Chapter I: Front Matter

WORKS ISSUED BY

The Hakluyt Society.

THE WAR OF CHUPAS

SECOND SERIES

No. XLII

ISSUED FOR 1917

COUNCIL

OF

THE HAKLUYT SOCIETY xliv

ALBERT GRAY, Esq., C.B., K.C., _President_.

THE RIGHT HON. THE LORD BELHAVEN AND STENTON,
_Vice-President_.

THE RIGHT HON. THE LORD PECKOVER OF WISBECH,
_Vice-President_.

ADMIRAL OF THE FLEET THE RIGHT HON. SIR EDWARD HOBART
SEYMOUR, G.C.B., O.M., G.C.V.O., LL.D., _Vice-President_.

BOLTON GLANVILL CORNEY, Esq., I.S.O.

M. LONGWORTH DAMES, Esq.

WILLIAM FOSTER, Esq., C.I.E.

F. H. H. GUILLEMARD, M.D.

EDWARD HEAWOOD, Esq., _Treasurer_.

ARTHUR R. HINKS, Esq., F.R.S.

SIR JOHN F. F. HORNER, K.C.V.O.

SIR EVERARD IM THURN, K.C.M.G., C.B.

SIR JOHN SCOTT KELTIE, LL.D.

SIR FREDERIC G. KENYON, K.C.B., F.B.A., Litt.D.

SIR CHARLES LUCAS, K.C.B., K.C.M.G.

ADMIRAL SIR ALBERT HASTINGS MARKHAM, K.C.B.

ALFRED P. MAUDSLAY, D.Sc.

LIEUT.-COLONEL SIR MATTHEW NATHAN, G.C.M.G., R.E.

H. R. TEDDER, Esq.

LIEUT.-COLONEL SIR RICHARD CARNAC TEMPLE, BART., C.B., C.I.E.

BASIL HOME THOMSON, Esq., C.B.

SIR REGINALD TOWER, K.C.M.G., C.V.O.

J. A. J. DE VILLIERS, Esq., _Hon. Secretary_.

CIVIL WARS OF PERU

BY

PEDRO DE CIEZA DE LEÓN

[PART IV: BOOK II]

THE WAR OF CHUPAS

TRANSLATED AND EDITED, WITH NOTES AND

AN INTRODUCTION,

BY

SIR CLEMENTS R. MARKHAM, K.C.B.

F.R.S., D.SC. (CAMBRIDGE AND LEEDS)

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR THE HAKLUYT SOCIETY

MCMXVIII

CHISWICK PRESS: CHARLES WHITTINGHAM AND CO.

TOOKS COURT, CHANCERY LANE, LONDON.

CONTENTS

PAGE

INTRODUCTION xxv

CHAPTER I

_How the Marquis Don Francisco Pizarro went to the province
of Arequipa to found a city there, and to apportion
the Indians among the persons who were to remain there
as citizens_ 1

CHAPTER II

_How the General Lorenzo de Aldana determined to send people
to settle in Anzerma, a province which had been discovered
by the captain Belalcázar, and how he named Jorge Robledo
as captain of the settlement_ 4

CHAPTER III

_How his Majesty nominated Don Pascual de Andagoya to be
Governor and Adelantado of the river of San Juan, and
how Robledo set out to form the settlement in Anzerma_ 7

CHAPTER IV

_How the Licentiate Santa Cruz sent certain captains and
troops in pursuit of Vadillo, of the quarrels of these captains
amongst themselves, and how they joined Robledo_ 10

CHAPTER V

_How the captain Jorge Robledo induced the Chiefs near the
new city to remain at peace, and how he sent Suer de Nava
to Caramanta_ 12

CHAPTER VI

_How the captain Jorge Robledo sent Gómez Hernández to
explore the province of El Choco, and despatched Ruy
Vanegas to the village of Pirsa_ 14

CHAPTER VII

_How the captain Jorge Robledo distributed the Chiefs among
the citizens who were going to remain in the city of Santa
Ana, and how he set out to make discoveries on the other
side of the great river of Santa Marta_ 18

