Chapter VI: Miscellaneous

MUILLA.

_Muilla maritima_, Benth. Lily Family.

_Root._--A small membranous-coated corm. _Leaves._--Radical;
linear; equaling the slender scape. _Scapes._--Three to twelve
inches high, bearing an umbel of small greenish-white flowers,
subtended by several small lanceolate to linear bracts.
_Pedicels._--Five to fifteen; two to twelve lines long.
_Perianth._--Almost rotate; of six segments; two or three lines
long. _Stamens._--Six. _Ovary._--Globose; three-celled.
_Hab._--The Coast, from Marin County to Monterey; also inland.

The generic name of this little plant is _Allium_ reversed.

Though it has a coated bulb like the onion, it has none of its garlic flavor. It differs from the other umbellate-flowered genera of the Lily family in not having its flowers jointed upon their pedicels. It thus seems to be a link between the onion, on the one hand, and the beautiful _Brodiaeas_ and _Bloomerias_, on the other. It is not at all an attractive plant, though its blossoms are pleasantly fragrant.

It is found on the borders of salt marshes and in subsaline soils in the interior, as well as upon high hills in stony soils.

Another species--_M. serotina_, Greene--common upon inland hills in the south, is quite a delicate, pretty flower. Its greenish-white blossoms, with dainty Nile-green anthers, are nearly an inch across, and each segment has a pale-green mid-nerve. The plant has a number of very long, slender leaves, and its flower-stems are sometimes two feet tall and very slender.

SILK-TASSEL TREE. QUININE-BUSH.

_Garrya elliptica_, Dougl. Dogwood Family.

Shrubs five to eight feet high. _Leaves._--Leathery;
white-woolly beneath; wavy-margined. _Flowers._--Of two kinds
on separate shrubs; in solitary or clustered catkins; and
without petals. _Staminate catkins._--Two to ten inches long,
consisting of a flexile chain of funnel-form bracts, depending
one from another; each having six flowers like clappers. These
flowers with four hairy sepals and four stamens with distinct
filaments. _Pistillate catkins._--Of similar structure but
stouter, more rigid. Their flowers without floral envelopes;
pistils two; fleshy and hairy; stigmas filiform; dark.
_Hab._--Near the Coast from Monterey County to Washington.

This shrub might easily be mistaken for one of our young live-oaks, with its leathery leaves and gray bark; but the leaves are opposite, and not alternate, as with the oaks. The bark and leaves have an intensely bitter principle, similar to quinine and equally efficacious.

Early in February, after the first spell of balmy weather, the bushes put forth their flowers, and then they are exceedingly beautiful. The long pale-green chains at the ends of all the branches hang limp and flexile, shaken with every breath of wind, or, falling over other branches, drape and festoon the whole shrub exquisitely. The catkins of the female shrub are stouter and more rigid than those of the male; but when the fruit is mature, they lengthen out into beautifully tinted clusters of little papery-coated grapes, which are quite attractive in themselves. This is cultivated as an ornamental shrub in England.

_G. Fremonti_, Torr., another species, is distinguished by having its leaves pointed at both ends, not wavy-margined, and not permanently woolly; and also by its solitary catkins. This is the shrub usually spoken of as "quinine-bush," "fever-bush," etc., and whose leaves were used as a substitute for quinine in the early days among the miners. It is said that its roots, left in the ground after the cutting of the shrub, become marbled with green, and are then very beautiful for inlaying in ornamental woodwork.

CALIFORNIA LAUREL.

_Umbellularia Californica_, Nutt. Laurel Family.

Shrubs or trees, ten to one hundred feet high.
_Leaves._--Alternate; short-petioled; lanceolate-oblong; two to
four inches long; smooth, shining green; very aromatic.
_Flowers._--In clusters. _Sepals._--Six; greenish-white; two
and a half lines long. _Petals._--None. _Stamens._--Nine; in
three rows; the filaments of the inner row having on either
side, at base, a stalked orange-colored gland.
_Anthers._--Four-celled; the cells opening by uplifting lids.
_Ovary._--One-celled. Style stout. Stigma lobed.
_Fruit._--Olive-like; an inch long; becoming purple.
_Hab._--From Oregon to San Diego.

Early in February we usually have some of our loveliest days. Life is then pulsing and throbbing everywhere at full tide. The clear sunshine, the murmur of streams, the odor of the freshly turned sod, the caroling of larks all are eloquent of the springtime. The whole air is filled with a strange, spicy fragrance which makes it a delight to breathe. The California laurel is shaking out a delicious, penetrating odor from its countless blossoms.

Mr. Sargent refers to this tree as one of the stateliest and most beautiful inhabitants of the North American forests, and one of the most striking features of the California landscape.

In France it is now much appreciated and cultivated in parks and gardens.

In Southern California it is only a shrub; but in the central and northern counties it becomes a magnificent tree, a hundred feet in height and from four to six feet in diameter. It thrives best in the rich soil along stream-banks, though it grows also upon hillsides. It would be impossible to mistake this tree for any other; for its leaves, when crushed, give out a peculiar pungent odor which, if inhaled too much, will cause headache. The odor is something like that of bay-rum. The Indians, as well as our own people, acting upon the homeopathic principle, use them as a remedy for headache. The oil is also used effectively in toothache, earache, etc., and enters into the composition of certain patent medicines.

The wood of the laurel is one of the most beautiful employed by the cabinet-maker, and it is largely used in the manufacture of choice furniture. The olive-like fruit is ripe by July, and would remain upon the tree until the next year were not the squirrels so fond of it.

This tree is known in different localities by a variety of names, such as "spice-bush," "balm of heaven," "sassafras laurel," "cajeput," "California bay-tree," "California olive," "mountain laurel," and "California laurel." But the last of these is the one prevalent where its finest forms are found.

MOUNTAIN MAHOGANY.

_Cercocarpus parvifolius_, Nutt. Rose Family.

Shrubs two to twenty feet high; branching from a thick base.
_Leaves._--Alternate; short-petioled; cuneate; serrate across
the summit; more or less silky above; densely hoary-tomentose
beneath; six to eighteen lines long. _Flowers._--Mostly
solitary; axillary. _Calyx._--Narrowly tubular, with a
deciduous campanulate five-lobed limb. _Petals._--None.
_Stamens._--Fifteen to twenty-five; on the calyx.
_Ovary._--One-(rarely two-) celled. Style simple. _Fruit._--An
akene with a silky tail, at length becoming three or four
inches long. _Hab._--The Coast Ranges from Lake County to
Southern California.

The mountain mahogany is a common shrub upon the interior hills of the Coast Ranges; and when one has once made its acquaintance, it is always easily recognized by its wedge-shaped, dark-green leaves, prominently veined and notched at the summit. Its flowers, having no petals, are green and inconspicuous; but the long, solitary plumes of its little fruit are very noticeable and pretty. Its wood is the heaviest and hardest we have.

Mr. Greene says that its leafy twigs have a sweet, birchy flavor, rendering them excellent food for cattle in late summer.

DUTCHMAN'S PIPE. PIPE-VINE.

_Aristolochia Californica_, Torr. Birthwort Family.

_Stem._--Woody; climbing. _Leaves._--Alternate; short-petioled;
large; ovate-cordate, two to four inches long.
_Flowers._--Greenish, veined with purple.
_Perianth._--Pipe-shaped; the lobes of the lip leather-colored
within. _Anthers._--Six; sessile; adnate in pairs to the thick
style under the broad lobes of the stigma; vertical.
_Stigma._--Three-lobed. _Ovary._--Inferior; six-angled;
six-celled. _Fruit._--A large, leathery pod two inches long.
_Hab._--The Coast Ranges, from Monterey to Marin County.

This odd flower is found rather sparingly in our middle Coast Ranges from February to April, and in some parts of the Sierra foothills, reaching even to the Yosemite. As it flowers before the large leaves come out, and the blossoms are much like dead leaves in color, it requires keen eyes to find it. It usually grows on low ground, in a tangle of shrubs under the trees, often festooning gracefully from branch to branch. Before the flowers are fully open, the buds resemble ugly little brown ducks hanging from the vine.

The common blue-black butterfly is often seen hovering over this vine, and it is said that its caterpillar is so fond of the fruit that it rarely permits one to ripen.

Later in the season, the large cordate leaves are quite conspicuous, and cause people to wonder what may have been the flower of so fine a vine.

TURK'S-HEAD CACTUS. TURBAN CACTUS.

_Echinocactus viridescens_, Nutt. Cactus Family.

Depressed, hemispherical, fleshy, leafless plants, with from
thirteen to twenty-one prominent, vertical ribs, bearing groups
of rigid spines; usually less than a foot in diameter.
_Spines._--Straight or recurved; stout; reddish; transversely
ribbed or ringed. _Flowers._--Sessile; borne about the
depressed woolly center; yellowish-green; about eighteen lines
long. _Sepals._--Many; closely imbricated; merging into the
numerous, oblong, scarious petals; sometimes nerved with red.
_Stamens._--Very many. _Ovary._--One-celled. Stigmas twelve to
fifteen; linear. _Berry._--Pulpy; green; scaly. _Hab._--From
San Diego inland.

The Turk's-head cactus looks very much like the end of a watermelon protruding from the ground, if one could imagine a watermelon deeply furrowed and furnished with very formidable spines.

This plant is abundant near San Diego, growing all over the mesas; and it is marvelous that horses and cattle are not more often injured by stepping upon these disagreeable, horrent globes; but long experience has doubtless taught them the instinct of caution.

