Chapter I: Front Matter

[Transcriber's Note:

In the original, chapter headings II-IX showed subtitles above chapter numbers, disagreeing with the display of numbers above subtitles on the Contents page and in chapter I. Those headings have been standardized.

Line spacing in the original varied inconsistently from single to 1.5, making the identification of intended block quotes difficult. For consistency, only speeches, quotes and reprints from document texts that were contained entirely within whole paragraphs--with no other narrative material--were treated as block quotes in this project (Exception: beginning P. 430 "To My Countrymen...."; this quote continues over several remaining pages and sections to the end of the book, and was not blocked).

Remaining transcriber's notes are at the end of the text.]

The War Upon Religion

Being an Account of the Rise and
Progress of Anti-Christianism
in Europe

By
Rev. Francis A. Cunningham

Boston
The Pilot Publishing Company
1911

* * * * *

_Copyright 1911, By Rev. F. A. Cunningham._

* * * * *

_Nihil Obstat_:
David J. Toomey, Ph. D., S. T. D.
Censor Deputatus.

_Imprimatur_:
_GULIELMUS
Archiep. Boston._

* * * * *

Contents

CHAPTER I.
THE EARLIER CRISES.

Influence of the Reformation-- Jansenism-- The Abbey of Port
Royal-- Quesnel-- The Bull "Unigenitus"-- Destructive
Influence of Jansenism-- Not Quite Extinguished Even Yet--
Quietism-- Molinos and Madame Guyon-- Louis XIV. and
Gallicanism-- The Gallican Liberties-- Resistance to Them--
Gallicanism One of the Chief Causes of Anti-Christianism in
France-- Van Espen and the Pseudo-Canonists-- Johannes von
Hontheim, Known as Febronius-- His Hostility to the Papal
Supremacy-- Scipio di Ricci-- The Congress of Ems-- Joseph
II. of Austria and the Josephine Schism-- Suppression of the
Society of Jesus-- The Sophists-- Voltaire and the
Encyclopaedists-- Freemasonry-- Neo-Paganism
Page 1

CHAPTER II.
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION.

Immediate Causes-- The States General-- Confiscation of
Church Property-- Persecution of Religious Orders-- The Civil
Constitution-- Sorrow of Pope Pius VI.-- His Condemnation of
the Civil Constitution-- The Constituent Assembly-- Massacres
of September-- The Convention-- Changing the Calendar--
Persecution of Catholics-- The Reign of Terror-- The Goddess
of Reason-- The Worship of the Supreme Being-- The Council of
Five Hundred, or the Directory-- Arrest and Exile of Pope
Pius VI.-- The Death of the Pontiff in France
Page 51

CHAPTER III.
OPENING OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.

State of France at the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century--
The Conclave of Venice-- Cardinal Chiaramonti Elected Pope
Pius VII.-- Sketch of His Life-- Cardinal Consalvi-- Napoleon
Makes Proposals of Peace With the Pope-- Preliminary
Deliberations for the Concordat-- Diplomacy of Cardinal
Consalvi-- The Concordat Signed and Ratified-- Text of the
Concordat-- The Organic Articles-- They Are Repudiated by the
Pope-- The Case of Jerome Bonaparte-- The Coronation of
Napoleon-- The Emperor Becomes a Persecutor-- Excommunication
of Napoleon-- Arrest of Pope Pius VII.-- His Imprisonment at
Savona-- The Council of Paris-- The Pope is Imprisoned at
Fontainebleau-- Defeat of Napoleon-- Triumphant Return of
Pius VII. to Rome
Page 105

CHAPTER IV.
ANTI-CHRISTIANISM IN ROME.

The Holy Alliance-- The Carbonari-- Mazzini and Young Italy--
Hostile Congresses-- Accession of Pope Pius IX.-- Generous
Dispositions of the Holy Father-- Eighteen Hundred and
Forty-eight-- Flight of the Pope-- Garibaldi-- Rome Retaken
by the Papal Allies-- Conspiracy Against the Holy See--
Iniquities of Piedmont-- Hypocrisy of Napoleon III.--
Usurpation of Victor Emmanuel-- Fall of Rome in 1870--
Accession of Leo XIII.-- Leo XIII. and Labor-- Accession of
Pius X.-- Modernism-- The Methodist in Rome-- The Insult of
Mayor Nathan-- Character of Pope Pius X
Page 177

CHAPTER V.
THE KULTURKAMPF IN GERMANY.

(1) The Causes-- The Liberalism of the Rationalists-- The
Liberalism of Pseudo-Catholics-- Guenther-- Frohschammer--
Doellinger-- The Desire for Protestant Ascendancy-- The
Hatred for Catholic Nations-- The Determination of Caesarism
to Reduce All Religion to the Domination of the State-- (2)
The Men-- Bismarck-- Bishop Ketteler-- Windthorst--
Malincrodt-- The Centre Party-- The Laws of Hate-- May Laws--
Courage of the Bishops-- War of Violence-- The Turn of the
Tide-- Reconciliation
Page 209

CHAPTER VI.
THE THIRD REPUBLIC.

The Franco-Prussian War-- The Commune of 1870-- Its Victims--
Establishment of Third Republic-- Beginning of the War on the
Church-- Gambetta-- Paul Bert-- Jules Ferry-- War on the
Religious Orders in 1880-- Irreligious Education--
Secularization of Schools-- Peaceful Advances of Pope Leo
XIII.-- Anarchy and Socialism Gaining Ground-- The Affair of
Dreyfus-- France at the End of the Nineteenth Century
Page 276

CHAPTER VII.
WAR ON THE RELIGIOUS ORDERS.

Beginning of the War-- The Cabinet of Freemasons--
Waldeck-Rousseau-- The Associations Law of 1901-- Its
Hypocritical Character-- Suppression of the Congregations--
Combes-- The Closing of Religious Establishments-- Expulsion
of Monks and Nuns-- Character of Combes-- Early Attempts at
Separation-- The Affair of "Nobis Nominavit"-- The Bishops of
Laval and Dijon-- The Visit of President Loubet to Rome-- The
Rupture of Diplomatic Relations With Rome-- The Discussion
Upon the Separation Law-- Speech of M. Ribot-- The Separation
Law Passed-- Its Chief Measures-- Sufferings of Catholics--
The Associations of Worship Condemned by the Holy See-- The
Liquidation of Ecclesiastical Property-- The School Question
in France
Page 313

CHAPTER VIII.
THE TROUBLES IN SPAIN.

Accession of Ferdinand VII.-- Apostolics and Liberals--
Disaffection of Ferdinand-- Carlist War-- Hatred of the
Jesuits-- Atrocities of Espartero-- The Pope Protests-- Papal
Encyclical-- Balmes and Cortes-- Concordat of 1851-- Attempt
on the Life of the Queen-- Revolution of 1854-- Persecution
and Calumny-- Protests of the Holy See-- Espartero Fails--
The Campaign of 1867-- Trickery of Napoleon III.-- Spain a
Republic-- Persecution of Catholics-- Amadeus of Savoy-- The
Republic of 1873-- Castillo-- Canovas in Power-- The
Twentieth Century-- Canalejas-- Ferrer and the Barcelona
Riots
Page 379