Chapter XIV: Part 14

(For this reason then the ordinance forbids us first to eat those fruits that grow downwards in the earth. For the earth is the last and lowest of things. And Plato also says(882) that evil, exiled from the gods, now moves on earth; and in the oracles the gods often call the earth refuse, and exhort us to escape thence. And so, in the first place, the life‐ generating god who is our providence does not allow us to use to nourish our bodies fruits that grow under the earth; and thereby enjoins that we turn our eyes towards the heavens, or rather above the heavens.(883) One kind of fruit of the earth, however, some people do eat, I mean fruit in pods, because they regard this as a vegetable rather than a fruit, since it grows with a sort of upward tendency and is upright, and not rooted below the soil; I mean that it is rooted like the fruit of the ivy that hangs on a tree or of the vine that hangs on a stem. For this reason then we are forbidden to eat seeds and certain plants, but we are allowed to eat fruit and vegetables, only not those that creep on the ground, but those that are raised up from the earth and hang high in the air. It is surely for this reason that the ordinance bids us also avoid that part of the turnip which inclines to the earth since it belongs to the under world, but allows us to eat that part which grows upwards and attains to some height, since by that very fact it is pure. In fact it allows us to eat any vegetables that grow upwards, but forbids us roots, and especially those which are nourished in and influenced by the earth. Moreover in the case of trees it does not allow us to destroy and consume apples, for these are sacred and golden and are the symbols of secret and mystical rewards. Rather are they worthy to be reverenced and worshipped for the sake of their archetypes. And pomegranates are forbidden because they belong to the under‐world; and the fruit of the date‐palm, perhaps one might say because the date‐palm does not grow in Phrygia where the ordinance was first established. But my own theory is rather that it is because this tree is sacred to the sun, and is perennial, that we are forbidden to use it to nourish our bodies during the sacred rites. Besides these, the use of all kinds of fish is forbidden. This is a question of interest to the Egyptians as well as to ourselves. Now my opinion is that for two reasons we ought to abstain from fish, at all times if possible, but above all during the sacred rites. One reason is that it is not fitting that we should eat what we do not use in sacrifices to the gods. And perhaps I need not be afraid that hereupon some greedy person who is the slave of his belly will take me up, though as I remember that very thing happened to me once before; and then I heard someone objecting: “What do you mean? Do we not often sacrifice fish to the gods?” But I had an answer ready for this question also. “My good sir,” I said, “it is true that we make offerings of fish in certain mystical sacrifices, just as the Romans sacrifice the horse and many other animals too, both wild and domesticated, and as the Greeks and the Romans too sacrifice dogs to Hecate. And among other nations also many other animals are offered in the mystic cults; and sacrifices of that sort take place publicly in their cities once or twice a year. But that is not the custom in the sacrifices which we honour most highly, in which alone the gods deign to join us and to share our table. In those most honoured sacrifices we do not offer fish, for the reason that we do not tend fish, nor look after the breeding of them, and we do not keep flocks of fish as we do of sheep and cattle. For since we foster these animals and they multiply accordingly, it is only right that they should serve for all our uses and above all for the sacrifices that we honour most.” This then is one reason why I think we ought not to use fish for food at the time of the rite of purification. The second reason which is, I think, even more in keeping with what I have just said, is that, since fish also, in a manner of speaking, go down into the lowest depths, they, even more than seeds, belong to the under‐world. But he who longs to take flight upwards and to mount aloft above this atmosphere of ours, even to the highest peaks of the heavens, would do well to abstain from all such food. He will rather pursue and follow after things that tend upwards towards the air, and strive to the utmost height, and, if I may use a poetic phrase, look upward to the skies. Birds, for example, we may eat, except only those few which are commonly held sacred,(884) and ordinary four‐footed animals, except the pig. This animal is banned as food during the sacred rites because by its shape and way of life, and the very nature of its substance—for its flesh is impure and coarse—it belongs wholly to the earth. And therefore men came to believe that it was an acceptable offering to the gods of the under‐world. For this animal does not look up at the sky, not only because it has no such desire, but because it is so made that it can never look upwards. These then are the reasons that have been given by the divine ordinance for abstinence from such food as we ought to renounce. And we who comprehend share our knowledge with those who know the nature of the gods.)

Ὕπὲρ δὲ ὧν ἐπιτρέπει χρῆσθαι λέγομεν τοσοῦτον, ὡς οὐ πᾶσιν ἅπαντα,(885) τὸ δυνατὸν δὲ ὁ θεῖος νόμος τῇ ἀνθρωπίνῃ φύσει σκοπῶν ἐπέτρεψε χρῆσθαι τουτοισὶ τοῖς πολλοῖς, οὐχ ἵνα πᾶσι πάντες ἐξ ἀνάγκης χρησώμεθα· τοῦτο μὲν γὰρ ἴσως οὐκ εὔκολον· ἀλλ᾽ ὅπως ἐκείνῳ, ὅτῳ ἄρα πρῶτον [178] μὲν ἡ τοῦ σώματος συγχωρεῖ(886) δύναμις, εἶτά τις περιουσία συντρέχει καὶ τρίτον ἡ προαίρεσις, ἣν ἐν τοῖς ἱεροῖς οὕτως ἄξιον ἐπιτείνειν, ὥστε καὶ ὑπὲρ τὴν τοῦ σώματος δύναμιν ὁρμᾶν καὶ προθυμεῖσθαι τοῖς θείοις ἀκολουθεῖν θεσμοῖς. ἔστι γὰρ δὴ τοῦτο μάλιστα μὲν ἀνυσιμώτερον αὐτῇ τῇ ψυχῇ πρὸς σωτηρίαν, εἰ μείζονα λόγον αὑτῆς, [B] ἀλλὰ μὴ τοῦ σώματος τῆς ἀσφαλείας ποιήσαιτο, πρὸς δὲ καὶ αὐτὸ τὸ σῶμα μείζονος καὶ θαυμασιωτέρας φαίνεται λεληθότως τῆς ὠφελείας μεταλαγχάνον. ὅταν γὰρ ἡ ψυχὴ πᾶσαν ἑαυτὴν δῷ τοῖς θεοῖς, ὅλα τὰ καθ᾽ ἑαυτὴν ἐπιτρέψασα τοῖς κρείττοσιν, ἑπομένης οἶμαι τῆς ἁγιστείας καὶ πρό γε ταύτης τῶν θείων θεσμῶν ἡγουμένων, ὄντος οὐδενὸς λοιπὸν τοῦ ἀπείργοντος καὶ ἐμποδίζοντος· πάντα γάρ ἐστιν ἐν τοῖς θεοῖς καὶ πάντα περὶ αὐτοὺς ὑφέστηκε καὶ πάντα τῶν θεῶν ἐστι πλήρη· αὐτίκα μὲν αὐταῖς ἐλλάμπει τὸ θεῖον φῶς, θεωθεῖσαι δὲ αὗται τόνον τινὰ καὶ ῥώμην ἐπιτιθέασι [C] τῷ συμφύτῳ πνεύματι, τοῦτο δὲ ὑπ᾽ αὐτῶν στομούμενον ὥσπερ καὶ κρατυνόμενον σωτηρίας ἐστιν αἴτιον ὅλῳ τῷ σώματι. τὸ δὲ ὅτι μάλιστα μὲν πάσας τὰς νόσους, εἰ δὲ μή, ὅτι τὰς πλείστας καὶ μεγίστας ἐκ τῆς τοῦ πνεύματος εἶναι τροπῆς καὶ παραφορᾶς συμβέβηκεν, οὐδεὶς ὅστις οἶμαι τῶν Ἀσκληπιαδῶν οὐ φήσει.(887) οἱ μὲν γὰρ καὶ πάσας φασίν, οἱ δὲ τὰς πλείστας καὶ μεγίστας καὶ ἰαθῆναι χαλεπωτάτας· μαρτυρεῖ δὲ τούτοις [D] καὶ τὰ τῶν θεῶν λόγια, φημὶ δέ, ὅτι διὰ τῆς ἁγιστείας οὐχ ἡ ψυχὴ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ σώματα βοηθείας πολλῆς καὶ σωτηρίας ἀξιοῦται· σώζεσθαι γάρ σφισι καὶ τὸ “πικρᾶς ὕλης περίβλημα βρότειον” οἱ θεοὶ τοῖς ὑπεράγνοις παρακελευόμενοι τῶν θεουργῶν κατεπαγγέλλονται.

(And to the question what food is permitted I will only say this. The divine law does not allow all kinds of food to all men, but takes into account what is possible to human nature and allows us to eat most animals, as I have said. It is not as though we must all of necessity eat all kinds—for perhaps that would not be convenient—but we are to use first what our physical powers allow; secondly, what is at hand in abundance; thirdly, we are to exercise our own wills. But at the season of the sacred ceremonies we ought to exert those wills to the utmost so that we may attain to what is beyond our ordinary physical powers, and thus may be eager and willing to obey the divine ordinances. For it is by all means more effective for the salvation of the soul itself that one should pay greater heed to its safety than to the safety of the body. And moreover the body too seems thereby to share insensibly in that great and marvellous benefit. For when the soul abandons herself wholly to the gods, and entrusts her own concerns absolutely to the higher powers, and then follow the sacred rites—these too being preceded by the divine ordinances—then, I say, since there is nothing to hinder or prevent—for all things reside in the gods, all things subsist in relation to them, all things are filled with the gods—straightway the divine light illumines our souls. And thus endowed with divinity they impart a certain vigour and energy to the breath(888) implanted in them by nature; and so that breath is hardened as it were and strengthened by the soul, and hence gives health to the whole body. For I think not one of the sons of Asclepios would deny that all diseases, or at any rate very many and those the most serious, are caused by the disturbance and derangement of the breathing. Some doctors assert that all diseases, others that the greater number and the most serious and hardest to cure, are due to this. Moreover the oracles of the gods bear witness thereto, I mean that by the rite of purification not the soul alone but the body as well is greatly benefited and preserved. Indeed the gods when they exhort those theurgists who are especially holy, announce to them that their “mortal husk of raw matter”(889) shall be preserved from perishing.)