The plant is really beautiful when crowned with its circle of gauzy, yellow-green flowers, which are more like some exquisite artificial fabrication than real flowers. The fruit of this cactus is slightly acid and rather pleasant.

The plant is cultivated in Europe under the name of _Echinocactus Californicus_.

FAIRY BELLS. DROPS OF GOLD.

_Prosartes Hookeri_, Torr. Lily Family.

_Rootstock._--Creeping; spreading. _Stem._--A foot or two high;
branching horizontally. _Leaves._--Alternate; ovate; cordate;
acute; several-nerved; two or three inches long.
_Flowers._--Greenish; one to six; six lines long; pendulous
under the ends of the branches.
_Perianth._--Spreading-campanulate. _Segments._--Six;
lanceolate; arched at the base. _Stamens._--Six; equaling or
exceeding the perianth. _Ovary._--Three-celled. Style slender;
entire. _Fruit._--An obovate, somewhat pubescent berry; golden,
ripening to scarlet. _Syn._--_Disporum Hookeri_, Britt.
_Hab._--The Coast Ranges from Marin County to Santa Cruz; in
shady woods, but not by the water.

In our walks through the April woods, we often notice a fine plant with branching stems, whose handsomely veined leaves are set obliquely to the stem and all lie in nearly the same horizontal plane. In our subsequent meetings with the plant it seems to change but little, and we begin to grow impatient for the coming of the flower, which, however, seems to show no disposition to appear. Some day, when bending over a bit of moss or a fern-frond, or peering into the silk-lined hole of a ground-spider, we suddenly catch a glimmer of something under the broad leaves of our hitherto disappointing plant, and hastening to examine it, we find to our amazement one or more exquisitely formed little green bells hanging from the tip of each branch. Later these are often succeeded by small berries, at first golden, and afterward scarlet.

The generic name, _Prosartes_, comes from a Greek word signifying _to hang from_, and is in allusion to the pendulous flowers. By some authorities this plant is called _Disporum Hookeri_. The common name, "drops of gold," applies to the berry.

Another species _P. Menziesii_, Don.--is found growing along stream-banks in the Coast Ranges from Marin County northward. This differs from the above in its longer, more cylindrical, _milk-white_ flowers, and its salmon-colored berries. It usually blossoms a little later than the other species, lasting till June.

COMMON MUGWORT.

_Artemisia vulgaris, var. Californica_, Bess. Composite Family.

_Stems._--Rather simple; a foot or two high. _Leaves._--Ample;
slashed downward into long acute lobes; green above;
cottony-woolly beneath; bitter; strong-scented; the upper often
entire, linear or lanceolate. _Flower-heads._--Minute; two
lines high, one broad; composed of tubular disk-flowers only;
greenish, in long, slender, crowded panicles. _Hab._--Near the
Coast, from San Francisco northward.

This is a common weed along our roadsides, and is easily known by its slashed leaves with silvery under surfaces. These leaves are very bitter. This is closely allied to the wormwood, and by many people is called "wormwood."

ARTEMISIA. SAGEBRUSH.

_Artemisia Californica_, Less. Composite Family.

_Stems._--Shrubby; four or five feet high; with many slender
branches. _Leaves._--Alternate; pinnately parted into three- to
seven-filiform divisions; or entire and filiform; an inch or so
long; strong-scented. _Flower-heads._--Very small; two lines or
less across; numerous, in narrow panicles; greenish; composed
of tubular disk-flowers only. _Hab._--Marin County to San
Bernardino.

The _Artemisia_, or, as it is more commonly called, "sagebrush," is an old friend that we always expect to meet in our walks on rocky hill-slopes. Its leaves have a clean, bitter fragrance, similar to that of the mugwort, but sweeter, and when crushed in the hand they emit a strong odor of turpentine.

Dr. Behr tells me that in the early days the miners laid sprays of it in their beds to drive away the fleas.

The Spanish-Californians regard it as a panacea for all ills, and use it in the form of a strong wash to bathe wounds and swellings, with excellent results.

Another species--_A. tridentata_, Nutt.--is the shrubby form, growing so abundantly all over the alkali plains of the Great Basin, where it holds undisputed possession with the prairie-dog and the coyote. It has narrow, wedge-shaped leaves, which are three-toothed at the apex; and the whole plant has a strong odor of turpentine.

This is highly esteemed by the Indians as a medicinal plant.

WILD PIE-PLANT. CANAIGRE.

_Rumex hymenosepalus_, Torr. Buckwheat Family.

_Root._--A cluster of Dahlia-like tubers. _Stems._--About two
feet high. _Leaves._--Narrowly oblong or lanceolate; a foot
long or less; acute; undulate; narrowed into a short, very
thick petiole. _Flowers._--Light raisin-color; in a large
panicle a foot or so long. _Perianth._--Of six sepals; the
outer minute; the inner about five lines long, appressed to the
ovary. _Stamens._--Six. _Ovary._--Three-angled; one-celled.
Styles three; short. Stigmas tufted. _Hab._--Dry, sandy plains
of Southern California.

The wild pie-plant is closely related to the garden rhubarb, and also to the dock and the sorrel. In early days in both Utah and Southern California housewives used its stems as a substitute for the cultivated pie-plant, finding them quite acceptable. The Indians have long used the root in the tanning of buckskins, and they have also found in it a bright mahogany-brown dye, with which to paint their bodies.

Of late this plant has been attracting much notice under the name "canaigre," and it is hoped that it will prove a valuable substitute for tanbark. If it does, we shall hail it with delight as the savior of our beautiful oak forests. Tannin exists in large quantities in the thick roots; but it is yet a question whether it will prove remunerative to the farmer as a crop. At Rialto a company has been formed, which employs many men to gather and prepare the roots, and there will soon be thousands of acres of it under cultivation. The tops of the plants, with the small upper portions of the roots, which have all the eyes upon them, are cut off and replanted for the next year's crop, while the remainder of the root is sliced, dried, pulverized, and leached to extract the tannin, which is then ready for use.

The plant is a very noticeable one, with its red leaf-stems and veins and its large, dense cluster of small raisin-colored flowers, and it is often seen upon our southern plains. But I am told that over the border in Lower California it grows in great abundance, covering the ground for miles. It would seem as though its cultivation might be carried on with best results where nature produces it so freely.

HORNLESS WOOLLY MILKWEED.

_Gomphocarpus tomentosus_, Gray. Milkweed Family.

Densely white-woolly plants, with milky juice. _Stems._--One to
three feet high. _Leaves._--Two to four inches long.
_Flowers._--Several, in a pendulous cluster on yarnlike
pedicels; lateral upon the stem between the leaves.
_Calyx._--Five-parted; inconspicuous. _Corolla._--Deeply
five-parted; greenish without, pinkish within.
_Stamens._--Five; sunk in the column and alternating with the
five hoods. _Hoods._--Two lines across; saccate; open down the
outer face. _Ovaries._--Two; pointed; capped by a flat stigma.
_Fruit._--A pair of follicles; with many silken-tufted seeds.
_Hab._--Dry hills from San Diego to Monte Diablo.

In the south by late spring the very woolly stems and foliage of this milkweed become quite noticeable before any hint of blossoms appears. The thick, gray leaves look as though they might have been cut out of heavy flannel. By May the flower-clusters begin to take definite form, and at last the buds open and reveal a most interesting flower, whose structure is quite complicated. The center of the blossom is occupied by a fleshy column, in which are sunk the anthers, and upon which are borne certain round, dark wine-colored bodies called the "hoods," which are in reality nectaries, holding honey for insect visitors. All the pollen in each anther-cell consists of a waxy mass, and the adjacent masses of different anthers are bound together by a gummy, elastic band, suspended upon the rim of the stigma. The stigma occupies the top of the fleshy column, and forms a cap, hiding from view the two tubes, or styles, leading down into the ovaries.

The milkweeds of California are divided between two genera--_Asclepias_ and _Gomphocarpus_,--the difference between them lying in the presence of a horn or crest rising out of the hoods in _Asclepias_.

Bees visiting the blossoms of the milkweeds are said to be frequently disabled by the pollen-masses, which adhere to them in such numbers and weigh them down so heavily that they cannot climb upon their combs, but fall down and perish.

MOUNTAIN LADY'S SLIPPER.

_Cypripedium montanum_, Dougl. Orchis Family.

_Stems._--Stout; a foot or two high; leafy. _Leaves._--Four to
six inches long; pointed. _Flowers._--One to three; short
pediceled. _Sepals and petals._--Brownish; eighteen to thirty
lines long; the two lower sepals united nearly to the apex.
_Sac._--An inch long; dull white, veined with purple.
_Anthers._--Two fertile (one on either side of the column); one
sterile, four or five lines long, yellow, with purple spots
longer than the stigma. _Hab._--The mountains from Central
California to the Columbia River.

The mountain lady's slipper is a rare plant with us, which affects cool, secluded spots in our mountain forests. The plants, of which two or three usually grow from a creeping rootstock, generally stand where some moisture seeps out. The leaves are ample and shapely, and the quaint flowers quiet and elegant in coloring.

The long, twisted sepals and petals and the oval sac give these blossoms the aspect of some floral daddy-long-legs or some weird brownie of the wood. We feel that we have fallen upon a rare day when we are fortunate enough to find these flowers, and we are reminded of Mr. Burroughs' lines: "How fastidious and exclusive is the _Cypripedium_!... It does not go in herds, like the commoner plants, but affects privacy and solitude. When I come upon it in my walks, I seem to be intruding upon some very private and exclusive company."

In our Coast Ranges we may look for these blossoms in May.

