Chapter I: Preface

Till within the last few years but little attention appears to have been paid in England to Castilian verse. Our earliest poets of eminence, Chaucer and Lord Surrey, struck at once into the rich field of Italian song, and by their imitations of Petrarch and Boccaccio, most probably set the fashion to their successors, of the exclusive study which they gave to the same models, to the neglect of the cotemporary writers of other nations, to those at least of Spain. Nor is this partiality to the one and neglect of the other to be at all wondered at; for neither could they have gone to more suitable sources than the Tuscans for the harmony and grace which the language in its first aspirations after refinement wanted, nor did the Spanish poetry of that period offer more to recompense the researches of the student than dry legends, historical ballads, or rude imitations of the Vision of Dante. But it is a little singular that this inattention should have continued when the influence of the Emperor Charles the Fifth became great in the courts of Europe, and the Spanish language, chastised into purity and elegance by Boscán, Garcilasso, and their immediate successors, obtained a currency amongst the nations correspondent with the extent of his conquests. The hostile attitude in which England stood to Spain under Elizabeth, may be regarded as perhaps the principal cause why we meet in the constellation of writers that gave lustre to her reign, with so few traces of their acquaintance with the literature of that country; whilst the strong jealousy of the nation to Spanish influence, catholicism, and jesuitical intrigue, no less than the purely controversial spirit of the times, had, I doubt not, their full effect under the Stuarts, in deterring the scholars of that period from any close communion with her poets. Meanwhile the corruption of style which had so baneful an effect on her literature, was silently going forward under Gongora, Quevedo, and their numerous imitators. Before the reign of Philip the Fifth, this corruption had reached its height; his accession to the crown of Spain, and the encouragement he gave to letters, might have re-established the national literature in its first lustre, if the evil had not struck root so deeply, and if another cast of corrupters had not opposed themselves to the views of this monarch, viz. the numerous translators of French works, who disfigured the idiom by forming a French construction with native words. Thus the curiosity of the poets of Queen Anne's time, if it was ever excited, must have been speedily laid asleep; and (though we may notice in Dryden, and perhaps in Donne, a study of Castilian,) it was scarcely before the middle of the last century that this study began permanently to tinge our literature. To Mr. Hayley, who first directed public attention to the great merits of Dante, must be ascribed the praise also of first calling our notice in any great degree to the Spanish poets. Southey followed, and by his "Chronicle of the Cid" and "Letters from Spain," quickened the curiosity excited by Mr. Hayley's analysis and translated specimens of the Araucana of Ercilla. Lord Holland's admirable dissertation on the genius and writings of Lope de Vega, gave us a clearer insight into the literature of Spain, whilst the French invasion brought us into a more intimate connexion and acquaintance with her chivalrous people; nor could the many English visitants which this drew to her shores view the remains which she keeps of Arabian and Moorish magnificence, or even listen to her language, which preserves such striking vestiges of oriental majesty, without having their imagination led back to her days of literary illumination, and without deriving some taste for the productions of her poets. The struggle which she then made, and that which she is now making, first against the unhallowed grasp of foreign coercion, and next of that priestly tyranny which has so long cramped her political and intellectual energies, have excited in every British bosom the most cordial sympathy; and it is evident that from these causes, there is a growing attention amongst us to her language and literature. Since the present volume was begun, a translation has appeared of the excellent work of Bouterewek, on Spanish and Portuguese poetry; another is going through the press of Sismondi "Sur la Littérature du Midi de l'Europe;" and Mr. Lockhart has just given us a choice selection of those beautiful old Spanish ballads, which, as Mr. Rogers observes of the narratives of the old Spanish chroniclers, 'have a spirit like the freshness of waters at the fountain head, and are so many moving pictures of the actions, manners, and thoughts of their cotemporaries;' like rough gems redeemed from an oriental mine, they have assumed under his hand a polish and a price that must render them indispensable to the cabinets of our men of taste. Nor, in speaking of those whose labours have tended to spread a knowledge of Hesperian treasure, must we pass over without due praise the masterly notices on Spanish poetry, which Mr. Frere and Mr. Bowring are understood to have given forth in the Quarterly and Restrospective Reviews.