Τίς οὖν ἡμῖν ὑπολείπεται λόγος, ἄλλως τε καὶ ἐν βραχεῖ νυκτὸς μέρει ταῦτα ἀπνευστὶ ξυνεῖραι(890) συγχωρηθεῖσιν, οὐδὲν οὔτε προανεγνωκόσιν οὔτε σκεψαμένοις περὶ αὐτῶν, [179] ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ προελομένοις ὑπὲρ τούτων εἰπεῖν πρὶν ἢ τὰς δέλτους ταύτας αἰτῆσαι; μάρτυς δὲ ἡ θεός μοι τοῦ λόγου. ἀλλ᾽, ὅπερ ἔφην, τί τὸ λειπόμενον ἡμῖν ὑμνῆσαι τὴν θεὸν μετὰ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς καὶ τοῦ Διονύσου, ὧν δὴ καὶ τὰς ἑορτὰς ἐν ταύταις ἔθετο ταῖς ἁγιστείαις ὁ νόμος; ὁρῶ μὲν τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς πρὸς τὴν Μητέρα τῶν θεῶν διὰ τῆς προνοητικῆς ἐν ἑκατέραις ταῖς οὐσίαις ὁμοιότητος [B] τὴν συγγένειαν ἐπισκοπῶ δὲ καὶ τὴν Διονύσου μεριστὴν δημιουργίαν, ἣν ἐκ τῆς ἑνοειδοῦς καὶ μονίμου ζωῆς τοῦ μεγάλου Διὸς ὁ μέγας Διόνυσος παραδεξάμενος, ἅτε καὶ προελθὼν ἐξ ἐκείνου, τοῖς φαινομένοις ἅπασιν ἐγκατένειμεν, ἐπιτροπεύων καὶ βασιλεύων τῆς μεριστῆς συμπάσης δημιουργίας. προσήκει δὲ σὺν τούτοις ὑμνῆσαι καὶ τὸν Ἐπαφρόδιτον Ἑρμῆν· [C] καλεῖται γὰρ οὕτως ὑπὸ τῶν μυστῶν ὁ θεὸς οὗτος, ὅσοι λαμπάδας φασὶν ἀνάπτειν Ἄττιδι τῷ σοφῷ. τίς οὖν οὕτω παχὺς τὴν ψυχήν, ὃς οὐ συνίησιν, ὅτι δι᾽ Ἑρμοῦ μὲν καὶ Ἀφροδίτης ἀνακαλεῖται πάντα πανταχοῦ τὰ τῆς γενέσεως ἔχοντα τὸ ἕνεκά του(891) πάντη καὶ πάντως ὃ τοῦ λόγου μάλιστα ἴδιόν ἐστιν; Ἄττις δὲ οὐχ οὗτος ἐστιν ὁ μικρῷ πρόσθεν ἄφρων, νῦν δὲ ἀκούων διὰ τὴν ἐκτομὴν σοφός; ἄφρων μὲν ὅτι τὴν ὕλην εἵλετο καὶ τὴν γένεσιν ἐπιτροπεύει, σοφὸς δὲ ὅτι τὸ σκύβαλον τοῦτο εἰς κάλλος ἐκόσμησε τοσοῦτον [D] καὶ μετέστησεν, ὅσον οὐδεμί ἂν μιμήσαιτο ἀνθρώπων τέχνη καὶ σένεσις. ἀλλὰ τί πέρας ἔσται μοι τῶν λόγων; ἢ δῆλον ὡς ὁ τῆς μεγάλης ὕμνος θεοῦ;

(And now what is left for me to say? Especially since it was granted me to compose this hymn at a breath, in the short space of one night, without having read anything on the subject beforehand, or thought it over. Nay, I had not even planned to speak thereof until the moment that I asked for these writing‐tablets. May the goddess bear witness to the truth of my words! Nevertheless, as I said before, does there not still remain for me to celebrate the goddess in her union with Athene and Dionysus? For the sacred law established their festivals at the very time of her sacred rites. And I recognise the kinship of Athene and the Mother of the Gods through the similarity of the forethought that inheres in the substance of both goddesses. And I discern also the divided creative function of Dionysus, which great Dionysus received from the single and abiding principle of life that is in mighty Zeus. For from Zeus he proceeded, and he bestows that life on all things visible, controlling and governing the creation of the whole divisible world. Together with these gods we ought to celebrate Hermes Epaphroditus.(892) For so this god is entitled by the initiated who say that he kindles the torches for wise Attis. And who has a soul so dense as not to understand that through Hermes and Aphrodite are invoked all generated things everywhere, since they everywhere and throughout have a purpose which is peculiarly appropriate to the Logos?(893) But is not this Logos Attis, who not long ago was out of his senses, but now through his castration is called wise? Yes, he was out of his senses because he preferred matter and presides over generation, but he is wise because he adorned and transformed this refuse, our earth, with such beauty as no human art or cunning could imitate. But how shall I conclude my discourse? Surely with this hymn to the Great Goddess.)

Ὦ θεῶν καὶ ἀνθρώπων μῆτερ, ὦ τοῦ μεγάλου σύνθωκε καὶ σύνθρονε Διός, ὦ πηγὴ τῶν νοερῶν θεῶν, ὦ τῶν νοητῶν ταῖς ἀχράντοις οὐσίαις συνδραμοῦσα καὶ τὴν κοινὴν ἐκ πάντων αἰτίαν παραδεξαμένη [180] καὶ τοῖς νοεροῖς ἐνδιδοῦσα ζωογόνε θεὰ καὶ μῆτις καὶ πρόνοια καὶ τῶν ἡμετέρων ψυχῶν δημιουργέ, ὦ τὸν μέγαν Διόνυσον ἀγαπῶσα καὶ τὸν Ἄττιν ἐκτεθέντα περισωσαμένη καὶ πάλιν αὐτὸν εἰς τὸ γῆς ἄντρον καταδυόμενον ἐπανάγουσα, ὦ πάντων μὲν ἀγαθῶν τοῖς νοεροῖς ἡγουμένη θεοῖς, πάντων δὲ ἀποπληροῦσα τὸν αἰσθητὸν κόσμον, πάντα δὲ ἡμῖν ἐν πᾶσιν ἀγαθὰ χαρισαμένη, δίδου πᾶσι [B] μὲν ἀνθρώποις εὐδαιμονίαν, ἧς τὸ κεφάλαιον ἡ τῶν θεῶν γνῶσίς ἐστι, κοινῇ δὲ τῷ Ῥωμαίων δήμῳ, μάλιστα μὲν ἀποτρίψασθαι τῆς ἀθεότητος τὴν κηλίδα, πρὸς δὲ καὶ τὴν τύχην εὐμενῆ συνδιακυβερνῶσαν αὐτῷ τὰ τῆς ἀρχῆς πολλὰς χιλιάδας ἐτῶν, ἐμοὶ δὲ καρπὸν γενέσθαι τῆς περὶ σὲ θεραπείας ἀλήθειαν ἐν τοῖς περὶ θεῶν δόγμασιν, ἐν θεουργίᾳ τελειότητα, πάντων ἔργων, οἷς προσερχόμεθα περὶ τὰς πολιτικὰς [C] καὶ στρατιωτικὰς πράξεις,(894) ἀρετὴν μετὰ τῆς ἀγαθῆς τύχης καὶ τὸ τοῦ βίου πέρας ἄλυπον τε καὶ εὐδόκιμον μετὰ τῆς ἀγαθῆς ἐλπίδος τῆς ἐπὶ τῇ παρ᾽ ὑμᾶς πορείᾳ.

(O Mother of gods and men, thou that art the assessor of Zeus and sharest his throne, O source of the intellectual gods, that pursuest thy course with the stainless substance of the intelligible gods; that dost receive from them all the common cause of things and dost thyself bestow it on the intellectual gods; O life‐giving goddess that art the counsel and the providence and the creator of our souls; O thou that lovest great Dionysus, and didst save Attis when exposed at birth, and didst lead him back when he had descended into the cave of the nymph; O thou that givest all good things to the intellectual gods and fillest with all things this sensible world, and with all the rest givest us all things good! Do thou grant to all men happiness, and that highest happiness of all, the knowledge of the gods; and grant to the Roman people in general that they may cleanse themselves of the stain of impiety; grant them a blessed lot, and help them to guide their Empire for many thousands of years! And for myself, grant me as fruit of my worship of thee that I may have true knowledge in the doctrines about the gods. Make me perfect in theurgy. And in all that I undertake, in the affairs of the state and the army, grant me virtue and good fortune, and that the close of my life may be painless and glorious, in the good hope that it is to you, the gods, that I journey!)