We have but two or three species of _Cypripedium_. _C. Californicum_, Gray, is similar to _C. montanum_, but its blossoms have comparatively short greenish-yellow sepals and petals, and the sac is from white to pale rose-color. They have a more compact look, and lack the careless grace of those of the mountain lady's slipper. Their haunts are swamps in open woodlands in the northern part of the State, where they bloom in August and September, and are often found in the company of the California pitcher-plant.

REIN-ORCHIS.

_Habenaria elegans_, Bolander. Orchis Family.

_Root._--An oblong tuber. _Stem._--Rather slender; a foot or
two high. _Leaves._--Two; radical; oblong; three to six inches
long; eighteen lines to two inches wide. _Flowers._--Small;
light green; in a dense but slender spike. Sepals and petals
about equal; two lines long; obtuse. _Lip._--Similar, with a
filiform spur three to five lines long. (Otherwise like _H.
leucostachys_.) _Hab._--Near the coast, from Monterey to
Vancouver Island.

In early summer the fragrant spikes of the rein-orchis stand half-concealed under the trees and along the banks bordering wooded mountain roads. The little greenish flowers are inconspicuous, and reveal themselves only to those who have the habit of observation. Early in the spring the rather large lily-like leaves were far more noticeable and handsome; but they seemed to weary of waiting for the tardy arrival of the blossoms, and faded away long since. The little flowers are very deliberate about unfolding themselves; and I have sometimes watched them when they seemed for weeks at a standstill before yielding to the summer's invitation to come forth.

They are arranged in a three-sided spike, on two sides of which the long spurs interlace and cross one another in quite a warlike manner.

TEASEL. FULLER'S THISTLE.

_Dipsacus Fullonum_, L. Teasel Family.

The teasel is not an uncommon sight along our roadsides, having spread considerably since its introduction from Europe, some years ago. The strong stems are tall and slender, and bear at summit the large bristly cones, surrounded by rigid, erect bracts. These cones are the inflorescence of the plant, and each downward-pointing little hook is a bract beneath a flower. Before the flowers come out, the buds show their round, green heads, packed away down among the bristles. Then for a time the cones are ringed or covered by the delicate flesh-colored flowers; which stand out from the bristles, giving the cone a soft, fluffy look. After these have passed away, the cavities in which they were stored give the cone a pitted appearance. These burs are exquisitely symmetrical, and have long been in use by the fuller to "tease," or raise a nap upon cloth, whence the name, "teasel." They are cut in halves or quarters, and these are set in frames which are worked by machinery. Many vain attempts have been made to manufacture an instrument to take the place of the teasel; but it is difficult to find anything that is strong enough to do the work that at the same time will not injure the cloth.

This is enumerated among the plants which are supposed to foretell the weather. Mr. Dyer quotes the following:--

... "tezils, or fuller's thistle, being gathered and hanged up in the
house where the air may come freely to it, upon the alteration of cold
and windy weather will grow smoother, and against rain will close up
its prickles."

SAMPHIRE. GLASSWORT.

_Salicornia ambigua_, Michx. Goosefoot Family.

_Hab._--The Coast, from San Francisco to Oregon.

Ye marshes, how candid and simple, and nothing withholding and free,
Ye publish yourselves to the sky, and offer yourselves to the sea;
Tolerant plains that suffer the sea and the rains and the sun,
Ye spread and span, like the catholic man who hath mightily won
God out of knowledge, and good out of infinite pain,
And sight out of blindness, and purity out of a stain.

--SIDNEY LANIER.

Though a humble enough plant in itself, the samphire, or glasswort, is the source of a wonderful glory in our marshes in the autumn. Great stretches of tide-land not already pre-empted by the tule are covered by it, showing the most gorgeous blendings of crimson, purple, olives, and bronzes, which, seen with all the added charm of shifting and changing atmospheric effects, far outrival any Oriental rug that could be conceived of.

This plant is easily known by its succulent branching, leafless stems and from the fact that it does not grow outside of the salt marshes. Its flowering is obscure, and all that can be seen is a few small stamens just protruding from the surface of the fleshy spike, which appears much like any of the other branches, the flowers being sunk in it.

The generic name is derived from two Latin words--_sal_, salt, and _cornu_, a horn--and conveys the idea of saline plants with hornlike branches. The English name, "samphire," is of French derivation, and comes originally from the old "l'herbe de Saint Pierre," formerly having been written "sampêtra" and "sampire." In Great Britain this plant is usually designated as "_marsh_ samphire," to distinguish it from the ordinary samphire, which is a plant of the genus _Crithmum_.

This plant is much relished by cattle, and in England it is made into a pickle, while on the continent it is used as a pot-herb. Formerly, in Europe, it was burned in large quantities for the soda contained in its ashes.

MOTTLED SWAMP-ORCHIS. FALSE LADY'S SLIPPER.

_Epipactis gigantea_, Dougl. Orchis Family.

_Rootstock._--Creeping. _Stems._--Leafy; one to four feet high.
_Leaves._--Alternate; sessile; clasping; ovate below;
lanceolate above; three to eight inches long. _Flowers._--Three
to ten; in terminal racemes; greenish, veined with purple.
_Sepals._--Three; petaloid; lanceolate; an inch or less long.
_Petals._--The two upper about equaling the sepals. The lip
concave; saccate; eared at base; with a jointed, pendulous tip.
_Anther._--One; sessile upon the top of the column.
_Ovary._--One-celled. _Hab._--Throughout California.

The casual observer usually alludes to this plant as a "lady's slipper," and he is not so very far wrong, for it is closely related to the _Cypripedium_, and resembles it much in habit, in the aspect of its leafy stems, and in the general form of its blossom. But instead of having its lip in the form of a sac, it is open and curiously jointed, the lower portion swinging freely, as upon a hinge. When this lid is raised, one can fancy some winged seraph or angel enshrined within, but when lowered the semblance is more to a monk bowed in meditation.

These beautiful plants will be found abundantly fringing our streams in June and July, and the disciples of dear old Isaac Walton who then pass down the stream with rod and line are usually attracted by their quietly elegant colors. Dull purples and greens predominate, though the lip is tinged with orange or yellow.

In Northern California and Oregon is occasionally found a rare and curious plant--the "phantom orchis," _Cephalanthera Oregana_, Richenb.f. This plant is white and ghostlike throughout, has stems a foot or two high, but no leaves--only three to five scarious sheathing bracts. Its blossoms are very similar in size and shape to those of _Epipactis gigantea_.

I have never had the pleasure of finding this floral oddity myself; but one season a friend sent me the only plant which was found in a thicket near a pretty camp upon the Sacramento River, in the Shasta region.

CALIFORNIAN PITCHER-PLANT. CALF'S-HEAD.

_Darlingtonia Californica_, Torr. Pitcher-plant Family.

Bog plants, with long horizontal rootstocks.
_Leaves._--Tubular; hooded and appendaged above; eighteen to
thirty-four inches high. _Scape._--Eighteen inches or more
high, with green bracts crowded near the solitary nodding
flower. Flower parts in fives. _Sepals._--Green; twenty lines
long. _Petals._--Purplish; shorter than the sepals; constricted
above into a terminal lobe. _Stamens._--Twelve to fifteen in a
circle around the ovary. _Ovary._--Top-shaped; truncate;
five-lobed; five-celled. Style five-lobed. Stigmas thickish.
_Hab._--The Sierras, from Truckee Pass into Oregon.

Our pitcher-plant is one of the most wonderful and interesting of all the forms that grow, linking, as it were, the vegetable world with the animal, by its unnatural carnivorous habits. If you would like to visit it, this warm July day, we will take a mountain trail, leading around under lofty yellow pines, Douglas spruces, and incense-cedars, making our way through the undergrowth until we come to a swamp lying upon a hillside yonder. While still some distance away, we can discern the yellowish-green of the myriad hoods as they lift themselves in the sunlight like spotted snakes.

If you have never seen the plant before, you will be in a fever of excitement till you can reach the spot and actually take one of the strange pitchers in your hand to examine it. Nothing could be cleverer than the nicely arranged wiles of this uncanny plant for the capturing of the innocent--yes, and of the more knowing ones--of the insect world who come within its enchantment. No ogre in his castle has ever gone to work more deliberately or fiendishly to entrap his victims while offering them hospitality, than does this plant-ogre. Attracted by the bizarre yellowish hoods or the tall nodding flowers, the foolish insect alights upon the former and commences his exploration of the fascinating region. He soon comes upon the wing, which often being smeared with a trail of sweets, acts as a guide to lure him on to the dangerous entrance to the hoodlike dome. Once within this hall of pleasure, he roams about, enjoying the hospitality spread for him. But at last, when he has partaken to satiety and would fain depart, he turns to retrace his steps. In the dazzlement of the translucent windows of the dome above, he loses sight of the darkened door in the floor by which he entered and flies forcibly upward, bumping his head in his eagerness to escape. He is stunned by the blow and plunged downward into the tube below. Here he struggles to rise, but countless downward-pointing, bristly hairs urge him to his fate. He sinks lower and lower in this "well of death" until he reaches the fatal waters in the bottom, where he is at length ingulfed, adding one more to the already numerous victims of this diabolical plant.

The fluid at the bottom of the well is secreted by the plant, and seems to have somewhat the action of a gastric juice in disintegrating the insects submerged in it. Many species of ants, flies, bees, hornets, grasshoppers, butterflies, moths, dragon-flies, beetles, etc., are to be found in the tube, sometimes filling it to a depth of two or three inches.

