Chapter XII (2)

Harvest-mouse and shrew compared, 218.

Hawksbill turtle, tortoise-shell of, 97.

Hearing apparatus of herrings, 56.

Heart, of amphibia and reptiles, 74, 76, 96;
of birds, 135;
of fishes, 23;
of frog, three-chambered, 76;
of tadpole, two-chambered, 74;
three-chambered, of tortoise, 96.

_Hedgehog_, 220;
structure and habits of, 220.

Herbivora, ancestors of the, 213;
advantage of struggle for existence to the, 282;
defences of the, 259;
large stomachs of, 258;
structure of the, 258;
uniting for defence, 350;
wide range of, 257.

Heron, strokes of wing of, 134;
a tree-building wader, 152;
grasping foot of the, 152.

Herrings probably call to each other, 56;
their habits and structure, 56.

Hesperornis, 130;
_figured_, 123.

Heterocercal tails, 30.

_Hippocampus or sea-horse_, 63.

Hippopotamus, defences of the, 263;
former range of the, 263;
in glacial beds, 342.

Hissing of a snake, how caused, 113.

Hogs, early types without tusks, 260;
various kinds of, 263.

Homocercal tails, 30.

Hoofs as defences, 260.

Horns, absence of, in early forms, 260;
as defences, 260;
permanent, of buffaloes, 273.

Horse, ancestors of the, 213, 261;
genealogy of the, 267;
mouth of the, 259;
no true wild living, 265;
structure of the, 259, 266.

Horses unite for protection, 268.

Howler-monkeys, 246.

Humming-birds, lovely nests of, 167.

_Humpback whale suckling her young_, 319.

Huxley on Ichthyopsida and Sauropsida, 129.

Hyæna, in glacial times of England, 342;
teeth and claws of the, 290.

Ice, covering Northern Europe, 342.

Ichneumon, killing the cobra, 121;
_the Egyptian_, 281.

Ichthyodorulites of the Silurian, 38.

Ichthyopsida, fish and amphibia, 129.

Ichthyornis, 130;
_figured_, 123.

_Ichthyosaurus_, 89, 92.

Iguanas or tree-lizards, 106.

_Iguanodon_, 89, 93.

Imperfect-toothed animals, or Edentata, early history of, 201.

_Insect-eater, skull and teeth of_, 217.

_Insect-eaters, a group of_, 220;
small-sized animals, 215;
and rodents compared, 239;
absent from South America, 230.

Instincts, interest of in theory of development, 347.

Invertebrata and their limits, 4–6, 9.

Isinglass from sturgeon, 32.

Jacamars of America, 168.

Jackals, hunting in packs, 285;
ancestors of the dog, 286.

Jaguar, feeding on tortoise, 100;
habits and range of the, 292;
and ant-bear, 205.

Japan, gigantic salamander of, 78;
monkeys in, 241.

Jaw, movement of, in flesh-feeders, 289;
in vegetable-feeders, 259;
_of snake_, 119;
distensible, 114.

Jerboas of Africa, 225.

Jumping shrews, 225.

Kangaroo-rats, 195.

_Kangaroos_, 193;
strength of, 194.

Kentucky caves, blind fish of, 68.

_Kaola, or native bear of Australia_, 193, 195.

Killer-whale, voracity of the, 325.

_Kingfisher_, 166;
a darting bird, 167.

“King of the Herrings,” 41.

Knob, on bird’s beak for shell-breaking, 143;
on nose of baby platypus, 190.

Labyrinthodonts, age of, 337;
of the coal-forests, 84.

Lakes, fish-eggs carried to, 66.

Lamprey, _and young_, 16;
breathing organ of, 17;
teeth of, 17, 19, 37;
metamorphosis of the, 19.

Lampris luna, sun-fish, 53.

_Lancelet, structure of the_, 11.

Land-birds, their enemies and difficulties, 154–156.

Lark, nest of the, 170.

Legs, of a bird, construction of, 127;
vestiges of, in snakes, 110.

Leidy cited, 212.

Lemming, strange migrations of, 225.

_Lemurs_, 244;
position and habits of, 243.

Lepidosteus or bony pike, 33.

Life, gradual development of, 4.

Light-giving deep-sea fishes, 47.

Lion fighting with a buffalo, 274;
formerly in England, 291;
habits and range of the, 291.

Lizard, _skeleton of a_, 103;
structure and habits of, 104;
can live in unhealthy places, 104;
flying, 106;
legless and snake-like, 107.

London, hippopotamus bones under, 263.

Lories, the lemurs of India, 243.

Love, gradual development of parental, 348–350;
a reigning law of life, 353.

Lumpsucker clinging to rock, 58.

Lungs, of frog, 76;
of the snake, 113.

Machairodus or sabre-toothed tiger, 291;
_figured_, 333.

Mackerel going in to spawn, 55.

Madagascar, true lemurs of, 243.

Magpie’s nest, 170.

Mammalia or milk-givers, divisions of the, 182;
distribution of, 340;
aquatic, 300;
extinction of large, 341;
sudden appearance of higher, 211.

Mammoth, the hairy, 279.