INDEX

_References to Homer are not given on account of their number._

Achilles, 133, 143, 147, 155, 161, 181, 199, 255

Acropolis, the, 445

Adonis, 439, 440, 443

Aeetes, 221

Aeneas, 421

Aeschines, 83

Aeschylus, 199, 409

Agamemnon, 133, 145, 181, 199, 253, 263

Agesilaus, 39, 113, 279

Ajax, 147, 189

Alcibiades, 33

Alcinous, 141, 255, 281, 283

Alexander, 25, 45, 107, 111, 119, 145, 193, 229, 253, 255, 287

Alexandria, 429

Aloadae, the, 73

Alps, the, 193, 199

Amazon, the, 339

Ammianus, Marcellinus, 365

Antioch, 105

Antiochus, king, 167

Antony, 45

Aphrodite, 351, 411, 419, 421, 501

Apollo, 348, 357, 369, 391, 393, 409

Aquileia, 99, 191, 193

Arabs, the, 53

Arcadians, the, 207

Arcesilaus, 279

Archidamus, 207

Archilochus, 215

Archimedes, 75

Areopagus, the, 163

Argolis, 317

Argos, 285, 317

Arion, 297

Aristophanes, 215, 257

Aristotle, 279, 287, 353, 354, 359, 362, 363, 389, 405, 415, 453, 455,
457, 499

Armenians, the, 47, 53

Arsaces, 53

Asclepios, 393, 395, 419, 499

Assyria, 223, 337

Astyages, 83

Athenaeus, 255

Athene, 281, 285, 305, 351, 407, 409, 411, 419, 463, 499

Athenians, the, 55, 485

Athens, 21, 73, 305, 317

Athos, 211

Atlantic, the, 149

Attalids, the, 445

Attis, 439, 440, 443‐503

Augustine, Saint, 385

Augustus, 45

Aurelian, 425

Azizos, 413, 423

Baal, 413

Babylon, 223, 287, 337

Brennus, 77

Briseis, 199

Cadmus, 217

Caesar, Julius, 223

Calypso, 301, 302

Cambyses, 107, 287, 313

Cancer, tropic of, 481, 485

Capaneus, 151, 295

Capitoline, the, 77, 421

Capricorn, tropic of, 427, 481, 485

Caria, 169

Carians, the, 151

Carrhae, 45

Carthage, 83, 105, 449

Carthaginians, the, 35, 39, 41, 75, 199, 445

Carus, Emperor, 45

Catullus, 439, 467

Celts, the, 29, 33, 77, 89, 149, 329

Chaldaeans, the, 429, 483

Cimon, 341

Circe, 301

Claudia, 447

Claudius, Emperor, 17, 137

Cleon, 65

Cnossus, 219

Colophon, 215

Commodus, 349

Constans, 23, 25, 43, 249, 251

Constantine, 19, 23, 43, 139, 249

Constantine II, 23, 43, 249, 251

Constantinople, 15, 21, 105

Constantius, 3‐127, 305, 309, 311, 315, 321, 327, 343, 351

Constantius Chlorus, 17, 139

Corinth, 317

Corybants, 319, 467, 469

Crassus, 45

Crete, 169

Cumont, 348, 351, 439

Cyaxares, 113

Cybele, 349, 439, 440, 443‐503

Cyprus, 369, 391

Cyrus, 23, 25, 33, 83, 107, 113, 207, 279, 287

Cyrus the Younger, 279

Damascius, 483

Danube, the, 193, 287

Darius, 85, 227, 313

Darius III, 253

Demeter, 483

Demosthenes, 67, 83, 87, 91, 205

Deo, 483, 485

Dio Chrysostom, 231

Diocletian, 19

Dionysus, 333, 351, 369, 393, 395, 407, 417, 419, 499, 501, 503

Dioscorides, 255

Dioscuri, the, 401

Drave, the, 161, 259

Dulichium, 295

Egypt, 313

Egyptians, the, 317, 429, 493

Eleusinian Mysteries, 483

Emesa, 413, 423

Empedocles, 373, 379

Epicureans, the, 451

Euboea, 341

Euphrates, the, 337

Eupolis, 85

Euripides, 81, 227, 257, 261, 331

Eusebia, Empress, 273‐345

Eustathius, 409

Evadne, 295

Fausta, 19, 23

Franks, the, 91

Frazer, 439, 471

Galatia (Gaul), 35, 67, 329, 345

Galatians (Gauls), 77, 89

Galerius (Maximianus), 45

Galli, the, 439, 467

Gallus, 115, 443, 471, 473

Gallus, the river, 451, 461

Gallus Caesar, vii, 273

Germans, the, 149, 199

Getae, the, 25

Gibbon, 53

Graces, the, 401, 407

Gyges, 41

Hades, 351, 369

Harrison, 439

Hecate, 493

Hector, 147, 179, 181, 189, 193

Helen, 253

Heliaia, the, 425, 429

Helicon, 285

Heliogabalus, 413

Helios, Hymn to, 353‐435, 451, 461, 467, 471

Heneti (Veneti), 193

Hera, 373

Heracleidae, the, 35, 37, 217

Heracleitus, 463

Heracles, 139, 151, 219, 257, 285, 465, 467

Hermes, 357, Epaphroditus, 501

Herodotus, 23, 33, 211, 227, 229, 267, 285, 313, 337, 339

Hesiod, 151, 351, 371

Hilaria, the, 471, 473, 489

Hipparchus, 429

Homerids, the, 141

Horace, 33, 217, 423

Horus, 407

Hyperion, 371

Iamblichus, 348, 349, 350, 351, 353, 359, 365, 397, 399, 401, 411, 413,
433, 441, 453, 483

Iberians, the, 149

Illyria, 15, 67, 205, 287

Illyrians, the, 91, 215

India, 91, 193

Ionia, 317

Iris, 181

Isis, 349

Isocrates, 3, 7, 193, 229, 231

Italy, 67

Ithaca, 295

Juno, 421

Jupiter, 77

Kronia, the, 431

Kronos, 429

Lacedaemonians, the, 33, 35

Laodameia, 295

Latin, 209

Leda, 219

Leonidas, 261

Libanius, 3

Libra, 485

Licinius, 97

Ligurians, the, 193

Livy, 423, 445

Lucifer, 413

Lycurgus, 37

Lycus, the, 199

Lydia, 211

Lydians, the, 41, 287

Lysander, 39, 113

Macedonia, 211, 285, 287, 289, 295

Macedonians, the, 45, 253

Macrobius, 363, 369, 401

Magnentius, 5, 79, 81, 87, 88, 147, 193, 251, 253

Marcellinus, 155

Marcellus, 75

Mases, 317

Maxentius, 21

Maximianus, 17, 25

Maximus of Ephesus, 483

Medes, the, 73, 33, 287

Memnon, 221

Menander (rhetorician), 3, 348

Menelaus, 263

Menestheus, 143

Meriones, 141

Messene, 75

Methymna, 297

Metroum, the, 445

Midas, 227

Milan, 273

Minos, 219

Misopogon, the, 303

Mithras, 348, 349, 353, 361, 401, 425, 440, 483

Monimos, 413

Muses, the, 357, 393, 395, 417, 419

Mygdonius, the, 69, 165, 167

Myrmecides, 299

Myrsa, 93, 125

Nausicaa, 281, 301

Naville, 350

Nestor, 143, 181, 199

Nicias, 65

Nile, the, 69, 317

Nisaean horses, 135

Nitocris, Queen, 227, 337

Norici, the, 93

Numa, King, 425, 427

Oceanus, 351, 373, 403, 405

Odysseus, 31, 83, 199, 203, 205, 255, 303, 371

Olympia, games at, 209, 223

Olympus, 285

Oricus, 287

Osiris, 369

Ovid, 423, 445

Palatine, the, 421

Pandareos, 155

Pandarus, 141

Pannonia (Paeonia), 49, 53, 77, 91, 93, 259

Paris, 263

Parthia, 35

Parthians, the, 33, 35, 57, 61, 199

Parysatis, 23

Patroclus, 193

Peirene, 319

Pelopids, the, 217

Peloponnesus, the, 341

Penelope, 281, 295, 301, 303, 305, 339, 341

Penthesilea, 339

Pergamon, 445

Pericles, 85, 341, 343

Persephone, 440, 483

Persians, the, 45, 47, 69, 91, 253, 287, 350

Phaeacians, the, 301

Phaethon, 223

Pheidias, 145, 299

Philip of Macedon, 25, 287

Phocian war, the, 87

Phoenicians, the, 363, 411

Phrygia, 449, 493

Phrygians, the, 443, 447

Pieria, 285

Pindar, 21, 309, 358, 371

Pittacus, 135

Plataeans, the, 75

Plato, 29, 36, 135, 183, 185, 187, 199, 211, 217, 219, 227, 229, 231, 233,
235, 239, 243, 279, 349, 351, 353, 354, 359, 369, 379, 381,
383, 391, 393, 395, 397, 399, 405, 411, 417, 440, 448, 453,
455, 457, 483, 485

Plautus, 229

Plotinus, 348, 349, 353, 397, 440, 441, 451, 459

Plutarch, 193, 279, 341, 348, 350, 405, 423, 440, 485

Po, river, 199

Porphyry, 353, 385, 441, 451, 467, 481, 495

Poseidon, 259, 283

Praxiteles, 145

Priam, 193, 253

Proclus, 393, 411, 431, 483

Prodicus, 151

Propertius, 447

Ptolemy, Claudius, 429

Ptolemy Soter, 369

Pylos, 65, 75

Pyramids, the, 223

Pythian oracle, the, 211

Pytho, 223

Quintilian, 273

Quirinus (Romulus), 423, 425

Remus, 423

Renan, 349

Rhadamanthus, 219

Rhine, the, 193, 345

Rhodogyne, 337

Rhodopis, 337

Romans, the, 261, 419, 443, 449, 493, 503

Rome, 13, 15, 17, 75, 77, 259, 343, 357, 413, 421, 425, 449

Romulus, 23, 421, 425

Sallust, 351, 353, 431, 441, 461, 477

Samos, 295, 313, 341

Sapor, King, 53, 61, 63, 69, 73, 169

Sappho, 293

Sarambos, 229

Sarpedon, 147, 159, 173, 179

Saturn, 429

Saxons, the, 91

Scamander, the, 161

Scheria, 303

Scipio, 449

Scythians, the, 77, 91

Selene, 411, 423

Seleucus, 105

Semiramis, 337

Serapis, 349, 351, 369

Showerman, 348

Sicily, 67, 199, 445

Sicyon, 317

Silius Italicus, 445

Silvanus, 125, 259, 261

Silvia, 423

Simonides, 9

Socrates, 211, 255, 279

Sogdiana, 193

Sophocles, 358

Sparta, 207, 317

Spartans, the, 261

Sparti, the, 217

Stobaeus, 229

Stoics, the, 499

Syloson, 313

Syracuse, 75

Syria, 69

Syrians, the, 423

Taenarum, 297

Tantalus, 227

Telemachus, 141

Temenus, 285

Terpander, 297

Tertullian, 348

Teucer, 141

Thales, 335

Thea, 371

Themistius, 193, 205, 229, 453

Theophrastus, 453

Thermopylae, 259

Thessalians, the, 83, 289

Thessalonica, 289

Thessaly, 169

Thrace, 287, 317

Tiber, the, 445

Tigris, the, 57, 149, 167, 199

Tiranus, 53

Tiridates, 53

Tomyris, Queen, 339

Troy, 257

Typho, 151

Usener, 425

Veneti, the, 191

Vesta, 423

Vetranio, 5, 67, 77, 79, 123, 193, 205, 207

Wilamowitz, 351

Xenarchus, 453

Xenophon, 37, 151, 207, 279

Xerxes, 73, 109, 169, 211

Zeller, 407

Zeus, 351, 371, 391, 393, 407, 409, 477, 501

FOOTNOTES

1 The chief sources for the life of Julian are his _Orations_, his
_Letter to the Athenians_, Ammianus Marcellinus, and the _Orations_
and _Epistles_ of Libanius.