CHAPTER VIII

_How the captain Jorge Robledo arrived at the province of
Pozo, how he was badly wounded, of the merciless punishment
that was inflicted, and of the great quantity of human
flesh that was eaten there_ 21

CHAPTER IX

_How the Comendador Hernán Rodríguez de Sosa came to the
rock, of the great number of people he captured and killed,
and of the very great cruelty with which those natives were
treated_ 24

CHAPTER X

_How the captain Robledo discovered the province of Paucura,
how the ensign Suer de Nava returned to Pozo, and how
cruelties greater than before were inflicted; and how Robledo
set out from Paucura to explore the large and very rich
province of Arma_ 27

CHAPTER XI

_How the captain Robledo explored the province of Arma and
pitched his camp in the village of the principal Chief, named
Maytama, and of some notable things that happened_ 29

CHAPTER XII

_How captain Osorio, while going to the New Kingdom, was
killed, with other Christians, and how the captain Pedro
de Añasco was also killed by the Indians_ 34

CHAPTER XIII

_How, when the death of those Spaniards was known at Popayán,
captain Juan de Ampudia set out from there, and
how he and other Christians were killed by the same
Indians_ 38

CHAPTER XIV

_How the Adelantado Pascual de Andagoya entered the cities,
and was received in them as Governor_ 44

CHAPTER XV

_How the captain Jorge Robledo discovered the province of
Quinbaya, and how he founded the city of Cartago_ 46

CHAPTER XVI

_How the captain Jorge Robledo left the city of Cartago and
went to Cali, where he was well received, returning as
Captain and Lieutenant-general of the cities he had
founded_ 48

CHAPTER XVII

_Of the things that happened in the city of Lima and how the
Marquis Don Francisco Pizarro, on the advice of the
Bishop Friar Vicente de Valverde, made a general repartimiento;
and of the departure of Gómez de Alvarado to
people Guanuco_ 49

CHAPTER XVIII

_How Gonzalo Pizarro, after he had been acknowledged as
Governor of Quito, determined to undertake the conquest of
El Dorado; and of his departure from Quito_ 54

CHAPTER XIX

_How Gonzalo Pizarro left the city of Quito for the cinnamon
country, which was one of the most laborious explorations
that have been carried out in Tierra Firme and the
South Sea_ 56

CHAPTER XX

_How Gonzalo Pizarro left that river and went on exploring
through those forests and mountains, without finding any
populous country, and how all his party joined forces at
a crossing over a branch of the Mar Dulce_ 61

CHAPTER XXI

_How Francisco de Orellana went down the river and reached
the Ocean, and of the extreme hardships suffered by Gonzalo
Pizarro from hunger_ 66

CHAPTER XXII

_How Gonzalo Pizarro and his people arrived at a place
where Indians had lived, but had abandoned it owing to
a war, and found a very great quantity of yuca with which
they restored themselves and saved their lives_ 71

CHAPTER XXIII

_How his Majesty appointed captain Belalcázar as Governor,
and how he entered upon his government, and arrested the
Adelantado Andagoya_ 77

CHAPTER XXIV

_How the Alcalde Diego Núñez de Mercado arrived in Spain
with the news of the death of the Adelantado, and how his
Majesty considered that he had been ill served thereby, and
sent out the Licentiate Vaca de Castro as Judge_ 79

CHAPTER XXV

_Of the things that happened in Lima, and how Pero Alvarez
Holguin left Cuzco on an expedition of discovery_ 82

CHAPTER XXVI

_Of the things that happened to the President Vaca de Castro
after he left the city of Panamá to go to Peru_ 85

CHAPTER XXVII

_How the President Vaca de Castro found himself in great
trouble and danger from not knowing where the port of
Buenaventura was, and how, at the end of several days
during which they had been seeking for the port, they met
a ship on board of which was Don Juan de Andagoya,
who explained to them where the port was_ 88

