Chapter I: Front Matter

THE WONDER BOOK OF

VOLCANOES AND EARTHQUAKES

THE WONDER BOOK OF VOLCANOES AND EARTHQUAKES

BY Professor EDWIN J. HOUSTON, Ph.D.

NEW YORK FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY Publishers

Copyright, 1907, by FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY

_All rights reserved_

_October, 1907_

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We take this opportunity of acknowledging the courtesy of the following publishers, who have helped us in connection with the illustrations of this book:--

Henry Holt and Company ("Physiography," by Rollin D. Salisbury).

D. Appleton and Company (Figs. 13, 35, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45 and 46, "Volcanoes: What They Are and What They Teach," by J. W. Judd; Fig. 15, "Principles of Geology," by Sir C. Lyell).

The American Book Company ("Manual of Geology," by James Dwight Dana).

G. P. Putnam's Sons ("Earthquakes in the Light of the New Seismology," by C. E. Dutton).

The Clarendon Press ("Geology: Chemical, Physical, and Stratigraphical," by Joseph Prestwich).

THE PUBLISHERS.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE

I. THE VOLCANIC ERUPTION OF KRAKATOA IN 1883 1

II. SOME EFFECTS OF THE ERUPTION OF KRAKATOA 12

III. THE VOLCANIC ISLAND OF HAWAII 26

IV. THE VOLCANIC ISLAND OF ICELAND 46

V. VESUVIUS 58

VI. OTHER VOLCANOES OF THE MEDITERRANEAN 73

VII. ORIZABA, POPOCATEPETL, IXTACCIHUATL, AND
OTHER VOLCANOES OF MEXICO 85

VIII. COSEGUINA AND OTHER VOLCANOES OF CENTRAL AMERICA 91

IX. THE VOLCANIC MOUNTAINS OF SOUTH AMERICA 97

X. VOLCANOES OF THE UNITED STATES 105

XI. THE CATASTROPHE OF MARTINIQUE AND THE VOLCANIC
ISLANDS OF THE LESSER ANTILLES 117

XII. SOME OTHER NOTED VOLCANIC MOUNTAINS 125

XIII. JORULLO, A YOUNG VOLCANIC MOUNTAIN 130

XIV. MID-OCEAN VOLCANIC ISLANDS 137

XV. SUBMARINE VOLCANOES 141

XVI. DISTRIBUTION OF THE EARTH'S VOLCANOES 148

XVII. VOLCANOES OF THE GEOLOGICAL PAST 153

XVIII. LAPLACE'S NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS 157

XIX. THE EARTH'S HEATED INTERIOR, THE CAUSE OF VOLCANOES 165

XX. SOME FORMS OF LAVA 178

XXI. MUD VOLCANOES AND HOT SPRINGS 193

XXII. THE VOLCANOES OF THE MOON 207

XXIII. EARTHQUAKES 219

XXIV. SOME OF THE PHENOMENA OF EARTHQUAKES 231

XXV. THE EARTHQUAKE OF CALABRIA IN 1783 245

XXVI. THE GREAT LISBON EARTHQUAKE OF 1755 252

XXVII. THE EARTHQUAKE OF CUTCH, INDIA, IN 1819 257

XXVIII. THE SAN FRANCISCO EARTHQUAKE OF APRIL 18, 1906 262

XXIX. SOME OTHER NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES 269

XXX. SODOM AND GOMORRAH AND THE CITIES OF THE PLAIN 281

XXXI. INSTRUMENTS FOR RECORDING AND MEASURING EARTHQUAKE
SHOCKS 290

XXXII. SEAQUAKES 296

XXXIII. THE DISTRIBUTION OF EARTHQUAKES 303

XXXIV. THE CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKES 308

XXXV. EARTHQUAKES OF THE GEOLOGICAL PAST--CATACLYSMS 319

XXXVI. THE KIMBERLY DIAMOND FIELDS AND THEIR VOLCANIC
ORIGIN 326

XXXVII. THE FABLED CONTINENT OF ATLANTIS 335

XXXVIII. PLATO'S ACCOUNT OF ATLANTIS 344

XXXIX. NATURE'S WARNING OF COMING EARTHQUAKES 364

FULL PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE

MT. VESUVIUS IN ERUPTION Frontispiece

STONES AND LAVA THROWN UPWARDS--ERUPTION OF
MOKUAWEOWEO, HAWAII, JULY 4-21, 1899 fac. 36

COTOPAXI 102

THE LAVA FLOW OF THE CRATER OF KILAUEA, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS 184