2 fr. 89.

3 Epistle, 33.

4 352 A.

5 236 A.

6 The text of the present edition is Hertlein’s, revised.

7 ψεῦδος V.

8 τὴν δύναμιν Wyttenbach, δύνασθαι τὴν MSS, Hertlein.

9 Vetranio.

10 Magnentius.

11 Isocrates, _Panegyricus_, 42 C.

12 τοῦ Reiske adds.

13 τοῖς προλαβοῦσιν Hertlein suggests, τότε προλαβοῦσιν MSS.

14 σε Schaefer adds.

15 Simonides _fr._ 66. Horace, _Odes_ 3. 2. 25.

16 καὶ Reiske adds.

17 ἱππέων καὶ πεζῶν MSS.

18 γεγόνασιν· οὐκοῦν ὡς MSS, οὔκουν ἀλλ᾽ ὡς M, οὔκουν οὕτως, ἀλλ ὡς
Hertlein suggests.

19 ἐκγόνων Wright, ἐγγόνων MSS, Hertlein.

20 σε Schaefer adds.

21 ἐθέλοιμ᾽ ἄν Cobet, ἔχοιμ᾽ ἄν Hertlein, εὔχομαι MSS.

22 δόξης Wyttenbach ἀξίας MSS, Hertlein.

23 Rome.

24 Rome.

25 τῶν Hertlein adds.

26 πρᾴως Cobet, ὁσίως MSS, Hertlein.

27 Constantius Chlorus and Maximianus.

28 Diocletian.

29 Constantine and Fausta.

30 Maxentius.

31 Constantinople.

32 Pindar _fr._ 46.

33 τε Cobet, εὖ MSS, Hertlein.

34 Herodotus 3. 89.

35 Constantine II. and Constans.

36 συνέβαινε Reiske, lacuna Hertlein.

37 οὔσης Wyttenbach adds, περιουσίας· MSS, Hertlein.

38 ἄν Schaefer adds.

39 ἔκγονοι Petavius, ἔγγονοι MSS, Hertlein.

40 γεγόνασιν Wyttenbach adds.

41 σε Wyttenbach adds.

42 Maximianus.

43 Constans.

44 καὶ Wyttenbach adds.

45 ποιεῖσθαι Wyttenbach, ποιεῖσθαι εἶναι δὲ MSS, Hertlein.

46 ἀναβιβάζοντα Cobet, ἀνάγοντα MSS, Hertlein.

47 Isocrates, _Evagoras_ 21.

48 Romulus.

49 _Republic_ 467 E.

50 τὰς πόλεις Cobet, ταῖς πόλεσιν MSS, Hertlein.

51 τῷ μὲν ὃς Wright, τὸν μὲν MSS, Hertlein, τὸ μὲν V.

52 Herodotus 1. 114.

53 πρῶτον Cobet adds.

54 ἤνεγκας Cobet, διήνεγκας MSS, Hertlein.

55 ἢ Reiske adds.

56 περιουσίαν Petavius, γερουσίαν MSS, Hertlein.

57 ἄρξοντα Hertlein suggests, ἄρχοντα MSS.

58 διαφυλάττοντα [καὶ] Hertlein.

59 ἄρξουσιν Cobet, ἄρχουσιν MSS, Hertlein.

60 παραδυομένη Wright, cf. Rep. 424 D, ὑποδυομένη MSS, Hertlein.

61 ἐνέτεκεν Wyttenbach, ἐντεκεῖν MSS, Hertlein, πέφυκεν ἐντεκεῖν
Petavius.

62 Cf. Aeschines _Against Ctesiphon_ 78. Horace _Epistles_ 1. 11. 27.

63 cf. Xenophon _Rep. Lac._ 15. 7.

64 τὰ Wyttenbach adds.

65 λαθεῖν Cobet, τὸ λαθεῖν MSS, Hertlein, τοῦ λαθεῖν Schaefer.

66 τι δρῶντα Spanheim, ἱδρῶτα MSS, Hertlein.

67 τροφῆς MSS, Cobet, διατροφῆς V, Hertlein.

68 κατακτησάμενος Cobet κτησάμενος MSS, Hertlein, καταχρησάμενος V.

69 δεόμενος MSS, Cobet, ἐνδεόμενος Hertlein.

70 Gyges.

71 ἰσηγορίας Petavius, ἴσης παρηγορίας MSS, Hertlein.

72 At Nicomedia 337 A.D.

73 Isocrates, _Evagoras_ 1.

74 Constans and Constantine.

75 φέροντες πρὸς MSS.

76 ὅσπερ . . . . στρατηγός MSS.

77 ἡ Schaefer adds.

78 πεντήκοντα μναῖς Reiske, Cobet, μνᾶς MSS.

79 ἀλυσιτελῶς δέ· λυσιτελὲς Petavius, Wyttenbach, Hertlein, ἀλυσιτελὲς
MSS.

80 Defeated at Carrhae B.C. 53: the Roman standards were recovered by
Augustus B.C. 20.

81 Emperor 282‐283 A.D.

82 Galerius Maximianus, son‐in‐law of Diocletian, was defeated in
Mesopotamia, 296 A.D., by Narses.

83 Diocletian.

84 The provinces of the East.

85 Regularly in Greek for Pannonia.

86 πραγμάτων θορύβου Wyttenbach, θορύβου πραγμάτων MSS, Hertlein.

87 ἀναγκαίου Capps suggests, γενναίου MSS, Hertlein.

88 πορείαις ταχείαις Capps suggests, πορείας μὲν τάχει MSS, Hertlein.

89 ὅπως μὲν ἐκ Petavius, ἀθρόως ἐκ MSS, Hertlein.

90 Tiranus, King of Armenia, was now, 337 A.D., deposed and imprisoned
by Sapor. His son, Arsaces, succeeded him in 341. Julian is
describing the interregnum. Gibbon, chap. 18, wrongly ascribes these
events to the reign of Tiridates, who died 314 A.D.

91 ὰς λειτουργίας Reiske adds.

92 ἐν Reiske adds.

93 καιρὸν Cobet, εὔκαιρον MSS, Hertlein. ἄκαιρον V, ἀκαριᾶιον Hertlein
conjectures.

94 δὲ Wright, τε Schaefer, Hertlein.

95 διατρίψας Cobet, τρίψας MSS, Hertlein.

96 ἀνανδρίας [καὶ δειλίας] Hertlein. M omits καὶ before δειλίας, hence
Petavius omits δειλίας.

97 χρησαμένου Hertlein suggests, χρησάμενον V, χρησαμένην MSS.

98 κελεύοντος σοῦ Hertlein suggests, κελεύοντος MSS.

99 τῷ πολλὰς Cobet, τὸ MSS, Hertlein.

100 τὸ Cobet, τῷ MSS, Hertlein.

101 ἀγωνισαμένους Rouse suggests, ἀγωνισομένους MSS, Hertlein.

102 διαδραμόντες Naber, δραμόντες MSS, Hertlein.

103 τοὺς ὑπὲρ MSS, Cobet (τοὺς ἀμυνομένους) ὑπὲρ Hertlein.

104 In Mesopotamia, 348 A.D. (Bury argues for 344 A.D.)

105 Sapor.

106 Sapor’s son.

107 ἡγητέον Schaefer, ἡγεῖ τὸ δὲ Cobet, Hertlein, ἡγεῖτο δὲ V, M, ἡγῇ τὸ
δὲ MSS.

108 καὶ Reiske, ὃ καὶ MSS.

109 κρινοῦντα Cobet, κρίνοντα MSS, Hertlein.

110 διεξιέναι Reiske, lacuna Hertlein following Petavius.

111 καίτοι Reiske, καὶ MSS, Hertlein. Petavius omits καὶ.

112 παρασκευῆς V, παρασκευῆς ἁπάσης MSS.

113 cf. Demosthenes, _De Corona_ 169.

114 Gaul.

115 Vetranio.

116 Demosthenes, _De Corona_ 61.

117 ἐπάγειν Hertlein suggests, ἐπάξοντες Wyttenbach, ἐπαύξουσι V,
ἐπάξουσι MSS.

118 σέλματα Reiske, ἕρματα MSS, Herlein. Reiske suggests συντριβομένων.
ἐπ᾽ αὐταῖς δὲ μηχανημάτων καὶ βελῶν πλῆθος.

119 ὀλλυμένων Cobet, ἀπολλυμένων MSS, Hertlein.

120 Nisibis.

121 cf. _Iliad_, 4. 451. ὀλλύντων τε καὶ ὀλλυμένων.

122 εὗρον τὸν Cobet, ηὕροντο Hertlein, εὗρον τὸν V, εὕραντο MSS.

123 Sapor.

124 _Odyssey_ 8. 49.

125 ἀρκεῖ Cobet, ἤρκει MSS, Hertlein.

126 Archimedes.

127 Marcellus 212 B.C.

128 The Galatians, _i.e._ the Gauls, and Celts are often thus
incorrectly distinguished, cf. 34 C. 36 B. 124 A.

129 390 B.C. under Brennus.