CHAPTER XXVIII

_How the arrival of Vaca de Castro in the river of San Juan
became known at Lima, and how sore the men of Chile felt
about it; and of what else passed in Lima at that time_ 90

CHAPTER XXIX

_How the Chile faction plotted to assassinate the Marquis,
and how Francisco de Herencia, who was one of them,
betrayed it, at confession, and of the great heedlessness
of the Marquis, also what else happened until the men of
Chile sallied forth to kill him_ 96

CHAPTER XXX

_How the men of Chile sallied forth from the lodgings of Don
Diego de Almagro, of their putting the Marquis Don
Francisco Pizarro to death, and of the valorous spirit
shown by the Marquis before his death_ 99

CHAPTER XXXI

_In which the former chapter is concluded down to the time
when the Marquis was slain by the men of Chile_ 103

CHAPTER XXXII

_Of what happened in Lima after the death of the Marquis
Don Francisco Pizarro_ 110

CHAPTER XXXIII

_Of the things that were done by the Chile party, and how
they acknowledged Don Diego as Governor; also of the imprisonment
of Antonio Picado, and how the Licentiate
Rodrigo Niño and Orihuela came from Spain_ 114

CHAPTER XXXIV

_How Don Diego de Almagro, having tyrannically occupied
the city of Lima, sent messengers to some of the cities of the
Realm, requiring them to acknowledge him as Governor_ 117

CHAPTER XXXV

_How García de Alvarado left Lima and landed at Santa,
captured Cabrera, and went on as far as San Miguel. Of
those he killed on the way, and how Alonso de Alvarado
hoisted his banner for the King_ 119

CHAPTER XXXVI

_How Don Diego de Almagro wrote to the captain Alonso de
Alvarado, not knowing that he had raised the banner, and
sent him a commission as lieutenant; and of the death
of Orihuela_ 123

CHAPTER XXXVII

_How Don Pedro Puertocarrero would not be a lieutenant
of Almagro's, but absented himself rather from the city of
Cuzco, with Gómez de Tordoya and divers others, and how
grieved some were on learning of the death of the Marquis_ 126

CHAPTER XXXVIII

_How Gómez de Tordoya and the other citizens of Cuzco
agreed to send messengers to the captain Pero Alvarez
Holguin that, on hearing of the death of the Marquis, he
might raise the banner for the King_ 130

CHAPTER XXXIX

_How Pero Alvarez Holguin was received as Captain-general
on the side against the Chile faction, and Gómez de Tordoya
was appointed Camp-master, and in what manner they
entered the city of Cuzco_ 134

CHAPTER XL

_How the Licentiate Vaca de Castro arrived at the port of
Buenaventura, and thence marched, suffering great hardships
by the way, to Cali, where he found the Adelantado
Sebastián de Belalcázar, his Majesty's Governor; and of
what he did there_ 137

CHAPTER XLI

_How the President Cristóbal Vaca de Castro went from Cali
to Popayán, where he heard of the death of the Marquis
from Lorenzo de Aldana, who came to meet him_ 140

CHAPTER XLII

_How Don Diego de Almagro ordered the Secretary Antonio
Picado to be tortured, thinking he would divulge treasure
belonging to the Marquis, and how Picado met his deserts_ 142

CHAPTER XLIII

_How the captains Francisco de Chaves and Francisco Nuñez
were arrested, and how Chaves was put to death_ 147

CHAPTER XLIV

_How when the death of the Marquis became known in the
town of Plata, the banner was raised for the King; and
the captain Pedro Anzures set out with other residents there
to join Pero Alvarez Holguin_ 151

CHAPTER XLV

_Of the things that were done by the captain Alonso de Alvarado
after he had raised the banner for the King_ 155

CHAPTER XLVI

_How the President Cristóbal Vaca de Castro quitted Popayán
to go to the city of Quito_ 157

CHAPTER XLVII

_How the Governor Vaca de Castro, on his way to Quito,
came to a place called Carangue, where he received letters
from Alonso de Alvarado, and learnt that Alvarado had
risen against Almagro, in the name of the King, which
gave him great pleasure_ 160