Man, after Glacial Period, 343;
_among animals now extinct_, 333;
exterminating wild animals, 344.

_Manatee or sea-cow grazing_, 315;
relationship of, 303.

Mandrill, the lowest baboon, 250.

_Manis or pangolin_, 202;
structure and habits of, 203.

Marmosets, monkeys of South America, 245.

Marmot, a burrowing rodent, 225.

Marsh, Prof., his collection of reptile remains, 339;
cited, 212;
on Dinocerata, 260.

Marsupials, jaws of earliest known, 183;
breathing of infant, 192;
of Australia, past history of the, 185;
early appearance of, 337;
playing the part of higher animals, 196;
structure and habits of, 192–199.

Mastodon, a four-tusked elephant, 279;
_figured_, 256.

Megalosaurus, 93;
_figured_, 89.

Megapodes, mound-building birds, 159.

Megatheria, huge ancient ground-sloths, 202, 206, 208.

Metamorphosis of the frog, 73–76.

Mexico, iguanas of, 106.

_Microlestes, tooth of_, 183.

Migration, of birds, 142, 151, 155, 177, 348;
of lemmings, 225.

Milk-givers are viviparous, 185;
earliest origin of, 191;
extinction of large, 341;
_home of the early_, 181;
sudden appearance of higher, 211;
taking to the water, 300.

Miller’s thumbs, 65.

Minnow, breathing apparatus of the, 22;
_inner and outer structure of the_, 23–26;
intelligence of, 26;
spinal cord of, 23, 26.

_Moa of New Zealand_, 140.

_Mole_, 220;
enemies of the, 224;
structure and habits of, 223.

Mole-rats, burrowing rodents, 226.

Monitors of Africa, 105.

_Monkeys_, 247;
advantage of tree-life to, 251;
almost confined to hot countries, 241;
grasping hands and feet of, 241;
intelligence of, 248;
origin of, 240;
of America, 245;
of the Old World, characters of, 248.

Monk-fish, 41.

Moor-hen, intelligence of the, 151.

Mosasaurus, 92;
_figured_, 89.

Motmots of America, 168.

_Mound-building birds_, 158.

Mucous scales of fish, 23, 27.

Mud-fish and their breathing, 33.

Mud-tortoises, 102.

Mullets, feeding, 57.

Musquash, a swimming rodent, 227.

Myrmecobius, an insect-eating marsupial, 195;
like the ancient marsupials, 198.

_“Native Devil” or Dasyurus_, 197.

Nervous system of vertebrata, 8.

_Nest of the common wren_, 171;
_of duck-billed platypus_, 188.

Nest-building birds, 168–173;
gradual progress of, 156, 160, 165, 167, 170, 173.

Nests, edible, of China swiftlet, 167;
inland, of wading birds, 151.

_Newts_, 78.

New Zealand, _wingless birds of_, 140.

Nightjar hunting for prey, 167.

Nile, _crocodile of the_, 108;
mud-fish of the, 33.

Norway, lemmings of, 225.

Nostrils of fish, 27.

Notochord of the lancelet, 12.

Nototrema frog, with a pouch for young, 87.

Nuthatch, a climber among perchers, 172.

_Opossums_, 200;
habits of, 198;
why surviving in South America, 197–199:
their relation to Australian marsupials, 198.

Orangutan or mias, 252.

Orca or grampus, a flesh-feeding whale, 325.

Ornithorhynchus, _and its home_, 188;
_bill and feet of_, 189;
structure of the, 190;
the lowest milk-giver, 191.

Osprey, the sea-eagle, 177.

Ostrich _at full speed_, 137;
structure and habits of, 138.

Otter, common, 301;
_sea-_, 302.

Owen, Prof., on a reptile like platypus, 190;
on advantage of pouch to marsupials, 193.

Owl, adapted for night-hunting, 176.

Owl-monkeys, 246.

Oystercatchers, wading birds, 148.

Paddle-fins of mud-fish, 35, 38.

_Paleotherium_, 209;
one of the ancestors of tapirs and rhinoceroses, 213, 261.

Pallas cited, 11.

Pangolins, structure and habits of, 203.

Paraguay, rheas of, 139.

Parker, Prof. Kitchen, on evolution, 191;
on origin of mammalia, 191.

Parkyn, Mr., on baboons, 249.

Parrots, using beak in climbing, 165.

Partridges, ground-nesters, 156.

Peccaries of South America, 263.

Peewit or lapwing, 148.

Pelican, perches on trees, 148.

_Penguin, home of the_, 147;
swimming wings of the, 146.

Perch, climbing, 66.

Perching birds, 168–173;
aquatic bird among, 172;
bird of prey among, 172;
climbers among, 172;
darters among, 172;
ground-feeders among, 170.

Petrel, home of the stormy, 145.

_Phalanger, a flying_, 193, 195.

Pheasants, ground-nesters, 156.

Phosphorescent, fish, 47, 48;
fluid, 50.

Pigeons, beginners in nest-building, 160;
crop of, 161;
passenger, 162.

Pike, 65.

Pilot-fish accompanying shark, 52.

Pipistrelle the common bat, 236.