130 The Capitoline.

131 πόλιν Reiske, τὴν πόλιν MSS.

132 γεγόνασιν; Wright, γεγόνασιν. Hertlein.

133 Vetranio.

134 Magnentius.

135 πλέον ἔχειν Hertlein suggests, πλέον MSS.

136 σε Hertlein adds.

137 πάντως Hertlein suggests, ἄλλως MSS, cf. 222 A 353 C.

138 καὶ Hertlein adds.

139 σὲ Reiske adds.

140 Vetranio.

141 Magnentius.

142 Magnentius.

143 Demosthenes, _De Chersoneso_ 42.

144 Euripides, _Andromache_ 1146.

145 A proverb for necessity disguised as a choice, cf. 274 C.

146 σ᾽ Reiske adds.

147 ἴσως Hertlein suggests.

148 στρατηγεῖον Cobet, Hertlein, στρατήγιον MSS.

149 After τῷ Petavius adds σῷ.

150 ἡ Cobet, ἣ Reiske adds, Hertlein.

151 ἐγκαταλιπεῖν ἰσχύσασα Cobet, ἐναπολιπεῖν ἴσχυσε Schaefer, Hertlein,
ἐναπολιπεῖν ἰσχύσαι MSS.

152 ἐν Reiske adds, ἐλέγχου σοι V.

153 Aeschines, _Ctesiphon_ 74. 18.

154 From the description of the oratory of Pericles, Eupolis _fr._ 94:
πειθώ τις ἐπεκάθιζεν ἐπὶ τοῖς χείλεσιν· | οὕτως ἐκήλει καὶ μόνος τῶν
ῥητόρων | τὸ κέντρον ἐγκατέλειπε τοῖς ἀκροωμάνοις. Cf. 426 B.

155 συστῆναι Petavius, Cobet, ἐνστῆναι Schaefer, Hertlein, στῆναι MSS.

156 Demosthenes, _De Corona_ 230, a favourite common‐place.

157 Magnentius.

158 ὧν εἴς τε Schaefer, ὧν τε εἰς Hertlein, εἰς V, ἐς MSS.

159 ὡς Hertlein adds.

160 ἂν Schaefer adds.

161 ἄκοντες Reiske, Hertlein, ἁλόντες MSS.

162 τε Wyttenbach adds.

163 περὶ Hertlein suggests.

164 [καὶ] τοσοῦτον Hertlein.

165 Gauls.

166 Demosthenes, _De Corona_ 153.

167 Gaul.

168 351 A.D.

169 Demosthenes, _Olynthiac_ l. 23.

170 ἐπὶ κέρως Wyttenbach, Hertlein, ἐπικαίρως MSS.

171 θράσους Wyttenbach, Cobet, θράσος MSS, Hertlein. πρὸς . . . καὶ τοῦ
Hertlein suggests, καὶ πρὸς . . . τοῦ MSS.

172 In Pannonia 353 A.D.

173 Gallic.

174 ἦγες V, Hertlein, εἶχες MSS.

175 ἐκ Reiske adds.

176 Licinius.

177 cf. _Oration_ 2. 57 C.

178 τοῖς ποθοῦσιν Hertlein suggests, ποθοῦσιν MSS.

179 After φαινόμενον Reiske thinks ἐπέδειξε has fallen out.

180 Aquileia.

181 ἀνόσιος Cobet, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ θεὸς V, ἀλλ᾽ ὁ θεὸς MSS.

182 νίκης

183 Gaul.

184 In wrestling, the third fall secured the victory. Cf. _Or._ 2. 74 C.

185 355 A.D.

186 ἐξ Reiske, τῶν ἐξ MSS.

187 πόλιν ἑαυτὴν σοῦ Wyttenbach, ἐπώνυμόν σοι ἑαυτὴν Reiske, πόλιν
ἐπώνυμον MSS, Hertlein.

188 ἔχειν Hertlein suggests.

189 Seleucus son of Antiochus.

190 Constantinople.

191 οὕτως Reiske adds.

192 σε Reiske adds.

193 Hertlein suggests ὁ.

194 ἐπὶ τῶν Cobet, διὰ τῶν Wyttenbach, Hertlein, τῶν V, τὸν MSS.

195 πλέον ἔχουσι Reiske, πλέον MSS, Hertlein.

196 Cyaxares.

197 οὖν ὅτι MSS.

198 An echo of Demosthenes, _Against Leptines_ 15.

199 Gallus 351 A.D.: then Julian 355 A.D.

200 σ᾽ Hertlein suggests.

201 σ᾽ Hertlein suggests.

202 τοσούτοις τῷ πλήθει V, τοσούτοις τὸ πλῆθος MSS.

203 γνησίους MSS, Cobet, γνησίως V, Hertlein.

204 M and Petavius omit πρὸς . . . ἐπιτρεπομένη.

205 μένει Wyttenbach, μένειν MSS, Hertlein, ἐπὶ πολὺ μένειν V and
Spanheim omit.

206 ἀνείλου Hertlein suggests, Cobet, cf. 94 D 95 A, εἵλω V, εἵλου MSS.

207 πιστεύσας καὶ MSS.

208 Vetranio.

209 τινὰ λύκον MSS, τινῶν λύκων Hertlein suggests.

210 τοῦτο Hertlein suggests, τὸ MSS.

211 Under Silvanus.

212 Gaul.

213 Silvanus.

214 355 A.D.

215 The peroration is lost.

216 56 B and 101 D.

217 74 D.

218 Agamemnon.

219 _Iliad_ 19. 56.

220 Μοῖραν Hertlein suggests, Μοίρας MSS.

221 _Republic_ 577 E.

222 κοινῇ μὲν Hertlein suggests, κοινῇ τε MSS, cf. 43 D, 51 D.

223 μηδὲ Hertlein suggests, καὶ MSS.

224 _Iliad_ 6. 289.

225 Herodotus 7. 40; horses from the plain of Nisaea drew the chariot of
Xerxes when he invaded Greece.

226 _Iliad_ 2. 101.

227 [, ὁ δὲ] Πέλοπι Reiske, Hertlein.

228 [τῶν] βασιλευσάντων Hertlein.

229 Maximianus.

230 Constantius Chlorus.

231 Gaul.

232 Julian is in error; according to Bury, in Gibbon, Vol. 2, p. 588,
Spain was governed by Maximianus.

233 The Atlantic.

234 The Mediterranean.

235 _Iliad_ 20. 221.

236 θαρροῦντας Cobet, θαρρούντως MSS, Hertlein.

237 _Iliad_ 5. 222.

238 _Odyssey_ 4. 69 foll.

239 _Iliad_ 4. 97.

240 _Iliad_ 23. 870.

241 _Iliad_ 8. 266.

242 _Iliad_ 19. 385.

243 _Iliad_ 2. 552.

244 Nestor: _Iliad_ 2. 555.

245 The building of a wall with towers, to protect the ships, is
described in _Iliad_ 7. 436 foll.

246 By Praxiteles.

247 Alexander.

248 Agamemnon.

249 _Iliad_ 2. 761 foll.

250 _Odyssey_ 11. 550.

251 [τοῦ] βασιλέως Hertlein.

252 Magnentius.

253 _Iliad_ 13. 20.

254 ὁπλίτης Cobet, ὁπλίτης πεζός MSS., Hertlein.

255 ξυνεπισπομένης Cobet, ξυνεπομένης V Hertlein ξυνεφεπομένης MSS.

256 (τὴν) Ἁρετὴν Hertlein, ἀρετὴν MSS.

257 βαρβαρίζων MSS., Hertlein, βατταρίζων Cobet, cf. Plato, _Theaetetus_
175 C.

258 [τοῦ] βασιλέως Hertlein, cf. 55 B.

259 The Carians were proverbially worthless; cf. 320 D.

260 Hesiod, _Theogony_.

261 Xenophon, _Memorabilia_ 2. 1. 2.

262 Heracles.

263 Aeschylus, _Seven Against Thebes_ 440; Euripides, _Phoenissae_ 1182.

264 τὴν τάξιν Hertlein suggests, τάξιν MSS.

265 Marcellinus.

266 μὲν Reiske adds.

267 Πανδάρεω V, Naber, cf. _Odyssey_ 20, 66 Τυνδάρεω MSS., Hertlein.

268 ἐπράχθη MSS., Hertlein, ἐταράχθη Naber.

269 _Odyssey_ 20. 66.

270 The Drave.

271 μέσῃ τῇ πράξει V, Hertlein, μισητῆς πράξεως Reiske, μέση τῆς πράξεως
MSS.

272 Naber suggests ὢθουν ὠθοῦντο.

273 After δόρατα Petavius, Hertlein omit σφῶν.

274 ἐφιππαζόμενοι Hertlein suggests, ἀφιππαζόμενοι MSS.

275 προσβολαῖς—καὶ Wright προσβολαῖς.—[καὶ] Hertlein προσβολαῖς.—καὶ
MSS.

276 ὥσπερ—χρωμάτων Hertlein suggests ὥσπερ ἐν γραφῇ ὑπ᾽ ἀργυρωμάτων
τινῶν καὶ χρυσωμάτων “as though by gold or silver work in a
picture.”

277 _Iliad_ 21. 325 foll.

278 _Iliad_ 21. 242.

279 _Iliad_ 21. 269.

280 For eight words the text is hopelessly corrupt.

281 _Iliad_ 21. 27.

282 [τὰς] ὑπὲρ Reiske, Hertlein.

283 πολεμίξομεν Cobet, MSS., πολιμίζομεν V, Hertlein, πτολεμίζομεν M.

284 _Iliad_ 24. 657.

285 ἂν Reiske adds.

286 περιτειχίζων Hertlein suggests, cf. 27 B, ἐπετειχίζων MSS.

287 εἰσρεῖ Cobet, ἐκρεῖ MSS., Hertlein.

288 Nisibis.

289 Sapor becomes the ally of Magnentius as the crab was the ally of the
Hydra in the conflict with Heracles.

290 400 lbs. in all.