A SAN FRANCISCO PAVEMENT TORN BY THE EARTHQUAKE 266

ILLUSTRATIONS IN TEXT

FIG. PAGE

1. THE SUNDA ISLANDS 3

2. KRAKATOA BEFORE THE ERUPTION 4

3. KRAKATOA AFTER THE ERUPTION 4

4. VOLCANIC DUST AS IT APPEARS UNDER THE MICROSCOPE 19

5. THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS 27

6. HAWAII 29

7. PANORAMA OF MOKUAWEOWEO 35

8. VIEW OF THE CRATER OF KILAUEA FROM THE VOLCANO HOUSE 35

9. CRATER OF KILAUEA 40

10. SECTIONS OF KILAUEA AT DIFFERENT PERIODS 42

11. ICELAND 47

12. THE MEDITERRANEAN 59

13. THE VOLCANIC DISTRICT AROUND VESUVIUS 60

14. MT. ETNA 77

15. STROMBOLI, VIEWED FROM THE NORTHWEST, APRIL, 1874 79

16. MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA 86

17. SOUTH AMERICA 98

18. THE UNITED STATES 106

19. PANORAMA FROM THE MESA AT THE EDGE OF MT. TAYLOR 110

20. VOLCANIC NECKS, EDGE OF MESA AT MT. TAYLOR 111

21. THE LESSER ANTILLES 118

22. GRAHAM'S ISLAND--A RECENT VOLCANIC ISLAND 143

23. ALEUTIAN ISLANDS 146

24. MAP OF THE WORLD, SHOWING LOCATION OF ACTIVE AND
RECENTLY EXTINCT VOLCANOES 150

25. VOLCANIC VESICLES 183

26. THREAD-LACE SCORIÆ FROM KILAUEA 185

27. THREAD-LACE SCORIÆ FROM KILAUEA 185

28. FROST-LIKE LAVA CRYSTALS 187

29. FROST-LIKE LAVA CRYSTALS 187

30. BASALTIC COLUMNS, ISLE OF CYCLOPS, ITALY 188

31. COLUMNAR AND NON-COLUMNAR BASALT 189

32, 33. DRIBLET CONES 190

34. LAVA STALACTITES 191

35. CRATER OF THE GREAT GEYSER OF ICELAND 202

36. GIANT GEYSER 203

37. BEE HIVE 203

38. BEE HIVE GEYSER OF ICELAND 205

39. HEAVY STONE OBELISKS TWISTED BY CALABRIAN EARTHQUAKE
OF 1783 229

40. CIRCULAR HOLLOW FORMED BY CALABRIAN EARTHQUAKE 239

41. SECTION OF CIRCULAR HOLLOW FORMED BY CALABRIAN
EARTHQUAKE 239

42. MAP OF THE CALABRIAN EARTHQUAKE OF 1783 246

43. FISSURES CAUSED BY THE CALABRIAN EARTHQUAKE 249

44. MAP SHOWING DISTRICT VISITED BY THE EARTHQUAKE OF
CUTCH OF 1819 258

45. SINDREE BEFORE THE EARTHQUAKE OF 1819 259

46. SINDREE AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE OF 1819 260

47. MAP OF WESTERN COAST OF CALIFORNIA SHOWING POSITION
OF SAN FRANCISCO 263

48. NEW ZEALAND 274

49. MAP SHOWING REGION AFFECTED BY THE CHARLESTON
EARTHQUAKE OF 1886 277

50. SYRIA 282

51. COMPLEX RECORD OF SEISMOGRAPH 293

52. LONG DISTANCE SEISMOGRAM 293

53. VICENTINI VERTICAL PENDULUM 294

54. VICENTINI PENDULUM AND RECORDER 295

55. DAVISON'S EARTHQUAKE MAP OF JAPAN 306

THE WONDER BOOK OF

VOLCANOES AND EARTHQUAKES

THE WONDER BOOK OF VOLCANOES

AND EARTHQUAKES