Plates, horny, in duck’s bill, 142;
in bill of Ornithorhynchus, 188;
in mouth of whale, 328;
under the snake’s body, used in walking, 112.

Platypus, 188;
knob on nose of baby, 190.

Plesiosaurus, 92;
_figured_, 89.

Plovers, wading birds, 148;
dragging the wing, 151.

Pocket-mice of North America, 215.

Poison of snakes a concentration of a substance found in ordinary
saliva, 119.

Poisonous snakes, 117–121.

Polar bear, walrus fighting the, 309.

Polypterus or bichir, 33.

_Porcupine_, 221;
structure and habits of, 222;
tree, 222.

_Porpoise_, 323;
good type of whales, 324.

Pouch-bearers, see Marsupials.

Pouched-rats, burrowing rodents, 226.

Prairie-dogs, burrowing rodents, 225.

Protective, colours, 347;
smells in animals, 347.

Proteus of Carniola caverns, 79.

Protopterus of the Nile, 33.

Protorosaurus earliest known reptile, 91.

Ptarmigan, white plumage of, 157.

Pterodactyls or flying reptiles, 93;
_figured_, 89.

Pterygotus and early fish, 37;
_figured_, 20.

Puff-birds of America, 168.

Puffin Island, sea-birds of, 142.

_Puffins_, 144;
laying eggs in cliff-holes, 142.

Puma, range and habits of the, 292.

Pythons crushing their prey, 117.

Quadrate bone, absent in milk-givers, 191;
giving a wide gape to the snake, 114;
_in bird_, 126;
_in lizard_, 103;
_in snake_, 111.

Quadrumana, use of term, 242.

Quails, scratching birds, 157.

Queensland, _Ceratodus of_, 34.

Rats, intelligence of, 230.

Rattlesnake feeding on “Prairie dogs,” 225;
horny plates of the, 118;
_jaw of the_, 119.

Rays, manner of feeding of, 42.

_Red deer with branching antlers_, 272.

_Remora carried by shark_, 51.

Reptiles, abound in warm countries, 90;
age of the great, 339;
care for their young, 122;
disappearance of ancient, 94, 211;
flying, of olden times, 93;
huge, of ancient times, 91, 94;
_in their palmy days_, 89;
lay their eggs on land, 90;
linked in structure with birds, 129;
modern, 94–122.

Rheas, three-toed ostriches, 139.

Rhinoceros, absence of upper teeth in, 265;
horn made of matted hair, 264;
embedded in ice, 265.

Rhytinas in Behring’s Straits, 316.

Ribbon fish, 49.

Ribs of lizard, 97, 103;
of snake, used in walking, 112;
of tortoise, forming the shell, 99.

River-fish, 46, 64.

River-tortoises, 101.

Roach, 65.

_Rodent, skull of_, 217;
teeth of, 216.

Rodents or gnawers, 215;
affinity of elephants to, 276;
generally small and weak, 215;
_a group of_, 221;
and insect-eaters compared, 239.

Rollers, darting birds of the East, 168.

Rooks, nests of, 170.

Rorqual, short whalebones of, 326.

Rough hound, 28.

Round-mouthed fishes, 16.

Ruminants, characters of the, 259;
wide spread of, 269.

Running birds, 136–140.

Russia, sturgeon in, 32.

Salamander, gigantic, of Japan, 78;
black, viviparous, 81.

Salamandra atra, viviparous, 81.

Salmon going up river to spawn, 64.

Sandpipers, wading birds, 148.

Sauropsida, birds and lizards, 129.

Scales of bony fish and mud-fish, 45;
of fish, 27;
of snakes embedded in the skin, 111.

Scaly lizard is viviparous, 105.

Scoresby, on walrus killing narwhal, 309;
on whale-mothers defending their young, 330;
on whale spouting, 321.

Sea, chief home of fish, 46.

Sea-birds, 142–150;
_a group of_, 144.

Sea-cows, relationship of, 303;
their structure and habits, 315.

_Sea-horse, a fish_, 63.

Sea-lion, _and common seal_, 306;
_skeleton of a_, 304;
structure of, 305;
range of, 306.

Sea-lions on the Aleutian Isles, 310;
_fighting for wives_, 311.

Seals, breathing apparatus of, 308;
how adapted for a sea-life, 307;
on English coasts, 303;
origin of, 303;
structure and range of, 313, 314.

Seal-skin, how prepared, 308.

Sea-otter, structure of the, 301.

_Sea-squirt, growth of a_, 14.

Sea-squirts, anomalous position of, 15.

Sea-tortoises coming on land to lay eggs, 102.

Secretary bird killing poisonous snakes, 121.

Self-sacrifice, a law of life, 352.

Sentinels placed by animals, 269.

Shark _carrying remora_, 51;
accompanied by pilot-fish, 52;
eggs, 28, 42;
external gills of embryo, 73.

Sharks, history of the, 41;
their structure, 28–30.

Sheat-fish, fathers carrying eggs in the mouth, 65.

Sheep and goats, range of, 274.

Shell of tortoise, how formed, 98.

Shields of the crocodile, 108.