CHAPTER XLVIII

_Of what else was done by the General Pero Alvarez Holguin,
and of his departure from Cuzco_ 163

CHAPTER XLIX

_How Don Diego de Almagro, on learning the news about
Pero Alvarez, left Lima, by the advice of his captains; and
about the men he had raised, and his captains_ 166

CHAPTER L

_How Pero Alvarez Holguin, after he had been accepted as
General and sworn, the last time near Parcos, continued
his march in the direction of Jauja, and how Gaspar
Rodríguez de Camporredondo, while reconnoitring in advance,
captured Don Diego's adherents in those parts_ 170

CHAPTER LI

_How Don Diego de Almagro, with his General García de
Alvarado pursued Pero Alvarez Holguin, but turned back
on coming near to Bombon; of the death of Juan de Herrada,
and of how Pero Alvarez continued his march_ 174

CHAPTER LII

_How the captain Alonso de Alvarado, hearing the news about
Pero Alvarez, sent another messenger to Vaca de Castro,
urging him to come, with all speed, to where he was_ 178

CHAPTER LIII

_How that, Don Diego de Almagro and his forces being in the
province of Jauja, it was agreed that he and no other
should be General, and Cristóbal de Sotelo Camp-master;
and how they were for sending García de Alvarado to
Lima, which was opposed by Sotelo_ 180

CHAPTER LIV

_How, after the Governor Vaca de Castro had sent messengers
to many parts, he resolved to leave Quito and go to join
forces with the captain Alonso de Alvarado_ 182

CHAPTER LV

_Of the things that took place in the camp of Pero Alvarez
Holguin, and how the Camp-master Gómez de Tordoya
and the captain Garcilaso de la Vega left it, and went to
meet the Governor Vaca de Castro_ 186

CHAPTER LVI

_How the Governor Vaca de Castro ordered the Adelantado
Belalcázar to return to his government, how he heard of
the arrival of Pero Alvarez at Guaraz, and how, being at
Motupe, Don Alonso de Montemayor and the captain
Vasco de Guevara joined him_ 188

CHAPTER LVII

_How the captain Pedro de Vergara spoke to the Governor
Vaca de Castro, about providing some outfit for the soldiers
who had been campaigning with him, and how the Governor
arrived at the city of Truxillo_ 193

CHAPTER LVIII

_How the Governor Vaca de Castro went up the mountain
road from Santa, leaving the coast valleys, and how he
met Gómez de Alvarado, and was annoyed on learning
that he came without permission from Alonso de Alvarado,
and how the Provincial, Friar Tomás de San Martín,
also met him_ 195

CHAPTER LIX

_How the Governor, Vaca de Castro, held a review of the
Spaniards who were with him, and how he sent Lorenzo
de Aldana and Diego Maldonado to the camp of Pero
Alvarez Holguin_ 199

CHAPTER LX

_How it became known at Guaraz that Vaca de Castro was in
the camp of Alonso de Alvarado, and how the captain
Castro went there, also of the journey of Vaca de Castro
to Guaraz, and of how he took command of the troops
there, and what else happened_ 202

CHAPTER LXI

_How the captain, Pero Alvarez Holguin, felt aggrieved because
the standard he had presented was not displayed, and a
disturbance almost arose out of it; and how Vaca de Castro
proclaimed afresh the powers he held from his Majesty and
asked that, by virtue of them, he should be acknowledged
as Governor_ 205

CHAPTER LXII

_How, when Don Diego de Almagro arrived at Guamanga
Martín Carrillo, his Camp-master, killed Baltanas; and
of Almagro's departure from Guamanga for Cuzco, and
how he made provision of arms and cast some cannon_ 207

CHAPTER LXIII

_Of other things that happened in the city of Cuzco, of the
speech that Don Diego made to his companions, and what
García de Alvarado did_ 211

CHAPTER LXIV

_How the captains García de Alvarado and Saucedo went to
ask Cristóbal de Sotelo to pardon the soldiers he had in
prison, and what then passed; and of the things that
happened afterwards, until García de Alvarado killed the
good cavalier Cristóbal de Sotelo_ 215