In this situation of things, it may not be wholly unacceptable to the public to receive, though from an inferior hand, a translation of Garcilasso de la Vega, the chastest and perhaps the most celebrated of the poets of Castile. A desire to vary the nature of my pursuits, with other reasons not necessary to mention, first led me to his pages; but the pleasure I derived at the outset from his pastoral pictures and harmony of language, soon settled into the more serious wish to make his merits more generally known, and thus to multiply his admirers amongst a people ever inclined, sooner or later, to do justice to foreign talent. I would, however, deprecate any undue expectations that may be raised by the high title bestowed on Garcilasso by his countrymen--a title conferred in their enthusiastic admiration of his success in giving suddenly so new and beautiful an aspect to the art, and in elevating their language to a point of perfection, truly surprising, if we consider all the circumstances connected with that revolution; but this peculiar merit, so far at least as relates to the language, must necessarily from its nature be wholly untranslateable, and he is thus compelled to lose much of the consideration with the merely English reader that is his real due. But it would be unjust in an English reader, who glances over the subjects of his fancy, to conclude that because Garcilasso has written little but Eclogues and Sonnets, compositions, he may say, at best but of inferior order, he is therefore worthy of but little regard in this age of poetical wonders. I will be bold to assert, that the poets, and readers of the poets of the day, will be no way degraded by coming in contact with his simplicity: our taste for the wilder flights of imagination has reached a height from which the sooner we descend to imitate the nature and unassuming ease of simpler lyrists--the Goldsmiths and Garcilassos of past ages, the better it may chance to be both for our poetry and language. Nor let the name of Eclogues affright the sensitive reader that has in his recollection the Colins and Pastoras that sickened his taste some thirty or forty years ago. The pastorals, as they were called, of that period, are no more to be compared with the _rime boschereccie_ of Garcilasso, than the hideous distortion of the leaden Satyr that squirts water from its nostrils in some city tea-garden, and that is pelted at irresistibly by every boy that passes,--with the marble repose and inviolable beauty of the Piping Faun in a gallery of antique sculptures.

Whilst employed on this translation, I was struck with the lucid view which Quintana gives, in the Essay prefixed to his "Poesias selectas Castellanas," of the History of Spanish Poetry, and I thought that it might be made yet more serviceable to the end which its author had in view, by a translation that would disclose to the English reader what he might expect from a cultivation of the Spanish language. The only fault perhaps of this Essay is, that Quintana has judged his native poets too strictly and exclusively by the rules of French criticism and French taste, which ought not I think to be applied as tests to a literature so wholly national as the Spanish is, so especially coloured by the revolutions that have taken place upon the Spanish soil, and so utterly unlike that of any other European nation. Still the Essay will be found, if I mistake not, as interesting and instructive to others as it has proved to me: from it a more compact and complete view of the art in Spain may be gathered, than from more extensive histories of the kind; nor was I uninfluenced in my purpose by the advantage which the judgment of a native, himself one of the most distinguished of the living poets and lettered men of Spain, would have over any original Essay derived from the writings of foreigners, who, whatever may be their critical sagacity and literary repute, can neither be supposed to be so intimately acquainted with the compositions of which they treat, nor such good judges of Castilian versification.

It is time to conclude these prefatory observations; yet I cannot forego the pleasure of first acknowledging the great advantage I have derived from the kind revision of my MSS. by the Rev. Blanco White. That gentleman's desire to aid in any thing that might seem to serve the reputation of his country--the country, whose customs and institutions he has pourtrayed with such vivid interest, originality, and talent, joined to his native goodness of heart, could alone have led him to volunteer his services, in a season of sickness, to one nearly a stranger; and if I submit the following pages to the public with any degree of confidence in its favour, it is from the many improvements to which his friendly and judicious criticisms have led.

To Mr. Heber also, who, with the spirit of a nobleman, throws open so widely the vast stores of his invaluable library, I feel bound to express my obligations for the use of Herrera's rare edition of the works of Garcilasso, which I had in vain sought for in other collections of Spanish books, both public and private: his voluntary offer of this, on a momentary acquaintance, enhances in my mind the value of the favour.

The astonishing number of authors which the Bibliotheca Hispanica of Don Nicolás Antonio displays, is a sufficient proof of the great intellect that Spain would be capable of putting forth, if her mind had a play proportioned to its activity. No nation has given to the light so many and such weighty volumes upon Aristotle, so many eminent writers in scholastic theology, so many and such subtle moral casuists, or so many profound commentators on the Codices and Pandects. And if she has produced these works in ages when the withering influence of political and religious despotism, like the plant which kills the sylvan it embraces, searched into every coigne of her literary fabric, what may not be expected from her, when the present distractions, fomented by the accursed gold of France, are composed into tranquillity, and the inquiries of her talented men embrace under free institutions a wider range of science than they have yet dared to follow, except by stealth! There is not one lettered Englishman but will rejoice with his whole heart when the winged Genius that is seen in Quintana's poems, chained to the gloomy threshold of a Gothic building, looking up with despondency to the Temple of the Muses, may be represented soaring away for ever from the irons that have eaten into its soul.--

The present work will be shortly followed by a Spanish Anthology, containing translations of the choicest Specimens of the Castilian Poets, with short biographical notices, and a selection of the Morisco ballads.