The disagreeableness of the vicinity of these plants can be imagined upon a hot day when the sun is shining "upon this sad abode of death" and all the air is tainted with their sickening odor.

The mountaineers call the plant "calf's-head," because of the large yellowish domes of the pitchers.

INDEX TO LATIN NAMES

[To assist in the pronunciation of the Latin names, the accented syllable in each word is indicated by an accent mark. If this syllable ends in a vowel, the vowel has the long sound; but if it ends in a consonant, the vowel has a short sound. Either the English or the Continental sounds may be given the vowels, though the former are more generally authorized.]

PAGE

Abro´nia latifo´lia, 146
marit´ima, 292
umbella´ta, 292
villo´sa, 292

Achille´a Millefo´lium, 97

Aconi´tum Columbia´num, 328
Fisch´eri, 328

Adenos´toma fascicula´tum, 60
sparsifo´lium, 60

AEs´culus Califor´nica, 69

Amelan´chier alnifo´lia, 88

Amor´pha Califor´nica, 315

Amsinck´ia, 128

Anagal´lis arven´sis, 126

Anaph´alis Margarita´cea, 102

Anemo´ne nemoro´sa, 18
quinquefo´lia, 18

Anemop´sis Califor´nica, 76

Antenna´ria, 102

Antirrhi´num Coulteria´num, 46
glandulo´sum, 320
Orcuttia´num, 46
va´gans, 320

Apoc´ynum androsaemifo´lium, 236
cannab´inum, 238

Aquile´gia coeru´lea, 348
trunca´ta, 348

Ar´abis blepharophyl´la, 196

Ara´lia Califor´nica, 76

Ar´butus Menzie´sii, 37

Arctostaph´ylos bi´color, 14
glau´ca, 14
manzani´ta, 12
pun´gens, 12

Argemo´ne platy´ceras, 74

Aristolo´chia Califor´nica, 374

Artemis´ia Califor´nica, 377
tridenta´ta, 378
vulga´ris, 377

As´arum cauda´tum, 310
Hartwe´gi, 310

Ascle´pias Mexica´na, 312

As´ter Chamisso´nis, 332
salsugino´sus, 32

Astragalus, xxxv
leucop´sis, 40

Audiber´tia grandiflo´ra, 350
stachyoi´des, 294
niv´ea, 296

Bac´charis Douglas´ii, 106
pilula´ris, 104

Bae´ria gra´cilis, 124

Ber´beris Aquifo´lium, 122
nervo´sa, 118
re´pens, 118

Bloome´ria au´rea, 154
Clevelan´di, 156

Boykin´ia occidenta´lis, 81

Bras´sica ni´gra, 140

Brevoor´tia coccin´ea, 238

Brodiae´a capita´ta, 262
coccin´ea, 238
conges´ta, 264
grandiflo´ra, 318
ixioi´des, 156
lac´tea, 156
lax´a, 302
multiflo´ra, 262
terres´tris, 318

Brodiae´a volu´bilis, 232

Brunel´la vulga´ris, 322

Bryan´thus Brew´eri, 246

Calandrin´ia caules´cens, 212

Calochor´tus, xl
al´bus, 54
Ben´thami, 130
Catali´nae, 306
clava´tus, 150
lu´teus, 174
lu´teus ocula´tus, 81
macrocar´pus, 268
Mawea´nus, 278
pulchel´lus, 144
splen´dens, 306
umbella´tus, 278
uniflo´rus, 278
venus´tus, 78
Weed´ii, 150

Calycan´thus occidenta´lis, 352

Calyp´so boreal´is, 210

Camas´sia esculen´ta, 292

Campan´ula prenanthoi´des, 322

Cardam´ine paucisec´ta, 4

Castille´ia foliolo´sa, 344
parviflo´ra, 344

Ceano´thus, xxxiv
divarica´tus, 258
integer´rimus, 84
prostra´tus, 326
thyrsiflo´rus, 274
velu´tinus, 39

Cephalan´thera Orega´na, 388

Cephalan´thus occidenta´lis, 98

Cer´cis occidenta´lis, 198

Cercocar´pus parvifo´lius, 373

Chamaeba´tia foliolo´sa, 92
(Pronounced _K_ameba´tia.)

Cheiran´thus as´per, 132

Chimaph´ila Menzie´sii, 104
umbella´ta, 104

Chlorog´alum pomeridia´num, 82

Chorizan´the staticoi´des, 218

Cicho´rium In´tybus, 312

Clar´kia concin´na, 236
el´egans, 228

Clayto´nia perfolia´ta, 16

Clem´atis lasian´tha, 91
ligusticifo´lia, 91

Clinto´nia Andrewsia´na, 202

Collin´sia bi´color, 294

Collo´mia grandiflo´ra, 178

Convol´vulus arven´sis, 42
lute´olus, 40
occidenta´lis, 40
Soldanel´la, 210
villo´sus, 42

Corallorhi´za Bigelo´vii, 272
multiflo´ra, 272

Cor´nus Nuttal´lii, 94

Cot´ula coronopifo´lia, 151

Cotyle´don Califor´inicum, 142
ed´ulis, 142
lanceola´ta, 141
pulverulen´ta, 142

Cucur´bita foetidis´sima, 117
peren´nis, 117

Cus´cuta, 160
sali´na, 161

Cynoglos´sum gran´de, 258

Cypripe´dium Califor´nicum, 384
monta´num, 382

Darlingto´nia Califor´nica, 390

Datu´ra meteloi´des, 54
Stramo´nium, 96
suaveo´lens, 96

Delphin´ium, 276
cardina´le, 364
nudicau´le, 346
scopulo´rum, 330

Dendrome´con rig´idum, 118

Denta´ria Califor´nica, 4

Dicen´tra chrysan´tha, 162
formo´sa, 242

Dip´sacus Fullon´um, 386

Dis´porum Hook´eri, 376

Dodeca´theon Clevelan´di, 206
Henderso´ni, 204
Mea´dia, 204

Downin´gia el´egans, 315
pulchel´la, 314

Echinocac´tus virides´cens, 374

Echinocys´tis faba´cea, 26
macrocar´pa, 26

Echinosperm´um floribun´dum, 334

Ellis´ia chrysanthemifo´lia, 36

Emmenan´the penduliflo´ra, 130

Ence´lia Califor´nica, 128

Epilo´bium angustifo´lium, 244
obcorda´tum, 254
panicula´tum, 244
spica´tum, 244

Epipac´tis gigante´a, 388

Erig´eron Coul´teri, 106

Erig´eron glau´cus, 304
Philadel´phicus, 216
salsugino´sus, 332

Eriodic´tyon glutino´sum, 56
tomento´sum, 58

Eriog´onum fascicula´tum, 34
nu´dum, 34
umbella´tum, 178
ursi´num, 178

Eriophyl´lum caespito´sum, 182
confertiflo´rum, 180

Eritrich´ium, 30

Ero´dium Bo´trys, 194
cicuta´rium, 194
moscha´tum, 194

Erys´imum as´perum, 132
grandiflo´rum, 132

Erythrae´a venus´ta, 218

Erythro´nium gigante´um, 136
grandiflo´rum, 138

Eschschol´tzia Califor´nica, 114

Eucharid´ium concin´num, 236

Floer´kia Douglas´ii, 126

Fraga´ria Califor´nica, 10
Chilen´sis, 10

Fremon´tia Califor´nica, 158

Fritilla´ria biflo´ra, 266
coccin´ea, 346
lanceola´ta, 264
lilia´cea, 267
pluriflo´ra, 266
pu´dica, 267
recur´va, 346

Ga´lium Apari´ne, 28
angustifo´lium, 29

Gar´rya ellip´tica, 370
Fremon´ti, 370

Gaulthe´ria Shal´lon, 75

Gentia´na calyco´sa, 330

Gil´ia, xxxvii
achilleaefo´lia, 296
aggrega´ta, 360
androsa´cea, 222
Califor´nica, 206
capita´ta, 296
Chamisso´nis, 296
dianthoi´des, 216
dicho´toma, 50
grandiflo´ra, 178
tri´color, 288

Gnapha´lium decur´rens, 68
Sprenge´lii, 68

Gode´tia, xxxvi
Bot´tae, 240
grandiflo´ra, 240
vimine´a, 240

Gomphocar´pus tomento´sus, 380

Goodye´ra Menzie´sii, 98

Grinde´lia cuneifo´lia, 176
hirsu´tula, 178
robus´ta, 176

Habena´ria el´egans, 384
leucosta´chys, 94

Helian´thus an´nuus, 185
Califor´nicus, 186

Heliotro´pium Curassa´vicum, 47

Hemizo´nia luzulaefo´lia, 188

Heterome´les arbutifo´lia, 90

Heu´chera micran´tha, 58

Hosack´ia bi´color, 165
crassifo´lia, 166
gla´bra, 152
gra´cilis, 166
Purshia´na, 252
Tor´reyi, 165

Hyper´icum anagalloi´des, 172
concin´num, 162

I´ris longipet´ala, 280
macrosi´phon, 280

Iso´meris arbo´rea, 144

Krynitz´kia, 30

Lar´rea Mexica´na, 191

Lath´yrus splen´dens, 212
Tor´reyi, 25
vesti´tus, 25

Lava´tera assurgentiflo´ra, 226

Lay´ia glandulo´sa, 28
platyglos´sa, 148

Le´dum glandulo´sum, 103

Lepto´syne Douglas´ii, 148
marit´ima, 146

Lessin´gia Germano´rum, 252
lepto´clada, 252

Lewis´ia redivi´va, 224

Lil´ium Humbold´tii, 185
marit´imum, 356
pardali´num, 182
par´vum, 180
rubes´cens, 72