291 150 feet.

292 προῆγε Hertlein suggests, προσῆγε MSS.

293 παρασκευῆς ἄλλης Cobet, MSS., παρασκευῆς (ἄλλοτε) ἄλλης Reiske,
Hertlein.

294 Elephants.

295 ἀναρπασόμενοι Hertlein suggests, διαρπασάμενοι V, διαρπασόμενοι MSS.

296 οὐδὲ—ὕλης corrupt. Reiske suggests οὐδὲ αὐτὸ παντελῶς ὂν ξηρὸν ὑπό
τε ὕλης. ἕλης V, ὕλης MSS.

297 ἐπεξῇσαν Hertlein suggests, ἐπεξῄεσαν MSS., V omits.

298 τοιαύτῃ Reiske suggests, τοσαύτῃ MSS., Hertlein.

299 _Iliad_ 12. 438; cf. 71 B.

300 The text here is corrupt.

301 τὰ μὲν θηρία corrupt, Hertlein.

302 πυκνοῖς Cobet, πυκνῶς MSS., Hertlein.

303 κατενεχθέντα Reiske, εἰσενεχθέντα MSS., Hertlein.

304 ἀλλὰ μάταιον γὰρ Hertlein suggests, μάταιον δ᾽ ἄρα Reiske, μάταιον
γὰρ MSS.

305 ὅ Reiske adds.

306 Nestor.

307 _Iliad_ 14. 56.

308 τέχνης Reiske, τέχνη cant. Hertlein, τέχνῃ MSS.

309 _Iliad_ 20. 379.

310 _Iliad_ 11. 163.

311 _Iliad_ 11. 202.

312 ἄν Hertlein adds.

313 μεταγράφειν Cobet, παραγράφειν MSS., Hertlein.

314 εἰς ἑαυτὸν Cobet, cf. _Menexenus_ 247 E σεαυτοῦ Hertlein suggests
ἑαυτὸν, σεαυτὸ V, σεαυτοῦ MSS.

315 νοῦν—φρόνησιν Hertlein suggests, νῷ—φρονήσει MSS.

316 τὸν—θεόν Hertlein suggests, τῷ—θεῷ MSS. Hertlein suspects
corruption.

317 [ὡς] ἡδίω Hertlein, μᾶλλον V adds.

318 _Menexenus_ 247 E.

319 Plato says εἰς ἑαυτὸν ἀνήρτηται “who depends on _himself_.”

320 _Timaeus_ 90 A.

321 _Apology_ 30 D.

322 _Republic_ 354 B.

323 τοῖς πολλοῖς Hertlein suggests, πολλοῖς MSS.

324 ἰδιώτην τε Hertlein suggests, τε ἰδιώτην MSS.

325 δαίμων, cf. 69 A.

326 εὐπρεπὴς Cobet, εὐπρεποῦς MSS., Hertlein suggests εὐπρεπὴς ἀπρεποῦς
cf. 19 D.

327 ἄσμενος Hertlein suggests, ἀσμένως MSS.

328 Ajax.

329 _Iliad_ 12. 438.

330 παμμεγέθη Hertlein suggests, παμμιγῆ MSS.

331 Aquileia.

332 “v”.

333 Because of this favourable omen the city was called Aquileia, “the
city of the Eagle.”

334 κατέβαλον Reiske, ἔβαλον MSS., Hertlein.

335 ξὺν εὐβουλίᾳ Hertlein suggests, εὐβουλίᾳ Wyttenbach, ξυμβουλίᾳ MSS.

336 Hertlein suggests ἐκτελεῖν, but cf. Phoenissae 516, ἐξελεῖν MSS.
οὐδ᾽ ἂν—ἰσχύσειεν Hertlein suggests, οὐδὲ—ἰσχύσει MSS.

337 Alexander.

338 A hill fort in Sogdiana where the Bactrian chief Oxyartes made his
last stand against Alexander, 327 B.C.

339 cf. 77 B., Plutarch, _de Fort. Rom._ c. 4.

340 Julian refers to the triumph of Constantius over Vetranio, described
in _Or._ 1. 31 foll. and echoes Euripides, _Phoenissae_ 516, πᾶν γὰρ
ἐξαιρεῖ λόγος | ὃ καὶ σίδηρος πολεμίων δράσειεν ἄν. Themistius,
_Or._ 2, 37 B quotes these verses to illustrate the same incident.

341 πάλαι Hertlein suggests, ἅπαντα MSS.

342 διήλθομεν Reiske, δηλοῦμεν MSS., Hertlein.

343 Isocrates, _Evagoras_ 65, _Panegyricus_ 83.

344 _Iliad_ 24. 544.

345 ἀρχαῖον Reiske, ἀρχαῖος Hertlein, ὕθλος λίαν ἀρχαῖος Cobet, ἀρχαῖος
MSS.

346 Τρῶες Hertlein adds.

347 καὶ γὰρ Horkel, lacuna Hertlein; the inappropriate verb ἀναγράφω =
“register, record,” indicates corruption.

348 cf. _Oration_ 1. 22. 28.

349 In wrestling the third fall was final: the phrase became proverbial,
cf. Plato, _Phaedrus_ 256 B, Aeschylus, _Eumenides_ 592, Julian,
_Or._ 1. 40 B.

350 Before τῆς Hertlein, Reiske omit ὑπὲρ.

351 τῶν Hertlein adds.

352 ἂν Hertlein adds.

353 πρότερον οὐ Hertlein suggests, οὐ πρότερον MSS.

354 νῦν Cobet adds.

355 ᾔσθοντο σφῶν Cobet, ᾔσθοντο τὸ MSS., Hertlein.

356 ἀπῳκοδομημένον Hertlein suggests, ἀποικοδομούμενον MSS.

357 διειλημμένον Hertlein suggests, διηλούμενον MSS.

358 Briseis, _Iliad_ 1. 247.

359 _Iliad_ 9. 260.

360 τὰς Reiske adds.

361 [τοῦ] βασιλέως Hertlein.

362 τὰ before μαχιμώτατα V, Hertlein omit.

363 ἐκείνης Naber adds.

364 μόνοις Hertlein suggests, μόνον MSS.

365 _Iliad_ 2. 188.

366 Vetranio; Themistius, _Or._ 2. 37 B, who in a panegyric on
Constantius describes this oratorical triumph.

367 Demosthenes, _De Corona_ 262, ἦν γὰρ ἄσπονδος καὶ ἀκήρυκτος ...
πόλεμος.

368 The victory of Archidamus over the Arcadians Xenophon, _Hellenica_
7. 1. 32.

369 cf. _Oration_ 1. 32 A.

370 _Odyssey_ 24. 253.

371 ἄμεινον Petavius, Cobet, ἄρα Hertlein, MSS., ἄρα κἀκείνων cant. and
fl.

372 τὸ Reiske adds.

373 ἂ Reiske adds.

374 ἐσθῆτι ποικίλῃ MSS., Cobet, ἐσθῆτα ποικίλην Hertlein.

375 Latin; of which Julian had only a slight knowledge. The fourth
century Sophists were content with Greek. Themistius never learned
Latin, and Libanius needed an interpreter for a Latin letter,
_Epistle 956_.

376 ἐπαινοῦντα Reiske, εὐδαιμονοῦντα MSS., Hertlein.

377 cf. 191 A.

378 Plato, _Gorgias_ 470 D.

379 Plato, _Laws_ 699 A.

380 Plato, _Laws_ 698 D; Herodotus 6. 31.

381 Herodotus 1. 183.

382 παιδιὰν Cobet, _Mnemosyne_ 10. παιδιὰς (earlier conjecture Cobet)
Hertlein, παιδείους V, παῖδας MSS.

383 The gold work of Colophon was proverbial for its excellence. Cf.
Aristophanes, _Cocalus fr._ 8.

384 _Iliad_ 9. 404.

385 _Iliad_ 22. 156.

386 εἰ Hertlein adds.

387 ἐκγόνων MSS., cf. 82 A B, ἐγγόνων Hertlein.

388 ἐκγόνων MSS., ἐγγόνων Hertlein.

389 ἔκγονον MSS., Cobet, ἔγγονον Hertlein.

390 τε Hertlein adds.

391 καὶ ἀπορουμένης Hertlein suggests.

392 τινες καὶ Hertlein suggests, τινες σφόδρα καὶ MSS.

393 ἰχθῦς Hertlein suggests, ἰχθύας MSS., cf. 59 A, ἰχθῦας V.

394 ταλαιπωρίας Hertlein suggests, λοιδορίας MSS.

395 μονάρχην Cobet, μονάρχην μισθωτόν MSS., Hertlein suggests μόναρχον
μισθωτόν, ἢ μισθωτὸν Reiske, μονάρχου V.

396 After διορύττειν Cobet omits ἀναπειθόμενον.

397 ἀνθρώπους· Cobet, ἀνθρώπους ἐκφανέσ· Hertlein, ἐκφανὲς V, M, ἐμφανὲς
MSS.

398 First used by Archilochus, _fr._ 74, in a description of an eclipse
of the sun.

399 Plato, _Laws_ 728 A.

400 Horace, _Epistles_ 1. 1. 106.

401 One shoulder was white as ivory.

402 The Sparti, sprung from the dragon’s teeth sown by Cadmus.

403 The Rhine; cf. Julian, _Epistle_ 16.

404 Plato, _Laws_ 642 C.

405 Memnon.

406 cf. _Oration_ 3. 126.

407 _Iliad_ 17, 20.

408 Homeric phrase: _Iliad_ 17. 588.

409 Plato, _Laws_ 832 A.

410 _Odyssey_ 20. 56.

411 Euripides, _Phoenissae_ 506 and _fr._ 252, Nauck.

412 Of Queen Nitocris, Herodotus 1. 187.

413 “Huckster” (κάπηλος) Herodotus 3. 89.

414 Or Sarabos, a Plataean wineseller at Athens; Plato, _Gorgias_ 518 B;
perhaps to be identified with the _Vinarius Exaerambus_ in Plautus,
_Asinaria_ 436; cf. Themistius 297 D.

