, 266-267
--Mr. Alfred Russel Wallace's inability to weigh facts in his zeal
for reform, 267-268
--loose thinking consequent on the McNamara dynamitings, 268
--Mr. Roosevelt's misleading talk compared with his previous
conduct, 269
--the dangerous unrest consequent upon all this distortion and
deception, 269-271.

Society for Psychical Research (S. P. R.), 63-111.

=Sociological Nightmare=, 245.

Soddy, Prof., 211.

Speer, Dr. Stanhope, 69.

Spiritism, Hodgson's argument for, 87-88, 104-106
--James on, 89, 91-92, 93, 94-98, 104.

Stage. _See_ Decency.

Steel industry, 410, 412.

Sumner, Dr. Helen M., 320.

Tammany, 133-135.

Taxation, 9, 27-28.

Telekinesis, 66-67.

Telepathy, 64-65, 82
--Bergson on, 110.

_Thomas, Calvin_, 'Our Sublime Faith in Schooling,' 375
--'A Model of Divinatory Criticism,' 435.

"Thon," 440.

Thought-transference. _See_ Telepathy.

Tobacco, 212.

=Tobacco, Our: Its Cost=, 145
--value of factory product, 145
--annual amount spent for tobacco, 146
--comparisons, 146-147, 161
--loss of life and property through fires caused by smokers, 147-152
--forest fires thus caused, 151-152
--land required for tobacco culture, 152-153
--cost to railroads, 153
--cost of cleanliness, 153-154
--effects on physical health, 154-155
--effect on mental development, 155
--loss of time, 156
--weakening of the social sense, 156-157
--effect on efficiency and the will power, 157
--credit side of the account, 158-159
--taxes and duties, 158
--euphoria, 158-159
--habit, 159
--the social balance sheet, 159-160
--further considerations and conclusion, 161-162
--Dr. Burton cited, 145, 162.

Toleration, 234, 240.

Townsend, Mrs. Geo. W., 312.

_Trent, W. P._, 'A Sociological Nightmare,' 245.

=Trust-Busting as a National Pastime=, 406
--trust legislation in Germany, 406
--in America, 406-407
--dangerous bills proposed, 407
--inconsistent railroad policy, 408
--Interstate Commerce Commission and rate fixing, 408
--prohibiting combinations, 408
--advantage of combination, 409-412
--Union Pacific-Southern Pacific separation, 408
--telephone and telegraph separation, 409
--the steel industry and advantages of combination, 410-412
--regulated competition and regulated monopoly, 412-413
--merits of an Interstate Trade Commission, 413-414.

Universities, duty of, 295;
_See also_ Colleges.

=Uplift Legislation, A Specimen of=, 434.

=Virtues, Two Neglected=, 112
--reticence and tact out of fashion, 112-113
--face value of talkativeness, 114
--unpopularity of reticence and tact due to their being "head"
virtues, 115-116
--increasing value in complicated society, 116
--taciturnity, 116-117
--Okakura Kakuzo, 117
--John LaFarge, 117, 119
--American garrulity, 118
--one merit of Pragmatism, 118
--Roosevelt, 118-119
--incompatibility of free talk and tactfulness, 119
--the gentle arts of tact, 119-120
--feminine and masculine tact, 120
--shy people, 121
--tact of Jesus, 121
--of St. Paul, John Hancock, Lincoln, Charles II, 122
--tactlessness of Dr. John Rubens, 122-123
--relativity of tact, 122-123
--Samuel Butler quoted, 123.

Verrall, Mrs., heteromatic writing, 99.

Visions, 65.

Wages, 12-15.

Walker, Francis A., 6-7.

Wallace, Alfred Russel, 267.

Walsh, Mrs., Kate, as spirit control, 74-76.

=War, The Standing Incentives to=, 185
--modern war system of "peace by preponderance," 185-186
--its elements and advocates, 186-187
--war traders and war trusts, 187-188
--papers by G. H. Perris and Francis Delaisi, 187-188
--British, French and German companies interested in war, 187-190
--war scares, 189
--war-syndicates in the United States, 191
--money-lenders, 191
--exploiting companies, 191-192
--hereditary aristocracy, 192
--false education, 192
--the responsibility of the individual citizen, 193
--national debts, 194
--hollowness of the system, 194
--repudiation, 194
--causes of national decline, 195
--disease and vandalism, 196
--our proper line of attack on the war system, 197
--present phase of the peace movement, 197
--arbitration and conciliation, 198
--America's position, 198-199.

Wealth, 7.

Wilde, Miss, posthumous letters, 104-106.

Williams, Talcott, 421.

Wilson, Woodrow, character of his cabinet and administration, 124
--Governor of New Jersey, 139-140.

Wofsmiths, 377.

=Woman Suffrage, How [it] has Worked=, 307
--the indictment against man by the suffragists of 1848 in their
"Declaration of Sentiments," 307-308
--woman's emancipation has come about chiefly without the ballot,
308-309
--married woman's position at present in New York State, 308-309
--other States and the industrial position of women, 309-310
--educational privileges that have been gained by woman without the
ballot, 310
--her rights and privileges in Protestant churches, 310
--so many results achieved without the ballot indicate that it is
not needed, 311
--suffragists contend that much remains to be done, 311-313
--joint guardianship laws, 311-312
--method by which the New York law was obtained, 312
--strife of "antis" and "pros," 313
--contentions and replies in parallel columns regarding various
state laws for the protection of wage-earning women, 313-318
--Miss Bronson vs. Miss Abbott and Prof. Breckinridge, 313, 318-319,
329
--statements on both sides of the controversy show amelioration not
due to exercise of ballot, 318-319
--nevertheless it is still contended that the ballot is the quickest
and surest way, 319
--Dr. Helen M. Sumner on the pay of women in Colorado, 320
--hours of work in Massachusetts and in Utah, 320
--laws of Colorado (a woman suffrage State) and of Pennsylvania (a
male-suffrage State) in regard to the protection of women and
children compared in parallel columns, 321-326
--the minimum wage question, 327
--the real argument of the American Woman Suffrage Association
itself appears to be against suffrage extension, 327-328
--statistics showing small percentage of women who go to the polls,
328-329
--women generally show less interest in registering and in voting
than men, 329
--the bearing of this fact on law enforcement, 329-330
--Judge Lindsey's testimony, 330
--more persons have laws beneficial to women and children under male
suffrage than under equal suffrage, 331
--no distinctive results of woman suffrage in the Union where it has
been granted in part or in whole, 332
--results from the indirect influence of women, 332.

Zoömagnetism, 66-67.

TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES:

Words surrounded by _ are italicized.

Words surrounded by = are bold.

Small capitals are presented as all capitals in this e-text.

Obvious printer's errors have been repaired, other inconsistent spellings have been kept, including inconsistent use of hyphen (e.g. "widespread" and "wide-spread"), capitalisation (e.g. "Op. cit." and "Op. Cit."), and any other probable alternate spellings (e.g. "Good-bye" and "Good-by").

Index entries that do not match their referred text are corrected.