Shrike, a perching bird of prey, 172.

Shrew and harvest-mouse compared, 218.

Silver Pit, soles living in the, 63.

Siren, a gill-breather, 80.

Sirenia, name for sea-cows, 315.

Skates, flat bodies of, 41;
purse-eggs of, 42.

_Skeleton, of bat_, 233;
_bird_, 126;
_wild ass_, 266;
_lizard_, 103;
_sea-lion_, 304;
_snake_, 111;
_tortoise_, 98;
_whale_, 318.

Skeletons of deep-sea fish, 49.

_Skulls of rodent and insectivore_, 217.

Skye, walrus seen off, 310.

Slime on fish causing phosphorescence, 50.

_Sloths hanging from a tree_, 200;
structure and habits of, 206.

Slowworm, a legless lizard, 107.

Smooth hound, 28.

Snake, affection in a, 349;
casting its skin, 116;
_common ringed_, 113;
cup and ball joints of the, 112, 114;
eggs, 116;
enemies of the, 117;
food of the common, 116;
mode of swallowing prey, 114;
_skeleton of a_, 111;
coiling round prey, 117;
nature of poison of, 119;
poisonous sea-, 121.

Snapping turtle, 101.

Sole, history of its growth, 62;
_young and old_, 61.

Song of birds, how caused, 169.

_Sparrow_, 125;
_skeleton of_, 126.

Spawning of lampreys, 18.

Spermaceti in head of whale, 326.

_Sperm whale_, 327;
its structure and habits, 325;
taking breath, 322.

Spider monkeys, 246.

Spinal cord, of lamprey, 17;
of the lancelet, 12;
of shark, 30;
of vertebrata, 9.

Spines, of hedgehog and porcupine, 222;
of sharks, 29, 38.

Spinous processes, of lizard, 103;
of snake, 111;
of tortoise, 98.

Squirrels, enemies of the, 231;
_flying_, 231;
tree-loving rodents, 230.

Stickleback father defending the young, 65.

_Sticklebacks and their nest_, 65.

Sting-rays, 42.

Stomias, a deep-sea fish, 48.

Storks, migrations of, 151.

Struggle for existence, developing sympathy, 351;
improving the herbivora, 282.

Sturgeon _entering a river_, 31;
first appearance of the, 41;
_head and mouth of_, 32;
structure of, 32.

_Sucking-fish or remora_, 51.

Sun-fish with large air-bladder, 53.

Surinam toad, carrying young in hollows of the skin, 87.

Swallow, a darter among the perchers, 172.

Swans, range of wild, 142.

Swifts, darting birds, 167;
in East build nests with saliva, 167.

Sword-fish, Xiphias, 55.

Tadpole, _life and changes of_, 72–76;
of salamandra atra, 81;
summary of changes in the, 335.

_Taguan or flying squirrel_, 231.

Tail, jointed, of ancient land-bird, 130;
of minnow, 24;
homocercal and heterocercal, 30;
of bony fish, 45;
of sharks and sturgeon, 30.

_Tailor bird’s nest_, 173.

Tallegallus, mound-building birds, 158.

Tapirs, past and present range of, 264.

_Tasmanian marsupials_, 197.

Teeth as defences, 260;
in jaws of ancient birds, 130;
of American monkeys, 246;
of Old World monkeys, 248;
of ancient type of fish, 35, 38, 39;
of lamprey, 17, 19, 37;
of rodents and insect-eaters, 217;
of snake used in holding, 115;
of snake are its poison fangs, 119.

Tenrecs of Madagascar, 216.

Termites, ant-bear feeding on, 205.

_Tern, black-winged_, 144.

Terrapins or box-tortoises, 101.

_Testudo Græca_, 96.

Thresher-shark, 28.

Thrush, nest of the song-, 170.

Thuringian lizard, earliest reptile, 91.

_Tiger_, 287;
_claws of the_, 289;
_man fighting the sabre-toothed_, 333, 343;
range and habits of the, 292;
sabre-toothed, 290;
structure of the, 288.

_Tiger wolf or Thylacinus_, 197.

Tinamous, a group between running birds and ground birds, 156.

Toad, habits of the, 85.

Todies of America, 168.

Toe-thumbs in opossums, dormouse and monkey, 242.

Tongue of frog, 77;
of snake a harmless organ of touch, 112, 118, 119;
of the woodpecker, 164.

Torpedo-fish, 42.

Tortoise, _back of a young_, 99;
_Greek_, 96;
structure and habits of, 95–100.

Tortoises, gigantic land, 101;
mud and sea, 102.

Tortoise-shell, 97.

Toucans, climbing-birds, 165.

Tree-frogs, 86, 87.

Trilobites with the early fish, 37.

Trunk of the elephant, 277.

Tunny, a fish without air-bladder, 53.

Turkeys, scratching birds, 157.

Turnstones, wading birds, 148.

Turtles, 101, 102.

Tusks, as weapons, 260, 263;
of the elephant, 276;
wanting in early forms, 260.

Uneven-toed animals, origin of, 265.

Ungulata, or hoofed animals, 257.

Vampires in South America, 237.