415 φιλοπολίτης Hertlein suggests, but cf. Isocrates _To Nicocles_ 15.

416 οἳ Hertlein adds.

417 τοῖς Hertlein suggests.

418 ἀδεεῖς Reiske, ἐνδεεῖς MSS., Hertlein.

419 πείσας εἴη Naber, cf. 272 D, 281 A, πείτειεν Hertlein, πεισθείη MSS.

420 A saying of Alexander, cf. Themistius 203 C; Stobaeus, _Sermones_
214; Isocrates, _To Nicocles_ 21.

421 Isocrates, _To Nicocles_ 15; Dio Chrysostom, _Oration_ i. 28.

422 _Republic_ 416 A.

423 Plato, _Laws_ 808 B.

424 _Republic_ 416 A.

425 Before τὰς Hertlein omits καὶ.

426 ἀφανιεῖ Cobet, ἀφανίσει MSS., Hertlein.

427 οὐ Hertlein adds.

428 ἐπεισαγαγεῖν Hertlein, ἐπαγαγεῖν MSS.

429 After τῶν Hertlein omits φίλων καὶ.

430 ἔγγονος Hertlein, MSS.

431 προηγόρευται Hertlein suggests, προαγορεύεται MSS.

432 δικαστήριον Hertlein suggests, τὸ δικαστήριον MSS.

433 τῆς ἑαυτοῦ ἀρετῆς Reiske, ἀρετῆς MSS., Hertlein.

434 κοινωνίαν προσληφθεῖσιν. Reiske, κοινωνίαν, MSS., Hertlein.

435 μείζονα ἐν Hertlein suggests, μείζονα τε ἐν MSS.

436 ἀδικουμένων ἐπιτρέπων Reiske, ἀδικουμένων, MSS., Hertlein.

437 Plato, _Theaetetus_ 176 A.

438 Plato, _Laws_ 937 D.

439 ἑλόντες Cobet, ἑλόντες τὴν ἀρχὴν MSS., Hertlein.

440 ὡς πρὸς Cobet, ὥσπερ MSS., Hertlein.

441 τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς Hertlein suggests, ἀλλήλοις MSS.

442 ψευδομαρτυρίων Cobet, ψευδομαρτυριῶν Hertlein, V, M, ψευδομαρτυρίας
MSS.

443 ὑμᾶσ Hertlein suggests, ὑμᾶς αὐτοὺς MSS.

444 τημελεῖν καὶ Cobet, [ἐπιμελεῖν καὶ] Hertlein, who suggests κήδεσθαι
καὶ ἐπαμύνειν, ἐπιμένειν M, ἐπισυνέχειν V, ἐπιμελεῖν MSS.

445 Constantine II.

446 Constans.

447 Constantine II was slain while marching against Constans.

448 Constans.

449 Constans was slain by the soldiers of Magnentius.

450 νεαρᾶς Hertlein suggests, νεωτέρας MSS.

451 Under Alexander.

452 Darius III.

453 _Iliad_ 2. 356.

454 Magnentius.

455 cf. _Oration_ l. 34 A.

456 Alcinous.

457 _Odyssey_ 8. 209.

458 τὸν V, τὸν τῆς MSS.

459 ἀποτρεψάμενον Hertlein suggests, δεξάμενον Petavius, τρεψάμενον MSS.

460 Dioscorides in Athenaeus 507 D; Tacitus _Hist._ 4. 6; cf. Milton
_Lycidas_,

“Fame is the spur that the clear spirit doth raise
(That last infirmity of noble mind).”

461 A proverb, cf. Euripides, _Andromache_ 368.

462 πολλοῖς fl., Hertlein prefers, πολλῆς MSS.

463 τοὺς Hertlein suggests, τοῦ MSS.

464 Aristophanes, _Frogs_ 84.

465 Pannonia.

466 Silvanus, cf. _Oration_ 1. 60.

467 cf. _Oration_ 1. 35 C.

468 Thermopylae.

469 Leonidas.

470 [Ὅμηρος] ὅρκια Hertlein.

471 ἐξελεγχθεῖσιν Hertlein suggests, ἐλεγχθεῖσιν MSS.

472 ἐγνωκὼς τρόπου—κατανοήσας Hertlein suggests, ἐγνωκώς—τὸν τρόπου
κατανοήσας MSS.

473 τῆς Hertlein adds.

474 βούλεσθαι Hertlein suggests, βούλεσθαί περ MSS.

475 Silvanus.

476 _Iliad_ 22. 262.

477 Euripides, _Bacchae_ 822.

478 cf. _Oration_ 1. 48 C.

479 His Oriental dress suggested Persian rule, symbolised by the
crescent.

480 cf. _Oration_ l. 49 A.

481 cf. _Oration_ l. 48 C, D.

482 A proverb; the pine when cut down does not send up shoots again.

483 Herodotus 6. 37.

484 His campaign in Gaul.

485 cf. Quintilian 3. 7. 10. on the _Gratiarum actio_.

486 πέρα Cobet, ὑπὲρ MSS., Hertlein.

487 τούτους Cobet, οὗτοι MSS., Hertlein.

488 ὑποσχὼν Cobet, ὑποσχεῖν MSS., Hertlein.

489 τὸν ᾧ Cobet, Naber ᾧ MSS., Hertlein.

490 ἐπὶ βασιλέα Cobet, [ἐφ᾽ Ἑλλάδα] Hertlein.

491 καλούς τε κἀγαθοὺς Cobet, καλοὺς MSS., Hertlein.

492 οἵαν νέμειν Hertlein suggests, νέμειν MSS.

493 ἐκείνῃ Petavius, ἐκείνην MSS., Hertlein.

494 εἶτα Cobet adds.

495 αὐτῷ Cobet, αὐτοῦ MSS., Hertlein.

496 [τῇ] τέχνῃ Hertlein.

497 Plutarch, _Moralia_ 63 D.

498 Arete.

499 Nausicaa.

500 _Odyssey_ 7. 20.

501 _Odyssey_ 7. 54.

502 καὶ τῶν Petavius, οὐ τῶν MSS., Hertlein suggests οὕτως ἀγαθῶν
ὑπαρχόντων, Reiske suggests ἐπιτηδευμάτων. ἀπορῶ μὲν οὖν ὅτου ἅψωμαι
πρώτου τῶν ἀγαθῶν. “I am at a loss which of her noble qualities to
discuss first.”

503 ἀπολιπόντες MSS., ἀπολείποντες V, Hertlein.

504 ὥστ᾽ Hertlein suggests.

505 Eusebia belonged to a noble family of Thessalonica, in Macedonia;
she was married to Constantius in 352 A.D.

506 Near Mount Olympus.

507 Herodotus 8. 137.

508 Cyrus.

509 A town on the coast of Illyria.

510 Aristotle; “who bred | Great Alexander to subdue the world.” Milton,
_Paradise Regained_ 4.

511 _i.e._ of Greeks.

512 Thessalonica.

513 ἄρχειν Hertlein adds.

514 οὔτε—τε Hertlein suggests, οὐδὲ—δὲ MSS.

515 δοκεῖ καταλιπεῖν Hertlein suggests, καταλιπεῖν V, M, καταλείπει MSS.

516 The consulship.

517 οὐδὲν MSS., οὐδὲ ἕν V, Hertlein.

518 Ἄστερες μὲν ἀμφὶ κάλαν σελάνναν ἄψ᾽ ἀποκρύπτοισι φάεννον εἶδος.
Sappho _fr._ 3.

519 τῆς Cobet adds.

520 Before ὑπὲρ Horkel and Hertlein omit ὃς.

521 δήμους Naber, μούσας MSS., Hertlein.

522 Euripides, _Suppliants_ 494.

523 The wife of Protesilaus.

524 τῶν before γυναικῶν Hertlein omits.

525 νόμους Hertlein suggests, λόγους MSS.

526 τε Hertlein suggests, δὲ MSS.

527 εἰ [τις] Hertlein.

528 διὰ πλειόνων. Hertlein suggests, μετὰ πλείονος MSS.

529 Arion.

530 Taenarum.

531 Literally seeds or small beads.

532 Famed for his minute carving of ivory.

533 _Odyssey_ 5. 70.

534 ἡβώωσα Cobet, ἡβῶσα MSS., Hertlein.

535 δοκεῖτε Hertlein suggests, εἰκὸς Reiske δοκεῖ MSS.

536 δεινότερα Hertlein suggests, δεινόταιτα MSS.

537 The cave of Calypso.

538 cf. _Misopogon_ 342A. In both passages Julian evidently echoes some
line, not now extant, from Menander, _Duskolos_.

539 _Odyssey_ 11. 223.

540 ἤδη Horkel, εἰ δή MSS.

541 πίθω Bruno Friederich, πειθώ τε καὶ ἰδέα MSS., Hertlein, τε καὶ ἰδέα
Cobet omits.

542 φησι τὸν Δία ἐκβιαζόμενον—ὁμολογεῖν Cobet, φησιν,
ἐκβιαζόμενος—ὁμολογεῖ MSS., Hertlein, ἐκβιαζόμενον V, ὁμολογεῖν V,
M.

543 ξυγχωρεῖ Reiske.

544 ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ Hertlein suggests.

545 ἐκέλευσεν οὔτε ἄλλο ποτε οὔτε Hertlein suggests, οὔτε ἤτησεν ἄλλῳ
ποτέ τινι οὔτε MSS.

546 ἄγει Cobet, ἄγειν MSS., Hertlein.

547 _Odyssey_ 23. 284.

548 cf. _Iliad_ 24. 527; _Oration_ 7. 236 C.

549 The traditional founding of the ancient court of the Areopagus,
which tried cases of homicide, is described in Aeschylus,
_Eumenides_. Orestes, on trial at Athens for matricide, is
acquitted, the votes being even, by the decision of Athene, who
thereupon founds the tribunal, 485 foll.