CHAPTER LXV

_Of the concern shown by Don Diego de Almagro and many of
the Chile faction at the death of the captain Cristóbal de
Sotelo, and how García de Alvarado, with many others,
fortified his house, and Don Diego wished to attack them_ 220

CHAPTER LXVI

_How Don Diego de Almagro gave over Sotelo's company to
Diego Méndez, and how García de Alvarado was slain by
the hands of Don Diego, and Cristóbal de Sotelo avenged_ 222

CHAPTER LXVII

_In which the preceding chapter is concluded, down to the death
of García de Alvarado_ 226

CHAPTER LXVIII

_How the Governor Vaca de Castro resolved to send his army
to the province of Jauja while he himself went to Lima_ 232

CHAPTER LXIX

_Of the things that were done in Lima by Vaca de Castro, of
the arrival of the captains at Jauja, and of how Pedro
Anzures went to San Miguel_ 235

CHAPTER LXX

_How Don Diego de Almagro, after the death of García de
Alvarado, decided to prepare to depart from Cuzco, and
how he sent one Juan de Aguirre, and ten other mounted
men, to find out what was happening, and how they were
captured and put to death_ 238

CHAPTER LXXI

_How Don Diego de Almagro and his forces left the valley of
Xaquixaguana and marched to the bridge of Apurimac,
and how they thought of withdrawing into The Collao_ 241

CHAPTER LXXII

_How the Governor Vaca de Castro quitted the province of
Jauja, and proceeded to the city of Guamanga, where the
captain Diego de Rojas was already_ 254

CHAPTER LXXIII

_How Idiáquez arrived at the camp of Vaca de Castro to treat
of peace, just at the time when the Governor wanted to
send messengers to Vilcas_ 257

CHAPTER LXXIV

_How Vaca de Castro, notwithstanding that he had entered
into negotiations, sent Alonso Çamarilla to the camp of
Don Diego as a spy, with letters to several of his people,
and how he fell among scouts from Vilcas, was captured by
Juan Diente and, on confession, put to death_ 259

CHAPTER LXXV

_How the messengers arrived at the camp at Vilcas, but the
proposals did not lead to peace, so that the settlement of
claims was left to arms_ 262

CHAPTER LXXVI

_How the messengers arrived at the camp of Vaca de Castro
and it was learnt that Don Diego had left Vilcas, how
Pedro Anzures went out to reconnoitre, and how the two
forces approached to give battle, each captain animating his
men, and exhorting them for the fray_ 265

CHAPTER LXXVII

_How the captains Castro and Pedro Anzures went out for
intelligence, and how the armies approached to give battle,
each captain exhorting his men for the fray_ 270

CHAPTER LXXVIII

_Of the cruel battle between Vaca de Castro and Diego de
Almagro, and how the men of Chile were defeated and
routed with much loss of life, and their party destroyed for
ever_ 275

CHAPTER LXXIX

_How, after the battle, the Governor ordered the wounded to be
tended, the captain Gómez de Tordoya being carried to
Guamanga; how punishment was meted out to the conquered,
and how the captain Gómez de Alvarado, being
taken ill, died at Vilcas, and his body was brought to
Guamanga for interment_ 284

CHAPTER LXXX

_Of the things that were done by the Governor, Vaca de Castro,
and how he despatched certain captains on expeditions
within the Realm_ 287

CHAPTER LXXXI

_Of the things that happened to Gonzalo Pizarro until he returned
from his expedition into the land of cinnamon and
once more reached the city of Quito_ 289

CHAPTER LXXXII

_How Garcilaso de la Vega arrived at Cuzco, of the imprisonment
of Don Diego, and how Vaca de Castro began his
march to that city_ 292

CHAPTER LXXXIII

_Of the things that were done in the city of Cuzco by the
Governor Vaca de Castro, and of his addiction to covetousness
and vain glory_ 295