Vegetable-feeders, _see_ Herbivora.

Vertebrata, advantages of the, 7;
spinal cord of the, 9.

Viper, _common English_, 121;
killed by the buzzard, 120.

Viscacha of South America, 225.

Vultures, scavengers of the earth, 174.

_Wading birds, a group of_, 149.

Walking fish, 57.

Wallace, Mr. A. R., bitten by bats, 237;
on colugo, 232;
on mound-building birds, 159;
on orangutan, 252;
on separation of Australasia, 186.

_Walrus_, 294;
structure, home, and habits of the, 309.

Wart-hogs of Africa, 263.

Water-birds, _the earliest known_, 123;
structure of, 141.

Water-mole, 188.

Water-ouzel or dipper, 172.

Water-rat and water-shrew, 219.

_Weasel, a small flesh-feeder_, 280.

Weevers, spined fish, 58.

Whale, breathing apparatus of, 321;
_skeleton of whalebone_, 318;
_suckling her young_, 319;
ancient origin of, 303;
a warm-blooded mammal, 317;
kept warm by blubber, 320;
long life of, 331;
parasites on, 331.

Whalebone, nature of, 328.

Whiskers of tiger are feelers, 289.

White animal tints in winter, 347.

Wild duck, strokes of wing of, 134.

Wing, rapid strokes of a bird’s, 134;
structure of a bird’s, 127.

Wing-feathers, hooklets on, 133.

Wings of a bat, how formed, 233.

Wolf, affection of a, 286;
ancestor of the dog, 286;
_dog-like form and teeth of_, 283;
structure of, 284;
the only social tribe of carnivora, 286.

_Wombat_, 197;
a marsupial, 195.

_Woodpecker, the great green_, 163;
tongue of, 164.

_Wood-pigeon on her nest_, 160.

_Woolly monkey and child_, 247.

Worm, compared to the lancelet, 13.

_Wren, common, nest of_, 171.

Wryneck, 172.

_Xiphodon_, 210;
ancestor of the antlered animals, 213;
ancestor of ruminants, 261.

Yapock, 300.

THE END.

WORKS OF ARABELLA B. BUCKLEY.

The Winners in Life’s Race;

OR, THE GREAT BACKBONED FAMILY. With numerous Illustrations.
12mo. Cloth, gilt, $1.50

Life and Her Children.

Glimpses of Animal Life from the Amœba to the Insects. With
upward of One Hundred Illustrations. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.

Fairy-Land of Science.

With numerous Illustrations. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.

“It deserves to take a permanent place in the literature of
youth.”--_London Times._

“So interesting that, having once opened the book, we do not know how
to leave off reading.”--_Saturday Review._

A Short History of Natural Science and the Progress of Discovery,

FROM THE TIME OF THE GREEKS TO THE PRESENT DAY. For Schools and
Young Persons. With Illustrations. 12mo. Cloth, $2.00.

“A most admirable little volume. It is a classified résumé of the
chief discoveries in physical science. To the young student it is a
book to open up new worlds with every chapter.”--_Graphic._

“The book will be a valuable aid in the study of the elements of
natural science.”--_Journal of Education._

_For sale by all booksellers; or sent by mail, post-paid, on receipt of price._

New York: D. APPLETON & CO., 1, 3, & 5 Bond Street.

THE

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES.

EACH BOOK COMPLETE IN ONE VOLUME, 12MO, AND BOUND IN CLOTH.

I. FORMS OF WATER: a Familiar Exposition of the Origin and
Phenomena of Glaciers. By J. TYNDALL, LL. D., F. R. S.
With 25 Illustrations. $1.50.

II. PHYSICS AND POLITICS; Or, Thoughts on the Application of
the Principles of “Natural Selection” and “Inheritance”
to Political Society. By WALTER BAGEHOT. $1.50.

III. FOODS. By EDWARD SMITH, M. D., LL. B., F. R. S. With
numerous Illustrations. $1.75.

IV. MIND AND BODY: The Theories of their Relation. By
ALEXANDER BAIN, LL. D. With Four Illustrations. $1.50.

V. THE STUDY OF SOCIOLOGY. By HERBERT SPENCER. $1.50.

VI. THE NEW CHEMISTRY. By Professor J. P. COOKE, of Harvard
University. With 31 Illustrations. $2.00.

VII. ON THE CONSERVATION OF ENERGY. By BALFOUR STEWART, M. A.,
LL. D., F. R. S. With 14 Illustrations. $1.50.

VIII. ANIMAL LOCOMOTION; or, Walking, Swimming, and Flying. By
J. B. PETTIGREW, M. D., F. R. S., etc. With 130
Illustrations. $1.75.

IX. RESPONSIBILITY IN MENTAL DISEASE. By HENRY MAUDSLEY,
M. D. $1.50.

X. THE SCIENCE OF LAW. By Professor SHELDON AMOS. $1.75.

XI. ANIMAL MECHANISM: A Treatise on Terrestrial and Aërial
Locomotion. By Professor E. J. MAREY. With 117
Illustrations. $1.75. XII. THE HISTORY OF THE CONFLICT
BETWEEN RELIGION AND SCIENCE. By J. W. DRAPER, M. D., LL.
D. $1.75.