Limnan´thes Douglas´ii, 126

Lina´ria Canaden´sis, 304

Lobe´lia splen´dens, 365

Lonic´era hispid´ula, 226
involucra´ta, 122

Lupi´nus, xxxiv
al´bifrons, 161
arbo´reus, 161
bi´color, 300
densiflo´rus, 85
Sti´veri, 161

Lysichi´ton Camtschatcen´sis, 166

Ma´dia el´egans, 182
sati´va, 182

Maho´nia Aquifo´lium, 122

Malaco´thrix Califor´nica, 151
saxat´ilis, 75
tenuifo´lia, 75

Malvas´trum Thur´beri, 220

Mamilla´ria Goodridg´ii, 24

Marru´bium vulga´re, 47

Meconop´sis heterophyl´la, 129

Medica´go denticula´ta, 132
sati´va, 326

Megarrhi´za Califor´nica, 26

Melilo´tus al´ba, 156
parviflo´ra, 156

Mentze´lia laevicau´lis, 168
Lind´leyi, 168

Mesembryan´themum aequilatera´le, 220
crystalli´num, 51

Micram´pelis, 26

Microme´ria Douglas´ii, 62

Mim´ulus, xxxviii
brev´ipes, 134
cardina´lis, 360
Douglas´ii, 222
glutino´sus, 138
Lewis´ii, 248
lu´teus, 134
moscha´tus, 134

Mirab´ilis Califor´nica, 208

Monardel´la lanceola´ta, 324
odoratis´sima, 324
villo´sa, 324

Mon´tia perfolia´ta, 16

Muil´la marit´ima, 369
seroti´na, 369

Neil´lia opulifo´lia, 85

Nemoph´ila atoma´ria, 39
auri´ta, 278
insig´nis, 290
interme´dia, 284
macula´ta, 39
Menzie´sii, 284
parviflo´ra, 39

Nicotia´na glau´ca, 129

Nu´phar polysep´alum, 184

Nuttal´lia cerasifor´mis, 18

OEnothe´ra, xxxv
bien´nis, 175
bistor´ta, 136
Califor´nica, 48
cheiranthifo´lia, 136
ova´ta, 110

Opun´tia basila´ris, 225
Engelman´ni, 170
prolif´era, 356
serpenti´na, 357

Orthocar´pus, xxxviii
densiflo´rus, 228
erian´thus, 151
purpuras´cens, 228
versic´olor, 52

Ox´alis cornicula´ta, 196

Orega´na, 195

Paeo´nia Brown´ii, 340

Papa´ver Califor´nicum, 116

Pedicula´ris attol´lens, 253
densiflo´ra, 336
Groenlan´dica, 253

Pentachae´ta au´rea, 126

Penste´mon, xxxix
azu´reus, 308
Bridge´sii, 358
centranthifo´lius, 358
cordifo´lius, 350
heterophyl´lus, 308
Menzie´sii, 250

Phace´lia, xxxvii
Douglas´ii, 282
grandiflo´ra, 267
Par´ryi, 288
tanacetifo´lia, 282
vis´cida, 267
Whitla´via, 288

Phlox Douglas´ii, 248

Pickerin´gia monta´na, 230

Pipto´calyx, 30

Plagioboth´rys, 30

Platyste´mon Califor´nicus, 112

Polyg´ala Califor´nica, 286

Polyg´ala cornu´ta, 286
cuculla´ta, 286

Potentil´la Anseri´na, 175
glandulo´sa, 175

Primu´la suffrutes´cens, 250

Prosar´tes Hook´eri, 376
Menzie´sii, 377

Pru´nus demis´sa, 36
ilicifo´lia, 61
subcorda´ta, 34

Pteros´pora andromede´a, 186

Pyr´ola aphyl´la, 100
denta´ta, 100
pic´ta, 100
rotundifo´lia, 100

Ranun´culus Califor´nicus, 110

Rham´nus Califor´nica, 67
Purshia´na, 68

Rhododen´dron Califor´nicum, 234
occidenta´le, 86

Rhus aromat´ica, 154
Canaden´sis, 152
diversilo´ba, 8
integrifo´lia, 203
lauri´na, 203
ova´ta, 204

Ri´bes glutino´sum, 214
Menzie´sii, 338
sanguin´eum, 214
specio´sum, 338
subves´titum, 338