CHAPTER LXXXIV

_How Don Diego de Almagro, when he was in prison, tried
to escape, and how he was beheaded by order of the
Governor Vaca de Castro_ 297

CHAPTER LXXXV

_Of other things done by the Governor Vaca de Castro, and how
he nominated Diego de Rojas and Felipe Gutiérrez as his
captains for the subjugation of the Rio de la Plata_ 303

CHAPTER LXXXVI

_How the Governor Vaca de Castro parcelled out the land;
of the arrival of Gonzalo Pizarro at Lima, and how he
talked openly there about affairs_ 306

CHAPTER LXXXVII

_How they discovered extensive deposits of gold near the river of
Caravaya, how Vaca de Castro ordered all the ancient
tambos and stations to be occupied, and of the departure of
Pedro Anzures and Francisco Becerra for Spain_[1] 308

CHAPTER LXXXVIII

_How the captain Gonzalo Pizarro arrived at the city of
Cuzco, accompanied by some followers, but had not abandoned
his treasonable design of occupying the Realm; and
of what further happened_ 311

CHAPTER LXXXIX

_How the leaders Felipe Gutiérrez and Diego de Rojas set
out from Cuzco to proceed on their expedition_ 314

CHAPTER XC

_How the General Felipe Gutiérrez and the Camp-master
started forth from Cuzco, and how Diego de Rojas went
to explore in the direction indicated by the Indians_ 317

CHAPTER XCI

_Of what else happened to the captain Diego de Rojas_ 320

CHAPTER XCII

_How Felipe Gutiérrez came to join Diego de Rojas, of the
arrival of Francisco de Mendoza at Chiquana, and what
else happened_ 323

CHAPTER XCIII

_How the natives of those provinces concealed the food supplies,
and of the scarcity that was apprehended, and how Diego
de Rojas sent messengers to Felipe Gutiérrez_ 325

CHAPTER XCIV

_How, after the junction of the captains, they determined to
advance, and the party suffered greatly from thirst, so
that many of their serving men perished, and how they
went on exploring_ 327

CHAPTER XCV

_How the bachelor Juan Vélez de Guevara came to Lima,
where the municipality would not accept him; and of
the departure of the accountant Juan de Cáceres for
Panamá_ 330

CHAPTER XCVI

_How the Indians who escaped from the hands of the Christians
took further counsel, and very boldly decided to go out
and fight them; and of the death of Diego de Rojas_ 331

CHAPTER XCVII

_How Pero López de Ayala discovered the river of Soconcho,
found a well peopled country, and returned to the General
Felipe Gutiérrez; and how they all set out for that place_ 334

CHAPTER XCVIII

_How the General Felipe Gutiérrez pursued his exploration down
the river Soconcho, and of what else happened_ 335

CHAPTER XCIX

_How, when the death of the Governor Don Francisco Pizarro
was known in Spain, it was ordered that there should be
a Viceroy appointed and an Audiencia installed; and of
the conference concerning the Ordinances that should be
enacted for the new empire of the Indies_ 337

CHAPTER C

_How, when the new Ordinances had been enacted they were
sent to most parts of the Indies; how in some localities
strong dissatisfaction was shown, while in others there
were no slight disturbances, and how, by order of the
municipality, the Alcalde Palomino and Don Antonio de
Rivera were sent from Lima to give Vaca de Castro
warning thereof_ 360

CHAPTER CI

_Of what more passed between Felipe Gutiérrez and Francisco
de Mendoza, and how, after having explored certain regions
down the river, Felipe Gutiérrez was put under arrest
by Francisco de Mendoza_ 363

CHAPTER CII

_Of further things done by Francisco de Mendoza and how he
sent to arrest Nicolás de Heredia and turned Felipe
Gutiérrez away_ 365

CHAPTER CIII

_How H.M. the Emperor, our Lord, ordered Blasco Nuñez Vela
to go out as Viceroy of the Realms of Peru, in order to
enforce there the New Laws that had been enacted for the
government of the empire of the Indies_ 368