XIII. THE DOCTRINE OF DESCENT AND DARWINISM. By Professor OSCAR
SCHMIDT (Strasburg University). With 26 Illustrations.
$1.50.

XIV. THE CHEMICAL EFFECTS OF LIGHT AND PHOTOGRAPHY. By Dr.
HERMANN VOGEL (Polytechnic Academy of Berlin).
Translation thoroughly revised. With 100 Illustrations.
$2.00.

XV. FUNGI: Their Nature, Influences, Uses, etc. By M. C.
COOKE, M. A., LL. D. Edited by the Rev. M. J. BERKELEY,
M. A., F. L. S. With 109 Illustrations. $1.50.

XVI. THE LIFE AND GROWTH OF LANGUAGE. By Professor WILLIAM
DWIGHT WHITNEY, of Yale College. $1.50.

XVII. MONEY AND THE MECHANISM OF EXCHANGE. By W. STANLEY
JEVONS, M. A., F. R. S. $1.75.

XVIII. THE NATURE OF LIGHT, with a General Account of Physical
Optics. By Dr. EUGENE LOMMEL. With 188 Illustrations and
a Table of Spectra in Chromo-lithography. $2.00.

XIX. ANIMAL PARASITES AND MESSMATES. By Monsieur VAN BENEDEN.
With 83 Illustrations. $1.50.

XX. FERMENTATION. By Professor SCHÜTZENBERGER. With 28
Illustrations. $1.50.

XXI. THE FIVE SENSES OF MAN. By Professor BERNSTEIN. With 91
Illustrations. $1.75.

XXII. THE THEORY OF SOUND IN ITS RELATION TO MUSIC. By
Professor PIETRO BLASERNA. With numerous Illustrations.
$1.50.

XXIII. STUDIES IN SPECTRUM ANALYSIS. By J. NORMAN LOCKYER,
F. R. S. With Six Photographic Illustrations of Spectra,
and numerous Engravings on Wood. $2.50.

XXIV. A HISTORY OF THE GROWTH OF THE STEAM-ENGINE. By Professor
R. H. THURSTON. With 163 Illustrations. $2.50.

XXV. EDUCATION AS A SCIENCE. By ALEXANDER BAIN, LL. D. $1.75.

XXVI. STUDENTS’ TEXT-BOOK OF COLOR, OR, MODERN CHROMATICS. With
Applications to Art and Industry. By Professor OGDEN
N. ROOD, Columbia College. New edition. With 130
Illustrations. $2.00.

XXVII. THE HUMAN SPECIES. By Professor A. DE QUATREFAGES, Membre
de l’Institut. $2.00.

XXVIII. THE CRAYFISH: an Introduction to the Study of Zoölogy. By
T. H. HUXLEY, F. R. S. With 82 Illustrations. $1.75.

XXIX. THE ATOMIC THEORY. By Professor A. WURTZ. Translated by
E. CLEMINSHAW, F. C. S. $1.50.

XXX. ANIMAL LIFE AS AFFECTED BY THE NATURAL CONDITIONS OF
EXISTENCE. By KARL SEMPER. With Two Maps and 106
Woodcuts. $2.00.

XXXI. SIGHT: An Exposition of the Principles of Monocular and
Binocular Vision. By JOSEPH LE CONTE, LL.D. With 132
Illustrations. $1.50.

XXXII. GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY OF MUSCLES AND NERVES. By Professor J.
ROSENTHAL. With 75 Illustrations. $1.50.

XXXIII. ILLUSIONS: A Psychological Study. By JAMES SULLY. $1.50.

XXXIV. THE SUN. By C. A. YOUNG, Professor of Astronomy in the
College of New Jersey. With numerous Illustrations.
$2.00.

XXXV. VOLCANOES: What they Are and what they Teach. By JOHN W.
JUDD, F. R. S., Professor of Geology in the Royal School
of Mines. With 96 Illustrations. $2.00.

XXXVI. SUICIDE: An Essay in Comparative Moral Statistics. By
HENRY MORSELLI, M. D., Professor of Psychological
Medicine, Royal University, Turin. $1.75.

XXXVII. THE FORMATION OF VEGETABLE MOULD, THROUGH THE ACTION OF
WORMS. With Observations on their Habits. By CHARLES
DARWIN, LL.D., F. R. S., author of “On the Origin of
Species,” etc., etc. With Illustrations. $1.50.

XXXVIII. THE CONCEPTS AND THEORIES OF MODERN PHYSICS. By J. B.
STALLO. $1.75.

XXXIX. THE BRAIN AND ITS FUNCTIONS. By J. LUYS. $1.50.

XL. MYTH AND SCIENCE. An Essay. By TITO VIGNOLI. $1.50.

XLI. DISEASES OF MEMORY: An Essay in the Positive Psychology.
By TH. RIBOT, author of “Heredity.” From the French, by
WILLIAM HUNTINGTON SMITH. $1.50.