Romanzof´fia Sitchen´sis, 22

Romne´ya Coul´teri, 64

Ro´sa Califor´nica, 234
gymnocar´pa, 236

Ru´bus Nutka´nus, 24
spectab´ilis, 25

Ru´mex hymenosep´alus, 378

Salicor´nia ambig´ua, 387

Sal´via cardua´cea, 307
Columba´riae, 298

Sambu´cus glau´ca, 45

Sarco´des sanguin´ea, 362

Saxif´raga Califor´nica, 14
pelta´ta, 242
Virginien´sis, 14

Scoli´opus Bigelo´vii, 256

Scrophula´ria Califor´nica, 342

Scutella´ria angustifo´lia, 270
Califor´nica, 270
tubero´sa, 270

Se´dum spathulifo´lium, 170

Sidal´cea malvaeflo´ra, 198

Sile´ne Califor´nica, 354
Gal´lica, 246
lacinia´ta, 354

Sisyrin´chium bel´lum, 284
Califor´nicum, 284

Smilaci´na amplexicau´lis, 22
sessilifo´lia, 22

Sola´num Douglas´ii, 80
ni´grum, 80
umbellif´erum, 268
Xan´ti, 268

Solida´go Califor´nica, 190
occidenta´lis, 191

Spha´cele calyci´na, 42

Spirae´a betulifo´lia, 85
dis´color, 85
Douglas´ii, 85

Spiran´thes Romanzoffia´num, 92

Spra´guea umbella´ta, 70

Sta´chys bulla´ta, 230

Stropholi´rion Califor´nicum, 232

Symphoricar´pos racemo´sus, 225

Telli´ma af´finis, 32
grandiflo´ra, 342

Thermop´sis Califor´nica, 148

Trichoste´ma lanatum, 316
lanceola´tum, 315

Trienta´lis Europae´a, 202

Tril´lium ova´tum, 10
ses´sile, 260

Umbellula´ria Califor´nica, 372

Vaccin´ium ova´tum, 200

Vancouve´ria parviflo´ra, 88

Venegas´ia carpesioi´des, 171

Vera´trum Califor´nicum, 108
fimbria´tum, 108

Verbas´cum Blatta´ria, 190
Thap´sus, 190

Vic´ia gigante´a, 358

Vi´ola Beckwith´ii, 29
cani´na, 307
ocella´ta, 50
sarmento´sa, 140

Whip´plea modes´ta, 32

Whitla´via grandiflo´ra, 288

Wye´thia angustifo´lia, 157
gla´bra, 157

Wye´thia helenioi´des, 157
mol´lis, 157

Xerophyl´lum te´nax, 51

Yuc´ca arbores´cens, 44
bacca´ta, 20

Yuc´ca Mohaven´sis, 20
Whip´plei, 70

Zauschne´ria Califor´nica, 366

Zygade´nus Fremon´ti, 6
veneno´sus, 6

INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES

PAGE

Aconite, 328

Alfalfa, 326

Alfilerilla, 194

Alpine Heather, 246

Alpine Phlox, 248

Alpine Willow-Herb, 254

Alum-Root, 58

Amapola, 116

American Barrenwort, 88

American Velvet-Plant, 191

Amole, 82

Angels' Trumpets, 96

Apple of Peru, 96

August-Flower, 176

Azulea, 284

Baby-Blue-Eyes, 290

Baby-Eyes, 284

Ball-Sage, 294

Balm of Heaven, 373

Balsamea, 366

Beach-Aster, 304

Beach Morning-glory, 210

Beach Primrose, 136

Beach Strawberry, 10

Bearberry, 12

Bear-Clover, 92

Bearwood, 68

Beautiful Clarkia, 236

Bed-Straw, 28

Bellflower, 322

Black Lily, 266

Black Sage, 294, 316

Bladderpod, 144

Blazing-Star, 168

Bleeding-Heart, 242

Blood-Drop, 129

Blue-Blossom, 274

Blue-Curls, 315

Blue-eyed Grass, 284

Blue Forget-me-not, 334

Blue Gentian, 330

Blue Gilia, 296

Blue Larkspur, 276

Blue-and-white Lupine, 300

Blue Milla, 302

Blue Myrtle, 274

Blue-veined Nemophila, 284

Blueweed, 328

Big-Root, 26

Bird's-Eyes, 288

Bitter-Bark, 68

Bitter-Root, 224

Brass Buttons, 151

Brodiaea, 262

Bronze-Bells, } 264
Brown Lily, }

Buck-Brush, 152

Bur-Clover, 132

Butter-and-Eggs, 151

Butterfly Tulip, 81

Button-Bush, } 98
Button-Willow, }

Cajeput, 373

Calabazilla, 117

Calf's-Head, 390

Californian Azalea, 86

California Bay-Tree, 373

Californian Bee-Plant, 342

Californian Bluebells, 290

Californian Buckeye, 69

Californian Centaury, 218

California Coffee, 67

Californian Compass-Plant, 157

Californian Dandelion, 164

Californian False Hellebore, 108

Californian Figwort, 342

Californian Fish-hook Cactus, 24

Californian Four-o'clock, 208

California Fuchsia, 366

Californian Goldenrod, 190

Californian Hardhack, 85

Californian Harebell, 322

Californian Holly, 90

Californian Horse-Chestnut, 69

California Laurel, 372

California Lilac, 258, 274

Californian Lobelia, 314

Californian Milkwort, 286

Californian Olive, 373

Californian Pitcher-Plant, 390

California Poppy, 114

Californian Rose-Bay, 234

Californian Saxifrage, 14

Californian Slippery-Elm, 158

Californian Spikenard, 76

Califor'n Sweet-scented Shrub, 352

Californian Trillium, 260

Californian Wild Currant, 214

Calypso, 210

Camass, 292

Canaigre, 378

Cancer-Root, 172

Canchalagua, 218

Canker Lettuce, 100

Cascara Sagrada, 67

Catalina Mariposa Tulip, 306

Cat's-Ears, 278

Chamisal, 60

Chamise Lily, 136

Chamiso, 60

Chaparral Lily, 72

Chaparral Pea, 230

Chia, 298

Chicalote, 74

Chickweed-Wintergreen, 202

Chicory, 312

Chilean Clover, 326

Chili-Cojote, 117

Chilicothe, 26

Chittemwood, 68

Chocolate Lily, 266

Choke-Cherry, 36

Cholla-Cactus, 356

Christmas-Berry, 90

Christmas-Horns, 346

Christmas-Rose, 340

Cinquefoil, 175

Clarkia, 228

Cleavers, 28

Clematis, 91

Climbing Pentstemon, 350

Clintonia, 202

Clocks, 194

Cluster-Lily, 262

Coast Lily, 356

Collinsia, 294

Columbine, 348

Common Aster, 332

Common Black Mustard, 140

Common Buttercup, 110

Common Elder, 45

Common Evening Primrose, 175

Common Fleabane, 216

Common Milkweed, 312

Common Monkey-Flower, 134

Common Mugwort, 377

Common Nightshade, 80

Common Stramonium, 96

Common Sunflower, 185

Common White Lupine, 85

Common Wild Pea, 25

Common Wild Rose, 234

Copa de Oro, 114

Coral-Root, 272

Coulter's Snapdragon, 46

Cowslips, 110

Cream-colored Wall-Flower, 132

Cream-Cups, 112

Creeping Wood-Violet, 140

Creosote-Bush, 191

Cudweed, 68

Cup of Gold, 116

Death Camass, 6

Deerweed, 152

Devil's Apple, 96

Diogenes' Lantern, 144

Dodder, 160

Dog's-tooth Violet, 136

Dog-Violet, 307

Dormidera, 116

Douglas Iris, 300

Drops of Gold, 376

Dutchman's Pipe, 374

Echeveria, 141

Elephants' Heads, 252

Ellisia, 36

Escobita, 228

Espuela del Caballero, 276

Evening Snow, 50

Everlasting Flower, 68

Fairy Bells, 376

False Alum-Root, 342

False Indigo, 315

False Lupine, 148

False Lady's Slipper, 388

False Mallow, 220

False Pimpernel, 172

False Solomon's Seal, 22

False Tidy-Tips, 148

Farewell to Spring, 240

Fawn-Lily, 136

Fetid Adder's-Tongue, 256

Fever-Bush, 370

Fig-Marigold, 220

Filaree, 194

Finger-Tips, 142

Firecracker Flower, 238

Fireweed, 244

Flaming Poppy, 129

Floriponda, 96

Fly-Flower, 124

Fragrant Sumach, 152

Friar's-Cap, 328

Fringed Gilia, 216

Fuller's Thistle, 386

Fuchsia-flowered Gooseberry, 338

Giant Californian White Poppy, 66

Glasswort, 387

Gobernadora, 191

Godetia, 240

Golden Brodiaea, 156

Golden Butterfly-Tulip, 150

Golden Dicentra, 162

Golden Lily-Bell, 144

Golden Stars, 154

Golden Thread, 160

Golden Yarrow, 180

Golden-eyed Grass, 284

Goose-Grass, 28

Gourd, 117

Grass-Nuts, 262

Greasewood, 60, 66

Great Willow-Herb, 244

Green-banded Mariposa, 268

Green-stemmed Filaree, 194

Ground-Iris, 280

Ground-Pink, 216

Groundsel-Tree, 104

Gum-Plant, 176

Hag-Taper, 191

Hairbell, 54

Harvest Brodiaea, 318

Heal-All, 322

Heart's-Ease, 50

Hedge-Nettle, 230

Heliotrope, 47

Helmet-Flower, 328

Hen-and-Chickens, 142

Hideondo, 191

Hog-Onion, 262

Hog's Potato, 8

Holly-leaved Barberry, 122

Holly-leaved Cherry, 61

Honeysuckle, 86

Horehound, 47

Hound's-Tongue, 258

Huckleberry, 200

Humboldt's Lily, 185

Humming-bird's Sage, 350

Humming-bird's Trumpet, 367

Ice-Plant, 51

Incense-Shrub, 214

Indian Lettuce, 16, 100

Indian Paint-Brush, 344

Indian Pink, 354

Indian Plume, 344

Indian Rhubarb, 242

Indian Warrior, 336

Indian Wheat, 157

Innocence, 294

Islay, 61

Ithuriel's Spear, 302

Jamestown-Weed, } 96
Jimson-Weed, }

Joshua-Tree, 44

Judas-Tree, 198

June-Berry, 88

Kamass, 292

Labrador Tea, 103

Lady's Tobacco, 68

Ladies' Tresses, 92

Lantern of the Fairies, 54

Large-flowered Brodiaea, 318

Large-flowered Datura, 54

Large-flowered Dogwood, 94

Large-flowered Phacelia, 267

Large Vetch, 358

Large White Mountain Daisy, 106

Large Yellow Lupine, 161

Lavender Mountain Daisy, 332

Lead-Plant, 315

Leatherwood, 160

Lemonade-Berry, 3, 203

Lemon-Lily, 109

Leopard-Lily, 182

Lessingia, 252

Lilac Sand-Verbena, 292

Little Alpine Lily, 180

Llavina, 24

Lobelia, 6

Loco-Weed, 40

Love-Vine, 160

Lucern, 326

Mad-Apple, 96

Madrone, } 37
Madroño, }

Mad Violets, 204

Mahala Mats, 326

Mahogany, 203

Mahonia, 118, 122

Main-oph-weep, 56

Man-in-the-Ground, 26

Manzanita, 12

Marianas, 290

Mariposa Tulip, 78, 81

Matilija Poppy, 64

Meadow-Foam, 126

Meadow-Sweet, 85

Mesembryanthemum, 220

Milfoil, 97

Milkweed, Hornless Woolly, 380

Milk-white Rein-Orchis, 94

Miner's Lettuce, 16

Mission-Bells, 264

Mission Poppy, 66

Mist-Maidens, 22

Mock-Orange, 117

Monk's-Hood, 328

Mosquito-Bills, 206

Moth-Mullein, 190

Mother's Heart, 78

Mottled Swamp-Orchis, 388

Mountain Balm, 56

Mountain Birch, 84

Mountain Heart's-Ease, 29

Mountain Lady's Slipper, 382

Mountain Laurel, 373

Mountain Mahogany, 373

Mountain Misery, 92

Muilla, 369

Musky Filaree, 194

Naked Broom-Rape, 172

Nievitas, 30

Nigger-Babies, 284

Nigger-Heads, 340

Nine-Bark, 85

Noona, 268

Northern Scarlet Larkspur, 346