550 _Iliad_ 4. 43.

551 _Olympian Ode_ 6. 4. Pindar says that, as though he were building
the splendid forecourt of a house, he will begin his Ode with
splendid words.

552 ἐκείνῳ Hertlein suggests, ἐκείνων MSS.

553 κἂν—ἐπιστεύσατε πάντα—λέγειν Cobet, καὶ—πιστεύσετε πάντα—λέγοντι
MSS., πάντως V, Hertlein, πιστεύσατε V.

554 αὐτῆς γε—ταύτης Hertlein suggests, αὐτοῦ τε—αὐτῆς MSS.

555 Cambyses.

556 Syloson, Herodotus 3. 139; cf. Julian, _Epistle_ 29; Themistius 67
A, 109 D.

557 _Iliad_ 12. 382 ἀνὴρ οὐδὲ μάλ᾽ ἡβῶν.

558 τούτων Reiske adds.

559 _Iliad_ 4. 171.

560 The port of Argolis.

561 περαίνειν διανοούμεθα Hertlein suggests, διαπεραίνειν οἰόμεθα MSS.

562 ἧς Horkel adds.

563 ἁπτόμεθα Cobet, ἡττώμεθα V, ἡψάμεθα MSS., Hertlein.

564 _Iliad_ 9. 380.

565 παραγίγνεται Reiske, lacuna MSS., Hertlein.

566 [λιάν] αὐθάδει Hertlein.

567 δὲ Hertlein adds.

568 ἀμῶς γέ πη—τὸν ἡνίοχον Reiske, ἄλλως ἐπὶ τὸν ἡνίοχον MSS., Hertlein.

569 φοροῦντα Hertlein suggests, φέροντα MSS.

570 φορεῖν Hertlein suggests, φέρειν MSS.

571 The title of Caesar.

572 To illustrate the skill and, at the same time, the difficult
position of Constantius as sole Emperor, Julian describes an
impossible feat. The restive teams are the provinces of the Empire,
which had hitherto been controlled by two or more Emperors.

573 _Iliad_ 23. 341.

574 πλείονα Hertlein suggests, πλεῖον MSS.

575 _Iliad_ 3. 217.

576 αὐτὴ Hertlein suggests, αὕτη MSS.

577 _Iliad_ 9. 122.

578 [σφόδρα] ἡσθῆναι Hertlein.

579 ἐκείνας Reiske, ἐκεῖνα MSS., Hertlein.

580 παλαιῶν [ἔργων] Hertlein.

581 Before τοὺς Klimek omits πρὸς.

582 Gaul.

583 Euripides, _Phoenissae_ 532.

584 τοῖς Naber, τούτοις MSS., Hertlein.

585 τοῖς Naber, τούτοις MSS., Hertlein.

586 στερηθείη Cobet, δεηθείη MSS., Hertlein.

587 μιμητέον Petavius adds.

588 τι Horkel, τὸ MSS., Hertlein.

589 τι Cobet, τινος MSS., Hertlein.

590 δὲ MSS., Cobet, γὰρ V, M, Hertlein.

591 εἰκὸς Reiske adds.

592 Semiramis, Herodotus 1. 184.

593 The Euphrates.

594 Herodotus 1. 185; _Oration_ 2. 85 C.

595 Rhodopis? wrongly supposed to have built the third pyramid.

596 Herodotus 1. 205.

597 _Odyssey_ 1. 334.

598 τούτων δ᾽ οὐδ᾽ Hertlein suggests, τούτων δὲ MSS.

599 πολλὰ ἰδίᾳ τε Hertlein suggests, πολλά τε ἰδίᾳ MSS.

600 προσῆκον Hertlein suggests, προσῆκεν MSS.

601 Penthesilea.

602 Achilles and the Scamander; _Iliad_ 21. 234 foll., _Oration_ 2. 60
C.

603 χρόνον Cobet adds.

604 Julian tells, incorrectly, the anecdote in Plutarch, _Pericles_ 38.

605 440 B.C.

606 445 B.C.

607 με Cobet adds.

608 357 A.D.

609 Plutarch, _Pompeius_ 24. For a full description of the origin and
spread of Mithraism see Cumont, _Textes et Monuments figurés
relatifs aux mystères de Mithra_, 1896, 1899, _Les Mystères de
Mithra_, 1902, and _Les religions orientales dans le paganisme
romain_, 1909 (English translation by G. Showerman, 1911).

610 On Julian’s triad cf. Naville, _Julien l’Apostat et la philosophie
du polythéisme_, Paris, 1877.

611 _Concerning Isis and Osiris_ 46.

612 148 B.

613 Iliad 17. 447.

614 πω τότε Cobet, πώποτε MSS, Hertlein.

615 τοῦ Reiske, τὸ MSS, Hertlein.

616 ἡγοῦμαι Petavius, ἡγοῦμαι κοινότερον μὲν MSS, Hertlein.

617 Aristotle, _Physics_ 2. 2. 194 b; cf. 151 D.

618 σπείρων Hertlein suggests, σπείρειν MSS.

619 Plato, _Timaeus_ 42 D.

620 As opposed to the unreasoning soul, ἄλογος ψυχή, that is in animals
other than man. Plato, Aristotle, Plotinus, and Porphyry allowed
some form of soul to plants, but this was denied by Iamblichus,
Julian, and Sallust.

621 He refers to his initiation into the cult of Mithras.

622 When he was still a professed Christian.

623 _i.e._ not only prophets and emperors but all men are related to
Helios.

624 cf. _Oration_ 7. 237 C.

625 cf. 144 A, 149 C.

626 Rome.

627 At the beginning of January; cf. 156 C.

628 Julian distinguishes the visible sun from his archetype, the
offspring of the Good.

629 _i.e._ the intelligible world, νοητός, comprehended only by pure
reason; the intellectual, νοερός, endowed with intelligence; and
thirdly the world of sense‐perception αἰσθητός. The first of these
worlds the Neo‐Platonists took over from Plato, _Republic_ 508
foll.; the second was invented by Iamblichus.

630 ἀγέννητος Hertlein suggests, ἀγεννήτως MSS.

631 Pindar _fr._ 107, and Sophocles, _Antigone_ 100 ἀκτὶς ἀελίου.

632 Republic 508 B.

633 ἁλήθεια Hertlein suggests, ἀλήθεια MSS.

634 Though Aristotle did not use this phrase, it was his theory of a
fifth element superior to the other four, called by him “aether” or
“first element,” _De Coelo_ 1. 3 270 B, that suggested to Iamblichus
the notion of a fifth substance or element; cf. _Theologumena
Arithmeticae_ 35, 22 Ast, where he calls the fifth element “aether.”

635 After τοσούτων Hertlein suggests αἴτοις.

636 cf. 138 B.

637 Aristotle, _De Anima_ 418 A.

638 γε Hertlein suggests, τε MSS.

639 133 B.

640 Julian conceives of the sun in three ways; first as transcendental,
in which form he is indistinguishable from the Good in the
intelligible world, secondly as Helios‐Mithras, ruler of the
intellectual gods, thirdly as the visible sun.

641 133 D‐134 A is a digression on the light of the sun.

642 _i.e._ the stars.

643 _De Anima_ 419 A; Aristotle there says that light is the
actualisation or positive determination of the transparent medium.
Julian echoes the whole passage.

644 Mind, νοῦς, is here identified with Helios; cf. Macrobius,
_Saturnalia_ 1. 19. 9. Sol mundi mens est, “the sun is the mind of
the universe”; Iamblichus, _Protrepticus_ 21, 115; Ammianus
Marcellinus, 21. 1. 11.

645 Julian echoes Plato, _Republic_ 507, 508.

646 cf. 146 D.

647 _i.e._ the stationary positions and the direct and retrograde
movements of the planets.

648 157 C.

649 αὐτοῦ Hertlein suggests, ἑαυτοῦ MSS.

650 144 A, B, 149 C.

651 _Cratylus_ 403 B.

652 _Phaedo_ 83 D.

653 ἔκγονον MSS, ἔγγονον V, Hertlein.

654 δὲ τίς ἂν ἄλλος Hertlein suggests, δέ τις ἂν εἴη MSS.

655 _Iliad_ 8. 480; _Odyssey_ 1. 8.

656 _Odyssey_ 12. 383.

657 This oracular verse is quoted as Orphic by Macrobius, _Saturnalia_
1. 18. 18; but Julian, no doubt following Iamblichus, substitutes
Serapis for Dionysus at the end of the verse. The worship of Serapis
in the Graeco‐Roman world began with the foundation of a Serapeum by
Ptolemy Soter at Alexandria. Serapis was identified with Osiris, the
Egyptian counterpart of Dionysus.

658 _Phaedo_ 80 D; in _Cratylus_ 403 Plato discusses, though not
seriously, the etymology of the word “Hades.”

659 Ἁΐδης, “Unseen.”

660 _Theogony_ 371; cf. Pindar, _Isthmian_ 4. 1.

661 Hyperion means “he that walks above.”

662 They had devoured the oxen of the sun; _Odyssey_ 12. 352 foll.

663 _Iliad_ 8. 24; Zeus utters this threat against the gods if they
should aid either the Trojans or the Greeks.

664 _Iliad_ 18. 239.

665 _Iliad_ 21. 6.

666 Julian now describes the substance or essential nature, οὐσία, of
Helios, 137 D‐142 B.

667 _i.e._ The sun, moon and planets; the orbits of the planets are
complicated by their direct and retrograde movements.

668 cf. 133 D.

669 τὰ τελευταῖα Hertlein suggests, τελευταῖα MSS.

670 Julian defines the ways in which Helios possesses μεσότης, or
middleness; he is mediator and connecting link as well as locally
midway between the two worlds and the centre of the intellectual
gods; see Introduction, p. 350.

671 cf. Empedocles, _fr._ 18; 122, 2; 17, 19 Diels.

672 τὰ Hertlein suggests, ταῦτα MSS.

673 Plato, _Timaeus_ 33 A.