XLII. ANTS, BEES, AND WASPS. A Record of Observations on the
Habits of the Social Hymenoptera. By Sir JOHN LUBBOOK,
Bart., F. R. S., D. C. L., LL. D., etc.

New York: D. APPLETON & CO., 1, 3, & 5 Bond Street.

THOMAS H. HUXLEY’S WORKS.

=Science and Culture, and other Essays.= 12mo. Cloth, price, $1.50.

=The Crayfish=: An Introduction to the Study of Zoölogy. With 82
Illustrations. (“International Scientific Series.”) 12mo. Cloth,
$1.75.

=Science Primers: Introductory.= 18mo. Flexible Cloth, 45 cents.

=Man’s Place in Nature.= 12mo. Cloth, $1.25.

=On the Origin of Species.= 12mo. Cloth, $1.00.

=More Criticisms on Darwin, and Administrative Nihilism.= 12mo. Limp
cloth, 50 cents.

=Manual of the Anatomy of Vertebrated Animals.= Illustrated. 12mo.
Cloth, $2.50.

=Manual of the Anatomy of Invertebrated Animals.= 12mo. $2.50.

=Lay Sermons, Addresses, and Reviews.= 12mo. Cloth, $1.75.

=Critiques and Addresses.= 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.

=American Addresses=; with a Lecture on the Study of Biology. 12mo.
Cloth, $1.25.

=Physiography=: An Introduction to the Study of Nature. With
Illustrations and Colored Plates. 12mo. Cloth, $2.50.

=Huxley and Youmans’s Elements of Physiology and Hygiene.= By T. H.
HUXLEY and W. J. YOUMANS. 12mo. $1.50.

For sale by all booksellers; or sent by mail, post-paid, on receipt of price.

D. APPLETON & CO., Publishers,
1, 3, & 5 BOND STREET, NEW YORK.

CHARLES DARWIN’S WORKS.

=Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation
of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life.= New and revised
edition, with Additions. 12mo. Cloth, $2.00.

=Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex.= With many
Illustrations. A new edition. 12mo. Cloth, $3.00.

=Journal of Researches into the Natural History and Geology of the
Countries visited during the Voyage of H. M. S. Beagle round the
World.= A new edition. 12mo. Cloth, $2.00.

=Emotional Expressions of Man and the Lower Animals.= 12mo. Cloth,
$3.50.

=The Variations of Animals and Plants under Domestication.= With a
Preface, by Professor ASA GRAY. 2 vols. Illustrated. Cloth, $5.00.

=Insectivorous Plants.= 12mo. Cloth, $2.00.

=Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants.= With Illustrations. 12mo.
Cloth, $1.25.

=The Various Contrivances by which Orchids are Fertilized by
Insects.= Revised edition, with Illustrations. 12mo. Cloth, $1.75.

=The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilization in the Vegetable
Kingdom.= 12mo. Cloth, $2.00.

=Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the same Species.= With
Illustrations. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.

=The Power of Movement in Plants.= By CHARLES DARWIN, LL. D.,
F. R. S., assisted by FRANCIS DARWIN. With Illustrations. 12mo.
Cloth, $2.00.

=The Formation of Vegetable Mould, through the Action of Worms.= With
Observations on their Habits. With Illustrations. 12mo. Cloth,
$1.50.

_For sale by all booksellers; or sent by mail, post-paid, on receipt of price._

New York: D. APPLETON & CO., 1, 3, & 5 Bond Street.

JOHN TYNDALL’S WORKS.

=Essays on the Floating Matter of the Air=, in Relation to
Putrefaction and Infection. 12mo, cloth, $1.50.

=On Forms of Water=, in Clouds, Rivers, Ice, and Glaciers. With 35
Illustrations. 12mo, cloth, $1.50.

=Heat as a Mode of Motion.= New edition. 12mo, cloth, $2.00.

=On Sound=: A Course of Eight Lectures delivered at the Royal
Institution of Great Britain. Illustrated. 12mo. New edition.
Cloth, $2.00.

=Fragments of Science for Unscientific People.= 12mo. New revised and
enlarged edition. Cloth, $2.50.

=Light and Electricity.= 12mo, cloth, $1.25.

=Lessons in Electricity=, 1875-’76. 12mo, cloth, $1.00.

=Hours of Exercise in the Alps.= With Illustrations. 12mo, cloth,
$2.00.

=Faraday as a Discoverer.= A Memoir. 12mo, cloth, $1.00.

=Contributions to Molecular Physics= in the Domain of Radiant Heat.
$5.00.

=Six Lectures on Light.= Delivered in America in 1872-’73. With an
Appendix and numerous Illustrations. Cloth, $1.50.

=Farewell Banquet=, given to Professor Tyndall, at Delmonico’s, New
York, February 4, 1873. Paper, 50 cents.

=Address= delivered before the British Association, assembled at
Belfast. Revised, with Additions, by the author, since the
Delivery. 12mo, paper, 50 cents.

New York: D. APPLETON & CO., 1, 3, & 5 Bond Street.

APPLETONS’ READERS.

SOME DISTINGUISHING FEATURES.