Oregon Grape, 118, 122

Orpine, 170

Oso-Berry, 18

Our Lord's Candle, 70

Pearly Everlasting Flower, 102

Pennyroyal, 324

Pentachaeta, 126

Pepper-Root, 4

Phantom Orchis, 388

Pigeon-Berry, 67

Pimpernel, 126

Pin-Clover, 194

Pine-Drops, 186

Pink Monkey-Flower, 248

Pink Paint-Brush, 228

Pipe-Vine, 374

Pipsissiwa, 104

Pitcher-Sage, 42

Poison-Oak, 8

Poison-Weed, 157

Poléo, 324

Poor-Man's Weather-Glass, 126

Pop-corn Flower, 30

Prairie-Pointers, 206

Prickly-Pear, 170

Prickly Phlox, 206

Pride of California, The, 212

Pride of the Mountains, 250

Prince's Pine, 104

Purple Nemophila, 278

Pussy's-Ears, 278

Pussy's-Paws, 70

Quinine-Bush, 370

Racine-Amère, 224

Rattlesnake Plantain, 98

Rattle-Weed, 40

Redbud, 198

Red-stemmed Filaree, 194

Redwood Lily, 72

Redwood Sorrel, 196

Rein-Orchis, 384

Resin-Weed, 176

Rice-Root, 264

Rock-Cress, 196

Rock-Fringe, 254

Rock-Rose, 208

Romero, 316

Roosters'-Heads, 206

Ruby Lily, 72

Sacred Bark, 67

Sage, 298

Sagebrush, 377

Saitas, 262

Salal, 75

Samphire, 387

Sassafras Laurel, 373

Satin-Bell, 54

Sauco, 45

Scarlet Bugler, 358

Scarlet Fritillary, 346

Scarlet Gilia, 360

Scarlet Honeysuckle, 350

Scarlet Monkey-Flower, 360

Scarlet Paint-Brush, 344

Sea-Dahlia, 146

Self-Heal, 322

Service-Berry, 88

Shad-Bush, 90

Shasta Lily, 102

Shepherd's Purse, 78

Shooting-Stars, 204

Sierra Plum, 34

Sierra Primrose, 250

Silk-Tassel Tree, 370

Silver-weed, 175

Silkweed, 312

Si me quieres, no me quieres, 124

Skullcap, 270

Skunk-Cabbage, 108, 166

Snow-Berry, 225

Snow-Plant, 362

Snowy Lily-Bell, 54

Soap-Bush, 84, 258

Soap-Plant, 6, 82

Sour-Grass, 51

Southern Scarlet Larkspur, 364

Spanish Bayonet, 20, 70

Spanish Lily, 262

Spat'lum, 224

Spice-Bush, 373

Spineless Tuna, 225

Spreading Dogbane, 236

Spring-Blossom, 4

Squaw-Berry, 152

Squaw-Grass, 51

Squaw's Carpet, 326

Star-Flower, 202

Stickseed, 334

Sticky Monkey-Flower, 138

St. John's-Wort, 162

Stonecrop, 170

Strawberry Cactus, 24

Succory, 312

Sulphur-Flower, 178

Sun-Cups, 110

Sunflower, 157

Sunshine, 124

Tall Mountain Larkspur, 330

Tarweed, 92, 182, 188

Teasel, 386

Thimble-Berry, 24

Thistle-Poppy, 74

Thistle-Sage, 307

Thorn-Apple, 96

Tidy-Tips, 148

Tiger-Lily, 182, 185

Toad-Flax, 304

Tobacco-Root, 224

Tolguacha, 54

Toothwort, 4

Torosa, 114

Toyon, 90

Tree-Mallow, 226

Tree-Poppy, 118

Tree-Tobacco, 129

Tree-Yucca, 44

Trefoil Sumach, 152

Tuna, 170

Turban Cactus, 374

Turkey-Beard, 51

Turkish Rugging, 218

Turk's-head Cactus, 374

Twin-Berry, 122

Twining Hyacinth, 232

Umbrella-Plant, 242

Velvet Cactus, 357

Venegasia, 171

Vervenia, 282

Villela, 284

Violet Beard-Tongue, 308

Violet Nightshade, 268

Violet Snapdragon, 320

Virgin's Bower, 91

Wahoo, 68

Wake-Robin, 10

Washington Lily, 102

Water-Holly, 118

Water-Lily, 6

Western Boykinia, 81

Western Cardinal-Flower, 365

Western Goldenrod, 191

Western Spice-Bush, 352

Western Wall-Flower, 132

Whipplea, 32

Whispering Bells, 130

White Brodiaea, 156

White Daisy, 28

White Evening Primrose, 48

White Forget-me-not, 30

White Fritillary, 267

White Globe-Tulip, 54

White Layia, 28

White Nemophila, 39

White Owl's Clover, 52

White Sage, 66

White Sweet Clover, 156

White Tea-Tree, 84

White-veined Shinleaf, 100

Wild Bachelor's Button, 312

Wild Bouvardia, 178

Wild Bridal-Wreath, 85

Wild Broom, 152

Wild Buckwheat, 34

Wild Canterbury-Bell, 288

Wild Cherry, 36

Wild Coreopsis, 182

Wild Cucumber, 26

Wild Cyclamen, 204

Wild Date, 20

Wild Ginger, 310

Wild Gooseberry, 338

Wild Heliotrope, 282

Wild Hollyhock, 198

Wild Honeysuckle, 226

Wild Hyacinth, 262, 292

Wild Lantana, 292

Wild Morning-glory, 40

Wild Peony, 340

Wild Pie-Plant, 378

Wild Plum, 34

Wild Portulaca, 212

Wild White Lilac, 39

Wind-Flower, 18

Wind-Poppy, 129

Wintergreen, 75

Wood Anemone, 18

Wood-Balm, 42

Woodland Star of Bethlehem, 32

Wood Strawberry, 10

Woolly Blue-Curls, 316

Woolly Breeches, 128

Yarrow, 97

Yellow-Boy, 67

Yellow Daisy, 148

Yellow Forget-me-not, 128

Yellow Globe-Tulip, 144

Yellow Mariposa Tulip, 174

Yellow Pansy, 120

Yellow Pond-Lily, 184

Yellow-Root, 67

Yellow Sand-Verbena, 146

Yellow Star Tulip, 130

Yellow Sweet Clover, 156

Yerba Buena, 62

Yerba de Chivato, 91

Yerba del Indio, 354

Yerba del Pasmo, 61

Yerba Mansa, 76

Yerba Santa, 56

Yucca-Palm, 44

Zygadene, 6

INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS

PAGE

Aggregate fruit, xxx

Akene, xxx

Ament, xxviii

Anther, xxix

Axil, xxii

Berry, xxx

Blade, xxiii

Bract, xxvii

Bulb, xxiii

Calyx, xxviii

Capsule, xxx

Catkin, xxviii

Complete flower, xxviii

Compound leaf, xxiv

Corm, xxiii

Corolla, xxviii

Corymb, xxvii

Cyme, xxviii

Drupe, xxx

Essential organs, xxviii

Female flower, xxix

Filament, xxix

Flower-cluster, xxvii

Flower-head, xxviii

Follicle, xxx

Foot-stalk, xxiii

Fruit, xxix

Gourd, xxx

Imperfect flower, xxix

Inflorescence, xxvii

Internodes, xxii

Involucre, xxvii

Leaflet, xxiv

Leaves, xxiii

Legume, xxx

Male flower, xxix

Neutral flower, xxix

Nodes, xxii

Ovary, xxix

Palmate leaf, xxiv

Panicle, xxviii

Pedicel, xxvii

Peduncle, xxvii

Pepo, xxx

Perianth, xxviii

Perfect flower, xxix

Pericarp, xxix

Petals, xxviii

Petiole, xxiii

Pinnate leaf, xxiv

Pistil, xxix

Pistillate flower, xxix

Pollen, xxix

Pome, xxx

Raceme, xxvii

Rhizome, xxiii

Root, xxii

Rootstock, xxiii

Samara, xxx

Scape, xxvii

Sepals, xxviii

Simple leaf, xxiv

Solitary flower, xxvii

Spadix, xxviii

Spathe, xxviii

Spike, xxviii

Stamen, xxix

Staminate flower, xxix

Staminodia, xxix

Stem, xxii

Stigma, xxix

Stipules, xxiii

Style, xxix

Tuber, xxiii

Umbel, xxvii

Veinlets, xxiv

GLOSSARY

_Abortive_, defective or barren.

_Acuminate_, ending in a tapering point.

_Adnate_, growing to; or said of an anther whose cells are
borne upon the sides of the apex of the filament.

_Appendage_, any superadded part.

_Appressed_, lying flat against or together for the whole
length.

_Arborescent_, treelike; approaching the size of a tree.

_Attenuate_, slenderly tapering to a point.

_Auricle_, a small earlike lobe at the base of a leaf.

_Awn_, a bristle-shaped appendage.

_Barb_, a sharply reflexed point upon an awn, etc., like the
barb of a fish-hook.

_Basifixed_, attached by the base or lower end.

_Beak_, a narrow or prolonged tip.

_Bifid_, two-cleft to the middle or thereabouts.

_Bilabiate_, two-lipped.

_Blade_, the expanded portion of a leaf, petal, etc.

_Bract_, one of the leaves of a flower-cluster.

_Bracteate_, furnished with bracts.

_Bractlet_, a bract of the ultimate grade; as one inserted _on_
a pedicel or ultimate flower-stalk instead of _under_ it.

_Bracteolate_, having bractlets.

_Bulbiferous_, bearing bulbs.

_Caducous_, dropping off very early.

_Campanulate_, bell-shaped.

_Capitate_, headlike, or collected in a head.

_Carina_, a salient longitudinal projection on the center of
the lower face of an organ.

_Carinate_, furnished with a carina, or keel.

_Carpel_, a simple pistil, or one of the several parts of a
compound one.

_Ciliate_, marginally fringed with hairs.

_Clavate_, club-shaped.

_Claw_, the narrowed base, or stalk, which some petals, etc.,
possess.

_Coalescing_, cohering; used properly in respect to similar
parts.

_Column_, a body formed by the union of filaments (stamineal);
or (in orchids) of the stamens and pistil.

_Confluent_, blended, or running together.

_Connate_, growing together; united in one.

_Connective_, the portion of the filament which connects or
separates the cells of an anther.

_Connivent_, coming into contact or converging.

_Cordate_, heart-shaped.

_Coriaceous_, leathery.

_Corymb_, a flat-topped inflorescence flowering from the margin
inward.

_Corymbose_, in corymbs, or in the form of a corymb.

_Cruciferous_, of four somewhat similar petals, spreading in
the form of a cross.

_Cymose_, in cymes. (See _cyme_, in Explanation of Terms, p.
xxviii.)

_Deciduous_, falling at the end of the season.

_Declined_, bent or curved downward or forward.

_Decumbent_, reclining, but with summit ascending.

_Decurrent_, running down the stem; applied to a leaf with
blade prolonged below its insertion.

_Deflexed_, bent or turned abruptly downward.

_Dehiscing_, opening by valves, slits, or regular lines; as a
capsule or an anther.

_Deltoid_, having the shape of the Greek letter _delta_;
broadly triangular.

_Denticulate_, minutely toothed.

_Depauperate_, impoverished in size by unfavorable
surroundings.

_Dichotomous_, forking regularly by pairs.

_Diaecious_, with stamens and pistils in different flowers on
different plants.

_Dissected_, deeply cut, or divided into numerous segments.

_Divaricate_, extremely divergent.

_Divided_, lobed or cut clear to the base.

_Emarginate_, notched at the extremity.