WOBURN ABBEY,
_4th Month 8th, 1823_.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

ESSAY ON SPANISH POETRY 1

LIFE OF GARCILASSO 93

VERSES ON THE DEATH OF GARCILASSO 169

ECLOGUES.

I. TO DON PEDRO DE TOLEDO, VICEROY OF NAPLES 181

II. 196

III. TO THE LADY MARIA DE LA CUEVA, COUNTESS OF UREÑA 266

ELEGIES.

I. TO THE DUKE OF ALVA 283

II. TO BOSCA'N 293

EPISTLE TO BOSCA'N 300

ODES, &c.

I. TO THE FLOWER OF GNIDO 305

II. TO HIS LADY 309

III. TO THE SAME 312

IV. WRITTEN IN EXILE 315

V. THE PROGRESS OF PASSION FOR HIS LADY 319

SONNETS.

I. "WHEN I SIT DOWN TO CONTEMPLATE MY CASE." 327

II. "AT LENGTH INTO THY HANDS I COME--TO DIE." 328

III. "AWHILE MY HOPES WILL TOWER ALOFT IN AIR." 329

IV. "LADY, THY FACE IS WRITTEN IN MY SOUL." 330

V. "BY RUGGED WAYS I REACH TOWARDS A BOURN." 331

VI. "HE WHO HAS LOST SO MUCH, STERN DEITY." 332

VII. "FROM THAT ILLUMINED FACE, PURE, MILD, AND SWEET." 333

VIII. "IF I LIVE ON, DEAR LADY, IN THE VOID." 334

IX. "OH LOVELY GIFTS, BY ME TOO FATAL FOUND!" 335

X. "IN ORDER TO RESTRAIN THIS MAD DESIRE." 336

XI. "STRANGE ICY THROES THE ARMS OF DAPHNE BIND." 337

XII. "AS A FOND MOTHER, WHOSE SICK INFANT LIES." 338

XIII. "IF LAMENTATIONS AND COMPLAINTS COULD REIN." 339

XIV. EPITAPH ON HIS BROTHER, D. FERNANDO DE GUZMAN. 340

XV. "FATE! IN MY GRIEFS SOLE AGENT, HOW HAVE I." 341

XVI. "THINKING THE PATH I JOURNEYED LED ME RIGHT." 342

XVII. "IF I AM WAX TO THY SWEET WILL, AND HENCE." 343

XVIII. TO JULIO CÆSAR CARACCIOLA 344

XIX. "SO STRONGLY ARE THE CRUEL WINDS COMBINED." 345

XX. TO D. ALONSO DE AVALO, MARQUIS DEL VASTO. 346

XXI. "WITH KEEN DESIRE TO SEE WHAT THE FINE SWELL." 347

XXII. "AS, LOVE, THE LILY AND PURPUREAL ROSE." 348

XXIII. "PROSTRATE ON EARTH THE LOFTY COLUMN LIES." 349

XXIV. FROM AUSIAS MARCH 350

XXV. TO BOSCA'N 351

XXVI. "WILD DOUBTS, THAT FLOATING IN MY BRAIN DELIGHT." 352

XXVII. "WITHIN MY SPIRIT WAS CONCEIVED IN TRAIN." 353

XXVIII. "I AM FOR EVER BATHED IN TEARS, I REND." 354

XXIX. "PAST NOW THE COUNTRIES OF THE MIDLAND MAIN." 355

XXX. TO BOSCA'N, FROM GOLETTA 356

XXXI. "I THANK THEE, HEAVEN, THAT I HAVE SNAPT IN TWAIN." 357

XXXII. TO MARIO GALEOTA 358

XXXIII. "MY TONGUE GOES AS GRIEF GUIDES IT, AND I STRAY." 359

XXXIV. "ENTERING A VALLEY IN A SANDY WASTE." 360

XXXV. "LOUD BLEW THE WINDS IN ANGER AND DISDAIN." 361

XXXVI. TO THE MARCHIONESS OF PADULA 362

XXXVII. "FAIR NAIADS OF THE RIVER| THAT RESIDE." 363

TO HIS LADY, HAVING MARRIED ANOTHER 364

TO THE SAME 365

ON A DEPARTURE 366

IMPROMPTU TO A LADY 367

TRANSLATION FROM OVID 368

COMMENT ON A TEXT 369

TO FERNANDO DE ACUÑA 370

APPENDIX 371

* * * _The Drawing of_ GARCILASSO _is by Mr._ LOUIS PAREZ; _the Designs and Engravings of the Wood-cuts by Mr._ S. WILLIAMS.

ESSAY ON SPANISH POETRY.