=Modern Methods made easy.=--Education is a progressive science. Methods of the last century must be discarded. The question “How shall we teach reading?” is fully answered in these books, and teachers who have adopted and followed this method have greatly improved their schools.

=Word and Phonic Method.=--By taking at first words with which the child is quite familiar, and which contain sounds easily distinguished and continually recurring, both teacher and pupil will find the sounds a great help in reading new words as well as in acquiring a distinct articulation.

=Spelling.=--Words selected from the lessons are given for spelling with each piece, thus affording the best opportunity for oral and written spelling-lessons as well as for definitions. In the Third, Fourth, and Fifth Readers, graded exercises in spelling analysis, together with daily lessons of words often misspelled or mispronounced, are placed in the Appendix for constant study. With these Readers no “Speller” will be needed.

=Illustrations.=--The illustrations are beautiful and attractive, and are well adapted to serve as a basis for the language and thought lessons that are so prominent in these books.

=Helps for Teachers.=--Teachers will find in these books a simple plan that will greatly aid them; while the notes, questions, and suggestions will help the teacher to impart the most instruction and the best culture, which makes the reading-lesson something more than a mere naming of words.

=Oral Reading.=--Proper oral expression depends on the sense. Get the sense of each extract and the correct oral expression will be an easy matter. This is the key-note to Professor Bailey’s excellent lessons on accent, emphasis, inflection, and general vocal expression, that are placed as reading-lessons in the Third, Fourth, and Fifth Readers.

=Selections.=--The selections embrace gems of literature from leading authors. No other Readers include such a wide range of thought, showing from the simple stories for children in the earlier books, to the extracts from the best authors in the Fourth and Fifth, unity of design and a just appreciation of the needs of our schools.

=Great Success.=--Since the publication of these Readers, their sale has averaged nearly a million a year, which is unprecedented in the sale of school-books.

=Endorsements.=--These Readers have received the endorsement of nearly every educator of note in the United States, but the best proof of their merits is found in the great improvement manifested everywhere they are used.

D. APPLETON & CO., Publishers,
New York, Boston, Chicago, and San Francisco.

PRIMERS

_In Science, History, and Literature._

18mo. Flexible cloth, 45 cents each.

SCIENCE PRIMERS.

Edited by Professors HUXLEY, ROSCOE, and BALFOUR STEWART.

Introductory. Prof. T. H. HUXLEY, F. R. S.

Chemistry. Prof. H. E. ROSCOE, F. R. S.

Physics. Prof. BALFOUR STEWART, F. R. S.

Physical Geography. Prof. A. GEIKIE, F. R. S.

Geology. Prof. A. GEIKIE, F. R. S.

Physiology. M. FOSTER, M. D., F. R. S.

Astronomy. J. N. LOCKYER, F. R. S.

Botany. Sir J. D. HOOKER, F. R. S.

Logic. Prof. W. S. JEVONS, F. R. S.

Inventional Geometry. W. G. SPENCER.

Pianoforte. FRANKLIN TAYLOR.

Political Economy. Prof. W. S. JEVONS, F. R. S.

Natural Resources of the United States. J. H. PATTON, A. M.

HISTORY PRIMERS.

Edited by J. R. GREEN, M. A., Examiner in the School of Modern History at Oxford.

Greece. C. A. FYFFE, M. A.

Rome. M. CREIGHTON, M. A.

Europe. E. A. FREEMAN, D. C. L.

Old Greek Life. J. P. MAHAFFY, M. A.

Roman Antiquities. Prof. A. S. WILKINS.

Geography. GEORGE GROVE, F. R. G. S.

France. CHARLOTTE M. YONGE.

LITERATURE PRIMERS.

Edited by J. R. GREEN, M. A.

English Grammar. R. MORRIS, LL.D.

English Literature. Rev. STOPFORD A. BROOKE, M. A.

Philology. J. PEILE, M. A.

Classical Geography. M. F. TOZER.

Shakespeare. Prof. E. DOWDEN.

Studies in Bryant. J. ALDEN.

Greek Literature. Prof. R. O. JEBB.

English Grammar Exercises. R. MORRIS, LL. D., and H. C. BOWEN, M. A.

Homer. Right Hon. W. E. GLADSTONE.

English Composition. Prof. J. NICHOL.

(_Others in preparation._)

The object of these primers is to convey information in such a manner as to make it both intelligible and interesting to very young pupils, and so to discipline their minds as to incline them to more systematic after-studies. The woodcuts which illustrate them embellish and explain the text at the same time.

New York: D. APPLETON & CO., 1, 3, and 5 Bond Street.

Transcriber’s Notes

Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in the original book; otherwise they were not changed. Inconsistent capitalization has been retained.

Simple typographical errors were corrected; unbalanced quotation marks were remedied when the change was obvious, and otherwise left unbalanced.

Illustrations in this eBook have been positioned between paragraphs and outside quotations. In versions of this eBook that support hyperlinks, the page references in the List of Illustrations lead to the corresponding illustrations.

The first illustration is the cover.

The index was not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references.

Footnotes, originally at the bottoms of the pages on which they were referenced, have been collected, sequentially renumbered, and placed at the end of the main text, just before the Index.