_Entire_, with the margin uninterrupted; without teeth or
divisions of any sort.

_Equitant_, astride; as of leaves folding over each other in
two ranks; as in the iris.

_Erose_, gnawed.

_Exserted_, projecting beyond an envelop; as stamens from a
corolla.

_Extrorse_, facing outward; said of the anther.

_Falcate_, scythe-shaped; sickle-shaped.

_Fascicled_, in a close cluster or bundle; said of flowers,
stalks, roots, and leaves.

_Fertile_, capable of producing fruit; as a pistillate flower;
applied also to a pollen-bearing stamen.

_Fibrous_, composed of or of the nature of fibres.

_Filiform_, threadlike.

_Flexuous_, zigzag; bent alternately in opposite directions.

_Foliaceous_, leaflike in structure or appearance; leafy.

_Foliolate_, having leaflets; the number indicated by the Latin
prefixes, _bi-_, _tri-_, etc.

_Follicle_, a pod formed from a single pistil, dehiscing along
the ventral suture only.

_Free_, not growing to other organs.

_Fugacious_, falling very early.

_Funnel-form_, tubular, but expanding gradually from the narrow
base to the spreading border or limb; _e.g._ the Morning-glory
flower.

_Galea_, a helmet; applied to the helmet-shaped upper lip of
the corolla in _Labiatae_, etc.; also in some _Scrophularineae_,
though not so shaped.

_Glabrous_, without any kind of hairiness.

_Gland_, any secreting structure, depression or prominence, on
any part of a plant, or any structure having such an
appearance.

_Glandular_, bearing glands, or glandlike.

_Glaucous_, covered or whitened with a bloom like that on a
cabbage-leaf.

_Habit_, the general form or mode of growth of a plant.

_Herbaceous_, having the character of an herb; not woody or
shrubby.

_Hispid_, beset with rigid or bristly hairs, or with bristles.

_Imbricate_, overlapping, like shingles on a roof.

_Incised_, cut irregularly and sharply.

_Included_, inclosed by the surrounding organs; not exserted.

_Indigenous_, native to the country.

_Inferior_, said of the ovary when the calyx, corolla, or
stamens are borne upon its summit or sides.

_Inflorescence_, the flowering portion of a plant, and
especially the mode of its arrangement.

_Innate_, said of an anther when it is a continuation of the
filament.

_Introrse_, facing inward, or toward the axis, as an anther.

_Involucrate_, having an involucre.

_Involucre_, a circle of bracts subtending a flower-cluster.

_Involute_, rolled inward.

_Keel._ (See _carina_.)

_Keeled_, furnished with a keel, or carina.

_Lacerate_, torn; irregularly and deeply cleft.

_Laciniate_, cut into narrow, slender teeth, or lobes.

_Liliaceous_, lily-like.

_Limb_, the dilated and usually spreading portion of a perianth
or petal as distinct from the tubular part, or claw.

_Line_, the twelfth part of inch.

_Linear_, narrow and elongated, with parallel margins.

_Lip_, either of the two divisions of a bilabiate corolla or
calyx; in orchids the upper petal (often, apparently, the
lower) usually very different from the others.

_Lobe_, any division of a leaf, corolla, etc., especially if
rounded.

_Lunate_, crescent-shaped, or half-moon-shaped.

_Lyrate_, lyre-shaped; pinnatifid with the terminal lobe large
and rounded, and one or more of the lower pairs small.

_Membranaceous_, thin; rather soft and translucent, like
membrane.

_Monoecious_, with stamens and pistils in separate blossoms on
the same plant.

_Mucronate_, with a short, abrupt, small tip.

_Nectar_, the sweetish secretion of the blossom from which bees
make honey.

_Nectary_, the place or gland in which nectar is secreted.

_Nerve_, a simple, unbranched vein or slender rib.

_Nerved_, furnished with a nerve or nerves.

_Ob-_, used as a prefix meaning inversely.

_Obtuse_, blunt or rounded at the end.

_Odd-pinnate_, pinnate, with an odd leaflet at the end.

_Palate_, a protrusion at or near the throat of a two-lipped
corolla.

_Panicle_, a loose, irregularly branching inflorescence.

_Papilionaceous_, butterfly-like; applied to the peculiar
irregular flower common in _Leguminosae_.

_Papillae_, minute, thick, nipple-shaped, or somewhat elongated
projections.

_Parasitic_, growing upon and deriving nourishment from another
plant.

_Parted_, cleft nearly, but not quite, to the base.

_Perfoliate_, said of leaves connate about the stem.

_Persistent_, not falling off; said of leaves continuing
through the winter.

_Petaloid_, petal-like.

_Petiolate_, having a petiole.

_Petiole_, the foot-stalk of a leaf.

_Petiolulate_, having a petiolule.

_Petiolule_, the foot-stalk of a leaflet.

_Pinnate_, having its parts arranged in pairs along a common
rachis.

_Pinnatifid_, pinnately cleft.

_Pistillate_, having a pistil or pistils, and no stamens.

_Puberulent_, minutely pubescent.

_Pubescent_, covered with hairs, usually soft and short.

_Rachis_, the axis (backbone) of a spike, or of a compound
leaf.

_Radiate_, diverging from a common center, or bearing
ray-flowers; said of flower-heads of composite plants.

_Radical_, belonging to or proceeding from the root, or from
the base of the stem.

_Ray_, one of the radiating branches of an umbel; the marginal
flowers, as distinct from those of the disk, in _Compositae_,
etc.

_Receptacle_, a more or less expanded surface, forming a
support for a cluster of organs (in a flower) or a cluster of
flowers (in a head), etc.

_Recurved_, curved backward or downward.

_Reflexed_, abruptly bent or turned backward or downward.

_Regular_, symmetrical in form; uniform in shape or structure.

_Retrorse_, directed backward or downward.

_Revolute_, rolled backward from the margins or apex.

_Rhomboidal_, quadrangular, with the lateral angles obtuse.

_Rudiment_, an imperfectly developed and functionally useless
organ.

_Rugose_, wrinkled; ridged.

_Saccate_, sac-shaped; baggy.

_Sagittate_, shaped like an arrowhead; triangular, with basal
lobes prolonged downward.

_Salver-form_, narrowly tubular, with limb abruptly or flatly
expanded.

_Scabrous_, rough to the touch.

_Scape_, a naked peduncle rising from the ground.

_Scarious_, thin, dry, membranaceous, and not green.

_Scorpioid_, incurved like the tail of a scorpion; said of an
inflorescence.

_Segment_, one of the parts of a leaf or other organ that is
cut or divided.

_Serrate_, having teeth directed forward, like the teeth of a
saw.

_Serrulate_, minutely serrate.

_Sessile_, stemless.

_Sinus_, a recess or re-entering angle.

_Sheathing_, infolding like a sheath.

_Spathe_, a large bract or pair of bracts (often colored)
inclosing a flower-cluster.

_Spinescent_, ending in a spine or rigid point.

_Spinulose_, with diminutive spines.

_Spur_, a usually slender tubular process, from some part of a
flower, often honey-bearing.

_Staminate_, having stamens, but no pistils.

_Staminodium_, a sterile stamen, or something taking the place
of a stamen.

_Stellate_, star-shaped.

_Sterile_, barren; incapable of producing seed; a sterile
stamen is one not producing pollen.

_Striate_, marked with fine longitudinal lines.

_Subtended_, supported or surrounded; as a pedicel by a bract,
or a flower-cluster by an involucre.

_Subulate_, awl-shaped.

_Succulent_, fleshy and juicy.

_Superior_, growing above; a superior ovary is one wholly above
and free from the calyx.

_Terete_, cylindrical.

_Ternate_, in threes.

_Thyrse_, a contracted or ovate panicle.

_Thyrsoid_, thyrselike.

_Tomentum_, dense, matted, woolly pubescence.

_Trifoliolate_, having three leaflets.

_Tubular_, tube-shaped.

_Undulate_, wavy.

_Unisexual_, of one sex; said of flowers having stamens only,
or pistils only.

_Urceolate_, cylindrical or ovoid, but contracted at or below
the open orifice, like an urn or a pitcher.

_Valve_, the several parts of a dehiscent pericarp; the
doorlike lid by which some anthers open.

_Ventricose_, swelling unequally, or inflated on one side.

_Versatile_, swinging; turning freely on its support.

_Villous_, bearing long and soft, straight or straightish
hairs.

_Virgate_, wandlike.

_Viscid_, glutinous; sticky.

_Whorl_, an arrangement of leaves, flowers, etc., in a circle
about the stem, or axis.

* * * * *
Transcriber's Notes

Obvious punctuation and spelling errors repaired. Flowers with no common name have a thought break. Inconsistent hyphenation has been repaired.

Page 141 "black-bird" changed to "blackbird". Page 192 "arrow-heads" changed to "arrowheads". Page 324 "horse-mint" changed to "horsemint". Page 164 "over-powering" changed to "overpowering". Page 141 "lace-like" changed to "lacelike". Page 190 "golden-rod" changed to "goldenrod". Page 354 "tooth-like" changed to "toothlike".

The following index entries were repaired:

Large Yellow Lupine, 16[**numbers missing] Lavender Mountain Daisy, [**numbers missing] Lead-Plant, [**numbers missing] Leatherwood, [**numbers missing] Lemonade-Berry, [**numbers missing] Lemon-Lily, [**numbers missing]

In ambiguous cases, the text has been left as it appears in the original book. In particular, the following errors:

endquote missing punctuation paragraph starts with lower-case mismatched square backets mismatched quotes wrong spaced quotes missing paragraph breaks